ICTs in Latin America: An overview Santos, Rodrigo Martin In this paper, the state-of-the-art on the field of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) in Latin America is presented. Its main contribution consists in the localization of common objectives for the majority of the countries in the region. Although the countries are very heterogeneous from the cultural and geographical perspectives, there are many common factors that can be exploited in order to develop their economies. At first sight, Brazil or Mexico with their huge populations and big economies are giants compared to other countries like Bolivia or Costa Rica. However there are many common problems in all of them that can be addressed with a common strategy. An important question that this presentation tries to answer is the ICT profile of Latin America: consumer or producer. Data from the World Bank on ICT infrastructure and from the academic sector on the actual situation of the R&D activities in the region are analyzed to answer this question.

Early Cretaceous Radiolarians from southernmost Patagonia, Argentina; Radiolarios del Cretácico Temprano de la Patagonia Austral, Argentina Hollis, Chris; Archangelsky, Sergio; Cardenas, Orlando Se presenta una asociación de radiolarios hallada en el sector inferior de la Formación Río Mayer expuesta en la Estancia La Federica en la provincia Santa Cruz, Argentina. Los elementos dignósticos de valor bioestratigráfico indican una edad Berriasiano tardío-Barremiano temprano (Cretácico Temprano inicial) para este conjunto. Los radiolarios tienen afinidades faunísticas con asociaciones halladas costa afuera del noroeste de Australia y en el Pacífico occidental, al noreste de Nueva Zelanda. Se sugiere que la asociación de radiolarios patagónicos se desarrolló en aguas frías. Diez metros por debajo de los niveles portadores de radiolarios se hallan sedimentos continentales portadores de palinomorfos que fueron referidos a la Formación Springhill de edad BerriasianoValanginiano.; A radiolarian assemblage found in the lowermost strata of the Río Mayer Formation, as exposed at Estancia La Federica in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, is described. The biostratigraphic markers of this assemblage indicate a late Berriasian-early Barremian age (early Early Cretaceous). The radiolarians have faunal affinities with early Cretaceous assemblages reported from offshore northwestern Australia and the western Pacific, northeast of New Zealand. A cool-water affinity is suggested for the Patagonian assemblage. Ten meters below the levels with radiolarians sediments bearing continental palynomorphs are found. They are referred to the Springhill Formation of Berriasian to Valanginian age.

Proteolytic activity of three probiotic strains in semi-hard cheese as single and mixed cultures: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium lactis Bergamini, Carina Viviana; Hynes, Erica Rut; Palma, Susana Beatriz; Sabagg, Nora; Zalazar, Carlos Antonio The influence of three probiotic strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium lactis) in semi-hard cheese proteolysis patterns was assessed. Probiotics were inoculated both as single cultures and as a three-strains mix, and added to milk by two different techniques: after a pre-incubation step or directly to vat. B. lactis did not show any effect on proteolysis of cheeses, while L. paracasei showed a little impact at the end of the ripening. On the contrary, L. acidophilus significantly influenced secondary proteolysis from the beginning of ripening, causing an increase in the levels of small nitrogen-containing compounds and free amino acids and changes in the peptide profiles. Lactobacillus acidophilus effect on peptidolysis was more noticeable when it was added to cheese-milk after pre-incubation in an enriched milk-fat substrate. Similar results obtained with the three-strain mixed culture suggest that L. acidophilus played a major role in secondary proteolysis of probiotic cheeses in this trial.

Estudio de la resistencia de fagos temperados de Lactobacillus delbrueckii a factores físicos de conservación e higiene Ebrecht, Ana Cristina; Guglielmotti, Daniela Marta; Reinheimer, Jorge Alberto; Capra, María Luján; Suárez, Viviana Beatriz Se estudió la viabilidad de dos fagos temperados de Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis (Cb1/204 y Cb1/342) al pH, a diferentes temperaturas de conservación y a distintos tratamientos térmicos aplicados en la industria. Ambos fagos mantuvieron su nivel de recuento entre pH 4 y 9, hasta 30 min de exposición y el fago Cb1/342 mantuvo igual recuento aún a pH 3. A 4 ºC diminuyeron su recuento en 2 órdenes logarítmicos, mientras que a -80 ºC el fago Cb1/204 resultó levemente menos resistente. En leche, el tratamiento a 63 ºC no fue eficiente. A 72 ºC, el fago Cb1/204 resultó más resistente que el Cb1/342. A 82 ºC, ambos fagos fueron inactivados a los 2 min.

An elasto-visco-plastic model using the finite element method for crustal and lithospheric deformation Quinteros, Javier; Ramos, Victor Alberto; Jacovkis, Pablo Miguel A novel numerical model based on solid deformation is presented in this paper. This thermo-mechanical model can simulate the tectonic evolution of crust and (lithospheric and asthenospheric) mantle under different conditions. Our implementation uses the finite element method (FEM) in order to solve the equations. As a Lagrangian approach is employed, remeshing techniques are implemented to avoid distortion problems when a certain deformation threshold is reached. The translation of the state between the old and new mesh is achieved by means of the information stored on Lagrangian particles, which minimizes the diffusion. The model is able to represent elastic, viscous and plastic behaviour inside the studied domain. Three types of creep mechanism (diffusion, dislocation and Peierls) are included. Two different quadrilateral isoparametric elements were implemented and can be employed to perform the calculations. The first one is an element with 4 nodes, selective reduced integration and a stabilization operator to diminish hourglass modes, which reduces the computational time needed. The second one has 8 nodes located in standard positions, uses full integration scheme and has no hourglass modes as it satisfies the Inf-Sup condition. Several test cases with known solutions were run to validate the different aspects of the implementation.

Melampolides from Argentinean Acanthospermum australe Sánchez, Marianela; Kramer, Fernando Luis; Bargardi, Severino; Palermo, Jorge Alejandro The investigation of the ethanol extract of Acanthospermum australe, collected in the province of Misiones, Argentina, yielded eight melampolides (1-8) of the acanthospermal type. Two of them, 8β-hydroxy-9α-(2-methylbutyryloxy)-14-oxo-acanthospermolide (3) and 9α-hydroxy-8β-(2-methylbutyryloxy)-14-oxo-acanthospermolide (7) are new compounds. Two other compounds (4 and 8) have been previously reported, and the NMR data of 4 are corrected. Compounds 1, 2, 5 and 6 have not been previously reported, but are probably artifacts formed during extraction. Compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed slight antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

Cost minimization in a non-catalytic biodiesel production plant Espinosa, Susana; Díaz, María Soledad; Brignole, Esteban Alberto In the present study, we propose an optimization model for the minimization of capital and operating costs in a supercritical methanol biodiesel plant, considering alternative process schemes together with the convenience or not to use a cosolvent in the chemical reaction. A rigorous process simulation model, based on a group contribution equation of state is integrated with a successive quadratic programming algorithm to solve the nonlinear problem. Optimization results show that noncatalytic biodiesel production with supercritical methanol can be economically competitive with conventional catalyzed production. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A new colorimetric method for determination of alkylresorcinols in ground and whole-cereal grains using the diazonium salt Fast Blue RR Sampietro, Diego Alejandro; Vattuone, Marta Amelia; Catalan, Cesar Atilio Nazareno A fast and inexpensive method was developed to determine the content of alkylresorcinols (ARs) in ground and whole-cereal grains. This method is based on the ability of ARs to couple with Fast Blue RR salt in alkaline medium, yielding coloured azo-derivatives that can be quantified colorimetrically. Good linearity was observed for olivetol in the range of 1-10 μg with methanol as solvent (λmax = 480 nm) and 1-7 μg with butanol as solvent (λmax = 530 nm). Sensitivity obtained in butanol was comparable to that obtained in the Fast Blue B based method (methanol as solvent, λmax = 520 nm). In the new colorimetric method described here, incubation time was reduced to 20 min and the stability of the reaction products was as long as 3 h. The method appears promising for the analysis of 1,3-dihydroxybenzene derivatives in samples from plant breeding and food analyses.

First record of scelidodon chiliense (LYDEKKER) (Phyllophaga, Scelidotheriinae) from the lujanian stage (Late Pleistocene Early Holocene) of Argentina Miño Boilini, Ángel Ramón; Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Chiesa, Jorge Orlando; Lucero, Natalia Paola; Zurita, Alfredo Eduardo The Scelidotheriinae constitutes a group of sloth with numerous problematics, mainly related to their origin and phylogenetic relationships. This subfamily is principally characterized by a narrow and elongated skull, a coincident modification of the dental series and having a medium size. It is reported the first record of Scelidodon chiliense (LYDEKKER) (Phyllophaga, Scelidodieriinae), exhumed from Lujanian sediments (Late Pleistocene - Early Holocene) belonging to the Uspara Formation of San Luis Province (Argentina). The fossil (MHIN-UNSL GEO V-199) consists of a sub-complete skull without teeth, except the right Ml. The specific assignation is mainly based on: sagittal and temporal crests with little development and parietal and squamosal bones separated by an horizontal suture. This reports broad the geographical distribution of the species, known so far only for northern Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador. Finally, it allows raising and discussing some hypothesis related to its presence into the current territory of Argentina.

Geastrum episcopale: a new noticeable species with red-violet exoperidium Kuhar, José Francisco; Papinutti, Víctor Leandro A new species, Geastrum episcopale, is described from Argentina. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of fresh and dry basidiomata are provided along with photographs of microscopic elements, such as spores, capillitium, calcium oxalate crystals, and exo- and endoperidium surfaces. This fungus is typical of the genus in its morphology and ecology but clearly differs from every known species. This species can be distinguished easily by the red-violet (to magenta) exoperidium and the lilac endoperidium. Specimens were collected on wet soil composed of a superficial layer of ca. 5 cm leaf litter and 15 cm of particulate and melanized lignocellulosic material (pH 6.5) under Eugenia uruguayensis and Nectandra sp.

La temperatura como principal determinante de la germinación en especies del Chaco seco de Argentina; Temperature as a main factor determining germination in Argentinean dry Chaco species Funes, Guillermo; Díaz, Sandra Myrna; Venier, Maria Paula La composición de especies vegetales de una región es el resultado de procesos que operan a distintas escalas espaciales y temporales. Las especies que conviven en una comunidad perciben una serie de factores ambientales que condicionan el período del año para la germinación y emergencia que maximiza el establecimiento y supervivencia de los individuos. En este trabajo estudiamos cómo la temperatura y la luz afectan la germinación de semillas de un grupo de especies comunes en los bosques chaqueños del centro de la Argentina. Se seleccionaron 25 especies de angiospermas que abarcan un espectro amplio de formas de vida. Se llevaron a cabo experimentos de germinación bajo tres regímenes de temperatura (15/ 5 ºC, 25/15 ºC y 35/20 ºC), bajo luz (12/ 12 h luz/sombra) y oscuridad permanente. La temperatura fue el principal factor regulador del proceso de germinación en las especies estudiadas. En general las semillas de las diferentes especies fueron indiferentes a la luz. Los patrones observados en este estudio apoyan la idea de que la germinación se asocia con las temperaturas del momento del año en el que se concentran las precipitaciones, y que en estos sistemas de precipitación fuertemente estacional la luz no sería un factor determinante en el proceso de germinación.; Temperature is a main factor determining germination in Chaco woodland species. Plant species composition is the result of processes that operate at different spatial and temporal scales. Species that coexist in a community are affected by environmental factors that influence the periods of the year when seed germination and seedling emergence occur, thus maximising establishment and survival. In this study we investigated the effects of temperature and light on seed germination of a wide range of plant species common in the Chaco woodlands of central Argentina. Twenty five species of angiosperms were selected, covering a wide range of life forms. Experimental treatments were three temperature regimes (15/5 °C, 25/15 °C and 35/20 °C) in light (12/12 h daily photoperiod) and in continuous darkness. Temperature was the main factor triggering the germination and most species were indifferent to light. Our results support the idea that seed germination is associated with the highly seasonal nature of rainfall in this region.

Importadora electrónica: an argentine company with more than fifty years buying and selling electron tubes Santoro, Abel Reinaldo Describe una empresa de fabricación de válvulas.

Renta básica: ¿una herramienta para satisfacer deberes humanitarios, de justicia o de legitimidad?; Basic income: A means to satisfy humanitarian, justice or legitimacy duties? Seleme, Hugo Omar El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar que en circunstancias de ilegitimidad política utilizar la herramienta de la renta básica como un medio para satisfacer deberes humanitarios o de justicia distributiva se encuentra injustificado. La hipótesis que defenderé es que, en tales circunstancias, la renta básica debe ser utilizada para garantizar la posibilidad efectiva de participación política. Adicionalmente, esta justificación de la renta básica nos permite enfrentar una de las objeciones más poderosa que ha recibido, su aparente violación del principio de reciprocidad.; The objective of the present work is to show that in circumstances of political illegitimacy using the basic income device as a means to satisfy humanitarian or distributive justice duties is unjustified. The hypothesis I shall defend is that, in such circumstances, the basic income should be used to guarantee the effective possibility of political participation. Additionally, that justification of the basic income enables us to face one of the most powerful objections the basic income has received, its apparent violation of the reciprocity principle.

Measurement of charge distribution in actin bundles by surface potential microscopy Zhang, Peng; Cantiello, Horacio Fabio Bundles of filamentous actin (F-actin) deposited on a gold-plated surface were concurrently imaged using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and surface potential microscopy (SPM). The surface potential was mapped as a function of tip distance to surface using a constant bias potential. There was an uneven spatial distribution of charges detected by SPM, consistent with the segmented topological features shown by AFM of the actin bundles. SPM analysis showed localized changes in surface potential between the axial and transversal sections of the bundles, which are consistent with nonuniform charge distributions of adsorbed salt ions on F-actin.

Boron biodistribution study in colorectal liver metastases patients in Argentina Cardoso Cúneo, Jorge Eduardo Carlos; Nievas, S.; Pereira, M.; Schwint, Amanda Elena; Trivillin, Verónica Andrea; Pozzi, Emiliano César Cayetano; Heber, Elisa Mercedes; Monti Hughes, Andrea; Sanchez, P.; Bumaschny, E.; Itoiz, María Elina; Liberman, Susana Alcira Ex-situ BNCT for multifocal unresectable liver metastases employing whole or partial autograft techniques requires knowledge of boron concentrations in healthy liver and metastases following perfusion and immersion in Wisconsin solution (W), the procedure employed for organ preservation during ex-situ irradiation. Measurements of boron concentration in blood, liver and metastases following an intravenous infusion of BPA-F in five colorectal liver metastases patients scheduled for surgery were performed. Tissue samples were evaluated for boron content pre and post perfusion and immersion in W. Complementary histological studies were performed. The data showed a dose-dependent BPA uptake in liver, a boron concentration ratio liver/blood close to 1 and a wide spread in the metastases/liver concentration ratios in the range 0.8-3.6, partially attributable to histological variations between samples. Based on the boron concentrations and dose considerations (liver < or =15 Gy-Eq and tumor> or =40 Gy-Eq) at the RA-3 thermal neutron facility (mean flux of about (6+/-1) x 10(9) n cm(-2)s(-1)), ex-situ treatment of liver metastases at RA-3 would be feasible.

Calidad, tecnología y mercado de trabajo en la producción del maní de exportación en la Argentina Benencia, Roberto Rodolfo; Fernandez, Elena Mercedes La emergencia de producciones estructuradas en torno a criterios de calidad implicó un cambio de las relaciones sociales, nuevas formas de articulación agroindustrial y mayor supervisión de la agroindustria sobre la producción prim aria, cambios tecnológicos, y cambios en la dem anda laboral. Estos procesos implicaron la racionalización tanto de la organización productiva como laboral. En este trabajo, intentam os m ostrar cómo la introducción del concepto de calidad y su puesta en práctica en relación con el m aní en Córdoba llevaron a producir un cambio de im portancia en el cultivo y el procesam iento en una microrregión; cambio de tal m agnitud que le posibilitó a ésta posicionarse como la segunda exportadora mundial del producto durante la corriente década, al tiempo que implicó la emergencia de nuevos actores, fuertes desplazam ientos de productores, transformaciones tecnológicas de importancia y consecuentes cambios en la dem anda laboral.; The emergence of structured productions supported by quality criteria has implied a social relationships change, new ways of agribusiness linkages, greater agribusiness supervisión on primary production, technological changes, and changes in labour dem and. These processes implied the rationalization of the productive organization and of the labour organization. In this paper, we try to show how the introduction of quality concept and its im plementation in relation to peanut in Córdoba led to produce a signifícant change in cultivation and processing inside a microregion, such is the change m agnitude, that allows this area to positioned as the second world exporter of this product during the current decade meanwhile that implied the emergence of new actors, strong farmers displacements, very im portant technological transform ations and the consequent changes in the labor dem and.

Características de personalidad infantil asociadas al riesgo ambiental por situación de pobreza; Child personality and environmental risk due to poverty Lemos, Viviana Noemí Los factores disposicionales y socioambientales de la personalidad no son elementos separados, deben ser vistos holísticamente como un sistema persona-medio que funciona como una totalidad. Por lo cual un ambiente desfavorecido por la pobreza es una variable socioambiental que interactuaría con las disposiciones del niño pequeño, pudiendo incidir en ciertas características de personalidad. En base a lo mencionado, el objetivo específico de este trabajo fue comparar el perfil de personalidad de niños en riesgo ambiental por situación de pobreza con el de niños sin estas características. Se administró el Cuestionario Argentino de Personalidad Infantil (CAPI) en su versión para niños de 6 a 8 años (Lemos, 2005). Se compararon los perfiles de personalidad de ambas muestras mediante MANOVAs, comparaciones de medias y gráficos de perfiles. A partir de estos análisis, se pudieron observar diferencias significativas tanto a nivel de los factores como de las facetas de personalidad, entre los niños en riesgo por pobreza y los niños no expuestos a esta condición. Las diferencias significativas se presentaron específicamente en el factor Escrupulosidad y en las facetas: competencia, vulnerabilidad, sentimiento gregario y emociones positivas, orden y acción. En relación a los factores y facetas de personalidad en los que no se encontraron diferencias significativas desde el punto de vista estadístico es posible observar, a partir de la comparación de los perfiles de medias de ambos grupos, que la dirección de los resultados encontrados concuerda en general con los patrones vinculados a los aspectos temperamentales de los niños en riesgo que la literatura menciona recurrentemente, como por ejemplo: (a) valores levemente más elevados en el factor de Neuroticismo y (b) valores levemente más descendidos en los factores de Extraversión, Mesura, Escrupulosidad y Apertura.; An individual's context affects the way in which their biological and psychological subsystems function and interacts with each other. While individuals are normally able to manipulate their environment, personality factors increase or diminish their context characteristics, which at the same time influence personality. Heredity and socio-environmental personality factors should not be considered separate elements, but rather a holistic approach as an individual-environment system that functions as a whole. Therefore, an unfavorable environment is a socio-environmental variable that interacts with children's heredity, thus influencing the development of certain personality traits. Based on the above, the specific goal of our research was to compare personality characteristics of children at risk due to poverty and children without risk due to poverty. We applied the Child Personality Questionnaire for Argentina (Cuestionario Argentino de Personalidad Infantil - CAPI) for children aged 6 to 8 (Lemos, 2005). We compared personality profiles from both groups through MANOVA, as well as comparisons of means and graphic profiles. Based on this analysis, we observed significant differences regarding personality factors [F de Hotelling (5, 168) = 2.47; p = .035], as well as facets [F de Hotelling (14, 159) = 2.607; p = .002], among children at risk due to poverty and those who were not. There were significant differences particularly in Conscientiousness [F(1) = 4.35; p = .038] and the following facets: competence [F(1) = 4.652; p = .032], vulnerability [F(1) = 9.732; p = .002], gregariousness and positive affect [F(1) = 8.338; p = .004], order [F(1) = 6.798; p = .010] and action [F(1) = 4.233; p = .041]. The tendencies of the results are as follows: the group at risk scored lower in Conscientiousness, and regarding facets: competence, gregariousness, positive affect, order, action and vulnerability. With regards to Conscientiousness, which includes order, organization and responsibility as facets, Vanistendael (1995) states that children at risk usually have lower levels of achievement motivation. A child's impulsivity and lack of ability to postpone gratification, particularly of children at risk, generally affects them negatively in this aspect. Regarding lower levels in the competence facet, this could be related to other results found in the same group of children at risk, which showed lower levels of self-esteem, as well as of self-sufficiency, and lower levels of self-efficacy (Ghiglione, 2007). In relation to the vulnerability facet, defined for our purposes as lack of independence, we could suppose that depending on someone naturally implies that there be someone who can be depended upon and in whom to seek shelter. These children have little trust in their parents' love and perceive them as unavailable, together with diminished efforts at seeking a social support group and lack of a social network (Richaud de Minzi, 2006). Low scores in relation to the positve affect facet is probably due to the fact that children who are exposed to poverty usually have a more negative view of the world and more feelings of hopelessness (Kotliarenco, 1997). Last but not least, regarding low scores in the action facet, which is part of the Openness factor, in a previous study on coping strategies, this group of children at risk showed more paralization at both cognitive and emotional levels (Richaud de Minzi and Lemos, 2008). In spite of the results which show that children at risk due to poverty have a more vulnerable personality profile, we hope to strengthen their resources through therapeutic interventions. The stories of resilient children show that faith and trust can be developed and sustained, even amidst adverse circumstances. However, this happens only when these children find people who give meaning to their lives, as well as reasons for them to trust life. This is our great challenge.

A low-power integrated circuit for interaural time delay estimation without delay lines Chacón Rodríguez, Alfonso; Martin Pirchio, Franco; Sañudo, Silvana Romina; Julian, Pedro Marcelo A low-power IC for the estimation of the delay between two infinitely clipped (digital) signals is designed and implemented in a 0.35-mum standard CMOS technology. The proposed circuit is based on a sliding-mode control system and does not need past values of the inputs, which are usually stored using chains of digital registers or analog delay lines and significantly increase the power consumption. The IC is intended to work in ultralow-power miniature sensor network nodes performing localization in the audio range [20, 1000] Hz, as part of a forest environmental protection network. Power dissipation results show a core power consumption of 1.04 muW at 3.3 V and only 282 nW at 1.8 V-in both cases with a clock frequency of 200 kHz. The circuit is fully operative and was successfully tested on field as part of a low-power bearing sensor unit.

High-performance sensorless nonlinear power control of a flywheel energy storage system Amodeo, Santiago Jose; Chiacchiarini, Hector Gerardo; Solsona, Jorge Alberto; Busada, Claudio The flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) can be used to store and release energy in high power pulsed systems. Based on the use of a homopolar synchronous machine in a FESS, a high performance modelbased power flow control law is developed using the feedback linearization methodology. This law is based on the voltage space vector reference frame machine model. To reduce the magnetic losses, a pulse amplitude modulation driver for the armature is more adequate. The restrictions in amplitude and phase imposed by the driver are also included. A full order Luenberger observer for the torque angle and rotor speed is developed to implement a sensorless control strategy. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance.

Effect of cadaver coatings on emergence and infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and the removal of cadavers by ants del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo; Dolinski, Claudia; Barreto, Eduardo L.S.; Souza, R.M. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are used for the biological control of soil insect pests worldwide and are generally applied to the soil in aqueous suspension. An alternative application method that could be especially practical and effective under certain conditions is to apply the nematode-killed insect (referred to herein as infected insect cadavers) that are placed on or in the soil and from which the nematodes emerge to seek new hosts. However, physical damage to the insect cadavers during handling and application as well as the potential detrimental impact of various soil biotic and abiotic factors could reduce the efficacy of cadaver applications. Our objective was to test the effectiveness of various protective coverings applied to Galleria mellonella insect cadavers in terms of their potential impact on the emergence and virulence of infective juveniles of the EPN Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7, and to evaluate whether these coverings influenced cadaver removal by ants (Ectatomma spp.). The protective coveringtreatments included a commercial calcareous powder, a commercial talc powder, and gelatin capsules. The number of emerging infective juveniles (IJs) from insect cadavers formulated with talc powder (9.722 ± 1.382) and gelatin capsules (7.892 ± 1.072) was similar to the control (6.346 ± 1.311), and indicated that these coverings do not interfere with IJ emergence. However, the powdered calcareous covering significantly reduced IJ emergence. High infectivity was observed for IJs that emerged from cadavers in all treatments. Ectatomma spp. ants removed all insect cadavers from the nest entrance to a distance of 20 cm, with the exception of insect cadavers formulated in gelatin capsules, which were not removed. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.