The multimeric structure of polycystin-2 (TRPP2): Structural - Functional correlates of homo- and hetero-multimers with TRPC1 Zhang, Peng; Luo, Ying; Chasan, Bernard; González Perrett, Silvia; Montalbetti, Nicolas; Timpanaro, Gustavo A.; Cantero, Maria del Rocio; Ramos, Arnolt J.; Goldmann, Wolfgang H.; Zhou, Jing; Cantiello, Horacio Fabio Polycystin-2 (PC2, TRPP2), the gene product of PKD2, whose mutations cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), belongs to the superfamily of TRP channels. PC2 is a non-selective cation channel, with multiple subconductance states. In this report, we explored structural and functional properties of PC2 and whether the conductance substates represent monomeric contributions to the channel complex. A kinetic analysis of spontaneous channel currents of PC2 showed that four intrinsic, non-stochastic subconductance states, which followed a staircase behavior, were both pH- and voltage-dependent. To confirm the oligomeric contributions to PC2 channel function, heteromeric PC2/TRPC1 channel complexes were also functionally assessed by single channel current analysis. Low pH inhibited the PC2 currents in PC2 homomeric complexes, but failed to affect PC2 currents in PC2/TRPC1 heteromeric complexes. Amiloride, in contrast, abolished PC2 currents in both the homomeric PC2 complexes and the heteromeric PC2/TRPC1 complexes, thus PC2/TRPC1 complexes have distinct functional properties from the homomeric complexes. The topological features of the homomeric PC2-, TRPC1- and heteromeric PC2/TRPC1 channel complexes, assessed by atomic force microscopy, were consistent with structural tetramers. TRPC1 homomeric channels had different average diameter and protruding height when compared with the PC2 homomers. The contribution of individual monomers to the PC2/TRPC1 hetero-complexes was easily distinguishable. The data support tetrameric models of both the PC2 and TRPC1 channels, where the overall conductance of a particular channel will depend on the contribution of the various functional monomers in the complex.

Long-term pamidronate treatment of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone: A case series in young adults Parisi, Muriel Solange; Oliveri, María Beatriz Background: Limited information is available about long-term pamidronate treatment in adults with fibrous dysplasia (FD) of bone. Objective: The aim of this case series was to report the clinical outcomes and the biochemical and densitometric findings in a group of young adult patients with polyostotic FD treated for ≥3 years with IV pamidronate. Methods: Pamidronate was administered every 6 months (60 mg/d for 3 days) for 2 years. Thereafter, treatment was individualized. Pamidronate was administered at shorter or longer intervals based on response. Bone pain, radiography, serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) activity, and urinary C-terminal cross-linking telopep-tide of type I collagen (CTX-I) concentration were assessed for a mean of 7 years. Bone mineral density (BMD) of FD areas (FDas) and contralateral areas (CLas) were measured at baseline and at 12 and 24 months. Data were collected prospectively. Results: Seven patients (5 women, 2 men; mean [SD] age, 31.0 [7.2] years [range, 22-43 years]) were included in the study. Patients received IV pamidronate for a mean of 6.9 years (median, 7.1 years [range, 3.7-10.9 years]). Pamidronate was associated with a reduction in bone pain and a significant reduction in BALP in all patients at the end of follow-up (P < 0.02). The mean reduction from baseline in CTX-I concentration (measured in 3 patients) was 56%; this difference was not significant. Mean BMD values of FDas were significantly increased at 12 months (by 5.9%; P < 0.05) compared with baseline; but was not significantly increased at 24 months (7.3%), probably reflecting a higher dispersion of values due to individual responses to treatment. No significant changes were observed in CLa BMDs. Mean BMD of FDa had a numerically lower decrease of 15.3% compared with CLa at baseline; these decreases with pamidronate were 10.8% at 12 months (P = NS) and 9.3% at 24 months (P < 0.05). Refilling of osteolytic lesions was not observed. Conclusions: These patients with FD of bone treated with IV pamidronate long term had improvement in bone pain and BMD. The effectiveness of individualized pamidronate administration in the long-term treatment of FD in adult patients should be investigated in blinded controlled trials. © 2009 Excerpta Medica Inc. All rights reserved.

Palynological record of the Paleogene Río Leona Formation (southernmost South America): Stratigraphical and paleoenvironmental implications Barreda, Viviana Dora; Palazzesi, Luis; Marenssi, Sergio Alfredo Terrestrial palynomorph assemblages have been recovered from the Río Leona Formation, southwestern Santa Cruz Province, southern South America. Organic debris (spores, pollen grains, fresh water algae, plant tissues and fungi) are preserved in shales associated with other plant fossil remains (leaves and wood). The Río Leona Formation is here assigned to the early Late Oligocene based on the presence of key species of the M–M palynological zone (Margocolporites tenuireticulatus Barreda, Diporites aspis Pocknall and Mildenhall, Granodiporites nebulosus Partridge, Mutisiapollis spp.) and the virtual absence of warmth-adapted taxa (abundant from the latest Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene in Patagonia). A temporal gap between the Río Leona Formation and the overlying Centinela Formation (Early Miocene) – exposed in the studied region – is suggested here based on the differences observed in their palynological assemblages. The Río Leona Formation was deposited in a continental environment, with local peat swamps and coastal plain environments. The presence of Antarctic lineages in the lower and middle sections of the Río Leona Formation is consistent with the cooling trend globally recognized during the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene times. The appearance of some Neotropical families in the upper section might indicate the beginning of the Late Oligocene warming event. Records of Asteraceae (Mutisiapollis telleriae Barreda and Palazzesi sp. nov.), Menyanthaceae (Striasyncolpites laxus Mildenhall and Pocknall), and Rosaceae (Psilatricolporites quenua Barreda and Palazzesi sp. nov., Psilatricolporites sp.) are the oldest reports in Patagonia to date, and provide significant information on the early divergence and radiation times of these major angiosperm families.

Adiciones al conocimiento de Astrapothericulus (Mammalia, Astrapotheria): anatomía cráneo-dentaria, diversidad y distribución; Additions to the knowledge of Astrapothericulus (Mammalia, Astrapotheria): craniodental anatomy, diversity and distribution Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo Astrapothericulus Ameghino es el taxón que tipifica las “capas Astrapothericulenses” (Mioceno temprano, Patagonia central). Aunque hasta ahora pobremente conocido, se lo distinguía de otros astrapoterios oligo-miocénicos por su tamaño comparativamente pequeño y por presentar rasgos mandibulares y dentarios menos especializados. Se redescribe y compara aquí la dentadura en base a nuevos y abundantes materiales y se describe el primer resto craneano referible indudablemente a la especie genotípica Astrapothericulus iheringi. Los molariformes se caracterizan por ser de corona más baja que en Astrapotherium magnum (Santacrucense) y con cíngulos basales mucho más gruesos y prominentes, y fléxido labial del p4 ausente o muy superficial, como en Parastrapotherium (Deseadense-Colhuehuapense). Los caninos pueden ser pequeños y radiculados a grandes defensas de base abierta, que aquí se interpreta como variaciones dimórficas. El cráneo y la mandíbula presentan rasgos aparentemente primitivos respecto de Astrapotherium y ParAstrapotherium (e.g. nasales menos retraídos, órbitas más grandes, mandíbula con diastema más corto, sínfisis más estrecha y cóncava). Sin embargo, análisis filogenéticos recientes concluyen que éstas serían reversiones autapomórficas. Astrapothericulus se habría diferenciado a partir de un ancestro de talla mucho mayor estructuralmente próximo a Astrapotherium, y los caracteres mencionados, posiblemente paedomórficos, estarían asociados a la posterior reducción del tamaño corporal como resultado de procesos heterocrónicos. De las especies descriptas, aquí solamente se interpretan como válidas Astrapothericulus iheringi (=Astrapothericulus hebetatum) y Astrapothericulus emarginatus Ameghino (=Astrapothericulus peninsulatus). El género se registra también en capas de edad Colhuehuapense y en los niveles superiores de la Formación Pinturas con fauna típicamente Santacrucense, por lo que su distribución excede cronológicamente las capas portadoras de “fauna Astrapothericulense”.; Astrapothericulus Ameghino is the taxon which typifies the Astrapothericulan beds (Early Miocene, central Patagonia). Although so far it is poorly known, it was distinguished from other Oligo-Miocene astrapotheres by its comparatively smaller size and by having less specialized mandibular and dental features. The dentition is herein redescribed and compared based on new and abundant materials, and the first cranial remain positively referred to the genotypic species Astrapothericulus iheringi is described. The cheek teeth are lower crowned than in Astrapotherium magnum (Santacrucian), the basal cingula are broader and more prominent, and the p4 hypoflexid is absent or very superficial, as in Parastrapotherium (Deseadan-Colhuehuapian). The canines can be small and rooted or large rootless tusks, which is herein interpreted as dimorphic variations. The skull and jaw exhibit supposedly primitive characters in relation to Astrapotherium and Parastrapotherium (e.g. less retracted nasals, larger anterior orbits, mandible with shorter, narrower and more concave symphysis). However, recent phylogenetic analyses concluded that these are autapomorphic reversions. Astrapothericulus would have differentiated from an ancestor with much larger size, structurally close to Astrapotherium, and the mentioned characters, presumably paedomorphic, would be associated to a secondary reduction of body size as a result of a heterochronic processes. Of the described species, only Astrapothericulusiheringi (=Astrapothericulus hebetatum) and Astrapothericulus emarginatus Ameghino (=Astrapothericulus peninsulatus) are herein interpreted as valid. The genus also occurs in levels of Colhuehuapian age and in the upper levels of the Pinturas Formation bearing typical Santacrucian fauna, and consequently its distribution exceeds chronologically “Astrapothericulan fauna” bearing beds.

Análisis de citación y de redes sociales para el estudio del uso de revistas en centros de investigación. Un aporte al desarrollo de colecciones; Análise de citação e redes sociais para o estudo do uso de revistas nos centros de pesquisa. Uma abordagem ao desenvolvimento de acervos; Analysis of citation and social nets for the study of the use of journals in the research centers. An approach to the development of collections Gonzalez, Claudia Marcela Se presenta en este trabajo una aproximación metodológica al estudio de uso de revistas por parte de investigadores. Integrando la técnica de Análisis de Citaciones (AC) y de Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) se elaboran mapas bibliométricos que aportan capacidad de síntesis de información compleja. Se estima que su utilización en la evaluación de colecciones aportaría información valiosa para la distribución equitativa de los recursos económicos destinados a la compra de títulos, y para la optimización de su disponibilidad y acceso.; O objetivo deste artigo é o de apresentar uma abordagem metodológica ao estudo do uso de revistas por parte dos pesquisadores. Além da técnica de Análise de Citação e de Análise de Redes Sociais, são elaborados mapas bibliométricos que proporcionam capacidade de síntese de uma informação complexa. Sua utilização na avaliação dos acervos traria valiosa informação para a distribuição eqüitativa dos recursos econômicos destinados à compra de novos títulos e otimização de sua disponibilidade e acesso.; The objective of this article is to present a methodological approach to the study of use of journals by researchers. In addition to the technique of Analysis of Citation and Analysis of Social Nets, bibliometrical maps are elaborated which proportionate capacity of synthesis of complex information. Their utilization in evaluating collections would bring in valuable information for the equitatifve distribution of the economic resources alloted to the purchase of tittles and optimization of their availability and access.

Los intelectuales apristas y la cultura popular: Un acercamiento a las reflexiones de Luis Alberto Sánchez y Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre sobre el indigenismo Sessa, Leandro En el período de "entreguerras", la ruptura con el positivismo por parte de numerosos pensadores produjo la emergencia de discursos relegitimadores de los sectores populares en todo el continente. Este artículo aborda desde una perspectiva de análisis del discurso el pensamiento de dos intelectuales identificados con el aprismo (Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre y Luis Alberto Sánchez) acerca del problema del indigenismo. En este sentido, se intentan señalar continuidades y rupturas con otras corrientes indigenistas y analizar las estrategias discursivas presentes en los escritos apristas, cuyas particularidades están dadas por los intentos de construcción un partido político nacional / continental.; During the World inter-wars period, the break of Positivism on the part of many thinkers produced an emergence of discourses re-legitimizing popular sectors across the conti-nent. From a discourse analysis perspective, this article approaches the thought of: Luis Alberto Sánchez and Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre on the problem of Indigenism. Both in-tellectuals are identified with the Aprista mo-vement. First, the article points continuities and breaks Aprismo might have had in com-mon with other indigenous currents of thought and, second; it analyzes the discursive strategies of aprista’s writings. The particularities of these writings are given by the APRA’s attempt to build a national and continental political party.

Genetic and Morphometric Variability in Caiman latirostris (Broad-Snouted Caiman), Reptilia, Alligatoridae Amavet, Patricia Susana; Vilardi, Juan Cesar; Rosso, Esteban; Saidman, Beatriz Ofelia Caiman latirostris (broad-snouted caiman) is a crocodilian species from Argentina subject of management plans. The goal of this study was estimating the distribution of genetic variability using RAPD markers and quantitative traits in wild populations of C. latirostris from Santa Fe province, Argentina. We sampled animals from four populations to obtain DNA and morphometric measurements. Eight RAPD primers were used and PCR products were analyzed on 4% polyacrylamide gels stained with silver nitrate. Eleven allometric measurements were obtained in animals within 48 hr after birth. We were able to reveal a relatively high number of variable markers in the studied populations. Our estimates of polymorphism and heterozygosity are higher than recorded values in other crocodilians using isozymes, the studied populations showed low levels of gene flow and some population subdivision. The study of quantitative traits conducted by nested analysis of variance and principal component analysis indicated higher levels of variance among nests within populations than among populations. We found that some head measurements have the highest contribution to morphological differences among populations; this fact could support the role of these traits in reproductive or feeding behavior. Estimated genetic differentiation value (FST) among populations was higher than quantitative trait differentiation value (QST), suggesting a higher contribution of neutral than adaptive loci to the genetic differentiation among populations. Quantitative traits are probably more related with fitness and the differentiation among populations remained relatively lower. The high heritability estimated for some traits indicates great potential to improve them in management plans.

On Darwin's footsteps across the Andes: Tithonian-Neocomian fossil invertebrates from the Piuquenes pass; Tras las huellas de Darwin a través de los Andes: invertebrados fósiles del Tithoniano Neocomiano del paso de Piuquenes Aguirre-Urreta, Maria Beatriz; Vennari, Verónica Vanesa El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una breve revisión moderna de la geología del Paso de Piuquenes en los Andes Principales de Chile y Argentina y describir una pequeña fauna de invertebrados del Tithoniano-Neocomiano compuesta principalmente por amonites. Se compara también el conocimiento de esta región con la referida por Darwin en su famoso libro sobre la geología de América del Sur.; The aim of this work is to summarize the modern knowledge of the geology of the Piuquenes Pass, in the Main Andes of Argentina and Chile, and to describe a small fauna of Tithonian-Neocomian invertebrates mostly represented by ammonites. The present knowledge of the region is compared with Darwin´s, as expressed in his famous book on the Geology of South America.

Entre el sujeto y la estructura: Relectura de una polémica clásica sobre el Estado capitalista; Between subject and structure: A rereading of a classic polemic on the capitalist State Duhalde, Santiago En este trabajo realizo una comparación de algunos de los principales ítems que tocan Ralph Miliband y Nicos Poulantzas en su famosa discusión de la década de 1970. De esta manera, concluyo que las divergencias teóricas y metodológicas que allí se presentan se deben principalmente a diferencias ontológicas y epistemológicas, yendo, así, un poco más allá del lugar donde se había circunscrito históricamente el análisis del debate, que era el de la contraposición entre un punto de vista estructuralista y otro instrumentalista sobre el Estado capitalista. Finalmente, termino con una conclusión que llama a retomar este debate pero con nuevas herramientas que permitan poner en tela de juicio los principios modernos que rigen la discusión sobre la determinación del sujeto o la estructura en los fenómenos de la realidad social.; This article examines some of the principal themes in the debate between Ralph Miliband and Nicos Poulantzas in the 1970s. I argue that their theoretical and methodological conflicts were principally a product of ontological and epistemological differences. This analysis goes beyond the usual commentaries on their debate, which tend to see it as an argument between a structuralist and instrumentalist view of the capitalist State. Finally, I end with a call to renew the debate, but now with new tools. We need to question those modern principles that govern the discussion of how the subject, or the structure of social reality, is determined.

A multiperiod model for production planning and design in a multiproduct batch environment Moreno, Marta Susana; Montagna, Jorge Marcelo A general multiperiod model to optimize simultaneously production planning and design decisions applied to multiproduct batch plants is proposed. This model includes deterministic seasonal variations of costs, prices, demands and supplies. The overall problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming model by applying appropriate linearizations of non-linear terms. The performance criterion is to maximize the net present value of the profit, which comprises sales, investment, inventories, waste disposal and resources costs, and a penalty term accounting for late deliveries. A noteworthy feature of this approach is the selection of unit dimensions from the available discrete sizes, following the usual procurement policy in this area. The model simultaneously calculates the plant structure (parallel units in every stage, and allocation of intermediate storage tanks), and unit sizes, as well as the production planning decisions in each period (stocks of both product and raw materials, production plans, policies of sales and procurement, etc.).

Cambios ambientales y arqueología en el actual territorio del Uruguay Bracco Boksar, Roberto; del Puerto, Laura; Castiñeira Latorre, Carola; Garcia Rodriguez, Felipe; Panario, Daniel; Inda, Hugo Los cambios ambientales han ocupado un lugar central en la arqueología del Uruguay a partir de las investigaciones desarrolladas en la cuenca de la Laguna Merín, induciendo desarrollos técnico-metodológicos específicos. Este trabajo expone los resultados alcanzados a partir de los registros obtenidos de testigos de fondos de lagunas, particularmente el registro silicofitolítico. Los índices de humedad y temperatura se obtuvieron a partir de la relación de células chloridoides con el total de células cortas de gramíneas C4 y considerando las fluctuaciones de los fitolitos pooides. Los fitolitos chloridoides se producen en gramíneas C4, predominantes en regiones cálidas, áridas a semiáridas o con marcada estacionalidad en las precipitaciones. Las fluctuaciones de los fitolitos pooides, producidas por gramíneas C3, predominantes en zonas frías de altas latitudes y/o altitud, responden como indicadores de temperatura. En consecuencia una mayor representación relativa de fitolitos chloridoides indica una mayor aridez. Una mayor representación de fitolitos pooides señala una menor temperatura. A partir de testigos lagunares, con ambos indicadores se reconocieron tres períodos climáticos para el lapso 7,0-0,5 ka 14C AP. Por último se señalan interpretaciones que han relacionado estos períodos con cambios culturales, al igual que otras correlaciones que pueden ser relevantes al momento de interpretar o explicar la dinámica paleocultural regional.

Más de lo que se observa con una simple mirada: Mamíferos de los alrededores de Bahía Blanca Luengos Vidal, Estela Maris; Baglioni, Joaquín Los mamíferos, caracterizados fundamentalmente por la presencia de pelos y mamas, representan aquellos animales con que estamos mas familiarizados por ser nuestros compañeros diarios o por representar un recurso económico, mas aún en nuestra región agroganadera.

La bioinformática estructural o la realidad virtual de los medicamentos; Structural bioinformatics: the drugs virtual reality game Marti, Marcelo Adrian; Turjanski, Adrian La bioinformática estructural consiste, entre otras cosas, en realizar una simulación de del comportamiento de biomoléculas, principalmente proteínas y sus entornos, en diferentes situaciones. Al igual que un simulador de vuelo nos puede decir si un piloto se encuentra en condiciones de conducir con éxito un avión a su destino, la simulación con las biomoléculas puede establecer la capacidad de una droga para inhibir algunas enzimas o la posibilidad que dos proteínas puedan interactuar entre ellas. De este modo la bio informática contribuirá a un cambio en el paradigma del diseño de drogas permitiendo una mayor rapidez en su descubrimiento y en el proceso de optimización. Hay ejemplos exitosos de este nuevo paradigma como el caso de los inhibidores selectivos COX-2 como el Celecoxib usados en enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas, los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ECA) como el Captopril, empleados en el tratamiento de la hipertensión y diversos compuestos para el tratamiento del HIV.Palabras claves: bioinformática estructural – nuevo paradigma de desarrollo de medicamentos – diseño racional de fármacos – desarrollo de fármacos in silico.; Structural Bioinformatics consist in simulating biomolecules, mainly proteins and their environment in different situations. And just like a flight simulator can tell us, if a pilot is able to bring the plane safely to destiny, biomolecular simulations can determine the ability of a drug to inhibit certain enzyme, or the possibility of two proteins to interact with each other. In this way structural bioinformatics contributed to a change in the drug development paradigm allowing a faster drug discovery and optimization process. Successful examples of the new paradigm are COX-2 selective inhibitors used in chronic inflammations, ACE inhibitor captopril and several compounds to treat HIV among others.

Mirando el mar desde las orillas de un libro : Dos ficciones de Margo Glantz Perilli, Carmen Noemi Margo Glantz  propone una literatura que funciona como búsqueda de sí misma. El movimiento de la prosa se afirma sobre  el pliegue  entre escritura y lectura. Este trabajo recorre dos de sus  primeras ficciones: Doscientas ballenas azules (1979) y  Síndrome de naufragios (1984) que pueden adscribirse a la corriente literaria mexicana que  Glantz llamó la Literatura de la Escritura  en oposición a la Literatura de la Onda.    Sus imágenes subrayan la íntima relación de la escritura con la violencia: el naufragio y la caza de la ballena. Construidos con   fragmentos amplían el objeto hasta transformarlo en constelación simbólica. El lenguaje  se carga del erotismo que exige la reposición de la totalidad y la insistencia del cuerpo.; Margo Glantz proposes a literature that functions in a self-searching manner. The prose moves along the fold between writing and reading. The present article explores two of her early fictions, Doscientas ballenas azules (1979) and Síndrome de naufragios (1984), which can be ascribed to the mexican literary current Glantz named Literatura de la Escritura in opposition to Literatura de la Onda . Its images outline the intimate relation between writing and violence: shipwrecks and the hunting of whale. Building on fragments they amplify the object into a symbolic constellation. Language is full of the eroticism demanded by totality and insistence of the body.

Introduction of the American Bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura: Ranidae) in Natural and Modified Environments: An Increasing Conservation Problem in Argentina Barrasso, Diego Andrés; Cajade, Rodrigo; Nenda, Santiago Javier; Baloriani, Gabriel; Herrera, Raúl Several previous studies have established that the introduction of the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, Lithobates catesbeianus, produces negative effects on native communities. Herein, the American bullfrog is reported for the first time in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina in the locality of 9 de Julio. The stomach contents of the collected specimens were examined and the reproduction of the species was also confirmed at the study area. A total of 85.7% (n = 30) of the analyzed stomachs contained prey items, and eleven of these were identified. The prey items belonged mostly to coleopterans (50%) and vertebrates (11%). The pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was not found on skin samples examined. The installation of Lithobates catesbeianusn = 30) of the analyzed stomachs contained prey items, and eleven of these were identified. The prey items belonged mostly to coleopterans (50%) and vertebrates (11%). The pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was not found on skin samples examined. The installation of Lithobates catesbeianusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis was not found on skin samples examined. The installation of Lithobates catesbeianus breeding facilities contributes to the incidental release of this species. A tightening of rules in the regulation of aquaculture activities and the use of control programs for naturalized populations are necessary to address the increasing dispersion of the species in Argentina and potential ecological problems.

Bone marrow stromal cells attenuate injury-induced changes in galanin, NPY and NPY Y1 receptor expression after a sciatic nerve constriction Coronel, Maria Florencia; Musolino, P. L.; Brumovsky, Pablo Rodolfo; Hökfelt, T.; Villar, M. J. Single ligature nerve constriction (SLNC) of the rat sciatic nerve triggers neuropathic pain-related behaviors and induces changes in neuropeptide expression in primary afferent neurons. Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) injected into the lumbar 4 (L4) dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of animals subjected to a sciatic nerve SLNC selectively migrate to the other ipsilateral lumbar DRGs (L3, L5 and L6) and prevent mechanical and thermal allodynia. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of MSC administration on the expression of the neuropeptides galanin and NPY, as well as the NPY Y(1)-receptor (Y(1)R) in DRG neurons. Animals were subjected to a sciatic nerve SLNC either alone or followed by the administration of MSCs, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or bone marrow non-adherent mononuclear cells (BNMCs), directly into the ipsilateral L4 DRG. Seven days after injury, the ipsilateral and contralateral L4-5 DRGs were dissected out and processed for standard immunohistochemistry, using specific antibodies. As previously reported, SLNC induced an ipsilateral increase in the number of galanin and NPY immunoreactive neurons and a decrease in Y(1)R-positive DRG neurons. The intraganglionic injection of PBS or BNMCs did not modify this pattern of expression. In contrast, MSC administration partially prevented the injury-induced changes in galanin, NPY and Y(1)R expression. The large number of Y(1)R-immunoreactive neurons together with high levels of NPY expression in animals injected with MSCs could explain, at least in part, the analgesic effects exerted by these cells. Our results support MSC participation in the modulation of neuropathic pain and give insight into one of the possible mechanisms involved.

Observaciones sobre las transferencias léxicas del inglés en español bonaerense Hipperdinger, Yolanda Haydee En español bonaerense, numerosos préstamos de lenguas europeas se han incorporado al acervo léxico en los dos últimos siglos, como concomitantes lingüísticos de diversos fenómenos culturales. La última lengua con un rol donante de relevancia es el inglés, como en el caso de muchas otras variedades lingüísticas en el mundo. En este artículo analizamos algunos de los emergentes del influjo del inglés en español bonaerense, particularmente a nivel léxico. En primer lugar, sobre la base de nuestros registros nos ocupamos de revisar algunas correlaciones que comúnmente se dan por supuestas (entre la extensión de uso y la adaptación a la lengua recipiente, entre los usos orales y escritos de los mismos lexemas de préstamo, entre la permanencia en uso de un préstamo y la fijación del modo en que se lo realiza oralmente y/o se lo representa grafémicamente, entre la fijación y la adaptación). Seguidamente nos ocupamos de analizar instancias de hipercorrección, que transparentan la íntima relación entre los usos y las actitudes, tanto como el papel rector que sobre estas últimas ejerce el prestigio de la lengua donante (aun cuando se combine con un conocimiento insuficiente de la misma). Por último, dejamos constancia de usos en los que se verifica una especial posición modélica del inglés, ya que también a sus pautas (además de a las españolas nativas) recurren en ocasiones los hablantes de la región, tanto para la realización de incorporaciones de otras lenguas cuanto para algunas innovaciones creativas.; In the Spanish variety spoken in Buenos Aires, many loanwords from European languages have been incorporated to its lexical store in the last two centuries, as linguistic consequences of different cultural phenomena. The last language with a donor role of significance is English, as in case of lots of other linguistic varieties all over the world. In this article we analyze some of the resultants of the influence of English on Buenos Aires’ Spanish, particularly at the lexical level. Firstly, on the basis of our registers we revise some correlations that are commonly taken for granted (between use extension and adaptation to the recipient language, between oral and written uses from the same borrowed lexemes, between the permanence in use of a loanword and the fixation with which it is orally realized and/or it is graphemically represented, between fixation and adaptation). Secondly, we analyze hypercorrection requests, that clearly show the intimate relationship between uses and attitudes, as well as the guiding role that the prestige of the donor language exerts over the latter (even when it is combined with an insufficient knowledge of it). Lastly, we lend evidence of uses in which a special model position of English is verified, because sometimes regional speakers also fall back on its patterns (as well as on their native Spanish ones) for the realization of other languages’ incorporations or for some creative innovations.

Few-electron semiconductor quantum dots with Gaussian confinement Gomez, Sergio Santiago; Romero, Rodolfo Horacio We have performed Hartree-Fock calculations of the electronic structure of N ≤ 10 electrons in a quantum dot modeled with a confining Gaussian potential well. We discuss the conditions for the stability of N bound electrons in the system. We show that the most relevant parameter determining the number of bound electrons is V 0 R 2. Such a feature arises from widely valid scaling properties of the confining potential. Gaussian Quantum dots having N = 2, 5, and 8 electrons are particularly stable in agreement with the Hund rule. The shell structure becomes less and less noticeable as the well radius increases.

Trypanosoma cruzi: adaptation to its vectors and its hosts Noireau, François; Diosque, Patricio; Jansen, Ana María American trypanosomiasis is a parasitic zoonosis that occurs throughout Latin America. The etiological agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, is able to infect almost all tissues of its mammalian hosts and spreads in the environment in multifarious transmission cycles that may or not be connected. This biological plasticity, which is probably the result of the considerable heterogeneity of the taxon, exemplifies a successful adaptation of a parasite resulting in distinct outcomes of infection and a complex epidemiological pattern. In the 1990s, most endemic countries strengthened national control programs to interrupt the transmission of this parasite to humans. However, many obstacles remain to the effective control of the disease. Current knowledge of the different components involved in elaborate system that is American trypanosomiasis (the protozoan parasite T. cruzi, vectors Triatominae and the many reservoirs of infection), as well as the interactions existing within the system, is still incomplete. The Triatominae probably evolve from predatory reduvids in response to the availability of vertebrate food source. However, the basic mechanisms of adaptation of some of them to artificial ecotopes remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these adaptations seem to be associated with a behavioral plasticity, a reduction in the genetic repertoire and increasing developmental instability.

Acción, conocimiento y dolo eventual Manrique, Maria Laura En este trabajo señalo algunos desafíos que genera el dolo eventual a una explicación humeana de la acción. Estos desafíos son de dos clases: problemas internos y problemas externos. En cuanto a los problemas internos de la teoría del dolo eventual muestro que una teoría reduccionista o epistémica del dolo se compromete con dar una respuesta negativa a la pregunta sobre la diferencia entre dolo eventual y culpa consciente. Si por el contrario, se acepta un enfoque no reduccionista, no se puede dar cuenta de que el dolo eventual es genuinamente dolo sin alterar los términos de su propia teoría. Este esfuerzo presiona para modificar la teoría en una versión normativizada del dolo. La consecuencia de ello es la separación del dolo con los estados mentales que efectivamente posee el agente, borrando así la diferencia entre responsabilidad por las acciones y responsabilidad por las consecuencias. En cuanto a los inconvenientes de adecuación externa sostendré que la figura del dolo eventual invierte la prioridad conceptual de la explicación sobre la evaluación de las acciones responsabilizando a los agentes por las consecuencias que ocasionaron y no por lo que hicieron.; In this paper the author points out some problems that stem from the connection between contemporary theories in criminal law about dolus eventualis, and our paradigmatic conception of action, i.e. the so called Humean theory. These problems are of two classes: internal and external ones. On the one hand, the author shows that reductionist theories are not able to provide a sound criterion for distinguishing between dolus eventualis and conscious negligence. If reductionist theories are rejected, dolus eventualis can not be regarded as a genuine form of dolus. In order to overcome this problem, criminalists often replace a descriptive point of view on the actual motivation of agents for an adscriptive (normative) conception of dolus, but this shift separates dolus from agents' mental states that determine their actions. As a consequence of this conceptual movement, differences between subjective and objective responsibility actually vanish. On the other hand, the author shows that contemporary theories challenge the conceptual priority of the explanation of actions over their evaluation. Thus, these theories make agents responsible on account of the consequences of their actions rather than by their actions.