How disorder can diminish avalanche risks: effect of size distribution Oger, Luc; Ippolito, Irene Paula; Vidales, Ana Maria We study the behavior of disk assemblies with a variable disorder distribution. The packing is first consolidated and then continuously tilted very slowly. The amount of displaced disks for each tilted angle is recorded. Large displacements of the disks can occur due to some local or global mechanical instabilities. The definition of neighboring disks is based on radical (extension of Voronoï) tessellation rules to decompose, in a unique and perfectly defined manner, the two-dimensional space for polydisperse disks. In this way, by comparing the characteristics of stability for one disk to the neighboring ones for local ordered cluster, we can predict the global amount of displaced disks. Some tilting cycles have been performed to check the correlation between the instability of the packing structure (collective displacements) with micro and macro order parameters.

El Círculo Médico Argentino y su papel en la configuración del pensamiento médico clínico (Buenos Aires, 1875-1883) Souza, Pablo Andres Recientes trabajos en historia de la medicina argentina de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX han estudiado su profesionalización en la Buenos Aires posrosista, echando luz sobre un período y problemáticas poco conocidas...

Ácidos aril-2-propiónicos o profenos Igarza, Leticia Manuela; Soraci, Alejandro Luis Los ácidos aril-2-propiónicos o profenos constituyen un grupo de medicamentos antiinflamatorios que tienen como característica estructural un carbono asimétrico que les permite existir bajo la forma de dos enantiómeros R-(-) y S-(+). Los enantiómeros pueden diferir ampliamente en sus propiedades farmacodinámicas y farmacocinéticas. La enantioselectividad es un aspecto importante en su acción inhibitoria sobre la ciclooxigenasa, pues el enantiómero-S es el único activo. Dependiendo del ácido aril-2-propiónico, el enantiómero-R inducido puede servir de sustrato al proceso de inversión quiral y a otras vías metabólicas alternativas, formar acilglucurónidos potencialmente reactivos, formar tioésteres con coenzima A y ser incorporados en glicerolípidos interfeririendo con el metabolismo lipídico y/o procesos de la membrana biológica, apareciendo así como potenciales vías toxicológicas. El proceso de inversión quiral, permite la transformación de un enantiómero en otro, proceso que repercute desde el punto de vista terapéutico. La tendencia actual es investigar las implicanciones biológicas de cada enantiómero, con el objetivo de ejercer un uso terapéutico racional de la forma enantiomérica activa o del racemato y de evitar consecuencias toxicológicas.

Oxfordian ramp system (La Manga Formation) in the Bardas Blancas area (Mendoza Province) Neuquén Basin, Argentina: Facies and depositional sequences Palma, Ricardo Manuel; López Gómez, José; Piethé, Ricardo D. The outcrops of the Oxfordian La Manga Formation at Bardas Blancas, Neuquén Basin, west-central Argentina, allow the recognition of six different depositional facies (A to F) on the basis of sedimentological analysis, taphonomic attributes and microfacies studies. These depositional facies correspond to outer ramp (A), middle ramp (B), inner ramp- oolitic shoal (C), inner ramp margin (patch reef) (D), lagoon deposits (E), and a paleokarst surface (F). Outer ramp deposits which are not completely represented, consist of greyish carbonate beds, where the fabric of the shell beds (gryphaeids) reflects the action of waves and currents. Middle ramp deposits consist of a packstone-grainstone lithofacies indicating the importance of storm processes and is dominated by ooids, intraclasts, pelecypods, echinoderms and gastropods which accumulated on a middle-ramp storm-dominated shoreface. Trace fossils belong to the Skolithos and Cruziana Ichnofacies characterizing the upper, lower and middle shoreface setting respectively. The inner ramp deposits consist of oolitic grainstones and subordinate packstones shoal with a small sponge bioherm at the base. Different types of ooids, peloids and coated grains are abundant, as well as skeletal fragments of molluscs, echinoderms and corals. Lithofacies and microfacies studies suggest a high energy and shallow-water depositional setting. The inner ramp margin deposits consist of reef core facies, fore and back reef facies characterized by a scleractinian community of relatively low generic diversity. The rich associated fauna consists of bivalves, echinoids, serpulids, bryozoans, dasycladacean algae and cyanophytes, as well as foraminifers and ostracods. The growth forms of the corals are indicative of shallow well illuminated water. Both the back and fore reef deposits suggest intensive reworking by storm waves or currents. The lagoon deposits consist of bioclastic and peloidal wackestones as well as bioclastic-intraclastic packstones which accumulated on a lagoon under intermittently agitated water in a shallow subtidal to intertidal settings. A stratiform breccia with both matrix and clasts supported fabrics is interpreted as paleokarst. The clasts are derived from the rocks of oolitic shoal and inner ramp margin (patch reef). The six depositional facies are included into a major organizational framework of three third-order depositional sequences (DS-1, DS-2, DS-3) mainly represented by transgressive and highstand systems tracts stages with sequence boundaries of regional importance. The general depositional evolution is here related to the slow subsidence experienced during the Oxfordian-earliest Kimmeridgian time related to tectonic inversion in the Neuquén Basin. A four step (architectural and sedimentary) schematic model of the response of the platform to sea-level changes is proposed.

Sobre la no convergencia del método de mínimos cuadrados en dimensión infinita Spies, Ruben Daniel; Temperini, Karina Guadalupe Un procedimiento muy utilizado en diversas aplicaciones para aproximarlas soluciones de un problema inverso infinito-dimensional de la formaAx=b, dondeAes un operador lineal y compacto sobre un cierto espacio de HilbertXybes eldato dado, consiste en encontrar una sucesi ́on{XN}de subespacios aproximantes finito-dimensionales deXcuya uni ́on es densa enXy construir la sucesi ́on{xN}de solucionesde m ́ınimos cuadrados del problema en cada subespacioXN. En [3], Seidman demostr ́oque si el problema es mal condicionado, entonces sin ninguna hip ́otesis adicional sobrela soluci ́on exacta o sobre la sucesi ́on de subespacios aproximantes{XN}, no se puedegarantizar que la sucesi ́on{xN}converger ́a a la soluci ́on exacta. En este art ́ıculo seextiende este resultado: se prueba que siXes separable, entonces para cualquierb∈X,b6= 0, y para cualquier funci ́on no negativa definida sobre los naturalesf: IN→IR+,existe un operador lineal, compacto e inyectivoAy una sucesi ́on creciente de subespaciosfinito-dimensionalesXN⊂Xtales que∥∥xN−A−1b∥∥≥f(N) para todoN∈IN, dondexNes la soluci ́on de m ́ınimos cuadrados del problemaAx=benXN.

Cranial sexual discrimination in hatchling broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris); Discriminación de sexo en neonatos de yacaré overo (Caiman latirostris) Piña, Carlos Ignacio; Larriera, Alejandro; Siroski, Pablo Ariel; Verdade, Luciano Martins Los neonatos de yacaré overo (Caiman latirostris) presentan un dimorfismo sexual en la forma y tamaño de su cráneo. Los neonatos machos tienen cráneos más pequeños que las hembras. Mediante el uso de análisis estadísticos multivariados es posible discriminar el sexo de los neonatos de yacaré overo en función de su forma y tamaño con una razonable eficiencia. La comprensión del dimorfismo sexual de los neonatos de crocodilianos podría ser mejorada mediante un abordaje experimental de variables genéticas y fenotípicas, tales como la temperatura de incubación y el nido de origen.; Broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) hatchlings present a consistent sexual dimorphism in their cranium shape and size. Male hatchlings have smaller crania than females. Using multivariate statistical analyses it is possible to discriminate sex in broadsnouted caiman hatchlings by their cranial shape with a reasonable efficiency. The understanding of sexual dimorphism of crocodilian hatchlings might be possibly improved by experimental approach considering, genetic and phenotypic variables such as incubation temperature and clutch of origin.

Eocene paleomagnetic pole for South America: Northward continental motion in the Cenozoic, opening of Drake Passage and Caribbean convergence Somoza, Ruben A paleomagnetic study of Eocene volcanic rocks in Patagonia yields high unblocking temperature and high-coercivity magnetizations. Combining these results with those of a previous study on Patagonian Eocene basalts yields a high-precision, high-quality pole located at latitude 81°S, longitude 337.4°E, A95 = 5.7°. Critically, this paleopole is indistinguishable from that of the Late Cretaceous (circa 85-65 Ma) pole position of South America, indicating that the plate was essentially motionless with respect to the spin axis for a period of ∼45 m.y. The pole position places South America at higher (∼5°) than present-day latitudes during the Eocene, indicating that northward continental motion toward present-day latitudes must have been accomplished sometime since the late Eocene. Paleomagnetic and tectonic correlation admits the hypothesis that Cenozoic northward drift was associated with Oligocene-Miocene extension in the southern continental edge, leading to the opening of the Drake Passage, and it agrees with the timing of foredeep formation and development of fold-thrust belts in the northern continental edge. This positive correlation between the paleomagnetically predicted drift of a major continent with extension at its trailing edge and convergence at its leading edge during times for which seafloor tectonic fabric and the geological record are particularly well preserved illustrates the utility of paleomagnetism in constraining paleogeographic and tectonic reconstructions for pre-Cretaceous times.

Effect of the location of cobalt species on NO adsorption and NOx-SCR over Co-mordenite Gutierrez, Laura Beatriz; Miro, Eduardo Ernesto; Ulla, Maria Alicia del H. A thorough characterization of Co-mordenite was carried out using NO-TPD, H2-TPR, Raman, DRX and FTIR with NO as probe molecule. Different cobalt-loading catalysts (8.85, 5.70, 2.91, 2.45 and 1.15 wt.%) were prepared by ion exchange over NH4-mordenite and treated with different procedures (heated on He, O2 and H2). The effect of adding water to the reaction stream at 500 °C on the location of the cobalt species was also analyzed. All catalysts were evaluated for the SCR of NOx with methane as a test reaction both under dry and wet conditions. The NO adsorption capacity depended not only on the Co/Al ratio and pretreatments but also on the presence of Co oxides. In fact, for similar Co/Al ratios, Co2.91MOR showed a lower NO/Co ratio than Co2.45MOR due to the higher Co3O4 concentration in the former. These species probably blocked the main mordenite channels and/or produced the formation of some Co island on the zeolite surface, lowering the amount of surface Co. The main NO surface species detected were dinitrosyl and mononitrosyl. Their stability and relative amount depended on the cobalt species and the pretreatments. Heating in He or H2 induced the stabilization of part of the exchanged Co in less gas-accessible sites, whereas the calcination with O2 involved the mobilization of Co to more external sites. However, those effects were less significant for samples containing Co oxides suggesting that the spinel hinders the Co migration. During the wet reaction treatment, the cobalt mobilization to hidden positions occurred along with the formation of Co-oxides, which negatively affected both the catalytic activity and the NO adsorption capacity.

Heterogeneous esterification of oil with high amount of free fatty acids Marchetti, Jorge Mario; Miguel, Victor Ubaldo; Errazu, Alberto Felipe Frying oils have become the newest raw material for the transesterification reaction for the production of biodiesel. However, these compounds usually come with a certain amount of free fatty acids. These impurities can be transformed into esters and the production of biodiesel could be increased. The use of basic resins to perform the esterification reaction into biodiesel is studied in this work. The effect of the most relevant variables of the process such as reaction temperature, molar ratio between alcohol and oil, amount of catalyst and amount of free fatty acids fed with the oil have been analyzed. For this purpose, an ideal frying oil using oleic acid and soybean oil was made. The alcohol used was ethanol. The esterification of free fatty acid using this heterogeneous catalyst appears as a great alternative to purify frying oil; in this case, the final conversion achieved was around 80%.

Genetically modified sunflower release: Opportunities and risks Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel; Poverene, María Mónica Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a crop native to North America for which there are no genetically modified commercial varieties. Some of the transgenic traits incorporated in other crops have already been subjected to research and experimentation in sunflower. Several new traits have also been noted, with the most relevant of these being the aim to increase latex production. GM sunflower release would modify crop management through improved mineral nutrition, weed control, insect and disease resistance, and product quality. In this research, the traits investigated were reviewed and analyzed in connection with main crop constraints. These characters could potentially influence agro-ecosystem components and produce a significant environmental impact. In regions where sunflower coexists with wild relatives this situation could affect germplasm resources, with this being especially important at the centre of origin and where Helianthus populations established in Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Thermal characterization of UHMWPE stabilized with natural antioxidants Peltzer, Mercedes Ana; Wagner, Jorge Ricardo; Jiménez, A. This work presents a study of the thermal degradation of ultra-high molecular mass polyethylene (UHMWPE) stabilized with natural (tocopherol and carvacrol) and synthetic antioxidants. Thermogravimetric analysis in dynamic mode was used to determine the apparent activation energies of different samples. The stabilization of UHMWPE with low concentrations (around 0.3%) of tocopherol is enough to obtain an efficient thermal performance of the polymer. Carvacrol is also a good stabilizer for UHMWPE, but at higher concentration than in the case of -tocopherol. The comparison of apparent activation energy between samples with natural and synthetic antioxidants in similar concentration shows that tocopherol is a better stabilizer in terms of their thermal performance.

A bioreactor model system specifically designed for Tetrahymena growth and cholesterol removal from milk Noseda, Diego Gabriel; Gentili, Hernan Gustavo; Nani, M. L.; Nusblat, Alejandro David; Tiedtke, Arno; Nudel, Berta Clara; Florin-Christensen, Jorge This work describes the configuration and operation of a bioreactor system especially designed for Tetrahymena cultivation and its use for milk improvement, particularly cholesterol elimination by the action of this cell. An advantage of the proposed method is the re-use of the growth medium; thus, the medium is used twice to provide two batches of Tetrahymena biomass without the need of further inoculation. This makes the procedure of producing the cell biomass faster and more economical. Cells are concentrated in the culture vessels by sedimentation at room temperature and then transferred to milk suspensions, where they can further grow for at least one generation with the benefit of reducing steeply cholesterol level. Milk treated according to this process is separated from the biomass by centrifugation. Under these conditions, less than 5% of the cells remain in the milk, and cholesterol elimination amounts to 75 +/- 10% of that initially present. No changes in sensorial properties of the milk, such as clotting or butyric odor, were observed as a result of this treatment. In addition, the bioreactor allows the aseptic recovery of the spent growth medium, which contains diverse enzymes of interest, and the cell pellets, to exploit particular lipids like phosphonolipids, abundant poly-unsaturated fatty acids and co-enzyme Q(8).

Aportes sobre funciones y tareas de la Asociación Argentina de Luminotecnia Kirschbaum, Carlos Federico El consejo directivo de la AADL organizó una reunión de evaluación y prospectiva de las actividades y funciones de la institución. Los colegas integrantes del consejo directivo han tenido la deferencia de invitarme a ofrecer una conferencia como aporte a las discusiones previstas durante la reunión. En este artículo me refiero no solo a lo que expuse en esa conferencia, agrego además temas sobre los que opiné en las discusiones que se sucedieron, como un aporte a los objetivos planteados.

A Verilog HDL digital architecture for delay calculation Chacón-Rodríguez, A.; Martín-Pirchio, F. N.; Julian, Pedro Marcelo; Mandolesi, Pablo Sergio A method for the calculation of the delay between two digital signals with central frequencies in the range [20, 300] Hz is presented. The method performs a delay calculation in order to determine the bearing angle of a sound source. Computing accuracy is tested against a previous implementation of the Cross Correlation Derivative method. A Verilog RTL model of the method has been tested on a Xilinx® FPGA in order to evaluate the real performance of the method. Simulations of an ASIC design on a standard CMOS technology predict a power saving of about 25 times per delay stage over previous implementations.

Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis of the marine red tide alga Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) Gao, Kunshan; Guan, Wanchun; Helbling, Eduardo Walter In order to assess the short- and long-term impacts of UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) on the red tide alga, Heterosigma akashiwo, we exposed the cells to three different solar radiation treatments (PAB: 280–700 nm, PA: 320–700 nm, P: 400–700 nm) under both solar and artificial radiation. A significant decrease in the effective quantum yield (Y) during high irradiance periods (i.e., local noon) was observed, but the cells partially recovered during the evening hours. Exposure to high irradiances for 15, 30, and 60 min under a solar simulator followed by the recovery (8 h) under dark, 9 and 100 lmol photons m2 s1 of PAR, highlighted the importance of the irradiance level during the recovery period. Regardless the radiation treatments, the highest recovery (both in rate and total Y) was found at a PAR irradiance of 9 lmol photons m2 s1, while the lowest was observed at 100 lmol photons m2 s1. In all experiments, PAR was responsible for most of the observed inhibition; nevertheless, the cells exposed only to PAR had the highest recovery in any condition, as compared to the other radiation treatments. In long-term experiments (10 days) using semi-continuous cultures, there was a significant increase of UV-absorbing compounds (UVabc) per cell from 1.2 to >4 · 106 lg UVabc cell1 during the first 3–5 days of exposure to solar radiation. The highest concentration of UVabc was found in samples exposed in the PAB as compared to PA and P treatments. Growth rates (l) mimic the behavior of UV-absorbing compounds, and during the first 5 days l increased from <0.2 to ca. 0.8, and stayed relatively constant at this value during the rest of the experiment. The inhibition of the Y decreased with increasing acclimation of cells. All our data indicates that H. akashiwo is a sensitive species, but was able acclimate relatively fast (3–5 days) synthesizing UVabsorbing compounds and thus reducing any impact either on photosystem II or on growth. 

Effect of wheat crop fertilization on nitrogen dynamics and balance in the Humid Pampas, Argentina Abril, Adriana; Baleani, D.; Casado Murillo, N.; Noe, Laura Belén Water contamination by nitrates has increased international awareness. It is widely accepted that massive fertilizer application is the principal factor responsible for water nitrate contamination. During the last years, Argentina has extraordinarily increased the use of fertilizers, particularly on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, few studies have quantified nitrate losses. Here we report N dynamics in soil fractions and N balance in wheat crops in Marcos Juarez, province of Córdoba (Argentina) with the aim of determining nitrate loss and its possible influence on water contamination. Four treatments were studied to evaluate the combined effect of tillage systems and N fertilizer doses on N losses in soil 0-20 cm in depth. The treatments analyzed were: (a) conventional tillage, non-fertilized (CT 0N), (b) no-till and 25 kg N ha-1 (NT 25N), (c) no-till and 50 kg N ha-1 (NT 50N), and (d) no-till and 140 kg N ha-1 (NT 140N). Determinations were: soil total N, NO3--N, NH4+-N, microbial biomass N, crop residue biomass, crop residue N, and grain N. N balance was calculated as the difference in N fractions between harvest and sowing samples. N balance was negative in all treatments evaluated; the highest N loss (-1075 kg N ha-1) occurred with the highest fertilization rate (140 kg N ha-1). Losses of microbial and soluble N fractions were significant at the end of the crop cycle in all the treatments analyzed (15 and 40%, respectively), probably due to leaching by high precipitations (250 mm). Much of the N lost was soil organic matter N, a fact seldom considered in other N balances. Furthermore, it was observed that neither yield efficiency nor the remaining N increased significantly with the highest fertilization dose (140N). Our data show that high doses of nitrogen fertilizer result in low N utilization efficiency and a high risk of water contamination by nitrates.

Depth profiling by confocal Raman microspectroscopy: Semi-empirical modeling of the Raman response Tomba, Juan Pablo; Arzondo, Luis M.; Pastor, José M. It has been well documented that the use of dry optics in depth profiling by confocal Raman microspectroscopy significantly distorts the laser focal volume, thus negatively affecting the spatial resolution of the measurements. In that case, the resulting in-depth confocal profile is an outcome of several contributions: the broadening of the laser spot due to instrumental factors and diffraction, the spreading of the illuminated region due to refraction of the laser beam at the sample surface, and the influence of the confocal aperture in the collection path of the laser beam. Everall and Batchelder et al. developed simple models that describe the effect of the last two factors, i.e., laser refraction and the diameter of the pinhole aperture, on the confocal profile. In this work, we compare these theoretical predictions with experimental data obtained on a series of well-defined planar interfaces, generated by contact between thin polyethylene (PE) films (35, 53, 75, and 105 μm thickness) and a much thicker polylmethyl methacrylate) (PMMA) piece. We included two refinements in the above-mentioned models: the broadening of the laser spot due to instrumental factors and diffraction and a correction for the overestimation in the decay rate of collection efficiency predicted by Batchelder et al. These refinements were included through a semiempirical approach, consisting of independently measuring the Raman step-response in the absence of refraction by using a silicon wafer and the actual intensity decay of a thick and transparent polymer film. With these improvements, the model reliably reproduces fine features of the confocal profiles for both PE films and PMMA substrates. The results of this work show that these simple models can not only be used to assist data interpretation, but can also be used to quantitatively predict in-depth confocal profiles in experiments carried out with dry optics.

One-step methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) synthesis from 2-propanol: Catalyst and reaction condition optimization Torres, Gerardo Carlos; Apesteguia, Carlos Rodolfo; Di Cosimo, Juana Isabel A gas-phase process for methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) synthesis from 2-propanol in one-pot is studied as an alternative to the conventional technology for producing MIBK from acetone (DMK). Bifunctional copper/acid-base catalysts able to operate at mild temperatures and atmospheric pressure were prepared and characterized by measuring the acid and base properties as well as the metal dispersion. It was found that a Cu-Mg-Al mixed oxide catalyst gives high MIBK yields. In this catalyst, the metal fraction in loadings of 2-6 wt% promotes the hydro-dehydrogenation steps at high rates whereas the surface acid-base sites of moderate acid and base properties favor the aldol condensation reaction. The effect of different operational conditions such as reaction temperature and reactant partial pressure was also investigated. The MIBK formation rate was enhanced by increasing 2-propanol partial pressure in a wide range, consistently with a positive 2-propanol reaction order in the overall kinetics whereas the presence of hydrogen in the reactant mixture inhibited MIBK synthesis due to a negative order with respect to H2. An increase of the reaction temperature and the use of inert atmosphere improved the MIBK yield. By operation at 533 K in N2 the Cu-Mg-Al catalyst with 6.4 wt% Cu, yields 27% MIBK in comparison to the 30% typically obtained in current commercial liquid-phase high-pressure processes from DMK.

A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, and antiadhesive activities of nine different fucoidans from brown seaweeds Cumashi, Albana; Ushakova, Natalia A.; Preobrazhenskaya, Marina E.; D'Incecco, Armida; Piccoli, Antonio; Totani, Licia; Tinari, Nicola; Morozevich, Galina E.; Berman, Albert E.; Bilan, María; Usov, Anatolii I.; Ustyuzhanina, Nadezhda E.; Grachev, Alexey A.; Sanderson, Craig J.; Kelly, Maeve; Rabinovich, Gabriel Adrián; Iacobelli, Stefano; Nifantiev, Nikolay E. The anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anticoagulant, and antiadhesive properties of fucoidans obtained from nine species of brown algae were studied in order to examine the influence of fucoidan origin and composition on their biological activities. All fucoidans inhibited leucocyte recruitment in an inflammation model in rats, and neither the content of fucose and sulfate nor other structural features of their polysaccharide backbones significantly affected the efficacy of fucoidans in this model. In vitro evaluation of P-selectin-mediated neutrophil adhesion to platelets under flow conditions revealed that only polysaccharides from Laminaria saccharina, L. digitata, Fucus evanescens, F. serratus, F. distichus, F. spiralis, and Ascophyllum nodosum could serve as P-selectin inhibitors. All fucoidans, except that from Cladosiphon okamuranus carrying substantial levels of 2-O-alpha-D-glucuronopyranosyl branches in the linear (1-->3)-linked poly-alpha-fucopyranoside chain, exhibited anticoagulant activity as measured by activated partial thromboplastin time whereas only fucoidans from L. saccharina, L. digitata, F. serratus, F. distichus, and F. evanescens displayed strong antithrombin activity in a platelet aggregation test. The last fucoidans potently inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tubulogenesis in vitro and this property correlated with decreased levels of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 in HUVEC supernatants, suggesting a possible mechanism of fucoidan-induced inhibition of tubulogenesis. Finally, fucoidans from L. saccharina, L. digitata, F. serratus, F. distichus, and F. vesiculosus strongly blocked MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell adhesion to platelets, an effect which might have critical implications in tumor metastasis. The data presented herein provide a new rationale for the development of potential drugs for thrombosis, inflammation, and tumor progression.

De la revolución de independencia a la consolidación del Estado nacional: la Patagonia en el Siglo XIX. Bandieri, Susana Ofelia El Siglo XIX inauguró cambios importantes respecto del reconocimiento y ocupación del territorio patagónico. Si bien las luchas civiles instaladas por el proceso independentista en el escenario rioplatense demoraron por varios años la preocupación de los sucesivos gobiernos, surgidos en el marco de la revolución de Mayo y de los acontecimientos que la sucedieron, por ocupar un territorio que aparecía como muy lejano y marginal a los sucesos centrados en Buenos Aires y en las viejas provincias del ex-Virreinato, la Patagonia no fue ajena a los enfrentamientos contra la corona española que protagonizaron las nuevas fuerzas republicanas. Particularmente importantes fueron las luchas que se sucedieron en la vertiente oriental de la cordillera, en el noroeste de la actual provincia de Neuquén, donde se refugiaron las fuerzas realistas comandadas por los hermanos Pincheira, de origen chileno, que se refugiaron en las lagunas de Epulafquen para combatir desde allí a los ejércitos del nuevo gobierno. La resistencia realista contó con el apoyo de los grupos pehuenches del lugar, que desconfiaban, no sin cierta lógica, de los cambios que se avecinaban. Las garantías que la corona española había dado a los pueblos originarios del área chilena de la Araucanía ?ubicada al sur del Bío-Bío-, reconociéndoles incluso el status de nación, se veía afectado ahora por el surgimiento de las nuevas estructuras de poder derivadas de la revolución. Hasta el año 1832 se sucedieron estas luchas, donde imperó el uso de la violencia por parte de ambos bandos, cuando el último de los hermanos sobrevivientes, José Antonio Pincheira, se rindió en Mendoza jurando fidelidad al rey español Fernando VII. Fue hasta entonces que el área andina norpatagónica funcionó como escenario de los últimos combates efectuados en el marco de la guerra de independencia en los territorios de la América del Sur.