"Duelo de bastones". La disputa Robert Lehmann-Nitsche-Enrique del Valle Iberlucea en el contexto de la Primera Guerra Mundial; "Duel of canes". The dispute Robert Lehmann-Nitsche-Enrique del Valle Iberlucea in the context of the First World War Dávila Da Rosa, Lena El presente artículo examina la disputa suscitada entre el antropólogo alemán Robert Lehmann-Nitsche y el senador socialista Enrique del Valle Iberlucea en el contexto de la Primera Guerra Mundial y de los ataques contra la comunidad alemana argentina. El examen conjunto de una serie de documentos éditos e inéditos – desde artículos periodísticos hasta correspondencia personal –, conservados mayormente en el Instituto Ibero-Americano de Berlín, ha permito reconstruir lo sucedido y ampliar algunos datos que se tenía sobre el hecho. No se pierde de vista el código de honor ni el duelo como símbolo de pertenencia a los estratos superiores alemanes. Se muestra, además, que tanto Lehmann-Nitsche como el resto de sus compatriotas debieron enfrentar un sinnúmero de contrariedades, independientemente de los aportes realizados al espacio local, del prestigio y de la reputación que hubiesen construido durante los años previos.; The present article examines the dispute between the German anthropologist and Robert Lehmann-Nitsche and the socialistic senator Enrique del Valle Iberlucea in the context of the World War I and the attacks against the argentine german community. The examination of a serie of documents published and unpublished –from journalistic articles to personal letters–, conserved mainly in the Ibero-American Institute of Berlin, there is I allow to reconstruct the events and to extend some information that were on the fact. The analysis contemplates both the code of honor and the duel as symbol of belonging to the German highest stratum. It shows itself, also, that both LehmannNitsche and the rest of his compatriots had to face countless setbacks, regardless of the contributions made to the local space, the prestige and reputation they had constructed during the previous years.

A facile electrochemical intercalation and microwave assisted exfoliation methodology applied to screen-printed electrochemical-based sensing platforms to impart improved electroanalytical outputs Pierini, Gastón Dario; Foster, Christopher W.; Rowley Neale, Samuel. J.; Fernández, Héctor; Banks, Craig E. Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are ubiquitous with the field of electrochemistry allowing researchers to translate sensors from the laboratory to the field. In this paper, we report an electrochemically driven intercalation process where an electrochemical reaction uses an electrolyte as a conductive medium as well as the intercalation source, which is followed by exfoliation and heating/drying via microwave irradiation, and applied to the working electrode of screen-printed electrodes/sensors (termed EDI-SPEs) for the first time. This novel methodology results in an increase of up to 85% of the sensor area (electrochemically active surface area, as evaluated using an outer-sphere redox probe). Upon further investigation, it is found that an increase in the electroactive area of the EDI-screen-printed based electrochemical sensing platforms is critically dependent upon the analyte and its associated electrochemical mechanism (i.e. adsorption vs. diffusion). Proof-of-concept for the electrochemical sensing of capsaicin, a measure of the hotness of chillies and chilli sauce, within both model aqueous solutions and a real sample (Tabasco sauce) is demonstrated in which the electroanalytical sensitivity (a plot of signal vs. concentration) is doubled when utilising EDI-SPEs over that of SPEs.

El derecho de las familias desde y en perspectiva de géneros; Family Law from a Genders Perspective Herrera, Marisa; Salituri Amezcua, María Martina La perspectiva de géneros, en plural, implica un movimiento de lucha por los derechos de las mujeres, que han sido históricamente “feminizadas”, como así, de otras identidades sintetizadas bajo las siglas LGBTIQ, históricamente “perseguidas”. La pregunta por el control de estos cuerpos permite abrir nuevos debates interdisciplinarios en los que el derecho ocupa un lugar de relevancia. Ejemplo de ello es el reciente proceso de reforma de la legislación civil en la Argentina que dio lugar a un nuevo Código Civil y Comercial, escenario fecundo para indagar y demostrar cómo varias de estas luchas se plasman en el orden jurídico y, a la par, visualizar las nuevas tensiones y desafíos que genera atravesar la legislación civil desde la perspectiva de géneros. Para tal fin se analiza sobre los movimientos feministas, la consecuente renegociación entre “lo público” y “lo privado” y el obligado pasaje de la noción de familia en singular a familias en plural. Ello, auspiciado por la doctrina internacional de los derechos humanos, base obligada de toda regulación en la cual la perspectiva de géneros ha tenido un rol fundamental, y aquí se lo destaca como eje de estudio central.; The genders perspective, in the plural, bespeaks a movement for the rights of women, who have been historically “feminized”, and of other gender identities who have been historically “persecuted”, all of which are synthesized under the acronym LGBTIQ. The question of controlling one’s body opens new interdisciplinary debates where the law plays a relevant role. An example of this is the recent process of reforming civil legislation in Argentina, which has given rise to a new Civil and Commercial Code, a fruitful scenario to investigate and demonstrate how several of these struggles are reflected in the legal order and how the passing of civil law from the genders perspective generates new tensions and challenges. This article analyses the feminist movements, the consequent renegotiation between “the public” and “the private” and the necessary passage from the notion of family in singular to families in the plural. This is underpinned by the international doctrine of human rights, a central axis of this study and an obligatory basis for any regulation in which the genders perspective has played a fundamental role.

Dandelion-like microspherical MCM-22 zeolite using BP 2000 as a hard template Schwanke, Anderson; Villarroel Rocha, Jhonny; Sapag, Manuel Karim; Díaz, Urbano; Corma, Avelino; Pergher, Sibele The chemistry between layered MWW zeolite and carbon black pearls (BP 2000) as an inexpensive hard template was investigated to develop a rational one-pot synthesis of MCM-22 microspheres. The characterization results showed that the insertion of BP 2000 in the gel synthesis did not substantially compromise the crystallinity and microporosity, and the microscopic analyses showed that BP 2000 played a key role in controlling the final morphology of the MCM-22 zeolite, creating beautiful dandelion-like microspherical particles. The morphology obtained is due to the tortuous shape of the hard template, the particular MWW particle crystals, the interaction with the external surface of the MWW zeolitic precursor, and the synthesis conditions. The stacking of MWW crystals with edge-to-face orientations generates meso-/macrovoids, allowing access to the interiors of the microspheres. The microspheres were homogeneous with sizes ranging from 6 to 8 μm with an increase of the external surface and a macroporous size distribution centered at 200 nm, which is two times that of the traditional MCM-22 zeolite.

Evaluación de dos modelos para la estimación de la evapotranspiración de referencia con datos CERES; Evaluation of two models using CERES data for reference evapotranspiration estimation Carmona, Facundo; Holzman, Mauro Ezequiel; Rivas, Raúl Eduardo; Degano, María Florencia; Kruse, Eduardo Emilio; Bayala, Martin Ignacio La evapotranspiración es la variable hidrológica de mayor relevancia en la llanura pampeana. La información provista por sensores a bordo de satélites permite representar la variabilidad espacio-temporal de la evapotranspiración, lo cual no es posible lograr utilizando únicamente datos de sitios puntuales de medida. En este este trabajo se adaptaron las ecuaciones de Priestley & Taylor (PT) y FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO PM) para obtener la evapotranspiración del cultivo de referencia, ET0, utilizando únicamente datos de los productos de satélite CERES (SYN1 y CldTypHist). Los resultados obtenidos con los datos CERES se compararon con valores de ET0 provistos por la Oficina de Riesgo Agropecuario de Argentina, a partir de información de 24 estaciones agro-meteorológicas distribuidas en la Región Pampeana de Argentina (2001 - 2016). Los resultados mostraron muy buena concordancia entre los valores generados con los métodos propuestos y aquellos obtenidos in situ, con errores entre ±0,8 y ±1,1 mm d-1 y r2 superiores a 0,75 a escala diaria, y errores entre ±14 y ±19 mm mes-1 y r2 superiores a 0,9, a escala mensual, siendo en general mejores los resultados con el método adaptado de FAO PM respecto al de PT. Finalmente, se elaboraron los mapas promedio mensual de la ET0 para la Región Pampeana de Argentina, los cuales permitieron conocer la variación espacio temporal en el área de validación. En conclusión, los métodos que aquí se presentan constituyen una buena alternativa para el cálculo de la evapotranspiración de referencia, sin necesidad de contar con medidas de terreno.; Evapotranspiration is the most important variable in the Pampas plain. Information provided by sensors onboard satellite missions allows represent the spatial and temporal variability of evapotranspiration, which cannot be achieved using only measurements of weather stations. In this work, the Priestley and Taylor (PT) and FAO Penman Monteith (FAO PM) equations were adapted to estimate the reference evapotranspiration, ET0, using only CERES satellite products (SYN1 and CldTypHist). In order to evaluate the reference evapotranspiration from CERES, a comparison with in situ measurements was conducted. We used ET data provided by the Oficina de Riesgo Agropecuario, corresponding to 24 stations placed in the Pampean Region of Argentina (2001-2016). Results showed very good agreement between the estimates with CERES products and in situ values, with errors between ±0.8 and ±1.1 mm d–1 and r2 greater than 0.75 at daily scale, and errors between ±14 and ±19 mm month–1 and r2 greater than 0.9, at monthly scale better results were obtained with adapted model FAO PM than PT. Finally, ET0 monthly maps for the Pampean Region of Argentina were elaborated, which allowed knowing the temporal-spatial variation in the validation area. In conclusion, the methods presented here are a suitable alternative to estimate the reference evapotranspiration without requiring ground measurements

Augusto e o mos maiorum no Carmen Saeculare de Horácio; August and the mos maiorum in Horatio’s Carmen Saeculare Martino, Luis Marcelo O Carmen Saeculare , composto por Horácio para a celebração dos ludi saeculares de 17 a. C., é um hino religioso e, também, uma poderosa ode cívica. O propósito de nosso trabalho é determinar a inserção do discurso moral tradicional ( mos maiorum ) e a representação de Augusto no Carmen . Através da análise, por um lado, das súplicas religiosas e bens requeridos aos deuses, e, de outro, do recurso à inclusão de divindades personificadas, constatamos, a modo de conclusão, que a figura do princeps emerge investida das virtudes tradicionais, presentes em seu programa político-ideológico.; The Carmen saeculare , composed by Horace for the celebration of the ludi saeculares in the 17 B. C., is a religious hymn and a powerful civic ode as well. The purpose of our work is to determine the insertion of the traditional moral discourse ( mos maiorum ) in the Carmen and the outline of August ́s image in reference to such discourse. Through the analysis of both the religious supplications and the goods requested, and the resource of including personified divinities we conclude that the figure of the princeps emerges invested with the traditional virtues present in his ideological- political program.

Maestros en relación: Río de la Plata (década de 1820); Teachers in Context: Río de la Plata (1820s) Bustamante Vismara, José Manuel Laureano Los trabajos de historia de la educación que atienden a la primera mitad del siglo XIX suelen estar encuadrados en recortes institucionales. Se detienen en apreciar los momentos fundacionales de las escuelas, reproducen las formulaciones que determinados gobiernos expresaron acerca del tema o transitan las obras que los pedagogos redactaron sobre la educación, pero pocos textos reconocen y analizan a quienes enseñaron y el contexto en que lo hicieron.Aquí el objeto de análisis son los maestros de escuelas de primeras letras, atendidos en vinculación a curas, funcionarios estatales, colegas, vecinos o padres. En torno a ellos, aspectos relacionales son destacados mediante el concepto de ?configuración escolar?. Tal es la perspectiva metodológica con la que se estudia lo ocurrido en la ciudad y la campaña de Buenos Aires en la década de 1820.; Research on the history of education in Argentina in the first half of the nineteenth century usually focuses on the institutional level. Most works examine the founding moments of schools or repeat what governments expressed on various issues, but few stop to acknowledge those who taught and the context in which they did it. In this article, school teachers are the object of analysis. Teachers are seen in relation to priests, state officials, colleagues, neighbors or parents, and their links are highlighted by means of the concept of “school configuration”. That is the methodological perspective employed to examine what happened in both the city and the countryside of Buenos Aires in the 1820s.

La esfera pública en los Principios de la Filosofía del Derecho de Hegel. Tensiones y mediaciones en la vida ética moderna; The public sphere in Hegel’s Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Tensions and mediations in modern ethical life Assalone, Eduardo Francisco En este artículo se exponen dos espacios de la esfera pública donde pueden ser percibidas con claridad las tensiones propias de la vida ética moderna según las entiende Hegel en los Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. En primer lugar se expone la publicidad de la asamblea estamental, la cual tiene la función de mediar y superar las tensiones características de la esfera privada por medio de la representación política de los intereses particulares de la sociedad civil. En segundo lugar se analiza la ambivalente posición de Hegel con respecto a la opinión pública. Según el filósofo, el pueblo conoce sus intereses verdaderos solo por medio de la representación política. La publicidad de los debates parlamentarios es una condición necesaria para la formación del pueblo. Esta original concepción de la representación política anticipa desarrollos actuales de la teoría política y se distingue con claridad de las concepciones clásicas de la representación.; In this paper, we explain two dimensions of public sphere where the tensions of modern ethical life are clearly perceived, according to Hegel’s Grundlinien der Philo­sophie des Rechts. First, we present the public side of the states assembly, which has the function of mediating and overcoming the tensions characteristic of the private sphere by means of the political representation of particular interests of civil society. Second, we analyze Hegel’s ambivalent position regarding public opinion. According to Hegel, a people knows its true interests only through political representation. The publicity of the parliamentary debates is a necessary condition for the constitution of a people. This original perspective of political representation anticipates current political theories and clearly differentiates itself from classic understandings of representation.

Epidemiología descriptiva de las anomalías congénitas estructurales mayores en Argentina; Descriptive epidemiology of major structural congenital anomalies in Argentina Groisman, Boris; Bidondo, Maria Paz; Duarte, Santiago Pablo; Tardivo, Agostina; Barbero, Pablo Miguel; Liascovich, Rosa El objetivo del trabajo es presentar las frecuencias de anomalías congénitas (AC) estructuralesmayores obtenidas por la Red Nacional de Anomalías Congénitas de Argentina (RENAC) correspondientes al año 2016, como parte de sus actividades de vigilancia de salud pública de AC. La RENAC es unsistema de vigilancia de AC oficial, nacional y de base hospitalaria. La definición de caso corresponde a reciénnacidos con AC estructurales mayores, externas o internas, identificadas desde el nacimiento hasta el alta delhospital y detectadas en el examen físico, estudios complementarios, intervenciones o autopsia. Se incluyerontodos los recién nacidos vivos y los fetos muertos de 500 gramos o más. La prevalencia de AC al nacimiento secalculó como el cociente entre el número de recién nacidos vivos y fetos muertos con AC, y el número total derecién nacidos vivos y fetos muertos, en un período determinado. Según su presentación los casos con AC específicas fueron clasificados en aislados, múltiples y síndromes. La prevalencia al nacimiento de AC estructuralesmayores fue de 1.59% (Intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.55-1.64). Las anomalías específicas más frecuentesfueron: fisuras labiopalatinas, gastrosquisis, hidrocefalia, talipes equinovarus, espina bífida, polidactilia postaxial,malformación anorrectal, hernia diafragmática, quistes renales y atresia de esófago. El síndrome más frecuentefue Down. Se estimaron los casos anuales esperados y la prevalencia de AC específicas seleccionadas. Engeneral, los datos de RENAC están dentro de los valores informados en la literatura.; The objective of the study is to present the frequency of congenital anomalies (CA) reported to the National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC) in the year 2016, as part of its monitoring activities. RENAC is an official, national and hospital-based surveillance system of CA. The case definition includes newborns with major structural CA, external or internal, identified from birth until hospital discharge and detected by physical examination, complementary studies, interventions or autopsy. All live newborns and stillbirths of 500 grams or more were included. The prevalence of CA at birth was calculated as the quotient between the number of live newborns and stillbirths with CA, and the total number of live newborns and stillbirths, for a given period. According to their presentation, the cases with specific CA were classified into isolated, multiple and syndromes. The prevalence at birth of major structural CA was 1.59% (95% confidence intervals 1.55-1.64). The most frequent specific anomalies were: cleft lip and palate, gastroschisis, hydrocephalus, talipes equinovarus, spina bifida, postaxial polydactyly, anorectal malformation, diaphragmatic hernia, renal cysts and esophageal atresia. The most frequent syndrome was Down´s. The expected annual cases and the prevalence of selected specific CA were estimated. RENAC data are within values reported in the literature.

SIRGAS: Reference frame in Latin America Cioce, Víctor; Martínez, Alex William; Mackern Oberti, María Virginia; Pérez, Roberto; de Freitas, Silvio SIRGAS is the geocentric reference system for the Americas, by definition it is identical to the ITRS and realice the regional densification of the ITRF in Latin America which consist of the highest precision GNSS network in the continent called SIRGAS-CON

¿La neurociencia educacional como espacio propio de la educación es posible?; Is educational neuroscience possible as a space of education itself? Bacigalupe, Maria de Los Angeles En este trabajo proponemos discutir la neurociencia educacional como espacio de la educación. Mediante el análisis y discusión bibliográfica indagamos las posibilidades de la neurociencia educacional en el contexto de su origen y actualmente y avanzamos hacia los desafíos a los que se enfrenta como disciplina propia del campo de la educación o como rama de la neurociencia cognitiva. Optamos por un mirada transdisciplinaria que desde la propia educación pueda colaborar en los temas que preocupan a la educación como institución social. Proponemos una mirada que incluya tanto al nivel individual como el nivel socialmente extendido, considerando que el aprendizaje, como comportamiento humano que constituye un problema educacional, se da en interacción con el medio. Plateamos cuestiones presentes en la agenda interdisciplinaria de la neurociencia educacional y discutimos conceptos clave como neuromito, epigenética, privación psicosocial y periodo crítico. Proponemos que, concebida como espacio educacional transdisciplinario con funciones de traslación y ciencia básica, la neurociencia educacional, en diálogo con otras disciplinas, puedo conducir a que la diversidad no sea un concepto teórico sino que se refleje en cada ser humano, en su potencialidad y originalidad, buscando el desarrollo pleno de las personas en relación armoniosa con su medioambiente de vida.; In the present article we propose to discuss educational neuroscience as a segment of education. We have analysed educational neuroscience from its origins to the present, as a branch of education sciences. We have chosen a transdisciplinary approach which views learning from an individual to a social perspective. In it, we have discussed key concepts such as neuromyth, epigenetics, psychological deprivation and critic period.

Telma Reca en la gestión estatal de la sanidad argentina (1930-1948); Telma Reca, an Argentine physician in the state (1930-1948) Ramacciotti, Karina Este artículo aporta nuevos datos sobre la médica argentina Telma Reca (1904-1979), particularmente en relación con su inserción en ámbitos académicos y en la gestión estatal a partir de los años treinta del siglo XX. Nos focalizaremos en su trayectoria profesional desde que obtuvo su doctorado en la Universidad de Buenos Aires (1932) hasta que se retiró de la División de Maternidad e Infancia del Departamento Nacional de Higiene en 1948. Durante ese período aplicó en la gestión estatal sus investigaciones sobre el estudio de las condiciones sociales de la delincuencia juvenil y de la educación. Su perspectiva crítica, lejos de implementar medidas punitivas generadoras de una mayor exclusión social, buscó la integración de los menores en la comunidad por medio de políticas educativas y sanitarias.; This article will reconstruct the biography of the Argentine physician Telma Reca (1904-1979) who managed to get involved in academic fields and the state administration in the 30´s. We will address ourselves to tracking her professional career from her PhD degree in Medicine (1932) until her withdrawal from the División de Maternidad e Infancia del Departamento Nacional de Higiene (Maternity and Childhood Division of the National Hygiene Department) in 1948. During this period, she focused her research on the study of the social conditions of juvenile delinquency on the public administration. With a critical eye, far from social exclusion and punitive measures, she managed to promote social integration through health and education policies.

Advanced atomistic models for radiation damage in Fe-based alloys: Contributions and future perspectives from artificial neural networks Castin, Nicolas; Pascuet, Maria Ines Magdalena; Messina, L.; Domain, C.; Olsson, P.; Pasianot, Roberto Cesar; Malerba, L. Machine learning, and more specifically artificial neural networks (ANN), are powerful and flexible numerical tools that can lead to significant improvements in many materials modelling techniques. This paper provides a review of the efforts made so far to describe the effects of irradiation in Fe-based and W-based alloys, in a multiscale modelling framework. ANN were successfully used as innovative parametrization tools in these models, thereby greatly enhancing their physical accuracy and capability to accomplish increasingly challenging goals. In the provided examples, the main goal of ANN is to predict how the chemical complexity of local atomic configurations, and/or specific strain fields, influence the activation energy of selected thermally-activated events. This is most often a more efficient approach with respect to previous computationally heavy methods. In a future perspective, similar schemes can be potentially used to calculate other quantities than activation energies. They can thus transfer atomic-scale properties to higher-scale simulations, providing a proper bridging across scales, and hence contributing to the achievement of accurate and reliable multiscale models.

¿Liberales o proteccionistas?: Estrategias económicas contrapuestas en la cadena automotriz argentina en las décadas del 60 y 70.; ¿Liberals or protectionists?. Opposite economic strategies in Argentina automotive chain in the 60s and 70s Bil, Damián Andrés; Harari, Ianina; Sanz Cerbino, Gonzalo Sebastian Con el objetivo de comprender las estrategias de la clase capitalista en el país, proponemos aquí analizar la posición de los industriales del sector automotriz frente a la crisis orgánica de la sociedad argentina durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970. Es decir, estudiar las posturas asumidas por los empresarios y las corporaciones representativas de la actividad ante las diferentes coyunturas específicas de esos años, y en segundo término los conflictos dentro de la cadena asociados a esas circunstancias. Buscamos discutir la idea común en la historiografía, que sostiene que los capitales más concentrados defendieron un programa aperturista asociado a intereses extranjeros y de los sectores primarios, mostrando cómo los reclamos de las terminales automotrices de origen extranjero se inscriben en una estrategia que denominamos "liberal-desarrollista", pasada por alto en gran parte de los estudios sobre el particular.Utilizamos para alcanzar el objetivo información empresaria (Memorias y Balances contables, boletines), documentación de cámaras de industria, publicaciones periódicas especializadas, y aportes de otros investigadores.; In order to understand the strategies of the capitalist class in the country, we propose to analyze the position of automobile sector manufacturers to deal with the organic crisis of Argentine society during the 1960s and 1970s. In other words, we suggest studying the positions taken by businessmen and corporations in reponse to specific situations in those years. Then, we study the conflicts within the chain associated with those circumstances. We seek to discuss the common idea along historiography, which holds that the concentrated capital stood behind an open market program associated with foreign interests and primary sectors. We analyze how the demands of foreign automobile makers in Argentina are part of a “liberal - developmentlist” strategy, overlooked in most of the studies on the subject. To achieve the objective, we used business information (Reports and balance sheets, newsletters), documents of industry chambers, journals, and contributions from other researchers.

Abriendo la «caja negra» del aula de ciencias: un estudio sobre la relación entre las prácticas de enseñanza sobre el cuerpo humano y las capacidades de pensamiento que se promueven en los alumnos de séptimo grado; Opening the «black box» of the science classroom: A study on the relationship between teaching practices on the topic of the Human Body and the thinking skills promoted in 7th grade students Furman, Melina Gabriela; Luzuriaga, Mariana; Taylor, Inés; Anauati, María Victoria; Podestá, María Eugenia Comprender los bajos desempeños de los alumnos argentinos en las evaluaciones de ciencias implica abrir la «caja negra» del aula para analizar las prácticas de enseñanza. Se realizó un estudio cuanti-cualitativo en una muestra representativa de 36 cursos de séptimo grado (alumnos de entre 12 y 13 años) de 19 escuelas estatales de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se analizó el tiempo dedicado al área y los tiposde actividades propuestas por los docentes a partir de los cuadernos de clase de los alumnos y se evaluó a todos los estudiantes (574). Observamos que en promedio se dictan 1,75 horas de clase semanales de ciencias, frente a las 4 estipuladas, y que el 81 % de las actividades promueven capacidades de pensamiento deorden inferior. Más tiempo de enseñanza y de actividades de orden superior correlacionan positivamente con el rendimiento de los alumnos en la prueba (r = 0,66 p < 0,05 y r = 0,5 p < 0,05, respectivamente).; Explaining low student achievement in Science requires opening the «black box» of the classroom to understand teaching practices. This mixed methods study on science teaching was conducted in a representative sample of 36 7th grade classes (students between 12 and 13 years old) from 19 state schools in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. All students (n = 574) were evaluated to understand the relationship between teaching practices and learning outcomes. Using student workbooks, we found that teachers taught an average of 1.75 hours of science lessons per week, versus the 4 hours specified by local guidelines, and that 81% of teaching activities promote lower order thinking skills (such as recalling and reproducing facts). This is worrying as increasing teaching time and higher order activities correlate positively with student learning outcomes (r = 0.66 p < 0.05 and r = 0.5 p < 0.05 respectively).

Revisiting entanglement within the Bohmian approach to quantum mechanics Zander, Claudia; Plastino, Ángel Ricardo We revisit the concept of entanglement within the Bohmian approach to quantum mechanics. Inspired by Bohmian dynamics, we introduce two partial measures for the amount of entanglement corresponding to a pure state of a pair of quantum particles. One of these measures is associated with the statistical correlations exhibited by the joint probability density of the two Bohmian particles in configuration space. The other partial measure corresponds to the correlations associated with the phase of the joint wave function, and describes the non-separability of the Bohmian velocity field. The sum of these two components is equal to the total entanglement of the joint quantum state, as measured by the linear entropy of the single-particle reduced density matrix.

Detection of magnetic moment in thin films with a home-made vibrating sample magnetometer Jordán, D.; González Chávez, D.; Laura, D.; Leon Hilario, Ludwin Misael; Monteblanco, E.; Gutarra Espinoza, Abel; Aviles Felix, Luis Steven This paper explores the optimization of an array of pick-up coils in a home-made vibrating sample magnetometer for the detection of magnetic moment in thin films. Sensitivity function of a 4-coils Mallinson configuration was numerically studied for the determination of the physical dimensions that enhance the sensitivity of the magnetometer. By performing numerical simulations using the Biot-Savart law combined with the principle of reciprocity we were able to determine the maximum values of sensitivity and the influence of the separation of the coils on the sensitivity function. After the optimization of the pick-up coils, the vibrating sample magnetometer was able to detect the magnetic moment of a 100 nm-thickness Fe19Ni81 magnetic thin film along and perpendicular to the in-plane anisotropy easy axis. The implemented vibrating sample magnetometer is able to detect changes in the magnetic moment of ∼2 × 10-4 emu.

Brucella abortus traverses brain microvascular endothelial cells using infected monocytes as a Trojan horse Miraglia, Maria Cruz; Rodríguez, Ana María; Barrionuevo, Paula; Rodríguez, Julia; Kim, Kwang S.; Dennis, Vida A.; Delpino, María Victoria; Giambartolomei, Guillermo Hernan Neurobrucellosis is an inflammatory disease caused by the invasion of Brucella spp. to the central nervous system (CNS). The pathogenesis of the disease is not well characterized; however, for Brucella to gain access to the brain parenchyma, traversing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) must take place. To understand the CNS determinants of the pathogenesis of B. abortus, we have used the in vitro BBB model of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) to study the interactions between B. abortus and brain endothelial cells. In this study, we showed that B. abortus is able to adhere and invade HBMEC which was dependent on microtubules, microfilaments, endosome acidification and de novo protein synthesis. After infection, B. abortus rapidly escapes the endosomal compartment of HBMEC and forms a replicative Brucella-containing vacuole that involves interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum. Despite the ability of B. abortus to invade and replicate in HBMEC, the bacterium was unable by itself to traverse HBMEC, but could traverse polarized HBMEC monolayers within infected monocytes. Importantly, infected monocytes that traversed the HBMEC monolayer were a bacterial source for de novo infection of glial cells. This is the first demonstration of the mechanism whereby B. abortus is able to traverse the BBB and infect cells of the CNS. These results may have important implications in our understanding of the pathogenesis of neurobrucellosis.

The interfacial electrostatic potential modulates the insertion of cell-penetrating peptides into lipid bilayers Via, Matías Alejandro; Klug, Joaquín; Wilke, Natalia; Mayorga, Luis Segundo; del Popolo, Mario Gabriel Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are short sequences of cationic amino-acids that show a surprising ability to traverse lipid bilayers. CPP are considered to be some of the most effective vectors to introduce membrane-impermeable cargos into cells, but the molecular basis of the membrane translocation mechanisms and its dependence on relevant membrane physicochemical properties have yet to be fully determined. In this paper we resort to Molecular Dynamics simulations and experiments to investigate how the electrostatic potential across the lipid/water interface affects the insertion of hydrophilic and amphipathic CPP into two-dimensional lipid structures. Simulations are used to quantify the effect of the transmembrane potential on the free-energy profile associated with the transfer of the CPP across a neutral lipid bilayer. It is found that the electrostatic bias has a relatively small effect on the binding of the peptides to the membrane surface, but that it significantly lowers the permeation barrier. A charge compensation mechanism, arising from the segregation of counter-ions while the peptide traverses the membrane, determines the shape and symmetry of the free-energy curves and underlines relevant mechanistic considerations. Langmuir monolayer experiments performed with a variety of amphiphiles model the incorporation of the CPP into the external membrane leaflet. It is shown that the dipole potential of the monolayer controls the extent of penetration of the CPP into the lipid aggregate, to a greater degree than its surface charge.

Biomechanical evidence suggests extensive eggshell thinning during incubation in the Sanagasta titanosaur dinosaurs Hechenleitner, Esteban Martín; Taborda, Jeremías Ramón Alejandro; Fiorelli, Lucas Ernesto; Grellet-Tinner, Gerald; Núñez Campero, Segundo Ricardo The reproduction of titanosaur dinosaurs is still a complex and debated topic. Their Late Cretaceous nesting sites are distributed worldwide and their eggs display substantial morphological variations according to the parent species. In contrast to the typical 1.3-2.0 mm thick shells common to eggs of most titanosaur species (e.g., those that nested in Auca Mahuevo, Tama, Toteşti or Boseong), the Cretaceous Sanagasta eggs of Argentina display an unusual shell thickness of up to 7.9 mm. Their oviposition was synchronous with a palaeogeothermal process, leading to the hypothesis that their extra thick eggshell was an adaptation to this particular nesting environment. Although this hypothesis has already been supported indirectly through several investigations, the mechanical implications of developing such thick shells and how this might have affected the success of hatching remains untested. Finite element analyses estimate that the breaking point of the thick-shelled Sanagasta eggs is 14-45 times higher than for other smaller and equally sized titanosaur eggs. The considerable energetic disadvantage for piping through these thick eggshells suggests that their dissolution during incubation would have been paramount for a successful hatching.