El ácido fusárico, micotoxina producida por Fusarium spp., afecta negativamente el crecimiento de Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 mediante el secuestro de hierro y la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno; Fusaric acid, mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp., negatively affects growth of Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 by means of iron sequestration and production of reactive oxygen species Bernar, Evangelina Marisel; Ruiz, Jimena El ácido fusárico es un metabolito producido por diversas especies de hongos fitopatógenos del género Fusarium. Existen diversos trabajos que demuestran que este compuesto es tóxico para células vegetales y de mamíferos. P. protegens Pf-5 es una bacteria conocida por sus propiedades de supresión de diversos fitopatógenos del suelo, entre ellos Fusarium spp., sin embargo existe inconsistencia en cuanto a la eficacia de biocontrol de estos fitopatógenos. Teniendo en cuenta la toxicidad del ácido fusárico en células vegetales y de mamíferos, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la toxicidad y estudiar los efectos del ácido fusárico en distintas características relacionadas con el biocontrol en P. protegens Pf-5. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el ácido fusárico afecta negativamente el crecimiento, pero incrementa la formación de biopelículas. Por otro lado, cuando P. protegens Pf-5 se cultivó en presencia de ácido fusárico, se observó un notable incremento en la producción del sideróforo pioverdina, asi como un aumento en la producción de biosurfactantes y en la cantidad de especies reactivas de oxígeno. Mediante titulación espectrofotométrica se pudo determinar que el ácido fusárico es capaz de quelar hierro. De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos en este trabajo, el ácido fusárico es tóxico para P. protegens Pf-5, lo cual incidiría negativamente en la eficacia de biocontrol de enfermedades de marchitamiento causadas por Fusarium spp. productores de ácido fusárico. Entre los mecanismos de toxicidad se encontrarian el secuestro de hierro y el estrés oxidativo.; Fusaric acid is a metabolite produced by several phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium. Several works have demonstrated that this compound is toxic for plant and mammalian cells. P. protegens Pf-5 is very well known because of its ability to suppress several soil-borne phytopathogens, including Fusarium spp., however biocontrol efficiency is not consistent. Taking into account the toxicity of fusaric acid for plant and mammalian cells, the main aim of this work was to evaluate the toxicity and to study the effects of fusaric acid in different physiological traits related to biocontrol in P. protegens Pf-5. The results demonstrate that fusaric acid negatively affects growth, but increases bacterial biofilm formation. When P. protegens Pf-5 was grown in the presence of fusaric acid, a notable increase in the production of the siderophore pyoverdine, as well as an increment in biosurfactant production and reactive oxygen species were observed. Spectrophotometric titrations revealed that fusaric acid chelates iron. According to the data obtained in this study, fusaric acid is toxic to P. protegens Pf-5, which would negatively affect biocontrol efficiency of wilt plant diseases caused by Fusarium spp, able to produce fusaric acid. Chelation of iron and oxidative stress would be some of the mechanisms of fusaric acid toxicity in P. protegens Pf-5.

Condicionantes domésticos, regionales e internacionales y su incidencia sobre la política exterior de Bahréin tras los levantamientos en el mundo árabe; Domestic, regional and international constraints and their impact on Bahrain's foreign policy after the uprisings in the Arab world Fabani, Ornela Bahrein es una de las seis monarquías ubicadas en torno al Golfo arábigo y, entre las mismas, aquella que ha debido sortear las protestas más fuertes una vez iniciados los levantamientos que golpearon a la región de Medio Oriente, entre finales de 2010 y principios de 2011. Desde entonces esta zona ha atravesado una importante reconfiguración a raíz de una serie de conflictos o focos de tensión que han hecho eclosión en la misma, así como también a partir de la emergencia de nuevos actores que han cobrado protagonismo y otros que han perdido cuotas de poder. Esto sin mencionar la proliferación de sospechas, intrigas y resquemores que ha tenido lugar en dicho espacio, un conjunto de eventualidades ante las cuales Manama ha tenido que posicionarse. El objetivo de este trabajo reside en describir y analizar cuáles son y cómo inciden los condicionantes domésticos, regionales e internacionales sobre la política exterior de Bahrein tras las protestas en el mundo árabe.; Bahrain is one of the six monarchies situated around the Arabian Gulf and, between them, the one that has had to overcome the strongest protests after the beginning of the uprisings in Middle East, between late 2010 and early 2011. Since then, this area has undergone a major reconfiguration due to a series of conflicts or flashpoints that have been hatching in the same, and to the emergence of new actors who have gained prominence and others who have lost power. Not to mention the proliferation of suspicion and intrigue that has taken place in that space, a set of eventualities against which Manama has had to take position. The aim of this work is to describe and analyze which are the domestic, regional and international constraints and how they impact on the foreign policy of Bahrain after protests in the Arab world.

Antibody profiles induced by Trypanosoma cruzi in chagasic patients with previous or current exposure to mycobacteria Peverengo, Luz María; Prochetto, Estefanía Soledad; Rodeles Antonelli, Luz María; Valenzuela, Ignacio; Marcipar, Iván Sergio; Bottasso, Oscar Adelmo; Vicco, Miguel Hernán Since the immune response mounted by the host to a particular microorganism might be influenced by the acquired immunological experience due to previous contact with other microorganisms, we performed a cross-sectional study to explore the pattern of Trypanosoma cruzi infection-related antibodies in T. cruzi-seropositive individuals presenting concomitant tuberculosis, or the antecedent of BCG vaccination. Sampled individuals were grouped as follows: patients with Chagas disease, not vaccinated with BCG, who further developed pulmonary tuberculosis; individuals with Chagas disease, BCG-vaccinated; and subjects with Chagas disease, presenting neither BCG scar nor tuberculosis disease. Non-vaccinated individuals or without tuberculosis, presented the highest values of anti-PH (P < 0.001), anti-FRA (P < 0.001), anti-p2β (P = 0.0023) and anti-B13 (P < 0.001) antibodies. The present findings constitute the first demonstration of the potential influence of concomitant tuberculosis on Chagas disease.

Length–weight relationships for two abundant rocky reef fishes from northern Patagonia, Argentina: Sebastes oculatus Valenciennes, 1833 and Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829 Venerus, Leonardo Ariel; Villanueva Gomila, Gabriela Lujan; Sueiro, Maria Cruz; Bovcon, Nelson Darío The Patagonian rockfish Sebastes oculatus and the Brazilian sandperch Pinguipes brasilianus are two of the most abundant, conspicuous reef fishes in the northern Patagonian gulfs of Argentina. This study provides separate length–weight relationships for males, females and pooled individuals of these species for the North Patagonian region, based on samples collected between 2009 and 2014 throughout the year between 42°S and 45°S. No length–weight relationships for P. brasilianus were heretofore available in the literature. Although one relationship was published for S. oculatus from Chilean waters, the limited number of fish and size range did not allow an accurate estimate of the model parameters.

Modifier Adaptation for Real-Time Optimization - Methods and Applications Marchetti, Alejandro Gabriel; François, Grégory; Faulwasser, Timm; Bonvin, Dominique This paper presents an overview of the recent developments of modifier-adaptation schemes for real-time optimization of uncertain processes. These schemes have the ability to reach plant optimality upon convergence despite the presence of structural plant-model mismatch. Modifier Adaptation has its origins in the technique of Integrated System Optimization and Parameter Estimation, but differs in the definition of the modifiers and in the fact that no parameter estimation is required. This paper reviews the fundamentals of Modifier Adaptation and provides an overview of several variants and extensions. Furthermore, the paper discusses different methods for estimating the required gradients (or modifiers) from noisy measurements. We also give an overview of the application studies available in the literature. Finally, the paper briefly discusses open issues so as to promote future research in this area.

Enfermedad Osteometabolic: Aspectos de importancia para la población Monteiro, Lucas Oliveira; Ribeiro, Eduardo Barbosa; Gonzaga, Miliane Gonçalves; Figueiredo, Felipe Augusto Tocchini de; Feldman, Sara; Issa, Joao Paulo Mardegan La escuela es un entorno adecuado para el desarrollo de acciones en materia de salud y educación para promover la prevención de las enfermedades metabólicas óseas. Los estudiantes de la Escuela de Odontología de Ribeirão Preto (la FORP) que trabajan en cultura y proyectos organizado conferencias de extensión y actividades informativas sobre este tema para estudiantes de secundaria. Con el objetivo de conseguir estas actividades informativas, 48 estudiantes participaron en el proyecto de la Escuela Dom Luis do Amaral Mousinho EMEFEM que podrían tener más acceso a la información sobre los métodos de tomar posturas preventivas. Al final de estas clases una recepción positiva y aprobación en relación con estas actividades fueron realizadas por los estudiantes y profesores. Estas personas participaron a través de la recitación hacer y responder preguntas sobre diferentes experiencias a través del diálogo. Por lo tanto, la participación en el programa de Cultura y Extensión proporcionar un estrechamiento entre la comunidad académica y el público. Este proyecto ayuda a estructurar los agentes informativos campo de la difusión y conscientes de la realidad y de los problemas actuales, con el objetivo actitudes positivas relacionadas con la prevención de futuros problemas que pueden afectar a la calidad de vida.

Vidrios oscurecidos en automotores: normalización e información oftalmológica; Darkened glasses in motor vehicles: standardization and ophthalmologic information; Vidros escurecidos em automotores: normalização e informação oftalmológica Santillán, Javier Enrique; Martín, Andrés; Barrionuevo, Pablo Alejandro; Nano, Maria Eugenia; Lansingh, Van Propósito: Discutir el grado de oscurecimiento en los vidrios automotores estipulado por la normativa vigente a partir de mediciones experimentales de la visión funcional. Se toma como ejemplo lo que sucede con la Función de Sensibilidad al Contraste (FSC) en condiciones nocturnas de visión. De esta manera se pretende aportar elementos conducentes a un marco teórico que sea adecuado para normalizar el uso de las películas oscurecedoras.Métodos: Medición en banco óptico de las transmitancias de los vidrios con películas oscurecedoras. La FSC se obtuvo empleando redes sinusoidales de 1, 2, 4, 8, y 12 c/gr generadas con un equipo computarizado. Participaron 10 personas jóvenes (M = 25, SD = 4 años de edad) todas con visión normal o corregida a normal. Resultados: Las mediciones muestraron que para los tres niveles de oscurecimiento la sensibilidad al contraste en condiciones mesópicas decrecieron sistemáticamente a medida que aumentó la frecuencia espacial. Conclusiones: La medición de FSC muestra que la conducción en condiciones nocturnas podría verse afectada en mayor grado por el uso de películas oscurecedoras. Este análisis es solamente indicativo del máximo admisible en el oscurecimiento de los vidrios bajo el criterio de la funcionalidad de la visión. Al analizar la normativa argentina actual se observa que el impedimento para el uso de las películas oscurecedoras no se fundamenta en el grado de disminución en la visión que pueden provocar, sino que prohíbe su uso por ser una modificación no-homologada posterior a la fabricación y no por su efecto negativo en la visibilidad.; Purpose: To discuss the degree of darkening in car glasses as provided by the rules in force in Argentina on the basis of experimental measurements of functional vision. What happens with contrast sensitivity function (CSF) under night vision conditions is considered as an example with the purpose of offering pertinent elements contributing to an adequate theoretical framework for standardization of the use of darkening films. Material and methods: Measurement of darkened glass transmittance using an optics bank. CSF was obtained by using sinusoidal gratings of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 cycles/degree generated by a computerized device. Ten young people were included (M= 25, SD= 4 years of age), all with normal visual function or corrected-to-normal vision. Results: Measurements made evidenced that for all three darkening levels evaluated, contrast sensitivity in mesopic conditions decreased systematically as spatial frequency increased. Conclusions: CSF measurement evidences that driving under night conditions might be affected to a greater degree by the use of darkening films. This analysis is only indicative of the maximum glass darkening level that should be admitted according to the criterion of vision functionality. Analysis of the Argentinian law reveals that restraints on the use of darkening films are not based on the level of visual reduction they may cause but on the fact that they are an unsanctioned modification to the vehicle after its manufacture. Therefore, their negative impact on visibility is not considered.; Objetivo: Discutir o nível de escurecimento nos vidros automotores estipulado pela normativa vigente na Argentina a partir de medições experimentais da visão funcional. Toma-se como exemplo o sucedido com a função de sensibilidade ao contraste (FSC) em condições noturnas de visão. Assim, se pretende contribuir com elementos conducentes a um marco teórico que seja adequado para normalizar o uso das películas escurecedoras. Material e métodos: Medição em banco óptico das transmitâncias dos vidros com películas escurecedoras. A FSC se obteve utilizando redes sinusoidais de 1, 2, 4, 8, e 12 c/gr geradas com uma equipe computadorizada. Participaram dez pessoas jovens (M = 25, SD = 4 anos de idade) todas com visão normal ou corrigida a normal. Resultados: As medições mostraram que para os três níveis de escurecimento a sensibilidade ao contraste em condições mesópicas decresceu sistematicamente à medida que a frequência espacial aumentou. Conclusões: A medição de FSC mostra que dirigir em condições noturnas poderia resultar mais arriscado pelo uso de películas escurecedoras. Essa análise é apenas indicativa do máximo admissível no escurecimento dos vidros sob o critério da funcionalidade da visão. Ao analisar a normativa argentina atual, se observa que o impedimento para o uso das películas escurecedoras não está fundamentado no nível de diminuição na visão que possam provocar. A normativa proíbe seu uso por tratar-se de uma modificação não homologada posterior à fabricação, mas não faz referencia ao efeito negativo na visibilidade.

Biometrics and body masses of some birds of prey of Argentina Aráoz, Rodrigo; Ortiz, Diego; Capllonch, Patricia We present data from 97 live specimens from 20 different taxa of diurnal raptors from Argentina. Data were obtained from bird banding campaigns conducted by the Centro Nacional de Anillado de Aves (CENAA), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina. Another important source of data was the Centro de Rehabilitación de Aves Rapaces (CeRAR). We used mist nets and balchatri traps to catch birds during CENAA campaigns in central and northern Argentina, in order to band them and study their migration. During fieldwork, we measured total body length, bill length (exposed culmen and culmen with cere), wing chord, and body mass of each bird. The biometric information of raptors in Argentina is scarce. These measurements can therefore be useful for a variety of topics such as conservation, ecology, biology, taxonomy and phylogeny.

The drivers of tree cover expansion: Global, temperate, and tropical zone analyses Rudel, Thomas K.; Sloan, Sean; Chazdon, Robin; Grau, Hector Ricardo This paper uses new, high resolution satellite-derived data to explore recent cross-national differences in expanding tree cover. Increases in tree cover have concentrated in nations with recent histories of extensive deforestation, humid climates, high crop yields, and small numbers of farm workers. The associations of expanded tree cover with high yields for cereal crops and small populations of cultivators suggests a dynamic, sometimes referred to as a forest transition, in which urbanization and industrialization promote a long-term expansion in tree cover on certain types of land. The association of tree cover gains with tree cover losses and humid climates suggests a second dynamic, a churning, treadmill-like production of wood products from lands subjected to recurring harvests of wood products followed by tree cover gains in the recently harvested areas. The forest transition dynamic suggests that many smallholders would allow tree cover to expand on their lands if payments for environmental services were available. The salience of the treadmill dynamic of tree cover losses followed by tree cover gains underscores the importance of questions about the implications of commercial tree monocultures for biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and social justice.

Enrique Sparn (1889-1966). Sus aportes a la bibliografía geológica; Enrique Sparn (1889-1966). His contribution to the bibliography of geology Silva, Emilia; Alonso, Ricardo Narciso Heinrich Max Sparn (1889-1966) castellanizó su nombre alemán por el de Enrique Sparn, con el cual firmó su obra bibliográfica en la Argentina. Desde 1918 hasta 1954 se desempeñó en la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Córdoba (ANCC) donde tuvo una extensa carrera como bibliotecario, secretario y miembro de pleno derecho de la Academia. Asimismo fue miembro del Instituto de Bibliografía Regional del Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y Jefe de la Comisión de Coordinación de todas las bibliotecas de la Universidad de Córdoba. No solo fue un gran bibliotecario sino que además se destacó como bibliógrafo científico, llevando a cabo minuciosas investigaciones sobre los temas importantes de la época los que le permitieron realizar contribuciones científicas con aportes estadísticos, sociológicos, culturales y educativos. Se destacó por haber compilado abundante literatura de los siglos XIX y XX, especialmente sobre geología, mineralogía, paleontología, ciencias naturales e historia de las ciencias. Sus publicaciones suman un centenar de trabajos especialmente en actas, boletines y misceláneas de la ANCC. Se lo propone en este trabajo como el padre de la bibliografía científica argentina.; The German librarian Heinrich Max Sparn (1889-1966), as Enrique Sparn, made a very important contribution to Argentinean bibliography during his extensive work at Córdoba National Academy of Sciences (ANCC), from 1918 to 1954. Sparn had written around 100 papers that were published in bulletins, proceedings and special volumes of the ANCC related to geology, mineralogy, paleontology, natural sciences, and history of sciences. He made all kinds of compilations of scientific bibliography, especially of the19th and 20th centuries. Furthermore, Sparn carried out research related to bibliographic aspects as well as statistical, sociological, cultural and academic analysis. Sparn achieved the position of director of the ANCC Library and he was also Secretary and full member of this prestigious institution that was founded by President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. In this paper we would like to propose him as the father of Argentinean Scientific Bibliography.

Postglacial vegetation and climate changes inferred from a peat pollen record in the Río Pipo valley, southern Tierra del Fuego; Cambios de la vegetación y clima postglacial inferidos a partir de un registro polínico de una turbera en el Valle del Río Pipo, sur de Tierra del Fuego Borromei, Ana Maria; Musotto, Lorena Laura; Coronato, Andrea Maria Josefa; Ponce, Juan Federico; Pontevedra Pombal, Xavier El análisis polínico de la turbera Cañadón del Toro (54° 49’ 36” S; 68° 27’ 36” W), ubicada en un valle interior de los Andes Fueguinos, brindó información sobre los cambios de vegetación y clima durante los últimos 13.500 años. Los resultados indicaron el desarrollo postglacial de una vegetación de estepa bajo condiciones más secas y frías que las actuales, seguidas por la expansión de Nothofagus en el valle con posterioridad a los 10.350 años cal. AP. Durante este período, la predominancia del ecotono bosque-estepa sugiere condiciones más cálidas y un incremento en la disponibilidad de humedad. Alrededor de los 6.700 años cal. AP, el bosque cerrado de Nothofagus se expande bajo condiciones frías y húmedas. El ambiente de la turbera también refleja el paulatino incremento de humedad efectiva cambiando desde una turbera minerotrófica de Cyperaceae a una ombrotrófica de Sphagnum.; The pollen analysis from Cañadón del Toro peat bog (54° 49’ 36” S; 68° 27’ 36” W), located in an interior valley of the Fuegian Andes, provides information about vegetation and climate changes during the last 13,500 years. The results indicate the postglacial development of steppe-like vegetation under drier and colder conditions than today, followed by the expansion of Nothofagus into the valley after 10,350 cal. yr BP. At this time, the predominance of a forest-steppe ecotone suggests warm conditions and an increase in moisture availability. By about 6,700 cal. yr BP, the closed-canopy Nothofagus forest spread under cold and wet conditions. The mire environment also reflects the increasing trend of effective moisture changing from an initial minerotrophic Cyperaceae fen to an ombrotrophic Sphagnum bog development.

Co-infection with Mycobacterium bovis does not alter the response to bovine leukemia virus in BoLA DRB3*0902, genetically resistant cattle Lützelschwab, Claudia María; Forletti, Agustina; Cepeda, Rosana Esther; Esteban, Eduardo Néstor; Confalonieri, Omar; Gutiérrez, Silvina Elena High proviral load (HPL) profile in bovine leukemia virus infected animals poses increased risk of transmission, and development of HPL or low proviral load (LPL) profile may be attributed to host genetics. Genetic resistance and susceptibility has been mapped to the Major Histocompatibility Complex class II DRB3 gene (BoLA DRB3). The aim of this work was to determine the effect of Mycobacterium bovis infection on certain virological and host immunological parameters of BLV experimental infection. Twenty-six Argentinian Holstein calves carrying the resistance-associated marker allele BoLA DRB3*0902, susceptibility-associated marker allele BoLA DRB3*1501, or neutral BoLA DRB3 alleles, exposed to M. bovis were used. Twenty calves were inoculated with BLV, three were naturally infected and other three were BLV-negative. Seven from twenty six (27%) of the animals resulted positive to the PPD test. The proviral load, absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, time to seroconversion, antibody titer against BLV, and viral antigen expression in vitro at various times post inoculation were determined and compared between PPD + and PPD − animals. From a total of 23 BLV positive animals (naturally and experimentally infected), 13 (56.5%) developed HPL, and 10 (43.5%) developed LPL. None of the investigated parameters were affected by infection with M. bovis. We concluded that the ability of cattle carrying resistance-associated marker to control BLV and to progress towards a LPL phenotype was not altered by M. bovis co-infection.

Control tafonómico y geoquímico del registro Camelidae en base a difractometría de RX (DRX): Puna Austral Argentina (Holoceno Temprano y Tardío); Taphonomic and geochemical controls on camelidae record using x-ray diffraction (XRD): Argentine Southern Puna (Early and Late Holocene) Urquiza, Silvana Valeria El registro óseo faunístico exhibe una preservación diferencial en los sitios arqueológicos a cielo abierto y aleros de la Puna Austral de Argentina. Dada esta variabilidad, y con el fin de establecer los principales factores que actuaron como elementos de control tafonómico sobre los huesos y piezas dentales de Camelidae (ca. 9000 años AP hasta Período Republicano), se realizaron estudios petrográficos y geoquímicos aplicando DRX. Las muestras presentan un comportamiento diagenético diferente, siendo los huesos más sensibles que los esmaltes dentales a las variaciones en la composición química. En los sitios aleros la diagénesis fue más intensa, donde la DRX ósea muestra picos de Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH) con reemplazo mineral de KCl para el Holoceno temprano. En el Holoceno tardío, para el alero y para los sitios a cielo abierto se observan picos de PH₃. El material óseo alterado térmicamente y las partes dentales no muestran reemplazos minerales.; In order to assess the variability in preservation of the bone record from the ca. 9000 BP to recent date were conducted several X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and petrographical analysis on samples from several archaeological sites from the Southern Argentine Puna. The samples are composed of bone and teeths from open-air and overhang sites. Samples display variability in diagenetic pathways, being bones more sensitive than teeths to suffer chemical exchanges. In overhang sites diagenetic processes were more intense, displaying XRD high values of Ca5 (PO4)3(OH) and mineral exchange of KCl to the Early Holocene. In Late Holocene, in open-air and overhang sites were observed high values of PH3. Thermal altered bones and teeth fragments have not displayed mineral exchanges.

Tailoring biomass-based activated carbon for CH4 storage by combining chemical activation with H3PO4 or ZnCl2 and physical activation with CO2 Prauchner, Marcos Juliano; Sapag, Manuel Karim; Rodríguez Reinoso, Francisco Coconut shell-based activated carbons intended for CH4 storage were prepared by chemical activation with H3PO4 or ZnCl2 and/or physical activation with CO2. Efforts were focused to establish relationships among the activation procedure, the textural and physical-chemical properties of the resulting materials and their volumetric CH4 uptake. The best results were achieved by using the combination of a relatively soft chemical activation with H3PO4 or ZnCl2, just the sufficient to minimize the presence of macropores originated from the botanical structure of the precursor, followed by physical activation with CO2 to develop a narrow pore size distribution mainly located around the optimum pore diameter/width for CH4 storage. This combined methodology permitted to obtain excess volumetric CH4 adsorption capacities as high as 94, 148 and 145 V/V for granular, powdered/compressed and monolithic carbons, respectively. The corresponding total CH4 storing capacities were estimated to be 102, 165 and 163 V/V. It is worthy to highlight that the precursor was a low cost and abundant agricultural by-product, which is very important for large-scale applications such as gas transportation and gas storage in vehicular fuel tanks.

Aportes de la economía de la salud al estudio de la transición de riesgos sanitarios: el caso de la obesidad; Health economics contribution to the study of sanitary risk transition: the case of obesity Temporelli, Karina Luján; Monterubbianesi, Pablo Daniel Epidemiological, demographic and socio-economic transformations in recent decades pose new challenges to health systems. In analyzing the causes of death in the world it is found that four are the most prevalent: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. In turn, these diseases are caused largely by three risk factors: smoking, physical inactivity and poor diet. The economic perspective helps to understand and predict human behavior in a wide range of situations, constituting a vital approach for the design of institutions and policies that fit the needs of populations. Given the wide spread of overweight and obesity, related to unhealthy behaviors, the overall objective of this work is to conduct a systematic review of the main theoretical and empirical contributions that have been made since the health economy for the explanation of this phenomenon.

"Revolución productiva", apertura externa y crisis de la pesca: la política pesquera bajo el gobierno de Menem (1989-1997); "Productive revolution", external opening and crisis of fishing: the fishing policy during the Menem government (1989-1997) Colombo, Guillermo Después de alcanzar niveles record en los volúmenes de exportaciones de productos pesqueros, el año 1997 mostró otra cara de esa realidad. Si por un lado la orientación de la política pesquera aseguró el incremento de la explotación mediante el crecimiento sostenido del esfuerzo pesquero, favoreció la apertura a flotas extranjeras y potenció la orientación exportadora de commodities. Por otro lado, produjo una crisis de sobrepesca. Intentamos presentar aquí el desarrollo del proceso mediante el cual se fueron delineando las políticas pesqueras del gobierno de Menem. Procuramos demostrar que con la puesta en marcha del Plan de Convertibilidad, encarecieron los productos exportables argentinos en el mercado mundial, los mecanismos para sostener la rentabilidad en la industria pasaron por incrementar la productividad del capital a partir de facilitar el acceso a tecnología, desarrollar sociedades mixtas con capitales extranjeros y reducir los costos del trabajo.; After the volume of exports of fishing products reached record levels, the year 1997 showed another side to that reality. If, on the one hand, the fishing policy's orientation assured the increase of exploitation through sustained growth of fishing efforts, encouraged the opening to foreign fleets and potentiated the commodity-exporting orientation, on the other hand, it produced a crisis of overfishing, primarily of the hake hubbsi fishing. In this paper present a summary of the development of the process by which the fishing policies of the Menem government were outlined. We aim to demonstrate that with the start of the Convertibility Plan, which led the prices of Argentine export products to rise in the world market, the mechanisms to sustain profitability in the industry were raising the productivity of the capital by way of facilitating access to technology, developing mixed societies with foreign capitals and reducing the costs of labor. Our sources are different newspaper reports published in La Capital of Mar del Plata, as well as national newspapers, reports, trade documents, magazines, collective conventions, laws and decrees.

Historical balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur of the Argentine Pampas; Balance histórico de nitrógeno, fósforo y azufre de la región pampeana Alvarez, Roberto; Steinbach, Haydee Sara; de Paepe, Josefina Se realizó un balance de superfice de nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y azufre (S) para la Región Pampena desde 1870 a 2010, período en que se produjo la expansión agrícola en la región. Para N se computaron como entradas el aporte atmósferico, la fijación simbiótica y la fertilización. Las salidas fueron la exportación en grano y productos animales. Para P y S el balance incluyó como entradas el aporte atmosférico y la fertilización y como salidas las mismas que para N. El balance se calculó en forma anual y acumulada y también se calculó la relación salida/entrada anual. Las bases de datos fueron censos nacionales y estadísticas oficiales para estimar las salidas y se hicieron estimaciones de aporte atmosférico, fijación simbiótica y consumo de fertilizantes. La entrada de N fue de 202 Mt, siendo el aporte atmósférico (36%) y la fijación simbiótica (58%) los componentes principales. La salida fue de 76 Mt, con la exportación en grano como principal factor (83%); resultando en un balance positivo de 126 Mt. Este flujo equivale a un cuarto del stock de N de los suelos hasta 1 m. Otros estudios mostraron que no se produjeron cambios en los stock de N pampeano entre 1960-80 y 2007-2008, período durante el cual el balance de N fue de +52 Mt. En consecuencia, se estimaron pérdidas gaseosas o por lixiviación durante este lapso de 26 kg ha-1 año-1. Para fósforo la entrada fue 4,2 Mt, con mayor peso del componente fertilizantes (67%) y la salida de 12,2 Mt, generado sobre todo por la cosecha de granos (76%), determinando un balance negativo de -8,0 Mt. La entrada de azufre fue de 3,9 Mt, principalmente generada por la atmósfera (81%) y la salida de 5,6 Mt, debido sobre todo a la exportación en grano (82%), con un balance negativo de -1,7 Mt. Estos resultados indican pérdida de P y S desde las reservas de los suelos. La relación salida/entrada de N pasó de 0,2 a 0,7 en el lapso estudiado, mientras que para P y S ha sido mayor a 1 desde hace décadas.; A surface balance for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) was performed for the Argentine Pampas during the 1870-2010 time interval, comprising the agricultural expansion period in the region. Nitrogen inputs accounted in the balance were atmospheric deposition, symbiotic fixation, and fertilization. Outputs included were grain harvest and livestock products. P and S balances included atmospheric deposition and fertilization as inputs and the same outputs than in the case of N balance. Annual and cumulative balances were calculated and also an annual output/input ratio. National information and official statistics were used to determine the nutrient outputs whereas atmospheric deposition, symbiotic fixation, and fertilizer inputs were estimated. Cumulative N input was of 202 Mt, atmospheric deposition (36%) and symbiotic fixation (58%) represented the main components. The output was of 76 Mt, with grain harvest as main factor (83%), thus resulting in a positive N balance of 126 Mt. This nutrient flow is equivalent to one quart of the soil N stock to 1 m depth. As previous studies showed that soil N stock did not changed between 1960-1980 and 2007-2008, period during which a positive N balance of 52 Mt was calculated, this resulted in a loss of 26 kg ha-1 yr-1 due to gas emissions and leaching in recent decades. Phosphorus input was 4.2 Mt, mainly explained by fertilization (67%), and the output was 12.2 Mt, generated mainly by grain harvest (76%), which determined a negative balance of -8.0 Mt. Sulfur input was 3.9 Mt, mainly determined by atmospheric deposition (81%) and the output was 5.6 Mt, mainly due to grain harvest (82%) resulting also in a negative balance of -1.7 Mt. These results indicate P and S losses from soil stocks. The N output/input ratio varied from 0.2 to 0.7 along the study period, while the P and S ratios have been higher than 1 since decades.

Scinax exiguus de Araujo Vieira, Katyuscia Artículo que menciona la taxonomía Scinax exiguus

Influence of finite conductivity on the excitation of phase resonances in metallic surfaces with cavities of circular cross sections Valencia, Claudio Ismael; Skigin, Diana Carina Phase resonances have been investigated in the last few years, not only because of their striking features, such as extremely high quality factor and huge enhancement of the electromagnetic field inside cavities/grooves, but also for their promising applications. However, taking into account that these resonances are more efficiently excited in highly conducting structures, most of the studies have been devoted to explore this phenomenon at wavelengths in the infrared or larger, using different approaches for the boundary conditions. In this paper, we investigate the validity of the perfect conductor approximation and the surface impedance boundary condition to appropriately represent the electromagnetic response of a metallic surface comprising a finite number of subwavelength cavities of circular cross sections. Far- and near-field plots are shown and analyzed in order to investigate the validity ranges and discuss to what extent phase resonances can be excited at shorter wavelengths in these structures.

Neotectónica y volcanismo monogenético cuaternario sobre el segmento central del lineamiento Calama Olacapato Toro, NO Argentino; Neotectonics and Quaternary monogenetic volcanism above the central segment of the Calama Olacapato Toro lineament, NW Argentina Seggiaro, Raul Eudocio; Guzman, Silvina Raquel; Pereyra, Ricardo; Coppolecchia, Mariana; Cegarra, Marcelo Ignacio Se describen dos secciones de depósitos cuaternarios en los alrededores de San Antonio de los Cobres en la Puna salteña que permiten relacionar la neotectónica del tramo central del lineamiento Calama - Olacapato - Toro con el magmatismo básico cuaternario emitido en la región. La sección del paraje Corte Blanco, al este de San Antonio de los Cobres , está integrada por depósitos de abanicos aluviales con abundante aporte de cenizas basálticas y la del área de Chorrillos, al OSO de San Antonio de los Cobres, por una sucesión de depósitos de oleadas piroclásticas e ignimbritas de composición basáltica con evidencias de interacción agua-magma. La composición mineral del material piroclástico es similar a la que registran las lavas de los volcanes monogenéticos cuaternarios Negro de Chorrillos y San Gerónimo, emplazados en las cercanías. Ambas secciones presentan evidencias de licuefacción (interpretadas aquí como sismitas) y se encuentran afectadas por fallas transcurrentes e inversas, oblicuas al rumbo NO-SE del lineamiento Calama - Olacapato - Toro y consistentes con una cinemática regional sinestral. Finalmente, en base a las relaciones de campo observadas, se propone al volcán Negro de Chorrillos como el centro de emisión de los depósitos piroclásticos aquí descriptos y que su actividad habría sido disparada por movimientos neotectónicos.; Two sections of quaternary deposits in the vicinity of San Antonio de los Cobres at the Puna of Salta are described. These deposits allow relating neotectonics of the central segment of the Calama - Olacapato - Toro lineament with the basic quaternary magmatism erupted in the region. The paraje Corte Blanco section, east of San Antonio de los Cobres, consists of alluvial fan deposits with abundant supply of basaltic ashes and the Chorrillos area section, WNW of San Antonio de los Cobres, is represented by a succession of basaltic pyroclastic deposits of surges and ignimbrites that indicate magma-water interaction. The observed mineralogy of the pyroclastic deposits is similar to that recorded at the lavas of the quaternary monogenetic volcanoes Negro de Chorrillos and San Gerónimo, located in the vicinity. Both sections show evidences of liquefaction (interpreted here as seismites) and they are affected by transcurrent and reverse faults which are oblique to the NW-SE strike of the Calama - Olacapato – Toro lineament and are consistent with regional sinistral kinematics. Finally, on the basis of the observed field relationships, we suggest the Negro de Chorrillos volcano as the emission center of the described pyroclastic deposits and that its activity may have been triggered by neotectonic movements.