Cryptic species and colonization processes in Ophryotrocha (Annelida, Dorvilleidae) inhabiting vertebrate remains in the shallow-water Mediterranean Taboada, Sergi; Leiva, Carlos; Bas López, Maria; Schult, Nancy; McHugh, Damhnait Over the past several years, there has been growing interest in how bones of decaying mammals are colonized in the marine seabed. One of the most common opportunistic taxa occurring worldwide on bones is dorvilleid polychaetes of the genus Ophryotrocha. In a recent study in the Mediterranean, Ophryotrocha puerilis and Ophryotrocha alborana were two of the most abundant species occurring in experimentally deployed bones. These species have direct development and this makes them a suitable model to study the mechanisms and processes allowing organisms lacking a dispersive larval phase to colonize new substrates. Here, we address the colonization processes at the molecular level for populations of O. puerilis and O. alborana on experimentally deployed mammal bones in the shallow-water Mediterranean collected over a year at 3-month intervals. High genetic distances between some of the O. puerilis organisms collected indicated the occurrence of at least two cryptic sibling species (O. puerilis ‘Shallow’ and O. puerilis ‘Deep’) apart from O. puerilis sensu stricto. This was corroborated with phylogenetic analyses using an alignment of three concatenated genes (COI, 16S, H3) and with species delimitation analyses using COI. The haplotype network inferred from COI sequences for O. puerilis ‘Shallow’ showed a few common haplotypes shared between the two trimesters analysed and several other less represented haplotypes only present in one trimester. Thus, colonization of these experimental bones may have been achieved by a few organisms that arrived to the bones and were able to reseed, and by several individuals arriving to the experimental bones and not persisting across time. In contrast, the haplotype network for O. alborana revealed that none of the haplotypes present in three different trimesters were shared, suggesting that the populations arriving at the bones during each trimester were totally replaced by new individuals during the subsequent trimesters. Our study suggests that different species of shallow-water Ophryotrocha occurring in the Mediterranean may have different patterns of substrate colonization despite sharing similar life histories.

Maternal knowledge and use of galactagogues in andean communities of Cusco, Peru Monteban, Madalena A commonly reported reason for early breastfeeding cessation is inadequate milk production. In response, women across the globe turn to galactagogues – substances used to increase the milk supply. Andean women have traditional knowledge about the medicinal and nutritional properties of plants and animals that are considered good to eat during breastfeeding. This research explores the maintenance and use of galactagogues, and specifically the use of the Andean flicker bird, within the wider framework of breastfeeding and nutrition policies in Peru. To elicit maternal knowledge and use of galactagogues, semi-structured and free-listing interviews were conducted with 33 mothers. Data analysis calculated the frequency and percentage of women reporting each type of galactagogue. In addition, thematic codes and relevant text passages were used in an iterative analytic process to document emerging themes. Identified galactagogues included five plants and six animals. Several galactagogues included protein-rich foods such as lamb meat and the Andean flicker bird. The use of protein-rich galactagogues as solid food is reinforced by public health messages. However, galactagogues in the research communities are usually consumed as soups or drinks, which are less rich in proteins than solid meals. The potential role of liquid galactagogues in the maintenance of appropriate hydration levels during breastfeeding in an environment where safe drinking water is scarce is a new contribution to the existing literature. The results are relevant to the design of maternal and child health policies that comply with intercultural health premises that value and respect the knowledge and practices of Andean Peoples.

La jeunesse rurale en Amérique latine; La juventud rural en América Latina; Rural youth in Latin America Kessler, Gabriel; Nuñez, Pedro Fernando La juventud rural en América Latina ha sido un tema largo tiempo casi invisible para las ciencias sociales y las políticas públicas. Esta situación ha comenzado a cambiar desde mediados de los años ochenta, conformándose un campo de investigación aún incipiente. El artículo es una revisión del estado actual de los trabajos sobre juventud rural en la región, presentando los hallazgos principales de dichas investigaciones así como las principales lagunas que presentan. Los temas tratados son la definición de juventud rural y su identidad, las relaciones familiares y de género, la problemática educativa, el mundo del trabajo, la participación política y social, las migraciones y la temática indígena. Aunque a primera vista, la mayoría de los temas no difieren de los tópicos habituales de los estudios de juventud urbana, los hallazgos marcan las particularidades de estos jóvenes respecto de sus pares urbanos.; La jeunesse rurale en Amérique latine a été longtemps une question presque invisible pour les sciences sociales et les politiques publiques. Cette situation a commencé à changer depuis le milieu des années quatre-vingt, mais il s’agit d’un domaine de recherche encore à ses débuts. L’article est une mise en revue de l’état actuel des recherches sur la jeunesse rurale dans la région, présentant les principales conclusions de celles-ci, ainsi que d’importantes lacunes présentes. Les sujets traités comprennent la définition de la jeunesse rurale et de l’identité, les relations familiales et le genre, les problèmes d’éducation, le travail, la participation politique et sociale, les migrations et les jeunes des peuples originaires. Bien qu’à première vue, la plupart des sujets ne diffèrent pas des thèmes habituels des études sur la jeunesse urbaine, les résultats marquent les particularités de ces jeunes vis-à-vis de leurs pairs urbains.; During long years rural youth in Latin America aroused little interest among social scientists and public policymakers. This situation changed in the mid-1980s, however, when an incipient bibliography appeared and a new field of study began to take shape. This article reviews research in print on rural youth in the region, pointing out both achievements and significant gaps. Around 50 studies in the fields of sociology, anthropology and education were reviewed; the subjects covered include the definition and identity of rural youth, its family and gender relations, educational problems and working world, social and political participation and migrations, as well as topics involving native people. Although at first glance the subject matter does not appear to differ greatly from topics covered in research on urban youth, findings point up the particularities that distinguish these young people from their urban counterparts.

Effect of steel fibers on static and blast response of high strength concrete Luccioni, Bibiana Maria; Isla, Federico Ignacio; Codina, Ramon Humberto; Ambrosini, Ricardo Daniel; Zerbino, Raul Luis; Giaccio, Graciela Marta; Torrijos, Maria Celeste The advantages of High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HSFRC) in static behavior highlighted by many researchers suggest it is a promising material to withstand dynamic loads. However, available experimental results regarding blast performance of HSFRC structural elements are still limited. The results of exploratory series of tests using a high strength concrete, over 100 MPa compressive strength, reinforced with long hooked-end steel fibers are presented in this paper. The results of static characterization tests performed on prisms and slabs and the results of blast tests on slabs are presented and analyzed. The improvements found in static flexure response with different fibers contents are compared with those found under blast loads. The effects of fibers controlling cracking, scabbing and spalling under close-in explosions are also addressed.

Spectral Signal Density of Carotid Plaque Using Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Reynoso, Exequiel; Rodriguez Granillo, Gaston Alfredo; Capunay, Carlos; Deviggiano, Alejandro; Meli, Francisco; Carrascosa, Patricia BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Plaque characterization using virtual monochromatic imaging derived from dual-energy computed tomography (CT) angiography requires the determination of normal signal density values of each plaque component. We sought to explore the signal density values of carotid plaque components using dual-energy compared to conventional single-energy CT angiography (CTA), and to establish the energy level with the largest differences between plaque components. METHODS: The present prospective study involved consecutive patients referred for carotid artery evaluation by CTA. Two scans (single-energy and dual-energy CTA) were performed in all patients, and a single radiologist analyzed the data. Single-source dual-energy CTA allowed the generation of virtual monochromatic images from 40 to 140 keV. RESULTS: A total of 35 internal carotid artery lesions were examined in 20 symptomatic patients. The mean age was 72.3 ± 6.7 years, and 9 (45%) patients were male. Internal carotid artery geometrical variables including lumen area (P =.96), vessel area (P =.97), and percent area stenosis (P =.99) did not differ between groups (single-energy CTA, and dual-energy CTA at 40, 70, 100, and 140 keV). Differences between signal densities of different tissues were largest at 40 keV (calcium/lumen, P <.0001; fat/noncalcified, P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In the present pilot investigation, virtual monochromatic imaging at low-energy levels derived from dual-energy CTA allowed the largest differences in attenuation levels between tissues, without affecting vessel or plaque geometry.

Portuarios en lucha: de la huelga de 1966 a la demanda por un “puerto-fábrica” en Bahía Blanca; Port workers´s struggle: from the strike of 1966, to the claim for a "Factory- Port"- Bahía BlancaIngeniero White Zapata, Ana Belén En este artículo analizaremos aspectos singulares en la dinámica de la huelga portuaria de 1966, en el gobierno dictatorial de Juan Carlos Onganía. Nos centraremos en la reconstrucción histórica del conflicto en el puerto de Ingeniero White, cercano a Bahía Blanca. Analizaremos los momentos de coordinación y/o disonancia en las instancias que marcaron esta lucha, en lo local, regional y nacional. Nos preguntamos ¿cuáles fueron las principales demandas locales en el marco de medidas que afectaron a distintos puertos del país durante la huelga?, ¿cómo contrastaron los momentos de la huelga entre la escala local y la nacional?, ¿cuáles fueron los efectos de ese proceso de lucha para los trabajadores a corto y largo plazo?, ¿qué aprendizajes trajo aparejada esta lucha?; In this article we will analyze singular aspects in the dynamics of a port strike in 1966, in the context of the dictatorial government of Juan Carlos Onganía, in Argentina. We will focus on the historical reconstruction of this conflict specifically at Ingeniero White’s port, near Bahía Blanca. We will analyze the moments of coordination /dissonance of this struggle, at the local, regional and national levels. We will start from the questions: What were the main local requests within the strike? How did the moments of the strike contrast between the local and the national scale? What were the short and long term effects of this process for the workers?, What lessons did this struggle bring to them?

Incremental Q-learning strategy for adaptive PID control of mobile robots Carlucho, Ignacio; de Paula, Mariano; Villar, Sebastian Aldo; Acosta, Gerardo Gabriel Expert and intelligent systems are being developed to control many technological systems including mobile robots. However, the PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller is a fast low-level control strategy widely used in many control engineering tasks. Classic control theory has contributed with different tuning methods to obtain the gains of PID controllers for specific operation conditions. Nevertheless, when the system is not fully known and the operative conditions are variable and not previously known, classical techniques are not entirely suitable for the PID tuning. To overcome these drawbacks many adaptive approaches have been arisen, mainly from the field of artificial intelligent. In this work, we propose an incremental Q-learning strategy for adaptive PID control. In order to improve the learning efficiency we define a temporal memory into the learning process. While the memory remains invariant, a non-uniform specialization process is carried out generating new limited subspaces of learning. An implementation on a real mobile robot demonstrates the applicability of the proposed approach for a real-time simultaneous tuning of multiples adaptive PID controllers for a real system operating under variable conditions in a real environment.

Use of a Collagen Membrane to Enhance the Survival of Primary Intestinal Epithelial Cells Di Claudio, Fiorella; Muglia, Cecilia Isabel; Smaldini, Paola Lorena; Orsini Delgado, María Lucía; Trejo, Fernando Miguel; Grigera, Jose Raul; Docena, Guillermo H. Intestinal epithelial cell culture is important for biological, functional, and immunological studies. Since enterocytes have a short in vivo life span due to anoikis, we aimed to establish a novel and reproducible method to prolong the survival of mouse and human cells. Cells were isolated following a standard procedure, and cultured on ordered-cow's collagen membranes. A prolonged cell life span was achieved; cells covered the complete surface of bio-membranes and showed a classical enterocyte morphology with high expression of enzymes supporting the possibility of cryopreservation. Apoptosis was dramatically reduced and cultured enterocytes expressed cytokeratin and LGR5 (low frequency). Cells exposed to LPS or flagellin showed the induction of TLR4 and TLR5 expression and a functional phenotype upon exposure to the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum or the pathogenic Clostridium difficile. The secretion of the homeostatic (IL-25 and TSLP), inhibitory (IL-10 and TGF-β), or pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β and TNF) were induced. In conclusion, this novel protocol using cow's collagen-ordered membrane provides a simple and reproducible method to maintain intestinal epithelial cells functional for cell-microorganism interaction studies and stem cell expansion.

¿Es posible una diplomacia de aguas en América Latina? Marco para una cooperación internacional en la gestión hídrica de cuencas transfronterizas Elias, Guillermina El presente artículo busca brindar un marco general para la cooperación en cuencas transfronterizas, particularmente en América Latina.La pregunta que guía este estudio sobre la posibilidad de desarrollar una diplomacia de aguas o hidrodiplomacia en estas latitudes, plantea la necesidad de desarrollo y fortalecimiento de marcos institucionales para la gobernanza en cursos de aguas internacionales a partir de los principios fundamentales del Derecho Internacional de Aguas, así como también de procesos participativos que otorguen transparencia y legitimidad a políticas nacionales e internacionales de gestión integrada de recursos hídricos.Una buena gobernanza de aguas facilita la cooperación en cuencas transfronterizas, anticipándose a potenciales controversias internacionales, y presenta numerosas oportunidades de desarrollo para los países latinoamericanos si se gestiona eficientemente el recurso, especialmente ante escenarios de escasez y competencia por el agua.

Sexual dimorphism, phenotypic integration, and the evolution of head structure in casque-headed lizards Taylor, Gregory W.; Santos, Juan C.; Perrault, Benjamin J.; Morando, Mariana; Vásquez Almazán, Carlos Roberto; Sites, Jack W. Sexes can differ in features associated with differential reproduction, which can be used during courtship or aggressive encounters. Some traits tend to evolve independently between sexes and emerge as sexually dimorphic within the organismal phenotype. We characterize such a relationship by estimating the phenotypic integration of the head morphology and modularity of the crest in the casque-headed lizards (Corytophanidae). In this clade, some species show extreme sexual dimorphism (e.g., head crests in the genus Basiliscus) while in others, both sexes are monomorphic. To characterize these patterns, we define phenotypic integration at the interspecific level as a pattern or network of traits evidenced by phylogenetically adjusted correlations that persist among species. At this level, modularity is an increased connectedness (e.g., higher correlation) among sections of these networks that persist in a lineage during the evolution of complex phenotypes. To test both concepts, we used phylogenetic geomorphometrics to characterize the head structure of corytophanid lizards, based on a time-calibrated phylogeny that includes candidate fossil ancestors. We found evidence of an older diversification of corytophanids than previously reported (~67 vs. ~23.5 MYA) and show that this clade includes two morphological head architectures: (1) Sexually dimorphic crests present in males that are evolving independently from the rest of the head structure, and (2) full integration of the head morphology in monomorphic species. We propose that both architectures are optimal evolutionary trajectories of the parietal crest bones in the head of these lizards. In sexually dimorphic species, these bones are elongated and thinner, and gave rise to the extended crest used in male courtship displays. In monomorphic species, the parietal crest grew thicker in both sexes to allow for a better insertion of muscles associated with a stronger bite.

Pertussis maternal immunization: Narrowing the knowledge gaps on the duration of transferred protective immunity and on vaccination frequency Gaillard, María Emilia; Bottero, Daniela; Zurita, Maria Eugenia; Carriquiriborde, Francisco Pablo; Martin Aispuro, Pablo; Bartel, Erika Belén; Sabater Martínez, David; Bravo, María Sol; Castuma, Celina; Hozbor, Daniela Flavia Maternal safety through pertussis vaccination and subsequent maternal-fetal-antibody transfer are well documented, but information on infant protection from pertussis by such antibodies and by subsequent vaccinations is scarce. Since mice are used extensively for maternal-vaccination studies, we adopted that model to narrow those gaps in our understanding of maternal pertussis immunization. Accordingly, we vaccinated female mice with commercial acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine and measured offspring protection against Bordetella pertussis challenge and specific-antibody levels with or without revaccination. Maternal immunization protected the offspring against pertussis, with that immune protection transferred to the offspring lasting for several weeks, as evidenced by a reduction (4-5 logs, p < 0.001) in the colony-forming-units recovered from the lungs of 16-week-old offspring. Moreover, maternal-vaccination-acquired immunity from the first pregnancy still conferred protection to offspring up to the fourth pregnancy. Under the conditions of our experimental protocol, protection to offspring from the aP-induced immunity is transferred both transplacentally and through breastfeeding. Adoptive-transfer experiments demonstrated that transferred antibodies were more responsible for the protection detected in offspring than transferred whole spleen cells. In contrast to reported findings, the protection transferred was not lost after the vaccination of infant mice with the same or other vaccine preparations, and conversely, the immunity transferred from mothers did not interfere with the protection conferred by infant vaccination with the same or different vaccines. These results indicated that aP-vaccine immunization of pregnant female mice conferred protective immunity that is transferred both transplacentally and via offspring breastfeeding without compromising the protection boostered by subsequent infant vaccination. These results-though admittedly not necessarily immediately extrapolatable to humans-nevertheless enabled us to test hypotheses under controlled conditions through detailed sampling and data collection. These findings will hopefully refine hypotheses that can then be validated in subsequent human studies.

Synthon trends according to acid strength and geometry in salts of N-heterocyclic bases Valdo, Ana Karoline Silva Mendanha; Sarotti, Ariel Marcelo; Martins, Felipe T. The hierarchy and robustness of homosynthons and heterosynthons formed by N-heterocyclic bases were assessed experimentally in salts of aminopyrazine (ampyz) and trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (BPE) with common strong, moderate and weak acids, and theoretically at the M06-2X/6-31+G∗∗ level of theory. A trend for a base-pairing primary homosynthon to assemble in ampyz salts as the acid strength increases can be drawn. This homosynthon is present in chloride and bromide salts of ampyz, which is compatible with protonation at N4 and the formation of an accessory four-point heterosynthon engaging two (ampyz)+ cations and two halides. This robust synthon is also present in chloride, bromide and dihydrogen phosphate salts of BPE. Among all our BPE multicomponent crystal forms, it is not found only in the uncommon phosphoric acid cocrystal of the dihydrogen phosphate salt. When ampyz was crystallized with weaker acids such as trifluoroacetic, trichloroacetic and phosphoric acids, the primary homosynthon disappears gradually as the strength acid decreases. In the last two cases, this homosynthon is not found, but the trifluoroacetate salt of ampyz is found to have both the base-pairing primary homosynthon and the two-point heterosynthon with carboxylate. Both monoprotonated forms at N1 and N4 are found together in this structure. Another trend of N1 protonation in the presence of counterions from inorganic tetrahedral oxoacids such as isopropyl sulfuric and phosphoric acids is also outlined, regardless of their acid strength.

Probing the competition between acetate and 2,2′-bipyridine ligands to bind to d-block group 12 metals Do Nascimento Neto, José Antônio; Da Silva, Cameron Capeletti; Ribeiro, Leandro Agustín; Vasconcelos, Géssica Adriana; Gontijo Vaz, Boniek; Ferreira, Vinicius Sousa; Queiroz Júnior, Luiz Henrique Keng; Maia, Lauro June Queiroz; Sarotti, Ariel Marcelo; Martins, Felipe T. Herein, we were interested in probing the competition between 2,2′-bipyridine (2,2′-bipy) and acetate ligands in binding to Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+. We have obtained eight new supramolecular architectures through tuning the proportion of these two ligands. On doubling the acetate availability compared to 2,2′-bipy, complexes with either Zn2+, Cd2+ or Hg2+ were formed with one 2,2′-bipy and two acetate ligands coordinated to the metal center. One water molecule is also coordinated to Zn2+ and Cd2+ in these two complexes, which are reported here for the first time. One 2,2′-bipy is still coordinated to the three metal ions with an acetate excess of 10-times, but another trinuclear Zn2+ complex is formed with two 2,2′-bipy and six acetate ligands (1 : 3 2,2′-bipy : acetate stoichiometry). Upon setting an equimolar ratio of the ligands, the complex [Zn(CH3CO2)(2,2′-bipy)2]+ is formed, while two 2,2′-bipy and two acetate ligands are coordinated to Cd2+, giving rise to a [Cd(CH3CO2)2(2,2′bipy)2] complex. On doubling the 2,2′-bipy availability compared to acetate, the former does not coordinate to Zn2+ and Cd2+, as observed in the acetate salt form of [Zn(2,2′-bipy)3]2+ and in [Cd(2,2′-bipy)3]2+. This last Cd2+ complex did not crystallize, revealing its unfavorable crystallization as an acetate salt form. However, under this last ligand ratio, the persistence of at least one coordinated acetate was observed in the Hg2+ complex with 2 : 1 2,2′-bipy : acetate stoichiometry. Furthermore, there is a cocrystallized 2,2′-bipy in the acetate salt form of [Hg(CH3CO2)(2,2′-bipy)2]+, which is not able to win the competition with acetate for the third coordination site to Hg2+. Even if the 2,2′-bipy amount is 10-times higher than that of acetate in the reaction batch, one acetate remains coordinated to Hg2+. Our crystal form of [Zn(CH3CO2)(2,2′-bipy)2]+ is strongly photoluminescent, with highly efficient emission centered at 356 nm (external and internal quantum yields of 14.2(1)% and 41.3(1)%), whose optical efficiency was rationalized on the basis of time-dependent DFT calculations.

Herbivoría de los insectos específicos Cornops aquaticum (Orthoptera: Acrididae) y Neochetina (Coleoptera: Erirhinidae): comparación entre especies hospederas y periodos de crecimiento de las poblaciones de plantas; Herbivory of specific insects Cornops aquaticum (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and Neochetina (Coleoptera: Erirhinidae): a comparison between host species and growth periods of plant populations Fuentes Rodríguez, Daniela Alejandra; Franceschini, Maria Celeste; Martínez, Fedra Solange; Sosa, Alejandro Joaquín Eichhornia crassipes y Eichhornia azurea son plantas acuáticas con alta biomasa y amplia distribución en humedales del Neotrópico. Estas plantas comparten especies de interés para control biológico como los curculionoideos del género Neochetina y el acridio Cornops aquaticum. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron (1) analizar la herbivoría de insectos específicos en hojas de E. azurea y E. crassipes, en período de crecimiento y decaimiento de las poblaciones de plantas; (2) comparar la herbivoría producida por C. aquaticum en dos especies de plantas hospederas diferentes. Los muestreos se realizaron en dos humedales del Nordeste argentino, en dos fechas distintas, entre enero y febrero de 2006 (periodo de crecimiento) y agosto de 2006 (periodo de decaimiento). En cada fecha de muestreo, se colectaron por triplicado muestras de 10 hojas de individuos diferentes en E. azurea y E. crassipes (N=120 hojas). Se midió herbivoría como área foliar dañada y porcentaje del área foliar dañada por herbívoros. El porcentaje de área foliar dañada por los insectos fue mayor en período de crecimiento que en el decaimiento en las dos especies de hospederas. La herbivoría de C. aquaticum en el periodo de decaimiento alcanzó en promedio 0.44% en E. crassipes y 0.34% en E. azurea, con diferencias significativas entre hospederas; en el periodo de crecimiento el daño producido por este acridio fue significativamente más alto en E. azurea (16.19%) que en E. crassipes ( 6.92%). El área foliar removida por C. aquaticum fue significativamente más baja comparada con el área dañada por las especies de Neochetina sólo en E. crassipes y durante el periodo de decaimiento. La efectividad de la herbivoría varió entre periodos de crecimiento de las poblaciones de plantas, independientemente del recurso alimenticio disponible por las especies hospederas. Los resultados muestran la importancia de contemplar la acción combinada de estos herbívoros como alternativa eficiente para diseñar programas de control biológico de E. crassipes.; Eichhornia crassipes and Eichhornia azurea are common invasive aquatic plants in Neotropical wetlands. These plants share species for their biological control, such as curculionoids of the genus Neochetina and the acridium Cornops aquaticum. In this study the herbivory of these specific insects was analyzed in leaves of E. azurea and E. crassipes, in period of growth and decay of plant populations; likewise, the herbivory of C. aquaticum was compared in both species of plants. Sampling was taken in 2 wetlands in the Argentine northeast, between January and February 2006 (growth period) and August 2006 (period of decay). At each sampling date, leaf samples of E. azurea and E. crassipes were collected. The herbivory was measured as the damaged leaf area and percentage of the leaf area damaged by herbivores. The herbivory was higher in growth period than in the decay in the 2 host species. The herbivory of C. aquaticum in the decay period was 0.34% in E. azurea and 0.44% in E. crassipes; in the growing period the damage caused by this acridium was higher in E. azurea (16.19%) than in E. crassipes (6.92%). During the decay period, only in E. crassipes, the herbivory by C. aquaticum was lower than that of the Neochetina species. The effectiveness of the herbivory varied between periods of population growth of the plants. The results show the importance of considering the combined action of these herbivores in the biological control of these aquatic plants.

Lenguaje y comprensibilidad: Acerca de la traducción del contenido semántico del discurso religioso Scivoletto, Gonzalo Martín Entre las condiciones marco para la realización de un discurso práctico se cuenta la posibilidad de utilizar un lenguaje común o "universalmente comprensible" para todos los afectados que participan del discurso. Esta condición se vuelve más compleja en la medida que los interlocutores provienen de comunidades lingüísticas o formas de vida muy extrañas entre sí. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este trabajo es reflexionar sobre las características y dificultades que tiene la aplicación de la ética del discurso o, más precisamente, la institucionalización del discurso práctico en contextos interculturales complejos o semánticamente densos. Para ello, en el primer punto se presenta a través de un ejemplo -el concepto de mito- la diferencia entre el malentendido conceptual y el desacuerdo (teórico o práctico). En el segundo punto, se analizan dos fragmentos de Habermas para mostrar las dificultades respecto del carácter que tienen las pretensiones de sentido o comprensibilidad y su eventual resolución en un discurso hermenéutico. En el tercer punto, se presentan algunas reflexiones sobre la traducción como un posible criterio para la resolución de disputas de sentido o comprensibilidad -para ello se toma como caso de análisis las intervenciones de Habermas sobre la traducción del lenguaje religioso en la esfera pública.; One of the framework conditions for the realization of a practical discourse is the possibility of using a common or "universally understandable" language for all those involved in the discourse. This condition becomes more complex to the extent that the interlocutors come from linguistic communities or life forms very strange to each other. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reflect on the characteristics and difficulties of applied discourse ethics or, more precisely, the institutionalization of practical discourses in complex or semantically dense intercultural contexts. First, the difference between conceptual misunderstanding and disagreement (theoretical or practical) is presented through an example - the concept of myth -. In the second point, two fragments of Habermas are analysed to show the difficulties regarding the character that the claims of sense or comprehensibility have and their eventual resolution in a hermeneutical discourse. In the third point, some reflections on translation are presented as a possible criterion for the resolution of claims of meaning or comprehensibility -for this, Habermas's interventions on the translation of religious language in the public sphere are taken as a case of ana

On the Steinmanellidae (Bivalvia: Myophorelloidea); their palaeo-biogeography, evolution and classification Cooper, Michael R.; Leanza, Hector Armando The trigoniid group "Pseudo-Quadratae" was introduced for Cretaceous descendents of Myophorellidae with a convergent resemblance to Tethyan Quadratotrigoniinae (= Quadratae). Subsequently it was made the basis of the subfamily Steinmanellinae, which herein is elevated to family rank. The earliest record of the group is from the Early-Middle Kimmeridgian of the Tethyan Realm (American Province), from where it spread into the Boreal and Gondwanic realms. Steinmanellids rose to dominance in the cool temperate waters of the Andean Province, and the latter represents their centre of diversification. They are absent from the predominantly cold circum-polar waters of Southern and Eastern Gondwana, i.e.the Antarctic and Maorian provinces, as well as from the Australasian Province. The evolution of the group is tracked and two lineages identified, comprising 47 nominal species assigned to 14 genera, 9 of which are new: Stoyanowella, Philippiella, Garatella,Weaverella, Neuquenella, Pseudoyaadia, Popenoella, Louella, and Tashiroella. One lineage (Yaadiinae nov.) migrated northwards from its Tethyan origin into the Cordilleran Province of the Boreal Realm and thence, in the Late Cretaceous, to the Oriental Province, surviving in both biochores into the Maastrichtian. The second lineage, the subfamily Steinmanellinae, appeared in the Early-Middle Kimmeridgian of the American Province, but its centre of diversification was in the Andean Province where it appeared in the Early Tithonian and survived until the Late Hauterivian. From there it migrated eastwards into the Ethiopian Province, reaching as far as India, where it is recorded only from the Late Valanginian and Barremian.

Management of fruit species in urban home gardens of Argentina Atlantic Forest as an influence for landscape domestication Furlan, Violeta; Pochettino, María Lelia; Hilgert, Norma Ines Home gardens are considered germplasm repositories and places for experimentation, thus they are key sites for the domestication of plants. Domestication is considered a constant process that occurs along a continuum from wild to managed to domesticated populations. Management may lead to the modification of populations and in other cases to their distribution, changing population structure in a landscape. Our objective is focused on the management received in home gardens by perennial species of fruits. For this, the management practices applied to native and exotic perennial fruits species by a group of 20 women in the periurban zone of Iguazú, Argentina, were analyzed. In-depth interviews were conducted, as well as guided tours for the recognition and collection of specimens of species and ethnovarieties. Sixty-six fruit species managed in the home gardens were recorded. The predominant families are Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, and Rosaceae. The fruit species with the highest number of associated management practices are pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) and pindó (Syagrus rommanzoffiana). The 10 species with the highest management intensity are (in decreasing order of intensity) banana (Musa x paradisiaca), palta (Persea americana), pitanga (E. uniflora), mango (Mangifera indica), cocú (Allophylus edulis), mamón (Carica papaya), guayaba (Psidium guajava), limón mandarina (Citrus x taitensis), güembé (Philodendron bipinnatifidum), and mandarina (Citrus reticulata). Among the families with the greatest modifications in their distribution, abundance and presence of ethnovarieties in domestic gardens, are the native Myrtaceae and the exotic Rutaceae. The main management practices involved are cultivation, tolerance, transplant and enhancement in decreasing order. It can be concluded that in Iguazú, fruit species management shows both in plant germplasm as in environment a continuum that through tolerance, transplant and cultivation latu sensu has derived in a mosaic of species in different management situations, which in turn are representative of an anthropogenic landscape in constant domestication and change.

T cell leukemia control via Ras-Raf pathway inhibition with peptides Marin, G. H.; Bruzzoni Giovanelli, H.; Schinella, Guillermo Raúl; Piazzon, Margarita Isabel; Duarte, Alejandra Beatriz; Errecalde, J. RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway has been considered a promising target for anticancer therapy. However, tumor cells may develop resistance against such drugs via hyperactivation of N-Ras, which explains why novel therapeut-ic approaches. In this sense, the Institute Curie- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6) designed peptides in order to disturb Ras/Raf interaction which showed pro-apoptotic properties.

A climatology of Rossby wave generation in the middle atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere from MERRA reanalysis Rodas, Claudio José Francisco; Pulido, Manuel Arturo A climatological characterization of Rossby wave generation events in the middle atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere is conducted using 20 years of Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis. An automatic detection technique of wave generation events is developed and applied to MERRA reanalysis. The Rossby wave generation events with wave period of 1.25 to 5.5 days and zonal wave number from one to three dominate the Eliassen-Palm flux divergence around the stratopause at high latitudes in the examined 20 year period. These produce an eastward forcing of the general circulation between May and mid-August in that region. Afterward from mid-August to the final warming date, Rossby wave generation events are still present but the Eliassen-Palm flux divergence in the polar stratopause is dominated by low-frequency Rossby waves that propagate from the troposphere. The Rossby wave generation events are associated with potential vorticity gradient inversion, and so they are a manifestation of the dominant barotropic/baroclinic unstable modes that grow at the cost of smearing the negative meridional gradient of potential vorticity. The most likely region of wave generation is found between 60° and 80°S and at a height of 0.7 hPa, but events were detected from 40 hPa to 0.3 hPa (which is the top of the examined region). The mean number of events per year is 24, and its mean duration is 3.35 days. The event duration follows an exponential distribution.

La política desde el campo: iniciativas locales y gobierno rural en tiempos reformistas (Santa Fe, virreinato del Río de la Plata a finales del siglo XVIII); Politics from the country: local initiatives and rural government in reformist times (Santa Fe, Vice Royalty of the Río de la Plata in the late eighteenth century) Barriera, Dario Gabriel Este artículo analiza iniciativas locales de un grupo de vecinos rurales en el Río de la Plata para ocuparse de un capítulo ausente en la Real Ordenanza de Intendentes de Buenos Aires (1782): el gobierno de las campañas. El texto plantea que la dicotomía «imposición o resistencias» a los procesos de centralización no agota la paleta de experiencias históricas. Documentando la existencia de una rica vida política en una campaña marginal del virreinato rioplatense durante el último cuarto del siglo XVIII, hace visible el modo en que los procesos territoriales «desde abajo» incidieron en la arquitectura institucional del período.; This article analyses the eforts made by a group of rural residents in Rio de la Plata to provide a missing chapter in the Royal Ordinance of Intendants of Buenos Aires (1782): the government of rural areas. The text posits that the dichotomic view “imposition or resistance” to the processes of centralisation does not do justice to the diferent historical experiences. Documenting the existence of a rich political life in an outlying rural area of the River Plate Viceroyalty during the last quarter of the eighteenth century, it illustrates the way in which territorial processes “from below” infuenced the institutional architecture of the period.