The Structure of the Mammalian Predator Guild in the Santa Cruz Formation (Late Early Miocene) Ercoli, Marcos Darío; Prevosti, Francisco Juan; Forasiepi, Analia Marta The Santa Cruz Formation (late early Miocene, Santacrucian age) registers 11 species of mammalian predators (Metatheria, Sparassodonta). Together with large carnivorous flightless birds, they comprised the terrestrial predator guild. The Santacrucian sparassodonts were diverse in body size, had different locomotory habits, and were primarily hypercarnivores. The objective of this work is to analyze the guild structure of the sparassodonts of the Santa Cruz Formation, using the variables of body mass, diet, and locomotion as proxies. Furthermore, we analyze the interaction with other predators and potential prey. The univariated test V of Poole and Rathcke and the multivariated test of Clark-Evans were used to construct the models. In the multivariate test, we made a Principal Component Analysis to resume and standardize the variables. With body mass and locomotion we obtained an evenly spaced pattern of segregation for the sparassodont species, being non-significant and significant, respectively. The pattern was aggregated and significant only with diet. The analysis of all variables together resulted in an evenly spaced and significant pattern, which is consistent with character displacements (segregation of species throughout the morphospace) that would help to diminish interspecific competition during the Santacrucian age and would allow selection of prey species of different sizes and substrate specializations. When the body size pattern of predator birds and sparassodonts were plotted together, the pattern is evenly spaced and nonsignificant. Other factors, including locomotion, would differentiate these species and their ecological niches.

Patterns of morphological variation of the vertebral column in dolphins Viglino, Mariana; Flores, David Alfredo; Ercoli, Marcos Darío; Alvarez, Alicia Cetaceans swim by the alternate action of their epiaxial and hypaxial muscles and their propulsive movements are confined to the vertical plane. Changes in the shape and mechanical properties of vertebrae strongly affect their function during oscillatory swimming. The first objective of this study was to provide a quantitative characterization of vertebral morphology in representatives of the Delphinidae and Pontoporiidae families. A novel morphometric approach was applied, using nine vertebral measurements and three indices. The second objective was to assess the relationship between morphology and both habitat and size through regression analyses. The phylogenetic structure of the distribution of characters was also explored by estimating phylogenetic signal. No relationship was found between morphology and habitat or size, but vertebral measurements and indices showed a significant phylogenetic signal. Morphological profiles indicated that coastal and oceanic delphinid species had a conservative regionalization of the vertebral column. All delphinid species showed discoidal centra morphology, while Pontoporia blainvillei presented a spool-shaped morphology. Differences in vertebral morphology and inferred muscular architecture between P. blainvillei and delphinids could indicate distinct dynamics of vertebral movement during swimming. However, other complex and specific functional relationships and life-history traits may also be influencing vertebral morphology. The detailed study of the complex evolutionary history of lineages could bring to light other clarifying dimensions for understanding morphological evolution in odontocetes.

Work Measurement as a Generalized Quantum Measurement Roncaglia, Augusto Jose; Cerisola, Federico; Paz, Juan Pablo We present a new method to measure the work w performed on a driven quantum system and to sample its probability distribution P ( w ) . The method is based on a simple fact that remained unnoticed until now: Work on a quantum system can be measured by performing a generalized quantum measurement at a single time. Such measurement, which technically speaking is denoted as a positive operator valued measure reduces to an ordinary projective measurement on an enlarged system. This observation not only demystifies work measurement but also suggests a new quantum algorithm to efficiently sample the distribution P ( w ) . This can be used, in combination with fluctuation theorems, to estimate free energies of quantum states on a quantum computer.

Behavior of multitemporal and multisensor passive microwave indices in Southern Hemisphere ecosystems Barraza Bernadas, Verónica Daniela; Grings, Francisco Matias; Ferrazzoli, Paolo; Huete, Alfredo Ramon; Restrepo Coupe, Natalia; Beringer, Jason; Van Gorsel, Eva; Karszenbaum, Haydee This study focused on the time series analysis of passive microwave and optical satellite data collected from six Southern Hemisphere ecosystems in Australia and Argentina. The selected ecosystems represent a wide range of land cover types, including deciduous open forest, temperate forest, tropical and semiarid savannas, and grasslands. We used two microwave indices, the frequency index (FI) and polarization index (PI), to assess the relative contributions of soil and vegetation properties (moisture and structure) to the observations. Optical-based satellite vegetation products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer were also included to aid in the analysis. We studied the X and Ka bands of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS and Wind Satellite, resulting in up to four observations per day (1:30, 6:00, 13:30, and 18:00 h). Both the seasonal and hourly variations of each of the indices were examined. Environmental drivers (precipitation and temperature) and eddy covariance measurements (gross ecosystem productivity and latent energy) were also analyzed. It was found that in moderately dense forests, FI was dependent on canopy properties (leaf area index and vegetation moisture). In tropical woody savannas, a significant regression (R2) was found between FI and PI with precipitation (R2 > 0.5) and soil moisture (R2 > 0.6). In the areas of semiarid savanna and grassland ecosystems, FI variations found to be significantly related to soil moisture (R2 > 0.7) and evapotranspiration (R2 > 0.5), while PI varied with vegetation phenology. Significant differences (p < 0.01) were found among FI values calculated at the four local times.

Two-fluid turbulence including electron inertia Andrés, Nahuel; Gonzalez Restrepo, Carlos Andres; Martin, Luis Nicolas; Dmitruk, Pablo Ariel; Gómez, Daniel We present a full two-fluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) description for a completely ionized hydrogen plasma, retaining the effects of the Hall current, electron pressure, and electron inertia. According to this description, each plasma species introduces a new spatial scale: the ion inertial length λi and the electron inertial length λe, which are not present in the traditional MHD description. In the present paper, we seek for possible changes in the energy power spectrum in fully developed turbulent regimes, using numerical simulations of the two-fluid equations in two-and-a-half dimensions. We have been able to reproduce different scaling laws in different spectral ranges, as it has been observed in the solar wind for the magnetic energy spectrum. At the smallest wavenumbers where plain MHD is valid, we obtain an inertial range following a Kolmogorov k-5/3 law. For intermediate wavenumbers such that λi-1≪k ≪λe-1 , the spectrum is modified to a k-7/3 power-law, as has also been obtained for Hall-MHD neglecting electron inertia terms. When electron inertia is retained, a new spectral region given by k >λe-1 arises. The power spectrum for magnetic energy in this region is given by a k-11/3 power law. Finally, when the terms of electron inertia are retained, we study the self-consistent electric field. Our results are discussed and compared with those obtained in the solar wind observations and previous simulations.

Triquinellosis: conocimientos y hábitos en poblaciones epidemiológicamente diferentes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, y la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Trichinellosis: knowledge and habits in epidemiologically different populations of the Province of Buenos Aires and Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Betti, Adriana; Cardillo, Natalia Marina; Pasqualetti, Mariana Ines; Fariña, Fernando Adrián; Rosa, Adriana Beatriz; Ribicich, Mabel La trichinellosis es una zoonosis parasitaria, cuya prevalencia en Argentina se favorece debido a los hábitos y creencias culturales de la población. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estudiar el grado de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad en habitantes de tres zonas epidemiológicamente diferentes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA). Se realizaron encuestas a 256 habitantes de la CABA, del Conurbano Bonaerense y de localidades del Interior de la provincia. Se registraron datos sobre el consumo de cerdo, chacinados o animales silvestres, nivel educativo, conocimientos sobre la transmisión, fuentes de infección, formas de prevención y riesgo para la salud pública. Los datos fueron analizados mediante herramientas de estadística paramétrica, considerando un nivel de significación estadística p < 0.05. En la CABA se registró el mayor nivel educativo, el mayor consumo de cerdo y de chacinados, y quienes refirieron mayores recaudos al momento de adquirir carne o subproductos porcinos. En las ciudades del interior de la Provincia de Buenos Aires se observó el mayor consumo de chacinados y animales silvestres; mayor conocimiento sobre la enfermedad, forma de contagio y sobre personas enfermas en el entorno, paradójicamente fueron quienes refirieron tomar menos recaudos al momento de adquirir carne de cerdo o chacinados. Dichos resultados podrían atribuirse a que la aparición de brotes humanos en esta región, están relacionados al tipo de manufactura (casera) y comercialización (sin control veterinario) de los subproductos de origen porcino. Una situación intermedia se observó en el Conurbano Bonaerense para todas las variables estudiadas. Las acciones educativas deben respetar los hábitos culturales de la población, fomentando el diagnóstico de la triquinellosis en cerdos y desalentando el consumo de carne y derivados porcinos de procedencia dudosa.; Trichinellosis is a parasitic zoonosis, which prevalence in Argentina is favored due to cultural beliefs and habits of the population. The aim of this work was to study the level of awareness about the disease in residents of three epidemiologically different areas of the Province of Buenos Aires. Surveys were performed on 256 residents from Ciudad Aútonoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), the Buenos Aires suburbs and cities from the interior of the Province of Buenos Aires. Data about the consumption of pork, sausages or wildlife animals, educational level, knowledge transfer, sources of infection, ways of prevention and public health risk was taken. Data were analyzed using parametric statistical tools, considering a p value <0.05. In the CABA was the highest educational level, the highest consumption of pork and pork products, and people reported greater precautions when purchasing meat or pork products. In cities of the interior of the Province of Buenos Aires was the highest consumption of sausages and wildlife animals; the knowledge about the disease, mode of transmission and sick people in the environment was very high. Nevertheless, those people were paradoxically who reported taking fewer precautions when purchasing pork or pork products. These results could be attributed to human outbreaks in this region are related to manufacturing type (home) and commercialization (without veterinary control) of pork’s origin products. An intermediate situation was observed in the Greater Buenos Aires for all variables studied. Educational activities should respect the cultural habits of the population, promoting Trichinellosis diagnosis in pigs and discouraging the consumption of pig meat and meat of uncertain origin.

Entre desiertos y serranías: población, espacio no controlado y fronteras permeables en el Septentrión novohispano tardocolonial; Entre deserts i regions muntanyenques: població, espai no controlat i fronteres permeables al Septentrió de Nova Espanya en el període colonial tardà; From deserts to mountains: population, uncontrolled space and permeable borders in the late colonial New Spain Septentrion Ortelli, Sara Ines En este artículo se analiza la circulación de población en la provincia de Nueva Vizcaya a fines de la época colonial, entre los espacios controlados y aquellos que quedaban fuera del control de las autoridades. Aunque se suponía que estaban formalmente integrados en la sociedad colonial como súbditos de la corona, la vida de estos hombres y mujeres transcurría entre su incorporación como habitantes de pueblos y misiones, haciendas o reales de mina, y su dedicación a las diversas actividades productivas como trabajadores agrícolas, mineros o pastores, y su establecimiento por temporadas o su huida definitiva a los desiertos y serranías, donde continuaban su existencia vinculándose con frecuencia a actividades delictivas como el robo de ganado. Estos espacios actuaban, así, como fronteras en el interior de la propia sociedad colonial y contribuían a delimitar y definir identidades sociales y modos de vida.; En aquest article s’analitza la circulació de població a la província de Nova Biscaia a finals de l’època colonial, entre els espais controlats i aquells que quedaven fora del control de les autoritats. Encara que se suposava que estaven formalment integrats en la societat colonial com a súbdits de la corona, la vida d’aquests homes i dones transcorria entre la seva incorporació com a habitants de pobles i missions, hisendes o reals de mina, i la seva dedicació a les diverses activitats productives com a treballadors agrícoles, miners o pastors, i el seu establiment per temporades o la seva fugida definitiva als deserts i les regions muntanyenques, on continuaven la seva existència vinculant-se sovint a activitats delictives com el robatori de bestiar. Aquests espais actuaven, així, com a fronteres a l’interior de la mateixa societat colonial i contribuïen a delimitar i definir identitats socials i formes de vida.; This article discusses population flows in the province of Nueva Vizcaya in the late colonial era between controlled areas and those which were outside the control of the colonial authorities. Although they were supposed to be formally integrated into colonial society as subjects of the Crown, the lives of these frontier men and women were spent between their condition as citizens of towns, well-integrated members of missions and haciendas and mine workers, or as outlaws in deserts and mountains engaged in criminal activities such as cattle rustling. These lands constituted real borders within colonial society and contributed to defining social identities in the North American confines of the colonial Spanish Empire.

Región pampeana : Geografía y bienestar según subregiones (2010); Pampas : Geography and wellbeing by subregions (2010) Velázquez, Guillermo Angel; Tisnés, Adela; Gomez, Nestor Javier Más allá de la imagen positiva que, en términos generales, se tiene de la Región Pampeana, ésta presenta fuertes asimetrías internas. Este trabajo se propone medir estas inequidades y contribuir a su explicación a través del análisis de un conjunto de indicadores socioeconómicos y ambientales significativos del grado de bienestar de su población. La información a nivel departamental (219 unidades) se analizará considerando, asimismo, sus subregiones.; Beyond the positive perception people have of the Pampas respect regions of Argentina, it has strong internal asymmetries. This work aims to measure and contribute to the explanation of these inequalities through the analysis of a set of significant environmental and socioeconomic indicators of the level of wellbeing. The information at departmental level (219 units) will be analyzed for subregions.

Distribution of genetic polymorphisms associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) antiviral response in a multiethnic and admixed population Trinks, Julieta; Hulaniuk, M. L.; Caputo, Mariela; Burgos Pratx, L.; Ré, Viviana Elizabeth; Fortuny, L.; Pontoriero, Ana Cecilia; Frías, A.; Torres, O.; Nuñez, F.; Gadano, A.; Corach, Daniel; Flichman, Diego Martin The prevalence of genetic polymorphisms identified as predictors of therapeutic-induced hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance differs among ethnic groups. However, there is a paucity of information about their prevalence in South American populations, whose genetic background is highly admixed. Hence, single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs12979860, rs1127354 and rs7270101 were characterized in 1350 healthy individuals, and ethnicity was assessed in 259 randomly selected samples. The frequency of rs12979860CC, associated to HCV treatment response, and rs1127354nonCC, related to protection against hemolytic anemia, were significantly higher among individuals with maternal and paternal Non-native American haplogroups (64.5% and 24.2%), intermediate among admixed samples (44.1% and 20.4%) and the lowest for individuals with Native American ancestry (30.4% and 6.5%). This is the first systematic study focused on analyzing HCV predictors of antiviral response and ethnicity in South American populations. The characterization of these variants is critical to evaluate the risk–benefit of antiviral treatment according to the patient ancestry in admixed populations.

Una aproximación a la cuestión de la alimentación y la agricultura en el sudoeste de la provincia del Chaco: actores, políticas y problemáticas Rosso, Cintia Natalia El objetivo de este trabajo es efectuar una primera aproximación a la problemática de la agricultura, la horticultura, la autosuficiencia, la soberanía y la seguridad alimentaria en el contexto argentino. Nos centraremos para ello en el caso de la región sudoeste de la provincia de Chaco indagando cuáles son los actores involucrados, las políticas existentes y las problemáticas que se dan en relación con este asunto en dicho territorio. Para analizar esta cuestión se consultaron diversas fuentes tales como documentos gubernamentales, documentos de organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales, fuentes periodísticas así como bibliografía sobre el área. Este acercamiento nos permitió observar las políticas llevadas a cabo por el gobierno nacional y provincial a través de los distintos programas que se vienen implementando así como indagar en los problemas que se presentan para los pequeños productores agrícolas por la expansión de la soja en esta región chaqueña.; The aim of this paper is to carry out a first approach to the problem of agriculture, horticulture, self-sufficiency, sovereignty and food security in the argentinian context. We will focus on the case of the southwestern region of the Chaco province, specifically on the the actors involved, the existing policies, and the problems related to this topic. In order to analyze this issue various sources such as government documents, documents of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, news sources as well as literature on the area were consulted. This approach allowed us to observe the policies carried out by the national and provincial government through the various programs that have been implemented as well as to investigate the problems that arise for small agricultural producers by the expansion of soy in the Chaco region.

Treatment with melatonin after onset of experimental uveitis attenuates ocular inflammation Sande, P. H.; Dorfman, Damián; Fernandez, Diego Carlos; Chianelli, Monica Silvia; Domínguez Rubio, Ana Paula; Franchi, Ana Maria; Silberman, Dafne Magali; Rosenstein, Ruth Estela; Saenz, Daniel Alberto Background and Purpose: Uveitis is a prevalent intraocular inflammatory disease and one of the most damaging ocular conditions. Pretreatment with melatonin prevented ocular inflammation induced by an intravitreal injection of bacterial LPS in the Syrian hamster. Here, we have assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin administered after the onset of ocular inflammation. Experimental Approach: The eyes of male Syrian hamsters were intravitreally injected with vehicle or LPS. Melatonin was injected i.p. every 24 h, starting 12 or 24 h after the LPS injection. A clinical evaluation (with a score index based on clinical symptoms), the number of infiltrating cells, protein concentration and PGE2 and PGF2α levels in the aqueous humour, as well as retinal NOS activity, lipid peroxidation and TNF-α levels were assessed. Retinal function was assessed by scotopic electroretinography, and light microscopy and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the state of the retinal structure. Key Results: Both treatment regimens with melatonin decreased clinical symptoms, reduced the leakage of cells and proteins, and decreased PG levels in aqueous humour from eyes injected with LPS. In addition, melatonin treatment blocked the decrease in scotopic electroretinogram a- and b-wave amplitude, protected the retinal structure and reduced the increase in NOS activity, lipid peroxidation and TNF-α levels, induced by LPS. Conclusions and Implications: These results indicate that treatment with melatonin, starting after the onset of uveitis, attenuated ocular inflammation induced by LPS in the Syrian hamster and support the use of melatonin as a therapeutic resource for uveitis treatment.

Detecting trends in time series of functional data: a study of antarctic climate change Fraiman, Ricardo; Justel, Ana; Liu, Regina; Llop Orzan, Pamela Nerina The Spanish Antarctic Station Juan Carlos I has been registering surface air temperatures with the frequency of one reading per ten minutes since the austral summer 1987-88. Although this data set contains valuable information about the climate patterns in and around Antarctica, it has not been utilized in any existing climate studies thus far because of the concern of its substantial missing data caused by the difficulty in collecting data in the extreme winter weather conditions there. Such data sets do not fit the standard setting covered by the existing times series techniques. However, by treating the temperature readings for each summer as a function, the temperature data can be viewed as a time series of functional data. We introduce new notions of increasing trends for general time series of functional data based on the so-called record functions, and also develop useful nonparametric tests for such trends. Following our analysis, the data collected from Juan Carlos I Station exhibit an increasing trend in the Antarctic temperature.

Características y distribución de la maleza Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson (Amaranthaceae) en cultivos de soja y maíz de la provincia de Tucumán y del NOA Villagran, Liliana Fernanda; Cabrera, Debora Carina; de la Vega, M.; Figueroa, O.; Castro, E.; Rossi, D. Amaranthus palmeri (“ataco”, “yuyo colorado”, “bledo”) es una maleza introducida desde el hemisferio norte y que fue detectada en Argentina en las campañas de 2011 – 2012 debido a su resistencia a glifosato y a inhibidores de ALS (Tuesca et.al., 2012). Morichetti et al. (2013) mencionan que en nuestro país, ya en 1966, fue coleccionada por J. H. Hunziker y G. Covas, no volviendo a ser citada ni incluida en la flora adventicia quizás por no haber logrado establecerse exitosamente. Pero, colecciones realizadas en 2012 en diferentes lotes cultivados con soja, maní, sorgo y maíz en el Sur de Córdoba y San Luis, permiten ahora incluirla como una maleza establecida y problemática de nuestra flora adventicia. El grave problema que también plantea esta maleza es que puede hibridarse con otras especies de Amaranthus, con lo cual puede transferir genes de resistencia hacia otras especies del Género (Morichetti et. al., 2013).

Los viajes de estudio de Adolfo S. Carranza y la reforma penitenciaria en Tucumán (1911-1927) González Alvo, Luis Gabriel; Nuñez, Jorge Alberto El movimiento de reforma penitenciaria se caracterizó desde sus inicios por el carácter "viajero" de sus impulsores. Si bien podría elaborarse una larga lista de viajeros entre los reformistas, cabe mencionar, cuanto menos, al "padre" de la escuela penitenciaria clásica, John Howard (quien, a pesar de sus crónicos problemas de salud, recorrió gran parte de Europa para conocer sus instituciones de reclusión) y Alexis de Tocqueville quien fue comisionado por el gobierno francés a los Estados Unidos para estudiar su sistema penitenciario. A comienzos del siglo XX, en el marco de la reforma penitenciaria argentina, el jurista Adolfo S. Carranza (con una larga trayectoria en la provincia de Tucumán), retomó la senda viajera iniciada por John Howard, realizando varios viajes por Sudamérica (Chile y Brasil) y por Europa. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos reflexionar sobre una temática que ha sido escasamente abordada por la historiografía jurídica y social argentina: el papel de los "viajeros penitenciarios" y el impacto producido a posteriori en sus realidades locales a través de la adopción de instituciones extranjeras. Para ello, nos centraremos en el viaje realizado por Carranza a Europa en 1921 y en la construcción de la nueva Penitenciaría de Tucumán en el bienio 1925-1927.; The penitentiary reform movement was characterized from its very beginning by its spearheads' "traveler" spirit. While a large list of travelers could be issued among reformists, the "fathers" of the penitentiary classic school should at least be mentioned. John Howard (who, in spite of his health chronic problems, traveled across Europe to know their detention institutions), and Alexis Tocqueville, who was commissioned by the French government to the United States to study their penitentiary system. At the beginning of the XX century, and within the framework of the Argentine penitentiary reform, the lawyer Adolfo S. Carranza (who held a large professional experience in the province of Tucumán), returned to the traveling pad initiated by John Howard, carrying out several trips to South America (Chile and Brazil) and to Europe. This paper aims to reflect on a subject which has been barely addressed by the argentine legal and social historiography: the role of the "penitentiary travelers" and the evaluation of the impact in their local contexts and realities after the events throughout the adoption of foreign institutions. Therefore we shall focus on the trip carried out to Europe by Carranza in 1921 and the building of the new Penitentiary of Tucumán in the biennium 1925-1927.

Canto y desencanto del Cisne: Rubén Darío en el diario El Orden de Tucumán (Argentina, 1898) Risco, Ana Maria La llegada de Rubén Darío a Buenos Aires y su participación en La Nación constituyen episodios de gran resonancia para el mundo de las letras argentinas, en cuanto a renovación de poéticas –entre naturalismo y modernismo– y dinámica social. En el presente trabajo analizamos dos crónicas de Darío publicadas en noviembre de 1898 en El Orden de Tucumán, periódico de una provincia del noroeste de Argentina. Nuestro análisis identifica los elementos modernistas de sus crónicas y su eventual postura americanista e indigenista. A su vez, con este trabajo nos proponemos rescatar estas crónicas, desconocidas por la crítica, que permanecen en la actualidad bajo la sombra del olvido y de la indiferencia.; The Ruben Dario´s arrival to Buenos Aires and his participation on La Nación are two great resonant episodes for the argentine lettered city, in the sense of a renovation of the poetics –between naturalism and modernism– and the social dynamic. In the present paper we analyze two chronicles from Darío published in November 1898 in El Orden from Tucumán, a newspaper from a province of Northwest Argentina. In this work we identify the modernist elements of his chronicles and his americanist and indigenist eventual position. At the same time, through this work we propose recover these texts from Dario, that today are unknown from the critics, remaining under the shadow of the forgotten and the indifference.

fruit set. In both the exotic species and one simultaneously fruiting native species (Schinus patagonicus), high numbers of ripe fruits with a high proportion of viable seeds remained on the plants at a time when fruits of other native species were either Azpilicueta, María M.; Pastorino, Mario Juan; Puntieri, Javier Guido; Barbero, Fernando Alvaro; Martínez Meier, Alejandro; Marchelli, Paula; Gallo, Leonardo The northernmost ‘robles’ of Argentina, located in Lagunas de Epulauquen (northwest Patagonia), are considered a population of Nothofagus obliqua, even though they differ in some respects from individuals of other populations of the species. In order to analyse a possible genetic basis of their distinctive character, we revised previous information and added new evidence based on biochemical (isozyme) and molecular (chloroplast DNA and nuclear microsatellite) markers, as well as quantitative trait variation (seed traits, leaf morphology, plant architecture and field performance). The comparison of Lagunas de Epulauquen specimens with specimens from other areas in Argentina demonstrated their genetic distinction. Glacial history, in conjunction with hybridisation processes, provides support for the main hypothesis to explain these results. Future research lines are proposed, aimed at identifying the taxonomic status of the Lagunas de Epulauquen population. The conservation value of these forests is highlighted.; Los robles más septentrionales de la Argentina, ubicados en Lagunas de Epulauquen (noroeste de Patagonia) son considerados una población de la especie Nothofagus obliqua, pero presentan características diferenciales respecto al resto de las poblaciones argentinas de esa especie. El presente trabajo reúne información generada previamente y otra original que demuestra el carácter genéticamente distintivo de esa población. Se presentan los resultados logrados a través de análisis genéticos con marcadores bioquímicos (isoenzimas) y moleculares (de ADN de cloroplasto y marcadores de microsatélites nucleares), con caracteres cuantitativos seminales, de morfología foliar, de arquitectura de las plantas y de aptitud a campo. La historia glacial de la región, en conjunción con procesos de hibridación pasados, se postula como la causa de esta diferenciación. Se propone la realización de nuevas líneas de investigación que permitan confirmar o re-definir el estatus taxonómico de los árboles de esta población. Adicionalmente se presenta una breve consideración sobre el valor de conservación de los bosques en Lagunas de Epulauquen, en relación a los resultados aquí presentados.

Microbios bajo el sol Libkind Frati, Diego Los microorganismos también deben protegerse de los efectos de la radiación solar, en particular en los lagos andino-patagónicos. Las levaduras, como nosotros, poseen pigmentos y pantallas solares para su foto-protección.

Un queso entre otros. Sueros, familias y relaciones en los cerros jujeños Pazzarelli, Francisco Gustavo En este trabajo indago sobre las relaciones que los huacheños establecen entre su producción diaria de quesos y la vida de las familias en la comunidad (emplazada entre las regiones de quebrada y puna jujeñas, en Huachicocana, Jujuy, Argentina). Enfocado en una etnografía de los procesos técnicos del queso, me interesa comprender de qué modos éstos se involucran en la fabricación y sostenimiento de estas relaciones de parentesco a través de la manipulación diaria y estacional de cuajos, sueros, fermentos y pancheras.; In this work I investigate the relationships established by the huacheños between their daily production of cheese and the lives of families in the community, located between the regions of "quebrada" and "puna", in Huachicocana, Jujuy, Argentina). Based on an ethnography of cheese-making techniques, I'm interested in understanding the ways in which cheese is involved in the manufacture and maintenance of kinship relations, by means of the daily and seasonal manipulation of curds, whey, yeast and pancheras.

Synthesis of divalent ligands of beta-thio- and beta-N-galactopyranosides and related lactosides and their evaluation as substrates and inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase Cano, María Emilia; Agusti, Rosalia; Cagnoni, Alejandro; Tesoriero, María Florencia; Kovenski, José; Uhrig, Maria Laura; Muchnik, Rosa In this work we describe the synthesis of mono- and divalent β-N- and β-S-galactopyranosides and related lactosides built on sugar scaffolds and their evaluation as substrates and inhibitors of the Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase (TcTS). This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from an oligosaccharidic donor in the host, to parasite βGalp terminal units and it has been demonstrated that it plays an important role in the infection. Herein, the enzyme was also tested as a tool for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of sialic acid containing glycoclusters. The transfer reaction of sialic acid was performed using a recombinant TcTS and 3?-sialyllactose as sialic acid donor, in the presence of the acceptor having βGalp non reducing ends. The products were analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulse amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). The ability of the different S-linked and N-linked glycosides to inhibit the sialic acid transfer reaction from 3?-sialyllactose to the natural substrate N-acetyllactosamine, was also studied. Most of the substrates behaved as good acceptors and moderate competitive inhibitors. A di-N-lactoside showed to be the strongest competitive inhibitor among the compounds tested (70% inhibition at equimolar concentration). The usefulness of the enzymatic trans-sialylation for the preparation of sialylated ligands was assessed by performing a preparative sialylation of a divalent substrate, which afforded the monosialylated compound as main product, together with the disialylated glycocluster.

Electrospun Nanofibrous Mats: From Vascular Repair to Osteointegration Ribba, Laura Gabriela; Parisi, Marián Luciana; D'accorso, Norma Beatriz; Goyanes, Silvia Nair Electrospinning is a versatile technique for generating a mat of continuous fibers with diameters from a few nanometers to several micrometers. The diversity of electrospinnable materials, and the unique features associated with electrospun fibers make this technique and its resultant structures attractive for applications in the biomedical field. This article presents an overview of this technique focusing on its application for tissue engineering. In particular, the advantages and disadvantages of using an electrospinning mat for biomedical applications are discussed. It reviews the different available electrospinning configurations, detailing how the different process variables and material types determine the obtained fibers characteristics. Then a description of how nanofiber based scaffolds offer great promise in the regeneration or function restoration of damaged or diseased bones, muscles or nervous tissue is reported. Different methods for incorporating active agents on nanofibers and controlling their release mechanisms are also reviewed. The review concludes with some personal perspectives on the future work to be done in order to include electrospinning technique in the industrial development of biomedical materials.