The corn influence on the adsorption levels of aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone by yeast cell wall Pereyra, Carina Maricel; Cavaglieri, Lilia Reneé; Chiacchiera, Stella Maris; Dalcero, Ana Maria Aims: To in vitro evaluate the influence of the corn on the adsorption levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEA) by yeast cell walls (YCWs). Methods and Results: Two commercial YCWs were studied. The YCWs contain different percentages of polysaccharides. YCW1 and 2 contain 5·9 and 21% of mannans and 17·4 and 23% of β-glucans, respectively. Each YCW was resuspended in pH 2 and pH 6 buffer solutions. Corn was used to study the matrix influence. An aliquot of 500 μl YCW suspension was added to each microtube containing 500 μl of 0·1, 0·25, 0·5, 1, 2·5 and 5 μg ml−1 AFB1 or 0·5, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg ml−1 ZEA. Microtubes were kept with mechanical agitation at 37°C for 30 min and then centrifuged for 10 min at 16 873 g and; the supernatants were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The amount of bound toxin was plotted as a function of the amount of added toxin according to mathematical expressions proposed by three theoretical models. Both YCWs were capable of adsorbing AFB1 and ZEA in amounts from 0·061 to 0·40 and from 0·10 and 0·26 g g−1, respectively. In the presence of the matrix, both adsorbents were not able to adsorb AFB1. However, they could adsorb ZEA at levels from 0·03 to 0·23 g g−1. Conclusions: Both YCWs adsorbed ZEA in the presence of corn and also under simulated gastrointestinal pH conditions. These results suggest that the studied YCWs are potential candidates for ZEA adsorption. Significance and Impact of the Study: Several in vitro assays have informed the ability of different substrates including yeast walls to adsorb AFB1 and ZEA; none of them have evaluated their ability to adsorb AFB1 and ZEA in the presence of the corn. The corn matrix can influence the adsorption phenomena of these mycotoxins.

Reflexiones sobre las contribuciones de la observación participante para una Sociología de los cuerpos y las emociones; Reflection about contributions of the participant observation for sociology of body and emotions Vergara, Gabriela del Valle En el marco del proyecto de investigación de beca posdoctoral CONICET (2013-2015), titulado “El trabajo y la soportabilidad entre los desechos. Tramas corporales, percepciones y emociones de recuperadores de residuos en rellenos sanitarios de Rafaela (Santa Fe) y Villa María (Córdoba), en la actualidad”, el artículo recupera las características de la observación participante desde la Antropología y la Sociología. A partir de las consideraciones de Erving Goffman y un primer análisis de registros etnográficos se reflexiona acerca de los aportes de la técnica en relación con una Sociología de los cuerpos y las emociones.; Under the research project CONICET post doctoral fellowship program (2013-2015), entitled "Work and supportability among the rubble. Body frames, perceptions and emotions of waste collectors in landfills in Rafaela (Santa Fe) and Villa Maria (Cordoba), at present", the article traces the characteristics of participant observation from Anthropology and Sociology. From considerations of Erving Goffman and ethnographic records first analysis reflects on the contributions of the technique in relation to a sociology of the body and emotions.

Four models and a challenge: past, present, and future of translator training programs in Argentina Arrizabalaga, Maria Ines Argentina has a long-standing tradition in translation training. This article has two purposes. On the one hand, it seeks to describe four translation training models prevailing in Argentinean universities, especially at Comahue, Córdoba and La Plata universities. The application of such models will be discussed in relation to the foreign-language training of students prior to and throughout undergraduate education. On the other hand, I will present a translation training model with a view to develop research skills in students, which might foster undergraduate education in research. The urgency to build up a research competence in students is backed up by the fact that Translation Studies is at present a vacant research area in the country.

Novel enzyme-polymer conjugates for biotechnological applications Romero, Oscar Eduardo; Rivero, Cintia Wanda; Guisán, José M.; Palomo, José M. In the present research, a rapid, simple and efficient chemoselective method for the site-directed incorporation of tailor-made polymers into protein to create biocatalysts with excellent properties for pharmaceutical industrial purpose has been performed. First we focused on the protein engineering of the Geobacillus thermocatenulatus lipase 2 (BTL2) to replace the two cysteines (Cys65, Cys296) in the wild type enzyme (BTL-WT) by two serines. Then, by similar mode, a unique cysteine was introduced in the lid area of the protein. For the site-directed polymer incorporation, a set of different tailor-made thiol-ionic-polymers were synthesized and the protein cysteine was previously activated with 2,2-dithiodipyridine (2-PDS) to allow the disulfide exchange. The protected BTL variants were specifically modified with the different polymers in excellent yields, creating a small library of new biocatalysts. Different and important changes in the catalytic properties, possible caused by structural changes in the lid region, were observed. The different modified biocatalysts were tested in the synthesis of intermediates of antiviral and antitumor drugs, like nucleoside analogues and derivatives of phenylglutaric acid. In the hydrolysis of per-acetylated thymidine, the best biocatalyst was the BTL*-193-DextCOOH , where the activity was increased in 3-fold and the regioselectivity was improved, reaching a yield of 92% of 3’-O-acetyl-thymidine. In the case of the asymmetric hydrolysis of dimethyl phenylglutarate, the best result was found with BTL*-193-DextNH2-6000, where the enzyme activity was increased more than 5-fold and the enantiomeric excess was >99%.

Las lógicas privadas de la expansión: loteos de barrios parque en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires. 1910-1950; The private dynamics of the expansion: garden suburb allotments in Buenos Aires`s Metropolitan Area, between 1910 and 1950 Gomez Pintus, Ana Helena Entre las décadas de 1910 y 1950 se asistió –en lo que se llamaría posteriormente el Gran Buenos Aires (GBA)– al crecimiento de un tipo particular de suburbio asociado a la residencia de verano o fin de semana y que a lo largo del período contribuiría a consolidar formas particulares de la expansión. Con la perspectiva más amplia de conocer los procesos (y por ende, los actores) que estuvieron por detrás de este tipo de crecimiento suburbano, en este artículo, trataremos de suministrar algunos elementos para comprender la participación que los agentes productores privados han tenido en los procesos de producción del suelo. Sobre el corpus de casos seleccionados para el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires se verificó a lo largo del período una actuación creciente de particulares, que operaron, fundamentalmente a fines del período, a través de pequeñas subdivisiones o de la compra-venta de lotes, junto a la acción de inmobiliarias medianas (que produjeron loteos en conjunción con los dueños de las tierras). Las operaciones generadas por este último grupo a través de los loteos y remates de tierras constituyeron el dato singular de la expansión en el GBA.; After Between 1910 and 1950, Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area witnessed the growth of a particular kind of suburb (gathering summer residences and week-end housing) that would show to be determinant for the settling of a particular type of expansion. In order to show the process, along with the actors, implied in this type of expansion, in this paper we present some ideas that could help us understand the role of the private agents working in land production's process. From the case analysis, first results show the growing participation of particular owners dividing, buying and selling land in small proportions, along with landowners in association with real state agents. The operations undertaken by this group: land auctions and subdivisions resulted in the idiosyncrasy of Buenos Aires´ sprawl.

Serum albumin level during intestinal exfoliative rejection: a potential predictor of graft recovery and patient outcome Zambernardi König, María Agustina; Gondolesi, Gabriel Eduardo; Cabanne, Ana; Martínez, María Inés; Solar, Héctor; Rumbo, Martín; Rumbo, Carolina Exfoliative rejection is a severe complication after intestinal transplant. The assessment of mucosa histology is restricted to the area reached by endoscopy. We aim to evaluate the serum albumin (SA) value as a parameter of graft damage and clinical prognosis in intestinal exfoliative rejection (ExR). The present study is a retrospective analysis of 11 episodes of ExR occurred in a cohort of 26 patients. SA levels were measured 24 h after diagnosis and twice a week thereafter and then correlated with parameters of clinical and graft histological recovery (HR). During ExR, all patients had very low SA levels, reaching a minimum average of 1.9 0.3 g/dL. According to the value of albumin levels at ExR diagnosis, the patients were grouped finding a correlation with their clinical evolution. Six ExR episodes presented with severe hipoalbuminemia (<2.2 g/dL; p < 0.05) that correlated with worse patient and graft outcome, ranging from graft loss and need for retransplantation to delayed clinical and HR. SA at ExR diagnosis may be an indicator of the severity of the ExR process, and it could also be used as an early predictor of patient and graft outcome.

Electroanalysis using modified hierarchical nanoporous carbon materials Coneo Rodriguez, Rusbel; Baena Moncada, Angélica María; Acevedo, Diego Fernando; Planes, Gabriel Angel; Miras, Maria Cristina; Barbero, César Alfredo The role of the electrode nanoporosity in electroanalytical processes is discussed and specific phenomena (slow double layer charging, local pH effects) which can be present in porous electrode are described. Hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) materials are synthesized using a hard template method. The three dimensional carbon porosity is examined using scanning electron microscopy on flat surfaces cut using a focused ion beam (FIB-SEM). The electrochemical properties of the HPC are measured using cyclic voltammetry, AC impedance, chronoamperometry and Probe Beam Deflection (PBD) techniques. Chronoamperometry measurements of HPC seems to fit a transmission line model. PBD data show evidence of local pH changes inside the pores, during double layer charging. The HPC are modified by in situ (chemical or electrochemical) formation of metal (Pt/Ru) or metal oxide (CoOx, Fe3O4) nanoparticles. Additionally, HPC loaded with Pt decorated magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles is produced by galvanic displacement. The modified HPC materials are used for the electroanalysis of different substances (CO, O2, AsO3 3). The role of the nanoporous carbon substrate in the electroanalytical data is evaluated.

Construcción de un corpus de artículos de semidivulgación: aspectos teóricos y metodológicos; Building a corpus of semi-popularization articles: theoretical and methodological aspects Muñoz, Verónica Lilian La lingüística de corpus es una metodología de investigación que ha ganado protagonismo en el área de la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras. Este marco metodológico permite el estudio empírico de grandes bases de datos lingüísticos fundados en el uso real de la lengua, y la cuantificación del uso de la lengua utilizando métodos estadísticos. En este trabajo se introducen aspectos básicos de la lingüística de corpus como metodología de investigación, se describen lineamientos para la construcción de un corpus y se presentan los pasos seguidos para la compilación de un corpus especializado (Corpus of English Popularization Articles in Agriculture - CEPAA). El corpus fue construido para responder a las necesidades de un curso de lectura en inglés destinado a alumnos de Ingeniería Agronómica de la UNRC. La construcción del CEPAA se sustentó en los criterios de diseño y compilación especificados por la lingüística de corpus. Dichos criterios son representatividad, balance, diversidad de fuentes de publicación, disponibilidad de textos en formato electrónico, período, tamaño, uso de textos completos, variedad de escritores, y dialecto. El CEPAA es representativo de un género (artículos de semi-divulgación), un registro (científico), una disciplina (ciencias agrarias), un tema específico (producción de granos), y un idioma (inglés). Los artículos fueron recolectados de las ediciones correspondientes a los períodos 2008 y 2009 de doce revistas de divulgación publicadas online por once universidades de los Estados Unidos. Se recolectaron 700 artículos de diferentes extensiones, sumando un total de 455.366 palabras. El corpus representa una totalidad de 292 escritores.; Corpus linguistics has gained impetus as a research methodology in the area of foreign language teaching. This approach involves the empirical study of large linguistic databases based on real language, as well as the quantification of language use using statistical procedures. The purpose of this paper is to introduce basic aspects underlying corpus linguistics as an approach to language research, to describe the criteria used for corpus construction, and to describe the procedures followed to build a specialized corpus (Corpus of English Popularization Articles in Agriculture - CEPAA). This corpus was built in the context of an English reading course addressed to agriculture students at UNRC. The compilation of the CEPAA was based on the design criteria specified by corpus linguistics. The criteria are representativeness, balance, diversity of publication sources, availability of texts in electronic form, period, size, use of complete texts, variety of writers, and dialect. The CEPAA is representative of a genre (semi-popularization articles), a register (science), a discipline (agriculture), a specific domain (corn production), and a language (English). The articles were collected from the 2008-2009 issues of twelve popularization magazines published online by eleven American universities. A total number of 700 full texts of different lengths were assembled from the twelve publications, totaling 455,366 words. The corpus represents 292 writers.

Pendulous Usnea species (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in tropical South America and the Galapagos Truong, Camille; Rodriguez, Juan Manuel; Clerc, Philippe The diversity of pendulous Usnea species in tropical South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela) and the Galapagos Islands is discussed with reference to 23 species. Usnea crenulata Truong & Clerc is newly described. Usnea articulata, U. deformis, U. dimorpha, U. geissleriana, U. merrillii, U. perhispidella, U. sanctaeritae, U. subflammea and U. transitoria are newly reported for South America. Modern descriptions are provided for Usnea amabilis, U. arthroclada, U. dodgei, U. humboldtii and U. regia. We propose to reject the synonymy of U. hesperina with U. schadenbergiana, and the valid name for U. hesperina is therefore U. subgracilis. Distinct patterns of unidentified triterpenoids have been detected by thin-layer chromatography and are used to characterize several species within this group. The morphology, branch anatomy, chemistry, ecology and distribution of each species are given, together with an identification key.

Una aproximación a la relación militarismo-sociedad en Israel y sus transformaciones a partir de 1967 Goldstein, Ariel Alejandro El propósito del siguiente trabajo es el de lograr una aproximación para comprender la relación que se ha tramado históricamente entre la sociedad israelí y lo que podríamos denominar como la constitución de un ethos militarista, el cual se define desde la posición predominante que ocupa la Haganá como fuerza defensiva cívico-militar desde los años 30/40 en el sionismo palestino, la constitución de las IDF con la fundación del Estado israelí en 1948, y la posición hegemónica que estas últimas asumen de forma definida como resultado de las transformaciones que se cristalizan a partir de la Guerra de 1967. Finalmente, reflexionaremos respecto de las problemáticas en las que indagan algunos trabajos respecto de los cambios recientes en la relación militarismo-sociedad en Israel, así como en relación a los efectos que se producen a partir de la centralidad que ocupan las IDF en esta sociedad.

Engineered human Tmpk fused with truncated cell-surface markers: versatile cell-fate control safety cassettes Scaife, Matthew; Pacienza, Natalia Alejandra; Au, B. C. Y.; Wang, J. C. M.; Devine, S.; Scheid, E.; Lee, C. J.; Lopez Perez, O.; Neschadim, A.; Fowler, D. H.; Foley, R.; Medin, J. A. Cell-fate control gene therapy (CFCGT)-based strategies can augment existing gene therapy and cell transplantation approaches by providing a safety element in the event of deleterious outcomes. Previously, we described a novel enzyme/prodrug combination for CFCGT. Here, we present results employing novel lentiviral constructs harboring sequences for truncated surface molecules (CD19 or low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor) directly fused to that CFCGT cDNA (TmpkF105Y). This confers an enforced one-to-one correlation between cell marking and eradication functions. In-vitro analysis demonstrated the full functionality of the fusion product. Next, low-dose 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) administration to non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice injected with transduced clonal K562 cells suppressed tumor growth; furthermore, one integrated vector on average was sufficient to mediate cytotoxicity. Further, in a murine xenogeneic leukemia-lymphoma model we also demonstrated in-vivo control over transduced Raji cells. Finally, in a proof-of-principle study to examine the utility of this cassette in combination with a therapeutic cDNA, we integrated this novel CFCGT fusion construct into a lentivector designed for treatment of Fabry disease. Transduction with this vector restored enzyme activity in Fabry cells and retained AZT sensitivity. In addition, human Fabry patient CD34(+) cells showed high transduction efficiencies and retained normal colony-generating capacity when compared with the non-transduced controls. These collective results demonstrated that this novel and broadly applicable fusion system may enhance general safety in gene- and cell-based therapies.

Strain energy change to the insertion of inclusions associated to a thermo-mechanical semi-coupled system Giusti, Sebastian Miguel; Novotny, A. A.; Muñoz Rivera, J. E.; Esparta Rodriguez, J. E. The topological derivative measures the sensitivity of a given shape functional with respect to an infinitesimal singular domain perturbation. According to the literature, the topological derivative has been fully developed for a wide range of one single physical phenomenon modeled by partial differential equations. In addition, the topological asymptotic analysis associated to multi-physics problems has been reported in the literature only on the level of mathematical analysis of singularly perturbed geometrical domains. In this work, we present the topological derivative in its closed form for the total potential mechanical energy associated to a thermo-mechanical semi-coupled system, when a small circular inclusion is introduced at an arbitrary point of the domain. In particular, we consider the linear elasticity system (modeled by the Navier equation) coupled with the steady-state heat conduction problem (modeled by the Laplace equation). The mechanical coupling term comes out from the thermal stress induced by the temperature field. Since this term is non-local, we introduce a non-standard adjoint state, which allows to obtain a closed form for the topological derivative. Finally, we provide a full mathematical justification for the derived formulas and develop precise estimates for the remainders of the topological asymptotic expansion.

Cost of reproduction. Changes in metabolism and endosulfan lethality caused by reproductive behavior in Hyalella curvispina (Crustacea: Amphipoda) Negro, Carlos Leandro; Castiglioni, M.; Senkman, Lidia Eloisa; Loteste, Alicia Elena; Collins, Pablo Agustin Biocides are periodically applied in agricultural activities, reaching aquatic systems and acting upon the biota. Amphipods are widely used in toxicity tests because of their sensitivity to a wide range of pollutants. In this work, we report the differential lethality of a widely used pesticide, endosulfan, on the amphipod Hyalella curvispina at two life stages and in three different adult groups, males and females separated by sex and both sexes grouped together. In addition, oxygen consumption of adult groups was determined as a way to estimate the role of behavioral activities and exposure to toxic agents in metabolism shift. Juveniles were as resistant as adults separated by sex. When grouped without sexual differentiation, adults were more sensitive to toxic agents. The oxygen consumption rate was higher when adults were grouped without sexual differentiation in the control group. The exposure to low concentrations causes an increase in oxygen consumption in all the treatments. Sexual behavior could have increased metabolism and sensitivity to endosulfan. Using only juveniles or adults separated by sex in toxicity tests may inaccurately estimate the lethality of biocides, especially in species with constant reproductive activities.

High viral load in the planthopper vector Delphacodes kuscheli (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is associated with successful transmission of Mal de Río Cuarto virus Argüello Caro, Evangelina Beatriz; Maroniche, Guillermo Andrés; Dumón, Analía Delina; Sagadín, Mónica B.; del Vas, Mariana; Truol, Graciela Ana Delphacodes kuscheli Fennah (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is the main natural vector of Mal de Rio Cuarto virus (family Reoviridae, genus Fijivirus, MRCV), which infects different gramineae and causes the most important maize (Zea mays L.) disease in Argentina. MRCV—vector interactions usually are studied using different winter cereals as hosts. Under experimental conditions, <50% of D. kuscheli planthoppers fed on a MRCV-infected plant can transmit the virus to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). This fact is influenced by insect development stage at acquisition and the latency period. This work describes the relation between transmission efficiency and MRCV accumulation in its planthopper vector. First- and third-instar D. kuscheli nymphs were allowed to feed on MRCV-infected plants, and 9 or 17 d after the acquisition access period (AAP), viral load of transmitting and nontransmitting planthoppers was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The transmitting planthoppers showed significantly higher viral titers than nontransmitting ones, suggesting that successful transmission is positively associated to viral accumulation in the insect. However, planthoppers of the third-instars group did not transmit the virus 9 d after AAP, even when 46% had similar titers to the transmitting insects of the other treatments. These results indicate that additional factors influence MRCV transmission efficiency when acquisition occurs in older planthoppers. This is the first precise quantitative analysis of MRCV in its main vector species and will definitely contribute to better understand planthopper—Fijivirus interactions and its epidemiological implications.

Transcriptional response of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages after the infection with different argentinean mycobacterium bovis Isolates Caimi, Karina Cynthia; Blanco, Federico Carlos; Soria, Marcelo Abel; Bigi, Fabiana Infection of bovines with Mycobacterium bovis causes important financial hardship in many countries presenting also a risk for humans. M. bovis is known to be adapted to survive and thrive within the intramacrophage environment. In spite of its relevance, at present the information about macrophage expression patterns is scarce, particularly regarding the bovine host. In this study, transcriptomic analysis was used to detect genes differentially expressed in macrophages derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells at early stages of infection with two Argentinean strains of M. bovis, a virulent and an attenuated strains. The results showed that the number of differentially expressed genes in the cells infected with the virulent strain (5) was significantly lower than those in the cells infected with the attenuated strain (172). Several genes were more strongly expressed in infected macrophages. Among them, we detected encoding transcription factors, anthrax toxin receptor, cell division and apoptosis regulator, ankyrin proteins, cytoskeleton proteins, protein of cell differentiation, and regulators of endocytic traffic of membrane. Quantitative real-time PCR of a selected group of differentially expressed genes confirmed the microarrays results. Altogether, the present results contribute to understanding the mechanisms involved in the early interaction of M. bovis with the bovine macrophage.

Entre paros y cacerolazos: apuntes sobre la conflictividad social en la Argentina reciente Gamallo, Leandro Anibal En el último Anuario del Conflicto Social (el correspondiente al año 2011), un breve análisis de Massimo Modonesi sobre ?las luchas populares? latinoamericanas advertía sobre la tendencia desmovilizante que azotaba al conjunto de las organizaciones sociales que actuaban en países con ?gobiernos progresistas? y lanzaba, al mismo tiempo, una esperanza sobre los pequeños brotes ?removilizantes? que parecían surgir en dichos países. A partir de una periodización que identificaba un primer momento de quiebre del consenso neoliberal merced a la movilización popular y una posterior institucionalización de cambios progresivos gracias a victorias electorales de ?candidatos, partidos y coaliciones progresistas?, según Modonesi, se estaría produciendo en la actualidad un tercer momento: ?un proceso de disminución de la conflictualidad social y de des-movilización? (2011:253), acompañado de ?una simultánea reactivación del conflicto y de re-movilización cuyas características hay que tratar de distinguir en sus formas incipientes? (Modonesi, 2011:253). El presente trabajo interroga la caracterización del conflicto social durante esta última etapa a partir de una premisa teórica que consideramos fundamental: los análisis sobre conflictividad y movimientos sociales no pueden ignorar la relación entre la contienda social y el orden político que la configura y en el que tienen lugar dichos conflictos. A mitad de camino de los análisis que observan solamente las dinámicas internas de las organizaciones sociales y los factores que promueven la acción colectiva (poniendo el foco solamente sobre la sociedad civil) y aquellas investigaciones que sólo observan las instituciones del sistema político y sus reglas (posando la mirada sólo sobre el Estado), el enfoque desde el cual partimos pretende describir analíticamente los principales conflictos del año 2012 en Argentina a partir de su vínculo con las instituciones y el orden político que los posibilitan y al cual modifican también dinámicamente .

Aportes neurocientíficos sobre interocepción cardíaca, emociones y redes insulares García Cordero, Indira; Couto, Juan Blas Marcos; Ibanez Barassi, Agustín Mariano El estudio de la Ínsula de Reil, ha cobrado un reciente interés por la que fuera un área cerebral poco mencionada en la neurociencia cognitiva moderna. Sucesivas revisiones de trabajos de campos diversos como estudios clínicos, modelos experimentales, y neuroimágenes, han revelado la participación de la ínsula en múltiples tareas cognitivas, afectivas y perceptuales. Un posible marco teórico integrador de estos variados procesos, es la interocepción o censado del estado homeostático y visceral. El procesamiento insular y su comunicación a áreas homólogas motrices como la corteza cingulada anterior (CCA), desencadenaría y regularía comportamientos que entrañan un contenido afectivo-emocional esencial para el mantenimiento de la consciencia corporal a nivel individual. En este artículo, se analiza evidencia que involucra a la interocepción y al procesamiento insular integrativo en el surgimiento de estados emocionales conscientes haciendo especial énfasis en el papel de los estudios de lesiones y el uso de técnicas de conectividad funcional en resonancia magnética funcional (RMf). Además, se revisa la conceptualización de la interocepción cardíaca, su estudio a través de la evaluación de pacientes con patología cerebral vascular isquémica y patología cardíaca en el marco de los de las interacciones corazón-cerebro, nuevo campo de estudio de las neurociencias.; The insula of Reil has recently became an interesting research topic, in despite of its few mention in modern cognitive neuroscience. Several studies in different areas like clinical reports, experimental models and neuroimaging have revealed the role of the insula in cognitive, emotional and visceral perception tasks. In this article, we revise different studies in patients with stroke and cardiac disease regarding cardiac interoception. Particularly, it has been suggested that the insular processing through its connections with the anterior cingulate cortex is required for the representation of the visceral state of the body and critical for the emerging of emotional awareness. Furthermore, evidence from different methodologies such as lesion studies and functional connectivity analysis of magnetic resonance imaging support those hypotheses. We conclude that the understanding of this new field of research in neuroscience, the heart-brain relationships, would highly benefit from the study of insular integration and the arise of conscious emotional states while make emphasis on the convergent use of lesion and functional neuroimaging approaches as a powerful research strategy.

Application of hairy roots for phytoremediation: what makes them an interesting tool for this purpose? Agostini, Elizabeth; Talano, Melina Andrea; González, Paola Solange; Wevar Oller, Ana Laura; Medina, Maria Ines In recent years, hairy roots (HRs) have been successfully used as research tools for screening the potentialities of different plant species to tolerate, accumulate, and/or remove environmental pollutants, such as PCBs, TNT, pharmaceuticals, textile dyes, phenolics, heavy metals, and radionuclides. This is in part due to several advantages of this plant model system and the fact that roots have evolved specific mechanisms to deal with pollutants because they are the first organs to have contact with them. In addition, by using HRs some metabolic pathways and enzymatic catalyzed reactions involved in pollutants detoxification can be elucidated as well as the mechanisms of uptake, transformation, conjugation, and compartmentation of pollutants in vacuoles and/or cell walls, which are important detoxification sites in plants. Plant roots also stimulate the degradation of contaminants by the release of root exudates and oxido-reductive enzymes, such as peroxidases (Px) and laccases, that are associated with the removal of some organic pollutants. HRs are also considered good alternatives as enzyme sources for remediation purposes. Furthermore, application of genetic engineering methods and development of microbe-assisted phytoremediation are feasible strategies to enhance plant capabilities to tolerate, accumulate, and/or metabolize pollutants and, hence, to create or find an appropriate plant system for environmental cleanup. The present review highlights current knowledge, recent progress, areas which need to be explored, and future perspectives related to the application and improvement of the efficiency of HRs for phytoremediation research.

El contexto como factor del aprendizaje autorregulado en la educación superior; Context as a factor of self-regulated learning in higher education; O contexto como fator da aprendizagem autorregulada na educação superior Daura, Florencia Teresita El presente trabajo analiza la influencia que tiene el entorno sobre el desarrollo del aprendizaje autorregulado en los estudiantes universitarios y la responsabilidad que tiene el docente de aprender a enseñar; se describen los resultados de un estudio en curso, obtenidos a partir de la observación de documentos de cátedra y de clases desarrolladas en el programa de Medicina de una universidad privada argentina. Dicho análisis se realizó a partir del modelo ofrecido por la Teoría Fundamentada con el objeto de elaborar un marco teórico que ayude a comprender cómo se desenvuelve el vínculo entre el docente y los estudiantes, cuáles son las estrategias didácticas utilizadas en el aula para favorecer el desarrollo del AAR y qué características tiene el proceso autorregulatorio efectuado por la cátedra. Se llega a la conclusión que tanto el estudiante como el profesor deben reconocer sus posiciones y entender las características del contexto en el que se encuentran para generar un mejor aprendizaje.; This study analyzes the influence that the environment has on developing self-regulated learning in university students as well as the teacher's accountability for learning to teach. It describes the results of an ongoing study, which have been obtained by observing class documents and ongoing classes in the school of Medicine of a private Argentinean university. The analysis was based on the model offered by Grounded Theory Approach; its purpose was to elaborate a theoretical frame than can enhance understanding of how the connection between teacher and student happens, what teaching strategies are used in the classroom to forward the development of AAR and what characteristics the self regulated process undertaken in class have. The study concludes that both student and teacher must acknowledge their positions and understand the characteristics of the context on which they are in order to generate better learning.; O presente trabalho analisa a influência que o contexto tem sobre o desenvolvimento da aprendizagem autorregulada nos estudantes universitários e a responsabilidade que o docente tem de aprender a ensinar; descrevem-se os resultados de um estudo em curso, obtidos a partir da observação de documentos de disciplinas e de aulas desenvolvidas no programa de Medicina de uma universidade particular argentina. Essa análise se realizou a partir do modelo oferecido pela Teoria Fundamentada com o objetivo de elaborar um referencial teórico que ajude a compreender como se desenvolve o vínculo entre o docente e os estudantes, quais são as estratégias didáticas utilizadas na sala de aula para favorecer o desenvolvimento da AAR e que características o processo autorregulatório tem efetuado pela disciplina. Chega-se à conclusão que tanto o estudante quanto o professor devem reconhecer suas posições e entender as características do contexto no qual se encontram para gerar uma melhor aprendizagem.

Regulación, auto-determinación y libertad; Regulation, self-determination and freedom Vázquez, Stella Maris; Daura, Florencia Teresita Se analiza la relación y la distinción entre los conceptos de regulación, autodeterminación y libertad, y se presentan las influencias teóricas que condujeron a su identificación. La cuestión se acota al tratamiento de la teoría de la auto-determinación y la teoría relacional de las necesidades. Se intenta mostrar que la auto-regulación no puede identificarse con la autonomía, ni el concepto de autonomía es sinónimo de auto-determinación, porque la autonomía refiere a la propiedad de la voluntad de ser la fuente de la ley, en sentido kantiano, y el concepto de auto-determinación refiere a la propiedad de la voluntad de ser dominio de sí y del resto de las capacidades. El concepto de auto-regulación tiene su lugar de origen en la biología y luego se aplica, por extensión, al campo de la psicología.; This article presents the analysis of the relation and separation among the concepts regulation, self-determination and freedom, and further approaches to the theoretical influences leading to their identification. This issue is limited by approaching the theory of self-determination and the relational theory of the needs. It is intended to elucidate that neither self-regulation can be identified with the concept autonomy nor autonomy is a synonym of self-determination, because autonomy refers to the faculty of the volition to become the source of law, in the Kantian sense, and selfdetermination is the faculty of volition to become control over self and the other capabilities. The concept self-regulation has its origin in biology and is later applied, by extension, to the field of psychology.