De casas y de inseguridades: "Arreglos de protección" a través de las clases sociales en la ciudad de La Plata Segura, Ramiro Este ensayo desarrolla el concepto de "arreglos de protección", una relación socio-material entre la arquitectura de la casa, los objetos y las prácticas humanas, con el fin de avanzar en una nueva comprensión de la segregación social urbana. Partiendo del trabajo de campo etnográfico en La Plata, Argentina, comparo los arreglos de protección de los residentes de distintas clases sociales ante la necesidad común de obtener protección en un contexto evaluado como inseguro. Las similitudes y diferencias en los arreglos de protección entre clases permiten reflexionar sobre la relación entre configuración socioespacial de la ciudad, cultura material de la casa y experiencias de (des)protección e (in) seguridad. El artículo muestra que la segregación urbana y la inseguridad urbana se implican mutuamente. Por un lado, los procesos de segregación urbana colocan a los habitantes en condiciones de vida desiguales, así como ante diferentes experiencias de (in)seguridad. Por otro lado, los habitantes son agentes activos en busca de seguridad que, en un círculo poco virtuoso, generalmente profundiza la dinámica de la segregación urbana: erosión del espacio público, fortificación de casas, proliferación de muros y sistemas de vigilancia, y miedo creciente a la alteridad.

Abordaje multidimensional de violencias estatales punitivas y no punitivas sobre la población adolescente-juvenil: Aportes para dirimir la trascendente disyuntiva entre bajar o no la edad de punibilidad Guemureman, Silvia Teresa Los adolescentes y jóvenes candidatos al sistema pena concitan sobre sí una mirada estigmatizante. Socialmente son representados como sujetos de riesgo, y en tal carácter, se los dota de atributos de peligrosidad social, cuando no política. Una exhaustiva revisión de sus condiciones de vida, de su hacer y estar en el mundo, muestra que los indicadores de vulneración de derechos y de violencias que sufren superan ampliamente -léase esto en clave sociológica- las violencias que eventualmente algunos, y de ninguna manera la mayoría, perpetra. A fin de acompañar este razonamiento propongo, en primer lugar, reflexionar sobre las violencias, recuperando los fructíferos debates que nos hemos dado al interior de los colectivos de investigación. La conceptualización de la violencia estatal es un punto de llegada, luego de tensar el concepto de violencia, y luego de confrontarlo con otros conceptos dotados de sentidos en disputa, como las violencias institucionales. En segundo lugar, busco avanzar hacia la construcción de una matriz o sistema de indicadores sobre violencias estatales que permita actualizar en forma permanente la información referida a adolescentes y jóvenes, y brinde insumos para la toma de decisiones en materia de políticas públicas. Las políticas penales así como las políticas sociales son políticas públicas y, en tal carácter, productos del Estado.Este artículo brinda una primera radiografía con los datos más actuales disponibles, que incluyen datos sociodemográficos, de pobreza, empleo, cobertura sanitaria, tasas de mortalidad joven, tasas de escolaridad y terminalidad educativa, etc. Asimismo, el sistema de indicadores incluye dimensiones acerca de las violencias estatales de carácter punitivo, principalmente las perpetradas por los agentes del sistema penal en los distintos eslabones, desde las fuerzas de seguridad, hasta los espacios de encierro punitivo.

Building a Data Platform for Cross-Country Urban Health Studies: the SALURBAL Study Quistberg, D. Alex; Diez Roux, Ana V.; Bilal, Usama; Moore, Kari; Ortigoza, Ana; Rodriguez, Daniel A.; Sarmiento, Olga L.; Frenz, Patricia; Friche, Amélia Augusta; Caiaffa, Waleska Teixeira; Vives, Alejandra; Miranda, J. Jaime; Tisnés, Adela; the SALURBAL group Studies examining urban health and the environment must ensure comparability of measures across cities and countries. We describe a data platform and process that integrates health outcomes together with physical and social environment data to examine multilevel aspects of health across cities in 11 Latin American countries. We used two complementary sources to identify cities with ≥ 100,000 inhabitants as of 2010 in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. We defined cities in three ways: administratively, quantitatively from satellite imagery, and based on country-defined metropolitan areas. In addition to “cities,” we identified sub-city units and smaller neighborhoods within them using census hierarchies. Selected physical environment (e.g., urban form, air pollution and transport) and social environment (e.g., income, education, safety) data were compiled for cities, sub-city units, and neighborhoods whenever possible using a range of sources. Harmonized mortality and health survey data were linked to city and sub-city units. Finer georeferencing is underway. We identified 371 cities and 1436 sub-city units in the 11 countries. The median city population was 234,553 inhabitants (IQR 141,942; 500,398). The systematic organization of cities, the initial task of this platform, was accomplished and further ongoing developments include the harmonization of mortality and survey measures using available sources for between country comparisons. A range of physical and social environment indicators can be created using available data. The flexible multilevel data structure accommodates heterogeneity in the data available and allows for varied multilevel research questions related to the associations of physical and social environment variables with variability in health outcomes within and across cities. The creation of such data platforms holds great promise to support researching with greater granularity the field of urban health in Latin America as well as serving as a resource for the evaluation of policies oriented to improve the health and environmental sustainability of cities.

Association between degree of anaplasia and degree of inflammation with the expression of COX-2 in feline injection site sarcomas Santelices Iglesias, Olga Andrea; Wright, Carolina; Duchene, A. G.; Risso, Miguel Atilio; Risso, Paula; Zanuzzi, Carolina Natalia; Nishida, Fabian; Lavid, A.; Confente, F.; Díaz, M.; Portiansky, Enrique Leo; Gimeno, Eduardo Juan; Barbeito, Claudio Gustavo Feline injection site sarcomas (FISSs) are mesenchymal neoplasms that develop at the sites of delivery of vaccines or other injectable products. Vaccine adjuvants can trigger an intense and persistent inflammatory response that may lead to neoplastic transformation. The proinflammatory role of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 is well known and its overexpression has prognostic value in multiple neoplastic processes. One hundred and seventeen FISSs were evaluated for the degree of inflammation and anaplasia. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of COX-2 in these sarcomas. There was a significant association between the degree of inflammation and the expression of COX-2 by neoplastic cells. COX-2 expression was lower in tumours with higher degrees of anaplasia. These findings may be useful in predicting the sensitivity of FISSs to treatment with COX-2 inhibitors. The potential therapeutic use of such agents could then be restricted to tumours with lower degrees of anaplasia.

Efectos dinámicos de la corrosión de armaduras en vigas de hormigón reciclado Moro, Juan Manuel; Meneses, Romina Soledad; Ortega, Nestor Francisco La utilización de hormigones reciclados es una opción sustentable en la construcción. Sin embargo, este tipo de hormigones, presentan diferente comportamiento durable y mecánico que los elaborados en forma tradicional. En este trabajo se presenta un análisis dinámico de vigas de hormigón armado, expuestas a un proceso de corrosión acelerada de sus armaduras. Se efectuó la medición de las frecuencias naturales de vibración de las vigas, a medida que la corrosión avanzaba. Paralelamente, se efectuó un seguimiento del proceso de fisuración del recubrimiento. Se emplearon distintos tipos de hormigones, reemplazando el 50 % del agregado natural, por agregado reciclado con y sin tratamientos previos. Además, se varió la relación recubrimiento de hormigón/diámetro de las barras con el objeto de estudiar la influencia de distintos recubrimientos de las armaduras. Se observó un descenso en las frecuencias naturales en las vigas afectadas, apreciándose diferencias en la mayoría de los casos estudiados.; The use of recycled concrete is a sustainable option in construction. However, this type of concrete present different durable and mechanical behavior than conventional concrete. In this paper, was present a dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete beams exposed to an accelerated corrosion process of their reinforcements. The dynamic study consisted in measuring of natural frequencies vibration of the beams, as corrosion progressed. At the same time, were monitored the cracking process of the cover. Were used different types of concrete, replacing 50% of the natural coarse aggregate with previously treated and untreated recycled aggregate. Besides was varied the relationship of concrete cover / bar diameter in order to study the influence of different covers. Were found a decrease in natural frequencies of the affected beams, obtaining differences between most of the studied cases.

Libros en juego Bibliotecas populares y público infantil en el sudoeste bonaerense (Argentina, 1880-1930); Livros em jogo: bibliotecas populares e público infantil no Sudoeste de Buenos Aires (Argentina, 1920-1930); Game of books: popular libraries and child readership in Southwest Buenos Aires (Argentina, 1880-1930) Agesta, María de Las Nieves El presente artículo analiza dos bibliotecas populares del sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) -la Bernardino Rivadavia de Bahía Blanca fundada en 1882 y la Domingo F. Sarmiento de Tres Arroyos inaugurada en 1899- y la creación de sus respectivas secciones infantiles en 1925 y 1928, en articulación con el fenómeno de expansión de la educación pública y de la formación de un público infantil en la provincia. A fines de los años veinte es posible constatar allí un proceso de diversificación y de ampliación de los grupos lectores que fue producto y, a la vez, incentivo para la labor de las bibliotecas y sus transformaciones. Estas instituciones introdujeron modificaciones a fin de responder a la creciente demanda y pretendieron, no sin conflictos, asumir un rol activo en la configuración del nuevo lectorado, tanto mediante la regulación de los comportamientos y de los espacios de lectura como de la experiencia y los gustos de los usuarios.; Este artigo analisa duas bibliotecas populares do sudoeste da província de Buenos Aires (Argentina) - a Bernardino Rivadavia de Bahía Blanca, fundada em 1882, e a Domingo F. Sarmiento de Tres Arroyos, inaugurada em 1899 - e a criação das respectivas seções infantis em 1925 e 1928, em articulação com o fenômeno de expansão da educação pública e a formação de um público infantil na província. No final dos anos 1920, é possível verificar um processo de diversificação e ampliação dos grupos de leitura que foi um produto e, ao mesmo tempo, um incentivo para o trabalho da biblioteca e suas transformações. Essas instituições introduziram modificações para responder à demanda crescente e pretendiam, não sem conflitos, assumir um papel ativo na configuração do novo leitorado, regulando tanto os comportamentos e os espaços de leitura quanto a experiência e os gostos dos usuários.; This article analyzes two popular libraries in the southwest province of Buenos Aires, Argentina-the Bernardino Rivadavia of Bahía Blanca Library, founded in 1882, and the Domingo F. Sarmiento de Tres Arroyos Library, inaugurated in 1899-and the creation of their respective children’s sections in 1925 and 1928. This paper looks at the formation of these children’s sections within the context of expanding public education and child readership in the province. By the end of the 1920s, a verifiable process of expansion and diversification of reading groups had unfolded that was both a product of, and, at the same time, an incentive for further library development and its related transformations. These institutions introduced modifications in order to respond to the growing demand and tried to play an active role in the configuration of a new readership, both by regulating behaviors and reading spaces as well as experience and tastes of the users.

Can forest pattern affect the distribution and abundance of Arhopalus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)? A landscape perspective in central Argentina Grilli, Mariano Pablo; Fachinetti, Romina Since 2006, Arhopalus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) has expanded its range in the pine production area of Córdoba Province (Argentina). In this paper, we analyse the effect of landscape pattern on the distribution and abundance of A. rusticus. Land cover was estimated using Landsat 8 scenes. Landscape was quantified by estimating the Total Class Area, which showed a positive relationship with A. rusticus abundance, and Mean Euclidean distance and Mean Shape index, which had a negative relationship. Since its arrival, Arhopalus rusticus has proved to be a successful invader, affected by the landscape pattern of the patches.

Construction and validation of the adolescent perceived risks and benefits of exposure to music from personal music players questionnaire; Construcción y validación del cuestionario de percepción de riesgos y beneficios de la exposición a reproductores personales de música para adolescentes Abraham, Mónica; Cupani, Marcos; Biassoni, Ester Cristina; Azpilicueta, Ana Estefanía Se ha encontrado evidencia de una asociación entre la participación en conductas de riesgo y la percepción de sus riesgos y beneficios. El uso de reproductores de música personales (RPM) es una de las actividades de ruido no ocupacional más comunes, especialmente entre los jóvenes. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar un cuestionario para evaluar las consecuencias positivas (beneficios) percibidas por los adolescentes y las consecuencias negativas (riesgos) de escuchar música en estos dispositivos. El proceso de construcción y validación ocurrió en 3 fases: desarrollo de batería de ítems; establecimiento de validez de contenido; estimación de validez de constructo, validez de criterio y consistencia interna, en una muestra accidental de 694 adolescentes de 2 colegios de Córdoba, Argentina. Los resultados de los análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio revelaron una estructura factorial de 2 dimensiones. En conjunto, ambos factores clasificaron correctamente al 64,6% y 74% de los adolescentes con alta y baja exposición a música a través de RPM. Este cuestionario puede ser utilizado para detectar adolescentes que presentan una escucha riesgosa y para desarrollar estrategias para promover conductas de protección.; Evidence has been found of an association between participation in risk behaviors and the perception of their risks and benefits. The use of personal music players (PMPs) is one of the most common non-occupational noise activities, especially among the young. The aim of the study was to develop a questionnaire to assess the positive consequences (benefits) perceived by adolescents and the negative consequences (risks) of listening to music on these devices. The construction and validation process occurred in 3 phases: item pool development; establishment of content validity; and estimation of construct validity, criterion-related validity, and internal consistency, with an accidental sample of 694 adolescents from 2 schools of Cordoba, Argentina. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a 2-dimensional factorial structure. Together, both factors correctly classified 64.6% and 74% of adolescents with high and low exposure to music through PMPs. This questionnaire can be used to detect adolescents with risky listening and to develop strategies to promote protective behavior.

Prácticas de formación y laborales en comunicación social: itinerarios y experiencias Petrucci, Liliana Cecilia; Schaufler , Maria Laura Frente a la necesidad de relevar los diferentes sentidos de las prácticas que se juegan en el campo de la Comunicación Social, tanto profesionales como académicas, desde la interdisciplina entre las Ciencias de la Educación y los estudios en Comunicación Social, la indagación se centró en analizar las relaciones que atraviesan los diferentes saberes, lenguajes, constricciones institucionales y particularidades locales que inciden y singularizan las prácticas. En relación a dicho interés y en el marco de un estudio cualitativo, se realizaron 21 entrevistas en profundidad a estudiantes de la tecnicatura, la licenciatura y el profesorado en Comunicación Social y a los profesionales que se desempeñan en Paraná y Santa Fe, procurando, a la vez, atender a las diversas inserciones y experiencias profesionales. Complementariamente se realizaron entrevistas a docentes de algunas áreas/orientaciones de la carrera. Al hilo del significante “práctica”, se recorrieron las valoraciones de los trayectos curriculares y laborales que se retrazan, según las experiencias prácticas y se bosquejan como itinerarios entendidos como espacios, que distienden las pretensiones de correspondencia entre formación y apropiación

Milky Way demographics with the VVV survey: IV. PSF photometry from almost one billion stars in the Galactic bulge and adjacent southern disk Alonso-García, Javier; Saito, Roberto K.; Hempel, Maren; Minniti, Dante; Pullen, Joyce; Catelan, Márcio; Ramos, Rodrigo Contreras; Cross, Nicholas J. G.; Gonzalez, Oscar A.; Lucas, Philip W.; Palma, Tali; Valenti, Elena; Zoccali, Manuela The inner regions of the Galaxy are severely affected by extinction, which limits our capability to study the stellar populations present there. The Vista Variables in the Vía Láctea (VVV) ESO Public Survey has observed this zone at near-infrared wavelengths where reddening is highly diminished. Aims. By exploiting the high resolution and wide field-of-view of the VVV images we aim to produce a deep, homogeneous, and highly complete database of sources that cover the innermost regions of our Galaxy. Methods. To better deal with the high crowding in the surveyed areas, we have used point spread function (PSF)-fitting techniques to obtain a new photometry of the VVV images, in the ZY JHKs near-infrared filters available. Results. Our final catalogs contain close to one billion sources, with precise photometry in up to five near-infrared filters, and they are already being used to provide an unprecedented view of the inner Galactic stellar populations. We make these catalogs publicly available to the community. Our catalogs allow us to build the VVV giga-CMD, a series of color-magnitude diagrams of the inner regions of the Milky Way presented as supplementary videos. We provide a qualitative analysis of some representative CMDs of the inner regions of the Galaxy, and briefly mention some of the studies we have developed with this new dataset so far.

Inoculation strategies to improve persistence and implantation of commercial S. cerevisiae strains in red wines produced with prefermentative cold soak Maturano, Yolanda Paola; Lerena, Maria Cecilia; Mestre Furlani, María Victoria; Casassa, Luis Federico; Toro, Maria Eugenia; Vazquez, Fabio; Mercado, Laura Analia; Combina, Mariana Prefermentative cold soak is a winemaking technique aimed at enhancing aroma and colour extraction in red wines. This study aimed at evaluating implantation and persistence rates of commercial active dry yeast strains (ADY) in wines produced with cold soak using two different inoculation strategies. Cold soak was conducted at 4 ± 1 °C, 8 ± 1 °C and 12 ± 1 °C for 7 days. Two yeast strains (Lalvin ICV D254 and Lalvin Rhône 2056) were inoculated before and after cold soak. Implantation of Lalvin ICV D254 at the end of cold soak was higher when conducted at 8 °C and 4 °C, whereas it was undetectable (<5%) at 12 °C. Lalvin Rhône 2056 showed implantation percentages at the end of cold soak ranging from 40% to 100%, with higher percentages in cold soak conducted at 12 °C. Moderate persistence of ADY at the end of alcoholic fermentation was observed in all treatment inoculated before cold soak. In the treatments inoculated after cold soak, the persistence of Lalvin ICV D254 ranged from 12 to 38% whereas Lalvin Rhône 2056 was less than 5% at the end of alcoholic fermentation. Overall, persistence of both strains improved in inoculation before cold soak relative to inoculation after cold soak.

Biodegradation of microcystin-LR using acclimatized bacteria isolated from different units of the drinking water treatment plant Kumar, Pratik; Hegde, Krishnamoorthy; Brar, Satinder Kaur; Cledón, Maximiliano; Kermanshahi-pour, Azadeh; Roy-Lachapelle, Audrey; Galvez-Cloutier, Rosa Bacterial community isolated from different units of a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) including pre-ozonation unit (POU), the effluent-sludge mixture of the sedimentation unit (ESSU) and top-sand layer water sample from the filtration unit (TSFU) were acclimatized separately in the microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR)-rich environment to evaluate MC-LR biodegradation. Maximum biodegradation efficiency of 97.2 ± 8.7% was achieved by the acclimatized-TSFU bacterial community followed by 72.1 ± 6.4% and 86.2 ± 7.3% by acclimatized-POU and acclimatized-ESSU bacterial community, respectively. Likewise, the non-acclimatized bacterial community showed similar biodegradation efficiency of 71.1 ± 7.37%, 86.7 ± 3.19% and 94.35 ± 10.63% for TSFU, ESSU and POU, respectively, when compared to the acclimatized ones. However, the biodegradation rate increased 1.5-folds for acclimatized versus non-acclimatized conditions. The mass spectrometry studies on MC-LR degradation depicted hydrolytic linearization of cyclic MC-LR along with the formation of small peptide fragments including Adda molecule that is linked to the reduced toxicity (qualitative toxicity analysis). This was further confirmed quantitatively by using Rhizobium meliloti as a bioindicator. The acclimatized-TSFU bacterial community comprised of novel MC-LR degrading strains, Chryseobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas fragi as confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Biodegradation of microcystin-LR by in-situ bacterial community present in the drinking water treatment plant without formation of toxic by-product.

Early responses to Fe-deficiency distinguish Sorghum bicolor genotypes with contrasting alkalinity tolerance Luna, Dario Fernando; Saavedra Pons, Amalia Beatriz; Bustos, Dolores Angela; Taleisnik, Edith Soil alkalinity is a significant limitation to agricultural productivity and it is associated to several soil features, among them, Fe deficiencies. In this work, we explored the hypothesis that alkalinity tolerance in Sorghum bicolor is related to Fe-deficiency tolerance and its underlying mechanisms. An initial screening involving 8 sorghum genotypes identified two with contrasting growth responses to alkalinity (susceptible Minu II and more tolerant Silero INTA Pemán) that were subsequently studied under Fe-deprivation (-Fe) conditions. Sorghum sudanense (sudangrass) was included as control tolerant species for Fe deficiency. Growth in hydroponics and in soil indicated that responses to both alkaline and -Fe substrates followed parallel trends in the three genotypes: Minu II was the most sensitive, followed by Silero and sudangrass. Decreases in carbon fixation (A) and stomatal conductance were observed earlier in -Fe than in alkalinity, and the intensity in the three genotypes followed the same tendency as growth depressions. Calculations derived from the analysis of A as a function of internal CO2 concentration (A/Ci curves) indicated increased Ci concentration along with a decrease in the efficiency of phosphoenol pyruvate caboxylase activity in Minu II. Fast chlorophyll a fluorescence transients (OJIP-test) revealed decreased PSII connectivity in both Minu II and Silero under -Fe, but Minu II disclosed more damage to the oxygen evolving complex under alkalinity, while sudangrass was largely unresponsive. Expression of the genes for phytosiderophore (Phys) synthesis and transport genes was induced under both alkalinity and -Fe conditions in both S. bicolor genotypes, and more strongly in Silero than in Minu II. Lower induction of gene expression in Minu II may be related to its sensitivity to alkalinity conditions associated to reduced Fe availability, leading to alteration in photochemical and biochemical reactions involving Fe. Thus, our results provide support to the concept that susceptibility to Fe-deficiency and alkalinity conditions are associated in Sorghum bicolor and highlight some of the physiological traits that underlie this association.

Reconciliation of quantum local master equations with thermodynamics De Chiara, Gabriele; Landini, Gabriel; Hewgill, Adam; Reid, Brendan; Ferraro, Alessandro; Roncaglia, Augusto Jose; Antezza, Mauro The study of open quantum systems often relies on approximate master equations derived under the assumptions of weak coupling to the environment. However when the system is made of several interacting subsystems such a derivation is in many cases very hard. An alternative method, employed especially in the modeling of transport in mesoscopic systems, consists in using local master equations (LMEs) containing Lindblad operators acting locally only on the corresponding subsystem. It has been shown that this approach however generates inconsistencies with the laws of thermodynamics. In this paper we demonstrate that using a microscopic model of LMEs based on repeated collisions all thermodynamic inconsistencies can be resolved by correctly taking into account the breaking of global detailed balance related to the work cost of maintaining the collisions. We provide examples based on a chain of quantum harmonic oscillators whose ends are connected to thermal reservoirs at different temperatures. We prove that this system behaves precisely as a quantum heat engine or refrigerator, with properties that are fully consistent with basic thermodynamics.

Simple electrochemical detection method employing a hydrogel soft matrix: Application in tap water Martinez, María Victoria; Coneo Rodriguez, Rusbel; Bruno, Mariano Martín; Acevedo, Diego Fernando; Barbero, César Alfredo The proposed method implies the electrochemical detection of an analyte preloaded in a hydrogel. In order to evaluate the potential application of this method, arsenic detection in tap water was performed. Polymeric hydrogels bearing cationic groups poly(Nisopropyacrylamide)-co-3-(acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride were used to sorb arsenic ions, at basic pH, from thereal and synthetic stock samples. The concentration of arsenic was electrochemically determined using the loaded hydrogel and amodified glassy carbon electrode. Employing a cationic hydrogel, the peak current for the arsenic oxidation was ca. 8 times higherthan the peak current measured using poly(N-isopropyacrylamide), a neutral hydrogel, indicating a strong electrostatic interaction between the polymeric cationic groups and arsenite anions. By using this method, values of arsenic comparable to those measuredby Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy were obtained for tap water of small cities in Argentina. These results suggest that this new and easy method is suitable to sense a threshold limit of arsenic in real samples since the features of the hydrogel allow the arsenite loading into the matrix. Besides the cationic hydrogels could be employed to sampling on-field and to build a portable analysis system.

The Development of 'Pro-Life' NGOs in Argentina: Three strategic movements Moran Faundes, Jose Manuel Ferrucio In Latin America, the agenda of sexual and reproductive rights advocated by the feminist and LGBTI movements has challenged the hegemony of the sexual order held by traditionalist sectors, especially the hierarchy of the Catholic Church and conservative evangelical churches. These religious groups have reacted, in turn, to arrest the advance of feminist and LGBTI agendas. Beyond conservative Catholic and evangelical hierarchies, opposition activists also include religious academic institutions, politicians, Christian lay movements, and civil society groups, among others, all committed to a more restrictive view of sexuality. One important strategy of this "Pro-Life" activism in recent years has been the conformation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This article offers an analysis of the emergence and development of "Pro-Life" NGOs in Argentina. Using both quantitative and qualitative data, it examines three strategic movements made by these NGOs from the 1980s to the present: a state-political turn that favored strategies aimed to colonize the state and to impact sexual policies and the law; a blurring of religious identities; and a process of federalization and civil ecumenism.

Introduction: Christianity, Gender, Sexuality and the Law in Latin America Sáez, Macarena; Moran Faundes, Jose Manuel Ferrucio The issues of gender, sexuality and reproduction have gained a strong public presence in Latin America in recent years. Political agendas have begun gradually to include topics related to LGBTI rights and access of people "especially women " to reproductive justice. In some cases, these processes have generated policies, laws and judgments favorable to women and LGBTI movements?s demands. For example, in recent years, countries as diverse as Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, Colombia and Brazil allowed same-sex marriage, whether through the adoption of laws or by favorable rulings, after broad political and social debates. Other countries, including Ecuador, Costa Rica and Chile, still do not recognize same-sex marriage, but have allowed civil unions. Argentina and Bolivia also adopted laws of gender identity which, among other things, guarantee the right to recognition of self-perceived identity over the one assigned at birth. Moreover, in recent years, Uruguay and the Federal District of Mexico have legalized abortion under a trimester-based system, while other countries have expanded the decriminalized grounds for terminating a pregnancy voluntarily, despite maintaining the illegality of abortion.However, the successful expansion of rights with respect to gender, sexuality and reproduction, is not a linear process or free from controversy and backlashes. In 1997, for example, El Salvador banned abortion without exception, a decision emulated by Nicaragua in 2007. In 2015, the Peruvian Congress rejected the adoption of a civil union law. In addition, since at least 1998 Latin America has seen a wave of litigation and legislative processes against emergency contraception (Peñas Defago and Morán Faúndes, 2014). Some of these have been reversed. In Chile, a law was passed in 2010 during Michelle Bachelet?s first administration (2006-2010) allowing the public health system to provide emergency contraception, which reversed an unfavorable ruling of the Constitutional Court in 2008. In Honduras and elsewhere, however, bans on emergency contraception remain.Considering the ongoing and often public controversy around these issues, it is necessary to develop and deepen the frames through which we understand how these dynamics unfold in the region. To this end, the contributors to this special issue understand gender and sexuality as public and political fields characterized by tensions, disputes and struggles over power, including state power.

¿Criadas o trabajadoras? Lenguajes, representaciones y estrategias frente a la justicia laboral (Buenos Aires, 1956-1970); Criadas or Workers? Languages, Representations and Strategies before Labor Justice (Buenos Aires, 1956-1970); Criadas ou travailleuses? Langages, représentations et stratégies face à la justice du travail (Buenos Aires, 1956-1970) Pérez, Inés A partir del análisis de expedientes iniciados ante el Tribunal del Trabajo Doméstico, creado en 1956, este artículo sostiene que la práctica de colocación de menores para el servicio –habitual desde tiempos coloniales– seguía siendo activa, en términos de la producción de sentidos sobre el servicio doméstico a mediados del siglo XX en Buenos Aires. El texto muestra que la “criada” era, en efecto, una de las figuras utilizadas en las contestaciones de los empleadores a las demandas iniciadas por sus empleadas, y señala algunas consecuencias de dicho uso en relación a la posibilidad de las trabajadoras de hacer efectivos los magros derechos que la ley les consagraba.; By analysing judicial files from the Tribunal of Domestic Work, created in 1956, this article argues that the practice of placing children for service –a customary practice since colonial times– remained alive regarding the production of meanings about domestic service in mid-twentieth-century Buenos Aires. The study shows that the “criada” (female child raised up for service) was one of the figures to which employers resorted in their opposing arguments to the claims initiated by their employees. The article points out some of the consequences of the use of this figure in relation to the workers‟ possibilities of making effective the meager rights that the law granted them.; En analysant les affaires judiciaires passées devant le Tribunal du Travail Domestique, créé en 1956, cet article soutient que la pratique de placement des enfants pour le service –habituelle depuis l‟époque coloniale– était toujours active, en termes de production de sens sur le service domestique au milieu du XXe siècle à Buenos Aires. Le texte montre que la “criada” était, en effet, l‟une des figures utilisées dans les contestations des employeurs aux requêtes de leurs employées. Il montre ainsi certaines conséquences de cet usage en rapport avec la possibilité pour les travailleuses de rendre effectifs les maigres droits que la loi leur octroyait.

Effect of thiosulfate on pitting corrosion of Ni-Cr-Fe alloys in chloride solutions Becerra Araneda, Abraham Alexis; Kappes, Mariano Alberto; Rodríguez, Martín Alejandro; Carranza, Ricardo Mario Pitting corrosion of Alloys 600, 690, and 800 (UNS N06600, N06690, and N08800) was studied in 1 M NaCl solution with different concentrations of thiosulfate (S2O2 3 −). Alloys exhibited vastly different electrochemical behavior, depending on the S2O2 3 − concentration and chromium content of the alloy. Alloy 600 exhibited a breakdown and repassivation potential that decreased with decreasing S2O2 3 − concentration, in the range from 1 M to 10−4 M. Breakdown and repassivation potentials decreased about 300 mV and 600 mV, respectively, when 10−4 M S2O2 3 − was added to a 1 M NaCl solution. For Alloys 690 and 800, additions of S2O2 3 − in the range of 1 M to 0.01 M caused a decrease in the breakdown and repassivation potentials. Dilute solutions were more aggressive, and a 0.01 M addition of S2O2 3 − to a 1 M NaCl solution caused a decrease in breakdown and repassivation potentials of about 300 mV. In a solution containing 0.001 M Na2S2O3 + 1 M NaCl, Alloys 690 and 800 showed two different submodes of pitting, each one of them existing at a different range of potential. Chloride pitting corrosion was observed at high potentials and was characterized by pits with a lacy cover. The stable pit initiation potential associated with this process in both alloys was near 300 mVAg/AgCl and was preceded by frequent metastable events. Chloride plus S2O2 3 − pitting was observed at low potentials (near −225 mVAg/AgCl) and was characterized by hemispherical pits. In potentiodynamic curves, this submode of pitting showed a characteristic anodic peak of approximately 120 mV width and a maximum current density of 10 μA/cm2 for both alloys. Potentiostatic tests at potentials within this anodic peak led to stable pit growth. Those pits could be repassivated by scanning the potential either in noble or active directions. Low-potential and high-potential pitting submodes were separated by a stable passivity range, as determined by potentiodynamic curves. Upon a further decrease in S2O2 3 − concentration down to 10−4 M, only high-potential pitting corrosion was observed, with pitting and repassivation potentials similar than those in 1 M NaCl solution.

Influence of the spatial distribution of border traps in the capacitance frequency dispersion of Al2O3/InGaAs Palumbo, Félix Roberto Mario; Aguirre, Fernando Leonel; Pazos, Sebastián Matías; Krylov, Igor; Winter, Roy; Eizenberg, Moshe In this paper, the capacitance frequency dispersion in strong accumulation of capacitance voltage curves has been studied for different high-k dielectric layers in MOS stacks. By studying experimental data at low (77 K) and room temperature (300 K), in oxides with different density of defects, it was possible reflect the spatial distribution of the defects in the capacitance frequency dispersion. The experimental data show that while at room temperature, the capacitance dispersion is dominated by the exchange of carriers from the semiconductor into oxide traps far away from the interface, at low temperature the oxide traps near the Al2O3/InGaAs interface are responsible for the frequency dispersion. The results indicate that the capacitance dispersion in strong accumulation reflect the spatial distribution of traps within the oxide, and that dielectric/semiconductor conduction band offset is a critical parameter for determining the capacitance dispersion for Al2O3/InGaAs based gate stacks.