Elucidating the complexation of nifurtimox with cyclodextrins Bedogni, Giselle Rocio; Arrua, Eva Carolina; Seremeta, Katia Pamela; Okulik, Nora Beatriz; Salomon, Claudio Javier Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is an endemic neglected infection found in 21 countries across Latin America. To date, nifurtimox is one of the only two drugs approved to treat Chagas disease but exhibits serious concerns related to its low aqueous solubility and erratic bioavailability. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate whether the formation of complexes with βcyclodextrin and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin would improve drug solubility and dissolution rate. Drug-cyclodextrin interactions in solid-state were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The systems were characterized in solution by means of phase solubility, dissolution, and kinetic studies. Phase solubility study showed an AL-type diagram indicating the formation of inclusion complex in a 1:1 M ratio. The drug dissolution rate from sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin complexes was faster than that of the β-cyclodextrin complexes. The modification of the endothermic peak of nifurtimox revealed the presence of interactions between the drug and CDs. The crystalline character of the drug was greatly diminished after complexation with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. Microscopy evaluation revealed the formation of new structures of the solid particles, which suggest strong interactions between the drug and the carriers. The 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed that the drug was included in the carriers. The selected nifurtimox complex stored at 25 °C and 40 °C during 6 months showed a remarkable stability in terms of drug dissolution and crystallinity.

Producción de biodiesel como modelo de aproximación a las ciencias naturales; Biodiesel production as a model of approach to natural sciences Rodríguez, María Daniela; Espinosa, Teresa Genara; Gallará, Belén; Oneto, María Eugenia; Fernández Erbes, Loreley; Krieger, Andrea Elizabeth; Miguel, Nicolás; Morel, Camila; Zapata, Pedro Dario Contextualizar los laboratorios de química, relacionándolos con situaciones de la vida diaria y contenidos disciplinares, motiva a despertar vocaciones científicas. El objetivo del trabajo fuefomentar el interés por las ciencias exactas y el cuidado medioambiental, a través de la participación activa de los estudiantes en la reutilización del aceite vegetal como modelo de laboratorio en contexto. Durante los talleres se estudió el origen de los aceites vegetales, las implicancias sobre la salud de la reiterada reutilización del aceite vegetal, las posibles formas de transformación en nuevos productos, la transesterificación, y la manipulación de reactivos químicos. Los destinatarios fueron estudiantes del nivel medio de 6 instituciones diferentes de laprovincia de Misiones (Argentina), ascendiendo a un total de 45 estudiantes de entre 17 a 21 años. Los talleres estuvieron a cargo de estudiantes, graduados y las directoras del proyecto. La metodología de la actividad consistió en una experiencia práctica y evaluación de la intervención. El empleo de un contexto socioambiental para la enseñanza de la química, generó concientización acerca de los cuidados del medioambiente; y nuevo conocimiento en relación con la química, al hacer uso de la reacción de transesterificación para la obtención de biodiesel.; Contextualizing chemistry laboratories, relating them to daily life situations and disciplinary contents, motivates to awaken scientific vocations. The objective of the work was to promote interest in exact sciences and environmental care, through the active participation of students in the reuse of vegetable oil as a laboratory model in context. The origin of vegetable oils, the health implications of the repeated reuse of vegetable oil, the possible forms of transformation into new products, transesterification, and the manipulation of chemical reagents were studied during the workshops. Recipients were high school students from 6 different institutions in the province of Misiones (Argentina), reaching a total of 45 students between 17 and 21 years old. Workshops were led by students, graduates and the directors of the project. The methodology of the activity consisted of a practical experience and evaluation of the intervention. The use of a socioenvironmental context for the teaching of chemistry, generated awareness about environmental care; and new knowledge in relation to chemistry, by making use of the transesterification reaction to obtain biodiesel.

Protestas y política fiscal en Argentina (2006-2019); Protests and fiscal policy in Argentina (2006-2019) González, Fernando Antonio Ignacio; Cantero, Lara Sofia; Szyszko, Pablo Ariel En este trabajo respondemos al interrogante de si las protestas constituyen un mecanismo efectivo para inducir cambios en la política fiscal para el caso de un país en desarrollo y federal ─Argentina─. La estrategia de identificación consiste en un enfoque de variable instrumental ─que permite superar las frecuentes preocupaciones por causalidad inversa─, basado en la expansión del acceso a internet. Los resultados indican que una mayor frecuencia de protestas genera un incremento en las transferencias discrecionales del gobierno nacional hacia las provincias con protestas. Esto no se traduce en una mejora en el resultado económico ni en una reducción en la recaudación tributaria de esas provincias. Así, las protestas aparecen como un mecanismo efectivo para inducir cambios en la política fiscal vía transferencias.; In this paper we respond to the question of whether protests constitute an effective mechanism to induce changes in fiscal policy in the case of a developing and federal country ─Argentina─. The identification strategy consists of an instrumental variable approach ─which makes it possible toovercome the frequent concerns about reverse causality─, based on the expansion of Internet access. The results indicate that a higher frequency of protests generates an increase in discretionary transfers from the national government tothe provinces with protests. This does not translate into an improvement in the economic result or a reduction in the tax collection of those provinces. Thus, protests appear as an effective mechanism to induce changes in fiscal policy via transfers.

Normativas internacionales sobre eficiencia energética edilicia: Análisis comparativo de evaluaciones en la envolvente arquitectónica; International regulations on building energy efficiency: Comparative analysis of architectural envelope evaluations; Regulamentos internacionais sobre eficiência energética na construção: Análise comparativa das avaliações do envelope arquitetônico Michaux, María Celina; Viegas, Graciela Melisa; Blasco Lucas, Irene Alicia Los elementos que componen la envolvente arquitectónica en contacto con el exterior representan un factor concluyente en el consumo de energía y poseen una influencia directa sobre la demanda energética del edificio. Por esto, el objetivo del trabajo es analizar las diversas maneras de evaluar energéticamente la envolvente arquitectónica en normativas a nivel global y detectar sus componentes representativos. La metodología utilizada se basa en un mapeo sistemático que posibilita la comparación entre las normativas. Seguidamente, se obtienen las variables de análisis y el tipo de información contenidas en las mismas. Se concluye que los aspectos más importantes para considerar en el diseño y evaluación de la envolvente son; la zona climática presente en el 34% de las normativas, la relación vidriado-opaco y la transmitancia térmica, presente en el 41% y 93% respectivamente. Al cotejar los alcances de las normativas argentinas con los ejemplos internacionales, se concluye que es necesario reforzar los estudios y normativas relacionadas a la relación vidriado-opaco.; The elements that make up the architectural envelope in contact with the outside represent a conclusive factor in energy consumption and have a direct influence on the energy demand of the building. For this reason, the objective of the work is to analyze the different ways of energetically evaluating the architectural envelope in regulations at a global level and detecting its representative components. The research methodology is a theoretical-descriptive study, based on a systematic mapping that enables comparison between regulations. Next, the analysis variables and the type of information contained in them are obtained. It follows that the most important aspects to consider in the design and evaluation of the envelope are the climatic zone present in 34% of the regulations, the glaze-opaque relationship, and the thermal transmittance, present in 41% and 93% respectively. When comparing the scope of Argentine regulations with international examples, it is concluded that it is necessary to reinforce the studies and regulations related to the glaze-opaque relationship.; Os elementos que compõem o envelope arquitetônico em contato com o exterior representam um fator conclusivo no consumo de energia e têm uma influência direta na demanda de energia do edifício. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho é analisar as diferentes formas de avaliação energética do envelope arquitetônico em padrões globais e detectar seus componentes representativos. A metodologia de pesquisa é um estudo teóricodescritivo, baseado em um mapeamento sistemático que permite a comparação entre as normas. As variáveis de análise e o tipo de informação contida nelas são então obtidas. Deduz-se que os aspectos mais importantes a considerar na concepção e avaliação do envelope são: a zona climática, presente em 34% das normas, a relação envidraçamento-opaco e a transmitância térmica, presente em 41% e 93% respectivamente. Ao comparar o escopo da regulamentação argentina com exemplos internacionais, conclui-se que é necessário reforçar os estudos e regulamentações relacionadas com a relação envidraçamento/vidrado.

Robust Estimates in Balanced Norms for Singularly Perturbed Reaction Diffusion Equations Using Graded Meshes Armentano, Maria Gabriela; Lombardi, Ariel Luis; Penessi, Cecilia The goal of this paper is to provide almost robust approximations of singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion equations in two dimensions by using finite elements on graded meshes. When the mesh grading parameter is appropriately chosen, we obtain quasioptimal error estimations in a balanced norm for piecewise bilinear elements, by using a weighted variational formulation of the problem introduced by N. Madden and M. Stynes, Calcolo 58(2) 2021. We also prove a supercloseness result, namely, that the difference between the finite element solution and the Lagrange interpolation of the exact solution, in the weighted balanced norm, is of higher order than the error itself. We finish the work with numerical examples which show the good performance of our approach.

Intelectuales antifascistas en el escenario local: Agrupación de Intelectuales, Artistas, Periodistas y Escritores (Rosario, 1935-1943); Anti-fascist intellectuals in the local scene: Association of Intellectuals, Artists, Journalists and Writers (Rosario, 1935-1943) Merayo, Sebastián Nicolás El artículo propone estudiar el repertorio de prácticas culturales llevadas a cabo por un grupo de intelectuales que, desde mediados de la década del treinta hasta 1943, formaron parte de la Agrupación de Intelectuales, Artistas, Periodistas y Escritores (AIAPE) en la ciudad de Rosario. Con el antifascismo como eje vertebrador, tuvo un rol preponderante en el ambiente cultural de la ciudad y, en tal sentido, nos preguntamos cómo se relacionaban aquellas prácticas con el compromiso político e ideológicode estos intelectuales. Desde una perspectiva que vincula la historia intelectual con el enfoque local, el trabajo plantea un recorrido a través de distintas publicaciones en la prensa y en revistas culturales, así como algunos prontuarios policiales de sus integrantes. Al respecto, pensamos que dicha indagación exploratoria supone un aporte al estudio cultural de las izquierdas en este periodo.; The article proposes to study the repertoire of cultural practices carried out by a group of intellectuals who, from the mid-thirties to 1943, were part of the Association of Intellectuals, Artists, Journalists and Writers (AIAPE) in the city of Rosario. . With anti-fascism as the backbone, it had a preponderant role in the cultural environment of the city and, in this sense, we wonder how those practices were related to the political and ideological commitment of these intellectuals. From a perspective that links intellectual history with the local approach, the work presents a journey through different publications in the press and in cultural magazines, as well as some police records of its members. In this regard, we think that this exploratory inquiry represents a contribution to the cultural study of the left in this period.

Conocimiento y voluntad: La cuestión de la interpretación en los estudios "Derecho y Literatura" desde la perspectiva fenomenológica acontecial de Claude Romano y Jean-Luc Marion; Cognition and will: The problem of interpretation in Law and Literature studies from the Claude Romano y Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenological perspective; Conoscenza e volontà: La questione dell’interpretazione negli studi di «Diritto e Letteratura» nella prospettiva fenomenologica particolare di Claude Romano e Jean-Luc Marion Roggero, Jorge Luis Este artículo se propone un doble objetivo. En primer lugar, dar cuenta del aporte de los estudios Derecho y Literatura respecto de la cuestión de interpretación, a partir del debate entre Ronald Dworkin y Stanley Fish en torno a la articulación entre conocimiento y voluntad. En segundo lugar, el texto también se propone introducir la perspectiva fenomenológica acontecial de Claude Romano y Jean-Luc Marion como una corrección complementaria de la propuesta de Fish.; This article has a double purpose. In the first place, it aims to account for the contribution of Law and Literature studies regarding the problem of interpretation, based on the debate between Ronald Dworkin and Stanley Fish on the relationship between cognition and will. Secondly, the text also intends to introduce Claude Romano and Jean-Luc Marion’s evential phenomenological perspective as a complementary adjustment of Fish’s proposal.

La enseñanza de la escritura en el campo del Trabajo Social: Relevamiento en Internet de publicaciones; Teaching Writing in Social Work: an OnlineLiterature Review (2000-2022) Bórtoli, Pamela; Carlino, Paula Con el objetivo de identificar las principales investigaciones atinentes a la enseñanza de la escritura en Trabajo Social, y a través búsquedas booleanas, relevamos las publicaciones que aparecen referenciadas en Google Académico. Mediante términos claves, recabamos 11 publicaciones en español y 16 en inglés, y conformamos así un corpus de 27 textos, que permite dar cuenta de los avances y las tendencias de desarrollo del campo de la enseñanza de la escritura en Trabajo Social entre 2000 y 2022. A partir del relevamiento se observa que, en idioma inglés, existe un campo de investigaciones en torno a la escritura en este ámbito y un interés naciente por su enseñanza; por el contrario, las publicaciones en español son incipientes y consideran la escritura, pero no su enseñanza. Esta escasez de publicaciones en español  contrasta con el hecho de que, en el ámbito del  trabajo social, la escritura ocupa un rol central ya que está ligada a la actividad laboral, las intervenciones profesionales y la participación académica.; This study used Boolean searches to identify the main research concerning the teaching of writing in social work by surveying publications on Google Scholar. We used key terms to collect 11 publications in Spanish and 16 in English, producing an overall corpus of 27 texts. The texts showed certain trends in the teaching of writing in social work between 2000 and 2022. In the English language, there appears to be a consolidated body of research examining writing in social work and a rising interest in how it is taught. In contrast, publications in Spanish are scarce and consider writing but do not address the way it is taught. This lack of publications in Spanish is notable considering the centrality of writing to professional activity and interventions and academic participation in the field of social work.

El “tercer espacio” en las clases de escritura en lengua extranjera: Diálogos con escritores; The “third space” in foreign language writing classes: Dialogues with writers Colombo, Laura Marina Este trabajo parte de la teoría de los fondos de conocimiento a fin de reflexionar sobre cómo podemos propiciar en el aula diálogos que den lugar a un aprendizaje significativo de la escritura en lengua extranjera. Respondemos apelando a la noción de “tercer espacio”, definido como el lugar intersticial donde emergen nuevos conocimientos y discursos gracias al intercambio de experiencias y conocimientos provenientes de otros dos espacios: el ámbito comunitario y familiar de los alumnos por un lado y, por el otro, el ámbito académico institucional de la educación formal (Gutierrez et al., 1996). En el aula de redacción de textos, la construcción de ese tercer espacio puede ayudarnos a desafiar los “guiones” que se dan típicamente en el ámbito educativo formal (Mercer y Howe, 2012) y dar lugar a las voces y bagajes culturales que los estudiantes traen con ellos a fin de que puedan participar en forma genuina. Esta reflexión se basa en experiencias áulicas concretadas y evaluadas por casi una década y hace foco en aquellas acciones docentes dirigidas a la creación de un tercer espacio donde los estudiantes puedan entablar diálogos verdaderos. Estos diálogos no se dan solo en torno de sus escritos sino también y, principalmente, en torno de sus propios procesos escriturales. Lejos de ofrecer soluciones, este trabajo intenta contribuir con los diálogos disciplinares que nos ayudan a seguir desarrollando y mejorando el campo de la pedagogía de la escritura en lengua extranjera.; This work is based on the funds of knowledge theory and invites to reflect on how to encourage classroom interactions that open up a space for learning in a meaningful manner to write in a second language. We claim that the creation of a “third space” (Gutierrez, 2008; Gutierrez, Rymes y Larson, 1996), one that allows for exchanges between the discourses and knowledge coming from the academic realm and those coming from students` background. In academic writing classes. We claim that the construction of this third space can help us to defy the traditional sequence of teacher-student exchanges (e.g., Mercer y Howe, 2012) and to offer an arena where students´ voices and ways of doing and being are taken into account, thus fostering their genuine participation. This reflection is based on classroom experiences implemented and evaluated for almost a decade and focuses on those teacher actions aimed at creating a third space where students and teacher can establish genuine dialogues. These exchanges are not only about texts but also and mostly about writing processes. Far from offering specific courses of action, this work intends to contribute with those disciplinary conversations that help us to keep on developing and improving the field of second language writing pedagogy

On binary opposition and binarism: A long-distance dialogue between decolonial critique and the Lotmanian semiotics Gherlone, Laura While addressing the decolonial critique of Eurocentric modernity and the call for alternative cosmo-visions, this article retraces Juri Lotman’s culturological exploration towards the concept of ternarity [тернарность]: the scrutiny of the so-called binarism is what connects – without overlapping – the two perspectives. This long-distance dialogue will be built starting with the key notion of binary opposition, which will be analysed as a decolonial problem (Part I) and as a culturological problem (Part II). The analysis will focus on two central issues that stem from the either-or logic: the “othering mindset”, and the culture–nature dualism.

Application of floating spherical Gaussian orbital approach in redefining the atomic periodic descriptor Kumari, Dimple; Saloni, Saloni; Labarca, Martín Gabriel; Chakraborty, Tanmoy Chemistry plays a vital role in the improvement of the narrative properties of atoms and molecules. Many attempts have been made in this field and a few quantities like electronegativity, electron affinity, electrophilicity, polarizability, ionization potential, etc. have been introduced. Electronegativity is an important chemical construct that plays an essential role to clarify several chemical, biochemical, and physicochemical interactions. We have thoroughly studied the different periodic descriptors which are involved to define various electronegativity scales based on either theoretical concepts or experimental findings. The Floating Spherical Gaussian Orbital Approach (FSGO), being one of the the most studied ab initio methods, has been utilized in this study to develop a scale of electronegativity in terms of compressibility factor. We have proposed a model to compute atomic electronegativity values of 51 elements of the periodic table. The computed electronegativity scale observes the periodic trend and justifies many chemical phenomena. Molecular electronegativity values have also been computed using the computed atomic electronegativity data and utilized to verify the Electronegativity Equalization Principle.

El respeto es mudo: encuentros y silencios entre Ricardo Piglia y Héctor Libertella; Respect is mute: meetings and silences between Ricardo Piglia and Héctor Libertella Rosain, Diego Hernán Héctor Libertella y Ricardo Piglia fueron dos lúcidos escritores contemporáneos que realizaron fructíferos aportes a las letras argentinas a lo largo de su trayectoria poética y crítica. Ambos demostraron un afán revisionista del campo cultural a la vez que instauraron nuevas herramientas narrativas e inauguraron nuevas tradiciones de escritura. Es por ello que, casi instintivamente, cualquier investigador no dudaría en realizar un análisis comparativo entre ambos. Sin embargo, a pesar de las afinidades que existen entre sus poéticas y de los vínculos vivenciales que mantuvieron, fueron pocos y casi nulos los diálogos e intercambios que intercambiaron en sus obras. En el siguiente trabajo analizaremos a fondo los hitos que pusieron en contacto a ambos escritores y demostraremos que los silencios mutuos se debieron al lugar que cada uno buscó ocupar dentro del ámbito literario, más afín a su proyecto creador.; Héctor Libertella and Ricardo Piglia were two insightful contemporary writers who made significant contributions to Argentine literature throughout their poetic and critical careers. Both exhibited a revisionist zeal for the cultural field while also introducing new narrative techniques and inaugurating fresh writing traditions. That’s why, almost instinctively, any researcher would not hesitate to conduct a comparative analysis between the two. Despite the affinities between their poetics and the experiential connections they shared, there were few, if any, dialogues and exchanges that occurred between them in their works. In the following work, we will conduct an in-depth analysis of the milestones that brought these two writers into contact and demonstrate that the mutual silences were a result of the literary space each sought to occupy, in line with their respective creative projects.

Turismo, conflicto y políticas públicas: El caso de Tucumán hacia 1936; Tourism, conflict and public politics: The case of Tucumán around 1936 Rodriguez Buscia, Carlos Martin El siguiente trabajo analiza el proceso de apertura social del turismo en Tucumán hacia 1936 como resultado conflictivo de las tensiones entre los sectores dirigentes. En el transcurso de dicho año una fracción del radicalismo oficialista propuso un proyecto de ley de características “democratizantes” el cual encontró una intensa oposición. De este modo, el turismo se convirtió en una arena de disputa política y cultural en donde se ponía en juego el resquebrajamiento del turismo de élite y la posibilidad de acceso de los sectores medios. Así pues, el objetivo central del artículo consiste en analizar las luchas políticas y culturales devenidas de la propuesta de 1936 y a partir de ello auscultar los límites y alcances de las políticas públicas turísticas implementadas en Tucumán.; The following work analyzes the process of social opening of tourism in Tucumán around 1936 as a conflictive result of the tensions between the leading sectors. In the course of that year, a fraction of the pro-government radicalismo proposed a bill with “democratizing” characteristics, which found intense opposition. In this way, tourism became an arena of political and cultural dispute where the collapse of elite tourism and the possibility of access for the middle sectors were put at stake. Thus, the central objective of the article is to analyze the political and cultural struggles resulting from the 1936 proposal and from this to examine the limits and scope of the public tourism policies implemented in Tucumán.

Turismo urbano ¿comunitario? Experiencias en barrios populares de la ciudad de Buenos Aires; ¿Comunity-based? Urban tourism: experiences in popular neighborhoods of the city of Buenos Aires Gonzalez Bracco, Maria de Las Mercedes; Sánchez Attanasio, Triana Nazarena; Abraham, Yazmín Betsabé Este trabajo propone discutir el concepto de turismo comunitario, indagando sobre sus particularidades en los espacios urbanos, su impulso y/o gestión por parte de otros actores por fuera de las comunidades, y su impacto en territorios históricamente relegados simbólica y materialmente. Para ello tomaremos como referencia dos estudios de caso: la Vivera Orgánica y el Patio Gastronómico Rodrigo Bueno en el barrio homónimo, y Ajayu, en el Barrio Mugica-Villa 31. En el marco de una investigación más amplia, esta presentación se propone entonces indagar acerca de los vínculos de ambos proyectos con las agencias de gobierno involucradas con cada uno, buscando establecer las alianzas y estrategias de los actores involucrados en la concreción y desarrollo del turismo en el territorio.; This paper aims to discuss the concept of community-based tourism, inquiring about its particularities in urban spaces, its promotion and/ or management by other actors outside the communities, and its impact on historically relegated territories. For this, two case studies will be taken as references: “La Vivera Orgánica” and the “Patio Gastronómico Rodrigo Bueno” in the neighborhood of the same name, and Ajayu, in the Mugica-Villa 31 neighborhood. Based on ethnographic investigation including interviews with members from the communities and the governmental agencies, as well as tours assistance and participation in meetings, it can be pointed out that the complexity of the links of both projects with the agencies lead to different types of alliances and strategies of the actors implicated in the concretion and development of tourism in the territory.

A comprehensive methodology for the optimization of condition-based maintenance in power transformer fleets Zaldivar Sanchez, Diego Armando; Sanchez, Angel Manuel; Romero Quete, Andrés Arturo Power transformers (PT) are critical assets in power systems. Electric utilities and power companies that manage PT fleets require a large amount of information to inform decision-making processes related to acquisition, maintenance, operation, and unit availability. Processing such information poses a significant challenge, as misinterpretation could lead to incorrect decisions that compromise unit condition, ultimately impacting power system operation. Considering the above-mentioned, in this paper, a methodology for asset management on PT fleets is proposed. The first step of the methodology involves determining the technical condition of individual equipment and its strategic importance. PT units are then clustered according to related risk, and for each cluster, the status of the units and economic factors are analyzed to determine the optimal inspection strategy for condition-based maintenance. The proposed methodology was applied to a case study of a fleet of fifty-eight PT. The obtained results demonstrate the suitability of the methodology for practical application. Specifically, the methodology enables the asset manager to apply condition-based maintenance strategies effectively to PT fleets.

Late Mississippian-Pennsylvanian extensional deformation along the SW Gondwana margin: Insight from the San Rafael Basin, western Argentina Tapia Silva, Felipe Fernando; Ramos, Miguel Esteban; Insaurralde, Fiorella The retro-arc San Rafael Basin (34° SL) records a long-term history of its varied filling. This is the reason why it has been approached by several studies from many disciplines. However, its origin has been a controversial issue until now. There exists an agreement about its development during the latest Mississippian-Early Pennsylvanian ages, coetaneous with the sedimentation of the El Imperial Formation. The generation of this basin took place afterward the Chanic Orogeny and before the San Rafael orogeny. Although there is consensus about an extensional setting controlled the basin's inception, no crustal deformation corroborates this tectonic regime. This contribution is a first attempt to present geological and structural field evidence supported by preliminary kinematic analysis. From these new field observations, an NNE-SSW extensional deformation coetaneous to the deposition of the lower Member of the El Imperial Formation was recognized in the area near the confluence of the Atuel river and Aisol stream. Consequently, our data are following the previous hypothesis of an extensional origin for the San Rafael retro-arc basin.

Climate, landscape, and human influences on fire in southern Patagonia: A basin-scale approach Bianchi, Lucas Osvaldo; Villalba, Ricardo; Oddi, Facundo José; Mundo, Ignacio Alberto; Radins, Marcos Raul; Amoroso, Mariano Martin; Srur, Ana Marina; Bonada, Anabela Carmen Human activities and how they interact with climate and landscape to influence fire regimes is complex and still remains a major research challenge in most Patagonian forests. Recent studies on the fire history in Patagonia covered large areas, making it difficult to model fire occurrence and burned patch size. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of climatic variability, landscape variations and human activities on the occurrence and size of fire at the basin scale. We aimed to update previous fire history of the Río de las Vueltas – Río Túnel basin, in southern Patagonian Andes, with the specific aims to (1) reconstruct in detail the spatio-temporal patterns of fire, (2) model fire variability as a function of climate variability, landscape and human activities, and (3) determine the influence of regional climate on fire occurrence at the basin scale. We used dendrochronological techniques to update the fire history of the study basin. At the basin scale, we used (1) maximum entropy models to estimate the influence of climate, landscape, and humans on fire probability, (2) general linear models to assess how these factors modulate fire size, and (3) superposed epoch analysis to assess the influence of regional water deficit on fire occurrence. We found that fire occurrence increased sharply with the arrival of settlers in the early 20th century and decreased in the early 21st century due to the shift in recognition of the ecosystem services provided by forests. Additionally, the mean fire interval, the number of fires during drier years, and fire size, increased along the northwest-southeast gradient of decreasing precipitation. Our results support that fire regimes are largely human driven, and conditioned by climate and landscape characteristics. The analysis at the basin scale facilitated the understanding of how these factors regulate fire regimes, and consequently, our comprehension at larger spatial scales.

El universo olfativo de los ámbitos urbanos en la Baja Edad Media y la Temprana modernidad; The olfactory universe of urban areas in the late middle ages and early modernity Coronado Schwindt, Gisela Beatriz El objetivo de este trabajo será reflexionar sobre cómo el sentido del olfato, junto con otra información sensorial, fue importante en las experiencias cotidianas de la vida urbana de los habitantes del reinode Castilla (siglos XV y XVI) y sus percepciones de diferentes lugares, calles y vecindarios, a través del análisis de la documentación concejil.; The objective of this paper will be to reflect on how the sense of smell, together with other sensory information, was important in the daily experiences of urban life of the inhabitants of the kingdom of Castile (15th and 16th centuries) and their perceptions of different places, streets and neighborhoods, through the analysis of council documentation.

GWAs Identify DNA Variants Influencing Eyebrow Thickness Variation in Europeans and Across Continental Populations Peng, Fuduan; Xiong, Ziyi; Zhu, Gu; Hysi, Pirro G.; Eller, Ryan J.; Wu, Sijie; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Chen, Yan; Li, Yi; Gonzalez-Jose, Rolando; Schüler-Faccini, Lavinia; Bortolini, María Cátira; Acuña Alonzo, Victor; Canizales Quinteros, Samuel; Gallo, Carla; Poletti, Giovanni; Bedoya, Gabriel; Rothhammer, Francisco; Uitterlinden, André G.; Ikram, M. Arfan; Nijsten, Tamar; Ruiz Linares, Andrés; Wang, Sijia; Walsh, Susan; Spector, Timothy D.; Martin, Nicholas G.; Kayser, Manfred; Liu, Fan Natural variation in eyebrow thickness (ET) is one of the most conspicuous facial32 features. Understanding its genetic basis is of broad interest and has implications for33 dermatology and other fields. Two genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for ET34 have been reported thus far. In 2,457 Latin Americans from the CANDELA cohort,35 Adhikari et al. identified 3q22.3 harboring FOXL2 (Adhikari et al., 2016). In 2,96136 Han Chinese from the TZL cohort, Wu et al. discovered 3q26.33 harboring SOX2 and37 5q13.2 harboring FOXD1 and by meta-analysis of CANDELA and TZL 2q12.338 harboring EDAR (Wu et al., 2018). Thus, four ET-associated loci have been39 established thus far, all in non-Europeans. As no European ET GWAS had been40 reported, it remains unknown whether the genetic ET effects described in non-41 Europeans persist in Europeans, or whether there are European-specific genetic loci42 involved in ET, or both.43 Here, we report the first GWAS of ET in Europeans using 9,948 individuals from44 four cohorts of European ancestry, including the Rotterdam Study (RS, n=4,441),45 TwinsUK (n=1,159, females only), the Queensland Institute of Medical Research46 study (QIMR, n=2,257), and a cohort from the United States (US, n=2,121, Table S1,47 Figure S1, Supplementary Materials).

Combined genome-wide association study of 136 quantitative ear morphology traits in multiple populations reveal 8 novel loci Li, Yi; Xiong, Ziyi; Zhang, Manfei; Hysi, Pirro G.; Qian, Yu; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Weng, Jun; Wu, Sijie; Du, Siyuan; Gonzalez-Jose, Rolando; Schuler-Faccini, Lavinia; Bortolini, Maria Catira; Acuna Alonzo, Victor; Canizales Quinteros, Samuel; Gallo, Carla; Poletti, Giovanni; Bedoya, Gabriel; Rothhammer, Francisco; Wang, Jiucun; Tan, Jingze; Yuan, Ziyu; Jin, Li; Uitterlinden, André G.; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Ikram, M. Arfan; Nijsten, Tamar; Zhu, Xiangyu; Lei, Zhen; Jia, Peilin; Ruiz-Linares, Andres; Spector, Timothy D.; Wang, Sijia; Kayser, Manfred; Liu, Fan Human ear morphology, a complex anatomical structure represented by a multidimensional set of correlated and heritable phenotypes, has a poorly understood genetic architecture. In this study, we quantitatively assessed 136 ear morphology traits using deep learning analysis of digital face images in 14,921 individuals from five different cohorts in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Through GWAS meta-analysis and C-GWASs, a recently introduced method to effectively combine GWASs of many traits, we identified 16 genetic loci involved in various ear phenotypes, eight of which have not been previously associated with human ear features. Our findings suggest that ear morphology shares genetic determinants with other surface ectoderm-derived traits such as facial variation, mono eyebrow, and male pattern baldness. Our results enhance the genetic understanding of human ear morphology and shed light on the shared genetic contributors of different surface ectoderm-derived phenotypes. Additionally, gene editing experiments in mice have demonstrated that knocking out the newly ear-associated gene (Intu) and a previously ear-associated gene (Tbx15) causes deviating mouse ear morphology.