Screening of pharmaceuticals in surface water bodies of the Pampas region of Argentina Elorriaga, Yanina; Marino, Damian Jose Gabriel; Carriquiriborde, Pedro; Ronco, Alicia Estela Pharmaceuticals have been included among emerging pollutants due to their continuous input in aquatic environments by wastewater discharges. The aim of the present study was detecting and analysing concentration levels of five commonly used pharmaceuticals in surface water bodies of the Pampas Region of Argentina. Analyses were done on the soluble fraction by Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) after Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) extraction. Results show the presence of pharmaceuticals in 10 out of 11 sampling sites, detecting higher concentrations in sites closer to wastewater discharges. Compounds more commonly found and at higher concentrations were caffeine and ibuprofen, with maximum detected levels of 13.32 and 9.66 μg/L, respectively. Highest detected concentrations of carbamazepine and atenolol were 0.63 and 0.55 μg/L, respectively. The compound less frequently detected and at lower levels of concentration was diclofenac.

Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina Velázquez, María Silvana; Cabello, Marta Noemí; Barrera, Marcelo Daniel The arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungal (AMF) communities from the El Palmar National Park of Entre Ríos Province, Argentina, were investigated and characterized. The species of AMF present in five distinct vegetation types-gallery forest, grassland, marsh, palm forest, and scrubland-were isolated, identified and quantified over 2 y. Forty-six AMF morphotaxa were found. The composition of the AMF communities differed between the seasons, soil and vegetation types. Seasonal variations were observed in members of the Acaulosporaceae, Archaeosporaceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Gigasporaceae and Pacisporaceae. Depending on soil type, the AMF-spore communities were dominated by members of one of the two main orders of the Glomeromycota. AMF communities from grassland and palm forest, which occur on sandy soils, comprised primarily members of the Diversisporales, with a high percentage of species of Acaulospora and of Gigasporaceae. Communities from the gallery forest, marsh and scrubland, which occur on loam-clay soils, were composed of members of the Glomerales, with a high percentage of spores from species of Glomus. Thus, both AMF and plant communities would appear to be strongly and similarly influenced by edaphic conditions.

The Earth's magnetic field prior to the Cretaceous Normal Superchron: New palaeomagnetic results from the Alto Paraguay Formation Goguitchaichvili, Avto; Cervantes Solano, Miguel; Camps, Pierre; Bettucci Sanchez, Leda; Mena, Mabel; Trindade, Ricardo; Aguilar Reyes, Bertha; Morales, Juan; López Loera, Héctor We report a detailed palaeomagnetic investigation of 28 lava flows (221 standard palaeomagnetic cores) collected from the Paraguayan part of the Paraná flood basalts (the Alto Paraguay Formation). The initial aims of our study were to (i) document variability of the Earth's magnetic field during the time interval sampled, (ii) obtain a new Early Cretaceous palaeomagnetic pole (PP) for stable South America, and (iii) estimate the extrusion rate of the Paraná magma. We precisely determined the palaeofield direction for 26 sites for which the characteristic remanent magnetizations exhibit small within-site dispersion and high directional stability. No palaeodirections were determined for two sites because of a very complex and erratic behaviour of the remanence during the palaeomagnetic treatments. Nine sites display normal polarity magnetization, whereas nine others are reversely magnetized and the remaining eight sites yield intermediate palaeodirections. The mean palaeomagnetic direction of normal polarity sites give I = -41.8°, D = 4.9°, k = 112, and α95 = 4.9°, whereas reversely magnetized sites give I = 37.1°, D = 181.4°, k = 23, and α95 = 11.1°. The reversal test as defined by McFadden and McElhinny (1990; Classification of the reversal test in paleomagnetism: Geophysical Journal International, v. 103, p. 725-729) is positive, corresponding to Type B with γ = 8.7° and γ0 = 3.7°. This ensures that the palaeomagnetic treatment successfully removed the secondary natural remanent magnetization and that the sampling adequately averaged the palaeosecular variation (PSV). The mean PP position obtained from 18 sites is palaeolongitude (Plong) = 359.2° and palaeolatitude (Plat) = 86.2° S. We show by means of probability plots and formal testing procedures that a Fisher distribution with a concentration parameter K = 65 satisfactorily fits the distribution of virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs). The PP obtained in this study agrees reasonably well with coeval pole positions, in particular with those obtained from the Central Paraná Magmatic Province in Brazil, Los Adobes, and Misiones in Argentina. However, some other similar age PPs show significant departure that may be attributed to local tectonic rotations or insufficient sampling needed to overcome the PSV. This new PP differs slightly from the reference poles at 135 Ma for South America given by Besse and Courtillot (2002; Apparent and true polar wander and the geometry of the magnetic field in the last 200 million years: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, no. B11, p. 2300). The PSV parameters are in agreement with those obtained from selected data reported for the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (CNS). In contrast, VGP angular dispersion found here is lower with respect to the Jurassic and Plio-Pleistocene data. The intermediate VGPs determined in the present geographical frame show a northern hemisphere cluster of seven VGPs located east of India, whereas one other VGP is located in the vicinity of Australia.

Hacer el Estado, regular la vida: una etnografía de políticas de juventud; Make the state, regulate life: youth policies ethnography Isacovich, Paula Este artículo propone una mirada sobre las políticas de juventud que se distancia de aquellos estudios que suponen momentos de "formulación" de las políticas colocados en la esfera del Estado, y que relegan a los jóvenes a un lugar de "receptores" de dispositivos elaborados previamente. Desplazando el análisis tanto de las visiones sobre la juventud expresadas en documentos estatales, como de las preocupaciones centradas en la participación de los "destinatarios", enfocamos las acciones de agentes estatales y jóvenes, así como las relaciones que ellos entablan con los dispositivos. En base a un estudio etnográfico en un barrio del sur de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, procuramos mostrar cómo en un proceso particular el Estado y un conjunto de políticas son producidos por medio de prácticas, relaciones y regulaciones. Esta perspectiva permitirá aportar a la reflexión sobre las maneras en que se ejerce la dominación estatal sobre la juventud.; This article proposes an approach to youth policies that takes distance from that ones that account a "formulation" moment of the policies, which is in the State sphere, and relegates the young people to a place of "receptors" of previously made devices. Moving the analysis of both the visions about youth that are expressed in State documents and to the concerns that are centered in the participation of the "recipients", we focus on the State agents and young people actions, as well as the relationships that they made with the devices. Based on an ethnographic study in a neighborhood of the south of Buenos Aires city, we try to show how, in a particular process, the State and a group of policies are produced by practice, relations and regulations. This perspective will allow us to contribute to the reflection about the ways in which the State domination is exercised on young people.

Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase initiates a program independent of the transcription factors RORγt and Ahr that leads to IL-17 production by activated B cells Bermejo, Daniela Andrea; Jackson, Shaun W.; Gorosito Serran, Melisa; Acosta Rodriguez, Eva Virginia; Amezcua Vesely, Maria Carolina; Sather, Blythe D.; Singh, Akhilesh K.; Khim, Socheath; Mucci, Juan Sebastián; Liggitt, Denny; Campetella, Oscar Eduardo; Oukka, Mohamed; Gruppi, Adriana; Rawlings, David J. Here we identified B cells as a major source of rapid, innate-like production of interleukin 17 (IL-17) in vivo in response to infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. IL-17+ B cells had a plasmablast phenotype, outnumbered cells of the TH17 subset of helper T cells and were required for an optimal response to this pathogen. With both mouse and human primary B cells, we found that exposure to parasite-derived trans-sialidase in vitro was sufficient to trigger modification of the cell-surface mucin CD45, which led to signaling dependent on the kinase Btk and production of IL-17A or IL-17F via a transcriptional program independent of the transcription factors RORγt and Ahr. Our combined data suggest that the generation of IL-17+ B cells may be a previously unappreciated feature of innate immune responses required for pathogen control or IL-17-mediated autoimmunity.

Continent-wide decoupling of Y-chromosomal genetic variation from language and geography in native South Americans Roewer, Lutz; Nothnagel, Michael; Gusmão, Leonor; Gomes, Verónica; Miguel González; Corach, Daniel; Sala, Adriana Andrea; Alechine, Evguenia; Palha, Teresinha; Santos, Ney; dos Santos, Andrea Ribeiro; Geppert, Maria; Willuweit, Sascha; Zweynert, Sarah; Baeta, Miriam; Núñez, Carolina; Martínez Jarreta, Begoña; González Andrade, Fabricio; de Carvalho, Elizeu Fagundes; da Silva, Dayse Aparecida; Builes,Juan José; Turbón, Daniel; Lopez Parra, Ana Maria; Arroyo Pardo, Eduardo; Toscanini, Ulises; Borjas, Lisbeth; Barletta, Claudia; Ewart, Elizabeth; Santos, Sidney; Krawczak, Michael Numerous studies of human populations in Europe and Asia have revealed a concordance between their extant genetic structure and the prevailing regional pattern of geography and language. For native South Americans, however, such evidence has been lacking so far. Therefore, we examined the relationship between Y-chromosomal genotype on the one hand, and male geographic origin and linguistic affiliation on the other, in the largest study of South American natives to date in terms of sampled individuals and populations. A total of 1,011 individuals, representing 50 tribal populations from 81 settlements, were genotyped for up to 17 short tandem repeat (STR) markers and 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs), the latter resolving phylogenetic lineages Q and C. Virtually no structure became apparent for the extant Y-chromosomal genetic variation of South American males that could sensibly be related to their inter-tribal geographic and linguistic relationships. This continent-wide decoupling is consistent with a rapid peopling of the continent followed by long periods of isolation in small groups. Furthermore, for the first time, we identified a distinct geographical cluster of Y-SNP lineages C-M217 (C3*) in South America. Such haplotypes are virtually absent from North and Central America, but occur at high frequency in Asia. Together with the locally confined Y-STR autocorrelation observed in our study as a whole, the available data therefore suggest a late introduction of C3* into South America no more than 6,000 years ago, perhaps via coastal or trans-Pacific routes. Extensive simulations revealed that the observed lack of haplogroup C3* among extant North and Central American natives is only compatible with low levels of migration between the ancestor populations of C3* carriers and non-carriers. In summary, our data highlight the fact that a pronounced correlation between genetic and geographic/cultural structure can only be expected under very specific conditions, most of which are likely not to have been met by the ancestors of native South Americans.

El Viraje Político-cultural del Comunismo Argentino en Tiempos de Realismo Socialista y Frentes Populares Piemonte, Víctor Augusto The political-cultural doctrine of socialist realismwas approved by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and incorporated into the official policy of the Soviet government in 1934 after the completion of the First Congress of Soviet Writers. It established the methodological and aesthetic parameters which should guide all artistic production within the Soviet Union. Thereafter, any possibility of relative independence of culture and art in relation to official policy was severely questioned. This subordination position occurred at a time when the Third International began to abandon the class against class tactic in order to turn to the formation of popular fronts, thus generating significant effects in the process of building a proletarian culture. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of this relationship between cultural policy and politics itself, as evidenced by the connection between socialist realismand a political shift in the type of cultural projects carried out inside the Communist Party of Argentina (PCA) for the proletariat of their country by the middle of the 1930s. To this end, we analyze how PCA assumed that culture could be converted from being a tool of class war into a tool for democratic freedom in the struggle against reactionary authoritarianism.

Construyendo oficio: experiencias laborales de integrantes de una Planta Social de Separación en el CEAMSE; Building trade: work experiences of members of a Social Plant of Separation in CEAMSE Carenzo, Sebastian; Acevedo, Ramiro; Barbaro, Julian Matias La recuperación y clasificación de residuos ha sido considerada como una expresión acabada del trabajo "informal" y "precario". Depender de la "basura" es visto como el último recurso de aquellas personas situadas en los propios márgenes de "lo social". Estas experiencias, son generalmente caracterizadas como imagen invertida del "trabajo formal". En este trabajo presentamos resultados preliminares de un análisis realizado sobre entrevistas a integrantes de una organización comunitaria del Gran Buenos Aires. Estas personas que se abastecían ingresando al basural, son actualmente las encargadas de la gestión de una de las "plantas de clasificación y separación" habilitadas dentro del relleno1. Sostenemos la necesidad de recuperar los sentidos que estas personas conjugan para definir sus prácticas laborales, suspendiendo nociones preconstruidas como trabajo "informal", "precario", e "indecente". Como evidencian los testimonios analizados, los integrantes de este colectivo construyen estos sentidos en analogía con aquellos que configuran el mundo del trabajo formal. Particularmente, nuestro análisis destaca el modo en el cual estas prácticas de recuperación y clasificación de residuos adquieren la forma de un nuevo "oficio". Nuestros datos señalan la necesidad de repensar en las etiquetas que circulan en el mundo del trabajo y que inciden en la configuración de políticas y programas; advirtiendo que bajo formulaciones recientes acerca de la erradicación de estas prácticas se esconden intentos por desactivar iniciativas que disputan el monopolio del sistema de gestión residuos que actualmente detentan las empresas privadas de recolección y el CEAMSE.; The recovery and classification of waste has been considered a finished expression of "informal" and "precarious" work. To depend on "garbage" is seen as the last resource of those situated on the margins of "society". This experiences are often characterized as the inverted image of "formal work". In this paper we will present some preliminary results of an analysis done on interviews to members of a community organization in the Gran Buenos Aires. This people that used to supply themselves by entering the landfill, are now in charge of managing one of the "classification and separation plants" authorized inside the landfill. We support the need to recover the meanings this people combine to define their work practices, suspending preconstructed notions such as "informal", "precarious" or indecent" work. As the testimonies analyzed show, the members of this group build these meanings in analogy with those which shape the world of formal work. Particularly, our analysis emphasized the way in which these practices of recovery and classification of waste acquire the shape of a new "trade". Our data shows the need to rethink the labels which circulate in the word of work and have an incidence on the configuration of policies and programs; realizing that under recent statements about the eradication of these practices, are hidden various attempts to deactivate initiatives which dispute the monopoly of the waste management system, which now hold the private companies of refuse collection and CEAMSE.

Nuevos registros florísticos para las provincias de Mendoza y San Juan (Argentina); New floral records for the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan (Argentina) Muiño, Walter; Tamame, Maria Angelica; Beinticinco, Laura En febrero de 2012 se llevó a cabo un viaje de colecta florística a las Sierras de Uspallata (Mendoza) y al sur del departamento Calingasta (San Juan). La identificación taxonómica del material herborizado y la búsqueda de información en bases de datos permitieron constatar la presencia de Pastinaca sativa L. en la provincia de San Juan así como la de Hypochaeris tenerifolia (J.Rèmy) Dusén y Solanum tweedianum Hook en la provincia de Mendoza.; In february 2012 floral collections were made at Uspallata hills (Mendoza) and South Callingasta department (San Juan). Taxonomical identification from herborized plants and information searches in data bases allowed us to confirm the presence of Pastinaca sativa L. in San Juan province just like Hypochaeris tenerifolia (J. Rèmy) Dusén and Solanum tweedianum Hook. in Mendoza province.

Mapping and signaling of neural pathways involved in the regulation of hydromineral homeostasis Antunes Rodrigues, J.; Ruginsk, S. G.; Mecawi, A. S.; Margatho, L. O.; Cruz, J. C.; Vilhena Franco, T.; Reis, W. L.; Ventura, R. R.; Reis, L. C.; Vivas, Laura Marta; Elias, L. L. K. Several forebrain and brainstem neurochemical circuitries interact with peripheral neural and humoral signals to collaboratively maintain both the volume and osmolality of extracellular fluids. Although much progress has been made over the past decades in the understanding of complex mechanisms underlying neuroendocrine control of hydromineral homeostasis, several issues still remain to be clarified. The use of techniques such as molecular biology, neuronal tracing, electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and microinfusions has significantly improved our ability to identify neuronal phenotypes and their signals, including those related to neuron-glia interactions. Accordingly, neurons have been shown to produce and release a large number of chemical mediators (neurotransmitters, neurohormones and neuromodulators) into the interstitial space, which include not only classic neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, amines (noradrenaline, serotonin) and amino acids (glutamate, GABA), but also gaseous (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide) and lipid-derived (endocannabinoids) mediators. This efferent response, initiated within the neuronal environment, recruits several peripheral effectors, such as hormones (glucocorticoids, angiotensin II, estrogen), which in turn modulate central nervous system responsiveness to systemic challenges. Therefore, in this review, we shall evaluate in an integrated manner the physiological control of body fluid homeostasis from the molecular aspects to the systemic and integrated responses.

Intoxicación por plomo y su tratamiento farmacológico; Lead poisoning and pharmacological treatment Fontana, Daniela; Lascano, Valeria; Solá, Nancy; Martinez, Samanta Andrea; Virgolini, Miriam Beatriz; Mazzieri, Maria Rosa La intoxicación por plomo es un problema de salud pública. La evidencia de poblaciones afectadas por niveles tóxicos de plomo en sangre, confirma que hay que seguir trabajando desde una visión pluridisciplinar. Es necesario definir políticas para la prevención, detección, diagnostico y tratamiento de los efectos nocivos del plomo sobre la salud. Los niños constituyen el segmento de la población más vulnerable, con consecuencias de alto impacto social, como una disminución del coeficiente intelectual y deficiente desarrollo neurológico. En la práctica clínica, hay cuatro medicamentos que se usan para el tratamiento de la intoxicación crónica, son el edetato cálcico disódico IV e IM, el dimercaprol IM, la penicilamina VO y el succímero VO. Si se tiene en cuenta que sólo penicilamina está autorizada en nuestro país, el problema se torna mayor. Esta breve revisión pretende brindar información sobre la intoxicación por exposición al plomo, los tratamientos recomendados y los disponibles en nuestro país.; Lead exposure and poisoning is a public health concern. Evidence of people with toxic level of lead in blood confirms that it is necessary to keep on working from a multidisciplinary approach. There should be a well-defined policy for the prevention, detection, diagnosis and treatment of the harmful effects of lead. Children are the population at major risk, with high social impact consequences such as lower IQ and inadequate neurological development. There are four drugs used to treat chronic toxicity: sodium calcium edetate IV and IM, succimer (oral), dimercaprol IM, and penicillamine (oral). If we consider that the last one is the only authorized drug in our country, the problem grows bigger. This brief review offers information about lead exposure and poisoning, the recommended drug treatments and their market availability.

Mixed oxides as highly selective catalysts for the flash Pyrolysis of Phenacyl Benzotriazole: one-pot synthesis of Dibenzazepin-7-one Lener, German; Carbonio, Raul Ernesto; Moyano, Elizabeth Laura The one-pot synthesis of dibenzo[b,d]azepin-7-one (3) was selectively achieved from 1-phenacyl-1,2,3-benzotriazole (1) using the catalytic flash vacuum pyrolysis (cfvp) methodology. Catalysts with the scheelite structure ABO4 (A = Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ and B = Mo6+, W6+) and fergusonite BiVO4 were explored in this new catalytic reaction. These oxides promoted high conversion of starting material at lower temperatures than those observed for noncatalytic reactions. The chemical nature of A and B cations in the scheelite structure showed a strong influence on the formation toward the desired azepinone. In addition, the catalyst’s morphology had a significant influence on the course of the cfvp reaction.

Cooperative distributed MPC for tracking Ferramosca, Antonio; Limón, Daniel; Alvarado, I.; Camacho, E. F. This paper proposes a cooperative distributed linear model predictive control strategy for tracking changing setpoints, applicable to any finite number of subsystems. The proposed controller is able to drive the whole system to any admissible setpoint in an admissible way, ensuring feasibility under any change of setpoint. It also provides a larger domain of attraction than standard distributed MPC for regulation, due to the particular terminal constraint. Moreover, the controller ensures convergence to the centralized optimum, even in case of coupled constraints. This is possible thanks to the warm start used to initialize the optimization Algorithm, and to the design of the cost function, which integrates a Steady State Target Optimizer (SSTO). The controller is applied to a real 4 tanks plant.

Do greenhouse experiments predict willow responses to long term flooding events in the field?; ¿Los experimentos en invernáculo predicen las respuestas de sauces a períodos largos de inundación a campo? Cerrillo, Teresa; Rodríguez, María Emilia; Achinelli, Fabio Germán; Doffo, Guillermo Nestor; Luquez, Virginia Martha Cristina Flooding tolerance should be included as a trait in breeding programs in forested areas where extreme flooding events lasting several months can occur. In this context, it is difficult to carry out controlled, long-term flooding experiments with big trees due to the large number of specimens to screen. The hypothesis in this work was that a relatively short-term flooding experiment in a greenhouse would be useful to select clones capable of enduring long term flooding events in the field. The survival of 4 willow clones in a long term, 12 years field trial that was subjected twice to long term flooding events, was compared with the survival, growth and gas exchange of those same clones subjected to flooding in the greenhouse for three months. There were differences in flooding survival in the field: clone AN4 showed a 100 % survival, followed by clone 395 (43 %), clone 131-27 (18 %) and clone 13-44 (14 %). In the greenhouse, all plants survived and only flooded plants of clone 13-44 experienced a statistically significant growth and stomatal conductance reduction. The flood tolerance ranking in the field and in the greenhouse only partially overlapped; the worst clone in the field could be identified in the short-term greenhouse experiment, though the best one could not. It was not possible to identify clones with tolerance to long-term flooding episodes in the field. Nevertheless, the greenhouse results were useful to identify clones showing flooding sensitivity and tolerance to short term flooding episodes.; Es necesario incluir la tolerancia a la inundación como un carácter en programas de mejoramiento para zonas forestadas donde eventos extremos de inundación que pueden durar meses son comunes. En este contexto, es difícil llevar a cabo experimentos controlados de larga duración con árboles de gran tamaño, debido al elevado número de ejemplares que es necesario evaluar. La hipótesis de este trabajo fue que un experimento relativamente corto de inundación en el invernáculo sería útil para seleccionar clones capaces de soportar eventos de inundación de varios meses en el campo. Se comparó la supervivencia de cuatro clones de sauces en un ensayo a campo que experimentó dos episodios largos de inundación a lo largo de 12 años, y la supervivencia, crecimiento e intercambio gaseoso de los mismos clones inundados por tres meses en invernáculo. Se encontraron diferencias en la supervivencia en el ensayo a campo, del clon AN4 sobrevivieron el 100 % de las plantas, seguido por el clon 395 (43%), clon 131-27 (18%) y clon 13-44 (14%). En el invernáculo, todas las plantas sobrevivieron y sólo las plantas inundadas de 13-44 experimentaron una reducción significativa del crecimiento y la conductancia estomática. El ranking de tolerancia en el campo y en invernáculo sólo coincidió parcialmente, el clon menos tolerante en el campo pudo ser identificado en el invernáculo, pero no el clon más tolerante. Si bien no fue posible identificar clones con tolerancia a episodios largos de inundación, los datos del ensayo en invernáculo permitieron identificar clones con sensibilidad a la inundación, y con tolerancia a episodios cortos de anegamiento.

Displacement of dental implants in trabecular bone under a static lateral load in fresh bovine bone Engelke, Wilfried; Müller, Alois; Decco, Oscar Alfredo; Rau, María J.; Cura, Andrea Cecilia; Ruscio, Mara L.; Knösel, Michael Aim: The study aims to provide objective data for the displacement of titanium screw implants in trabecular bone specimens. One hundred Semados implants (Bego, Bremen, Germany) were inserted in bovine type IV bone specimens. All implants had a diameter of 3.75 mm; 50 implants had a length of 8.5 mm and 50 implants had a length of 15 mm. Insertion torque was determined at intervals of 10, 20, and 30 Ncm. Implants were loaded horizontally with 10, 20, and 30 N for 2 seconds. An indicator strip was attached to the implant abutment to allow direct observation of implant movement relative to the bone surface. Horizontal displacement was assessed with an accuracy of measurement of 10 µm. Seven implants got lost by visible loosening. Degree of displacement was subject to evaluation with all others. Those implants showed a mean displacement of 59 µm for 10 N (n = 100), 173 µm for 20 N (n = 99), and 211 µm for 30 N (n = 93). The mean displacement of 15-mm implants (16, 37, 51 µm) was significantly lower compared with 8.5-mm implants (103, 311, 396 µm) corresponding to 10, 20, and 30 N as lateral loads. Conclusions: Displacement of screw implants in trabecular bone can be detected and visualized using commercially available endoscopes with a high magnification. A lateral load of 20 N indicates a mean displacement of over 100 µm and therefore results in a critical displacement.

The first steps of the Clinical Neurology in South America Allegri, Ricardo Francisco; Bartoloni, Leonardo The field of neurology in South America began to emerge toward the end of the 19th century, following the origin of the specialty in Europe. There was a consistent and long-standing admiration for European training, which led to the birth of the discipline in South America. The first steps took place almost simultaneously with European countries in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and Peru. In the other countries, the development of neurology took place later in the 20th century.

Energy sources from the eggs of the wolf spider Schizocosa malitiosa: Isolation and characterization of lipovitellins Laino, Aldana; Cunningham, Monica Liliana; Costa, Fernando; Garcia, Carlos Fernando In oviparous species, proteins and lipids found in the vitellus form the lipoproteins called lipovitellins that are the major source of energy for the development, growth, and survival of the embryo. The energy resources provided by the lipovitellins have not yet been investigated in the Order Araneae. Using the wolf spider Schizocosa malitiosa (Lycosidae) as an experimental model, we identified and characterized the lipovitellins present in the cytosol, focusing on the energetic contribution of those lipoprotein particles in the vitellus. Two lipovitellins (LV) named SmLV1 and SmLV2 were isolated. SmLV1 is a high-density lipoprotein with 67% lipid and 3.6% carbohydrate, and SmLV2 is a very high-density lipoprotein with 9% lipid and 8.8% carbohydrate. Through electrophoresis in native conditions we observed that SmLV1 has a molecular mass of 559 kDa composed of three apolipoproteins of 116, 87, and 42 kDa, respectively. SmLV2 comprised several proteins composed of different proportions of the same subunits (135, 126, 109, and 70 kDa). The principal lipids of these lipovitellins are sphingomyelin + lysophosphatidylcholine, esterified sterols, and phosphatidylcholine. Lipovitellin-free cytosol contains abundant phospatidylcholine and triacylglyceride related to the yolk nuclei (the vitellus organizing center). The principal fatty acids of SmLV1 and SmLV2 are 18:2 n−6, 18:1 n−9, and 16:0. Spectrophotometry detected no pigments in either the lipovitellins or the cytosol. The egg caloric content was 92 cal/g, at proportions of 59.8% protein, 20.1% carbohydrate, and 19.9% lipid. SmLV1 and SmLV2 provided 19.5% and 17.1% of the calories, respectively. Both lipovitellins contribute mainly with proteins (15.8–18%), with the input of carbohydrates and lipids being lower than 1.3%.

Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene 677C>T polymorphism with hypertension in older women in a population of Buenos Aires City Fridman, Osvaldo; Porcile, Rafael; Morales, Analía Verónica; Gariglio Zappellini, Luis Osvaldo; Potenzoni, Miguel A.; Turk Noceto, Paula Cecilia We examined the relationship between the 677C >T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene and tHcy in normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT) subjects and the influence of sex and age in a cross-sectional study. Smoking habits, history of vascular disease, diabetes, and tHcy were significantly associated with T allele as hypertension risk factors. The T allele was significantly related with higher tHcy in (i) men versus women (P < .01), (ii) men and women older than 47 years versus the younger ones (P < .05 and P < .001, respectively), (iii) HT women versus NT women (P < .01), and (iv) older HT women versus older NT women (P < .01). We found an association between the 677C>T MTHFR polymorphism and tHcy with hypertension that in women is manifested with age.

Fatty acid composition of the edible sea cucumber Athyonidium chilensis Careaga Quiroga, Valeria Pilar; Muniain, Claudia Cristina; Maier, Marta Silvia The edible sea cucumber Athyonidium chilensis is a fishery resource of high commercial value in Chile, but no information on its lipid and fatty acid composition have been previously reported. Phospholipids were the major lipid contents of the ethanolic extracts of tubules, internal organs and body wall of A. chilensis. Saturated fatty acids predominated in tubule phospholipids (40.69%), while in internal organs and body wall phospholipids the monounsaturated fatty acids were in higher amounts (41.99% and 37.94%, respectively). The main polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids were C20:2n-6, arachidonic (C20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n-3) acids. These results demonstrate for the first time that A. chilensis is a valuable food for human consumption in terms of fatty acids.

Solid fat content determination by differential scanning calorimetry: Prior treatment and proposed correction Márquez, Andrés Leonardo; Pérez, María Paula; Wagner, Jorge Ricardo The objective of this work was to develop a corrected method for solid fat content estimation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as important differences are usually observed between the results given by DSC and pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Cold storage after full melting of fats was necessary to avoid the appearance of exothermic peaks in the modulated temperature DSC thermograms, in order to make an appropriate estimation of melting energy. Different fats were analyzed by NMR and DSC, obtaining considerably higher solid fat content values with the latter, uncorrected method. These differences were attributed to the fact that consumed energy per unit of melted mass tends to increase with the increase of the melting temperature of each fraction of the fats. A linear correlation between melting enthalpy and melting point of different triglycerides was used to estimate the energy per unit of mass consumed at each temperature. From these data, an estimated transformation of melting energy into melted mass was performed and new solid fat content values were calculated. The results obtained from this correction were much closer to the measurements made by NMR, in comparison to the uncorrected DSC method.