Is the stellar system WR11 a gamma-ray source? Benaglia, Paula Many early-type stars are in systems; some of them have been indicated as putative high-energy emitters. The radiationwould be produced at the region where two stellar winds collide. Compelling evidence of such emission was found only for the colliding-wind binary (CWB) Eta Car, which was associated to a GeV source. Very recently, the closest CWB, WR 11, was proposed as a counterpart of a 6σ emission excess, measured with the Fermi LAT satellite. We sought evidence to support or reject the hypothesis that WR 11 is responsible of the gamma-ray excess. Archive radio interferometric data at 1.4 and 2.5 GHz taken with the Australia Telescope Compact Array along 16 dates were reduced. The sizes of the field-of-view at 2.5 GHz and of the central region of the Fermi LAT excess are alike. We analysed the emission of the WR 11 field, characterised the radio sources detected and derived their spectral indices, to investigate their nature. Eight sources with fluxes above 10 mJy were detected at both frequencies. All but one (WR 11) showed negative spectral indices. Four of them were identified with known objects, including WR 11. A fifth source, labeled here S6, is a promising candidate to produce gamma-ray emission, besides the CWB WR 11.

Culex pipiens development is greatly influenced by native bacteria and exogenous yeast Díaz Nieto, Leonardo Martín; D'alessio, Cecilia; Perotti, Maria Alejandra; Berón, Corina Marta Culex pipiens is the most cosmopolitan mosquito of the Pipiens Assemblage. By studying the nature of interactions between this species and microorganisms common to its breeding environment we can unravel important pitfalls encountered during development. We tested the survival rate of larval stages, pupae and adults of a Cx. pipiens colony exposed to a variety of microorganisms in laboratory conditions and assessed the transmission to offspring (F1) by those organisms that secured development up to adulthood. Three complementary experiments were designed to: 1) explore the nutritional value of yeasts and other microorganisms during Cx. pipiens development; 2) elucidate the transstadial transmission of yeast to the host offspring; and 3) to examine the relevance of all these microorganisms in female choice for oviposition- substratum. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae proved to be the most nutritional diet, but despite showing the highest survival rates, vertical transmission to F1 was never confirmed. In addition, during the oviposition trials, none of the gravid females was attracted to the yeast substratum. Notably, the two native bacterial strains, Klebsiella sp. and Aeromonas sp., were the preferred oviposition media, the same two bacteria that managed to feed neonates until molting into 2nd instar larvae. Our results not only suggest that Klebsiella sp. or Aeromonas sp. serve as attractants for oviposition habitat selection, but also nurture the most fragile instar, L1, to assure molting into a more resilient stage, L2, while yeast proves to be the most supportive diet for completing development. These experiments unearthed survival traits that might be considered in the future development of strategies of Cx. pipiens control. These studies can be extended to other members of the Pipiens Assemblage.

Three dimensional flow of liquid transfer between a cavity and a moving roll Campana, Diego Martin; Ubal, Sebastian; Giavedoni, Maria Delia; Saita, Fernando Adolfo; Carvalho, Marcio Gravure printing is one of the most promising technologies for high volume production of printed electronics and microscale films and devices. The characteristics of the printed pattern, i.e. ink volume, resolution and pattern placement (registration), are directly related to the fluid mechanics of the liquid transfer process from a cell to a substrate wrapped around a rotating roll; the liquid transfer is mainly controlled by free surfaces and dynamic contact lines. Most of the available analyses are restricted to axisymmetric flows, at which the relative motion between the cavity and the substrate is greatly simplified. Recent results have shown that the use of the complete description of the relative motion in a roll-to-roll process is critical to obtain accurate results on the amount of liquid that is transferred to the substrate. In this work we present an extension of the model describing liquid transfer from a groove to a substrate in a R2R process in order to consider the liquid transfer from a small individual cell; to this end we solve a full 3D free surface flow with moving contact lines. The results show that the liquid transfer dynamics is governed by two different characteristic time scales, one is associated with the contact line motion and the other with liquid filament breakup. Both are dependent on the capillary number. The predictions show how the volume, registration and shape of the printed dot varies with operating conditions and liquid properties. These predictions could be helpful in designing high precision printing operations.

Smart valve. Polymer actuator to moisture soil control Romero, Marcelo Ricardo; Wolfel, Alexis; Alvarez Igarzabal, Cecilia Ines The adequate use of water for irrigation in agriculture is a widespread concern. In this study, we developed an autonomous smart system consisting of a new hydrogel into a valve, which regulates the flow of water according to soil moisture. The main objective was to find an alternative to avoid waste of water. Yet, hydrogel development and study of the quantitative relationship between its properties and soil moisture were also important to achieve this aim. The hydrogel was synthesized from tris[(hydroxymethyl) methyl]acrylamide (NAT) copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and crosslinked with N, N´-methylene bis(acrylamide) (BIS). The use of cellulose (2% w/v) avoids hydrogel breakage during swelling-deswelling. The relation between swelling ratio, force of expansion and moisture was evaluated for the novel hydrogel. It was found that as soil moisture increases, the gel swells, while expansion force diminishes. These properties showed linear relationship in the range studied. The three-dimensional network formed by flexible chains has the attribute of exerting a great force when it expands (15 N for a hydrogel disc of 1 cm2). When the material was put in contact with the ground, it swelled and deswelled without breaking. The hydrogel within the valve was able to open and close the passage of water. The valve prototype was tested during four months with a plant. During this period, only three liters of irrigation water was used monthly, instead of about half a liter daily. Hence, an autonomous actuator capable of controlling soil moisture was developed based on a new hydrogel.

Modelos de orden, modelos de juego : Notas para una sociología del gusto religioso; Modelos de ordem, modelos de jogo : Notas para uma sociologia do gosto religioso; Order models, game models : Notes for a sociology of religious taste Algranti, Joaquin Maria El objetivo del presente artículo es explorar teóricamente el vínculo entre consumo y cultura material religiosa en dos direcciones complementarias. En el primer apartado, vamos a abordar la pregunta por los principios de orden que gobiernan la cultura material, así como su definición y aplicaciones al campo de las ciencias sociales de la religión en América Latina. En el segundo nos interesa problematizar las formas de pertenecer a un espacio de creencias -en donde conviven la idea de “lo verdadero”, “lo útil” y “lo bello”-, distinguiendo a su vez las formas populares e ilustradas del gusto en materia de espiritualidad. Finalmente, en las conclusiones vamos a proponer una comprensión del sistema de objetos que median la relación con los grupos religiosos en base a los modelos de orden y los modelos de juego que representan las mercancías.; O objetivo do presente artigo é explorar teoricamente o vínculo entre consumo e cultura material religiosa em duas direções complementares. Na primeira parte, abordaremos a pergunta pelos princípios de ordem que governam a cultura material, assim como sua definição e aplicações ao campo das ciências sociais da religião na América Latina. Na segunda parte, interessa-nos problematizar as formas de pertencer a um espaço de crenças - em que convivem a ideia de “o verdadeiro”, “o útil” e “o belo”-, distinguindo, por outro lado, as formas populares e ilustradas do gosto em matéria de espiritualidade. Finalmente, nas conclusões, vamos propor uma compreensão do sistema de objetos que mediam a relação com os grupos religiosos com base nos modelos de ordem e nos modelos de jogo que as mercadorias representam.; The aim of this paper is to explore, in theoretical terms, the link between consumption and religious material culture in two complementary directions. In the first part, we will tackle the question of the principles of order governing the material culture as well as its definition and applications to the social sciences of religion in Latin America. In the second we want to problematize the different ways of belonging to a space of belief -where the idea of “truth”, “useful” and “beauty” coexist -, distinguishing the illustrated and popular forms of taste in matters of spirituality. Finally, in the conclusions we will propose an understanding of the system of objects that mediate the relationship with religious groups through the acknowledgment of the models of order and play that suggest the goods.

Geochemistry of fluid discharges from Peteroa volcano (Argentina-Chile) in 2010-2015: Insights into compositional changes related to the fluid source region(s) Tassi, Franco; Aguilera, F.; Benavente, O.; Paonita, A.; Chiodini, Giovanni; Caliro, S.; Agusto, Mariano Roberto; Gutierrez, F.; Capaccioni, B.; Vaselli, O.; Caselli, Alberto Tomás; Saltori, O. This study presents the first geochemical data of fluid discharges collected from February 2010 to March 2015 from the Planchón–Peteroa–Azufre Volcanic Complex (PPAVC), located in the Transitional Southern Volcanic Zone (TSVZ) at the border between Argentina and Chile. During the study period, from January 2010 to July 2011, Peteroa volcano experienced phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruption possibly related to the devastating Maule earthquake occurred on February 27, 2010. The compositional dataset includes low temperature (from 43.2 to 102 °C) gas discharges from (i) the summit of Peteroa volcano and (ii) the SE flank of Azufre volcano, both marked by a significant magmatic fluid contribution, as well as bubbling gases located at the foothill of the Peteroa volcanic edifice, which showed a chemical signature typical of hydrothermal fluids. In 2012, strong compositional changes affected the Peteroa gases from the summit area: the acidic gas species, especially SO2, increased, suggesting an input of fluids from magma degassing. Nevertheless, the R/Ra and δ13C–CO2 values decreased, which would imply an enhanced contribution from a meteoric-hydrothermal source. In 2014–2015, the chemical and isotopic compositions of the 2010–2011 gases were partially restored. The anomalous decoupling between the chemical and the isotopic parameters was tentatively interpreted as produced by degassing activity from a small batch of dacitic magma that in 2012 masked the compositional signature of the magmatic fluids released from a basaltic magma that dominated the gas chemistry in 2010–2011. This explanation reliably justifies the observed geochemical data, although the mechanisms leading to the change in time of the dominating magmatic fluid source are not clear. At this regard, a geophysical survey able to provide information on the location of the two magma batches could be useful to clarify the possible relationships between the compositional changes that affected the Peteroa fluid discharges and the 2010–2011 eruptive activity.

Cytotoxic effects of natural and semisynthetic cucurbitacins on lung cancer cell line A549 Silva, Izabella T.; Geller, Fabiana Cristina; Persich, Lara; Dudek, Sabine E.; Lang, Karen L.; Caro, Miguel S. B.; Duran, Fernando Javier; Schenkel, Eloir P.; Ludwig, Stephan; Simoes, Cláudia M. O. Cucurbitacins and their derivatives are triterpenoids that are found in various plant families, and are known for their pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-cancer effects. Lung cancer represents a major public health problem, with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most frequent and aggressive type of lung cancer. The objective of this work was to evaluate four cucurbitacins (CUCs) for their cytotoxic activity, effects on apoptosis induction, cell cycle progression, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive effects on the human NSCLC cell line (A549 cells). Our findings showed that these CUCs could suppress human NSCLC cell growth in vitro through their effects on the PI3Kinase and MAPK pathways, which lead to programmed cell death induction, as well as inhibition of cell migration and cell invasion. Additionally, these effects culminate in apoptosis induction and G2/M cell cycle arrest by modulating cyclin B1 expression, and in the mitigation of strategic steps of lung cancer metastasis, including migration and invasion of A549 cells. These results suggest that two natural (DDCB and CB) and two novel semisynthetic derivatives of cucurbitacin B (ACB and DBCB) could be considered as promising compounds with antitumor potential.

Comments and replies on the paper ‘Prediction of short fatigue crack growth of Ti–6Al–4 V’, FFEMS, 2014, 37, 1075–1086, by K. Wang, F. Wang, W. Cui, T. Hayat and B. Ahmad Chapetti, Mirco Daniel; Carr, Gustavo Eduardo

Structural and material mechanical quality of femoral shafts in rats exposed to simulated high altitude from infancy to adulthood Bozzini, Clarisa; Picasso, Emilio; Champin, Graciela Monica; Alippi, Rosa Maria; Bozzini, Carlos Eduardo Jose The growth of the body and bone mass and the mechanical properties of appendicular bone are impaired in immature rats exposed to different simulated high altitudes (SHA) (1850-5450 m) between the 32nd and the 74th days of postnatal life. Now, we report the effects of exposure to 4100 m on the above cited variables in female rats from infancy (age: 1 month) to adulthood (age: 8 months) to define the occurrence of catch up and to establish whether the effects of altitude are transient or permanent. The ex vivo right femur was mechanically tested in three-point bending. Body weight and length, and structural (loads at yielding and fracture, and stiffness) and architectural (diaphyseal cross-sectional area, cortical area, and cross-sectional moment of inertia) properties were measured at 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of exposure to SHA. The negative influence of hypoxia on all variables was similar at different ages or, in other words, the difference among ages was maintained at any extent of hypoxia. Hypoxia did not affect the elastic modulus, thus suggesting that the mechanical properties of the bone tissue were maintained. Catch up did not occur. The resulting osteopenic bone remained appropriate to its mechanical function during the entire exposure to SHA.

Infection levels of the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta in rat populations from Buenos Aires, Argentina Hancke, Diego; Suarez, Olga Virginia Ecological studies on zoonotic parasites are crucial for the design and implementation of effective measures to prevent parasite transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors such as season, landscape unit, rat sex and rat body length, affecting the abundance of the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta, a parasite of synanthropic rats, within an urban environment. A parasitological survey was undertaken on 169 rats from landscape units such as shantytowns, parklands, industrial-residential areas and scrap-metal yards in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The overall prevalence of H. diminuta was 21.3%, although the occurrence of this species in rats was not homogeneous. The abundance of H. diminuta, using a zero-inflated negative binomial model, was correlated with rat body length. In shantytowns, abundance levels were higher than other landscape units, largely due to differences in individual environmental characteristics and rat assemblages. The populations of arthropod intermediate hosts could be subjected to seasonal fluctuations and the degree of urbanization. Shantytowns are overcrowded urban marginal settlements with most inhabitants living in precarious conditions and supporting large populations of rats, thereby increasing the risk of zoonotic infection.

Interaction of Phenylalanine with DPPC membranes by FTIR-ATR: influence of Water Populations In Restricted Environments of Lipid Membrane Interphases Rosa, Antonio Sebastián; Cutró, Andrea Carmen; Frías, María de los Ángeles; Disalvo, Edgardo Anibal The negative free energy previously reported is 8 explained by the stabilization of a PC-Phe (phosphocholine9 phenylalanine) complex in the presence of water shown by the 10 decrease in the symmetric stretching frequency of the 11 phosphate group of the lipid (PO2 −). An entropic contribution 12 due to the disruption of the water network around the phenyl 13 and in the membrane defect may be invoked. The dipole 14 potential decrease is explained by the orientation of the 15 carboxylate opposing to the CO of the lipids with oxygen 16 moiety toward the low hydrated hydrocarbon core. The 17 symmetric bending frequency of NH3 + group of Phe, decreases 18 in 5.2 cm−1 in relation to water congruent with zeta potential 19 shift to positive values. The Phe to DPPC dissociation 20 constant is Kd = 2.23 ± 0.09 mM, from which the free energy change is about −4.54 kcal/mol at 25 °C. This may be due to 21 hydrophobic contributions and two hydrogen bonds

The toarcian oceanic anoxic event (Early Jurassic) in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina: A reassessment of age and carbon isotope stratigraphy Al Suwaidi, Aisha H.; Hesselbo, Stephen P.; Damborenea, Susana Ester; Manceñido, Miguel Oscar; Jenkyns, Hugh C.; Riccardi, Alberto Carlos; Angelozzi, Gladys Noemí; Baudin, François The Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (T-OAE) is recorded by the presence of globally distributed marine organic carbon– rich black shales and a negative carbon isotope shift, with δ13Corg values as low as -33‰, interrupting an overarching positive excursion. Here we present new biostratigraphic data and high-resolution δ13Corg data from two Southern Hemisphere localities: Arroyo Serrucho in the north and Arroyo Lapa in the south of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Previous studies at these localities aimed to provide an accurate numerical age for the T-OAE and characterization of its carbon isotope stratigraphy. The new carbon isotope data and ammonite biostratigraphy presented here from Arroyo Serrucho show the T-OAE to be recorded lower in the section than supposed by previous authors, thus calling into question the published age of the T-OAE in this section. A newly investigated exposure at Arroyo Lapa North shows a complex carbon isotope record with at least three high-amplitude fluctuations in the hoelderi zone (equivalent to the serpentinum zone in northwestern Europe), with δ13Corg values of <-28‰, and two intervening positive isotope excursions, with δ13Corg values around -24‰. At Arroyo Lapa South, the characteristic major stepped negative carbon isotope excursion is recorded, with δ13Corg values of <-30‰ and total organic-carbon contents increasing to 11%; above this level an erosional surface of a submarine channel truncates the section. These new data are globally correlative and unambiguously illustrate the global reach of the T-OAE.

Intelectuales orgánicos y agitadores orgánicos. Siglo XII, España, Francia e Italia; Organic intellectuals and inorganic agitators : Spain, Italy and France : 12th century Astarita, Carlos Alberto Tomas Se estudian algunos de los agitadores e intelectuales que se desempeñaron en las revoluciones comunales de la Edad Media. Se realizan consideraciones metodológicas sobre las fuentes. A través de las crónicas se analizan discursos de reformadores, condiciones en las que se educaron y actuaron.; Are studied here some of the agitators and intellectuals who perfomed in communal revolutions in the Middle Ages. Methodological considerations are made about the sources. With the chronicles speeches are analized. Also conditions under which the acted and they were educated.

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Determination of Nitrite Concentrations in Arabidopsis thaliana and Azospirilum brasilense Foresi, Noelia Pamela; Correa Aragunde, Maria Natalia; Amenta, Melina Beatriz; Arruebarrena Di Palma, Andrés; Creus, Cecilia; Lamattina, Lorenzo There is now general agreement that nitric oxide (NO) is an important and almost ubiquitous signal in plants. Nevertheless, there are still many controversial observations and different opinions on the importance and functions of NO in plants. Partly, this may be due to the difficulties in detecting and even more in quantifying NO. Here, we summarize protocols for detecting NO and quantifying nitrite concentration in Arabidopisis seedlings and for the NO real time measurement in biofilms formed by the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense (A. brasilense). NO in oxygen-containing aqueous solution has a short half-life that is often attributed to a rapid oxidation to nitrite. Here we detail the use of the fluorescent probe DAF-FM DA and the electrochemical method for directly detecting and quantifying NO, respectively, and the Griess reagent to indirectly detect NO through its oxidized nitrite form. These protocols could be useful in a variety of cell types and different tissues of plants, and for microorganisms.

Role of glucocorticoids in cystic ovarian disease: Expression of glucocorticoid receptor in the bovine ovary Amweg, Ayelen Noelia; Rodríguez, Fernanda Mariel; Huber, Emilia; Marelli, Belkis Ester; Salvetti, Natalia Raquel; Rey, Florencia; Ortega, Hugo Hector The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the components of normal bovine ovary and in animals with cystic ovarian disease (COD). Changes in the protein and mRNA expression levels were determined in control cows and cows with COD by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. GR protein expression in granulosa cells was higher in cysts from animals with spontaneous COD and adrenocorticotropic hormone-induced COD than in tertiary follicles from control animals. In theca interna cells, GR expression was higher in cysts from animals with spontaneous COD than in tertiary follicles from control animals. The increase in GR expression observed in cystic follicles suggests a mechanism of action for cortisol and its receptor through the activation/inactivation of specific transcription factors. These factors could be related to the pathogenesis of COD in cattle.

Role of glucocorticoids in cystic ovarian disease: Expression of glucocorticoid receptor in the bovine ovary Amweg, Ayelen Noelia; Rodríguez, Fernanda Mariel; Huber, Emilia; Marelli, Belkis Ester; Salvetti, Natalia Raquel; Rey, Florencia; Ortega, Hugo Hector The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the components of normal bovine ovary and in animals with cystic ovarian disease (COD). Changes in the protein and mRNA expression levels were determined in control cows and cows with COD by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. GR protein expression in granulosa cells was higher in cysts from animals with spontaneous COD and adrenocorticotropic hormone-induced COD than in tertiary follicles from control animals. In theca interna cells, GR expression was higher in cysts from animals with spontaneous COD than in tertiary follicles from control animals. The increase in GR expression observed in cystic follicles suggests a mechanism of action for cortisol and its receptor through the activation/inactivation of specific transcription factors. These factors could be related to the pathogenesis of COD in cattle.

Los primeros misioneros jesuitas entre guaraníes y la experiencia de las "aldeias" de Brasil; The first Jesuit missionaries among the Guarani and the experience of the “aldeias” in Brazil Page, Carlos Alberto En la extensa bibliografía referida a las misiones jesuíticas de guaraníes poco se ha tenido en cuenta el accionar de los jesuitas portugueses en el periodo de la primera evangelización. Sin embargo y si de antecedentes se trata, muchos los han buscado desde la experiencia de los jerónimos en las Antillas, pasando por la acertada Verapaz de Bartolomé de las Casas, los primeros contactos de los jesuitas del Perú, la labor de los franciscanos en Asunción, entre otros. Pero obviamente fue significativo el trabajo de los primeros jesuitas que se internaron en suelo paraguayo y que fueron precisamente de la Asistencia de Portugal. De tal manera que el artículo quiere referenciar y valorizar el accionar de estos jesuitas que habían tenido su propia experiencia con las aldeias del Brasil, que la transportaron al Paraguay con sus previas y exitosas misiones itinerantes que realizaron en el Guayrá, donde incluso lograron consolidar su propio aprendizaje de la lengua y formar agrupamientos indígenas cristianos que fueron el germen de las futuras reducciones.; In the extensive literature on the Jesuit missions of the Guaranis, little account has been taken of the Portuguese Jesuits’ work during the first evangelization period. However, many have sought for antecedents of such work in the Jeronimos’ experience in the West Indies, from the well-chosen Verapaz of Bartolomé de las Casas to the first contacts of the Jesuits in Peru as well as the Franciscans’ work in Asunción, among others. Yet the work of the first Jesuits that settled in Paraguayan territory and belonged, precisely, to the Portuguese Assistance was, without any doubt, significant. Therefore the purpose of the article is to refer to and highlight the work of these Jesuits who had had their own experience with the aldeias of Brazil and took it to Paraguay along with their previous and successful missions in Guayrá, where they could even consolidate their own learning of the language and create Christian indigenous groups that were the seeds of future reductions.

Impacts of Crop Residue on Damage by Sugarcane Pests during the Tillering Phase in Argentina Isas, Marcos Gerardo; Perez, Maria Lucia del Pilar; Salvatore, Analia; Gastaminza, Gerardo; Willink, Eduardo; White, William One of the most important recent changes in sugarcane cultural practices in Tucumán, Argentina, is the adoption of the practice of green-cane harvesting, which involves harvesting the sugarcane crop in the absence of burning. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the post-harvest crop residue (also sometimes known as "trash blanket") on Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) population dynamics in sugarcane. The study was conducted in ratoon crops for 3 growing seasons (2011, 2012, and 2013) and at 3 locations in the state of Tucumán, Argentina. The treatments consisted of rows with the crop residue burned and the crop residue retained. Removal of the crop residue by burning, compared with retention, resulted in significantly greater crop damage by E. lignosellus in all locations and years. In contrast, damage by P. unipuncta was observed exclusively on plots where crop residue was retained. Comparing the pest status of 2 insects, E. lignosellus seems to be more consistently deleterious to sugarcane yield than P. unipuncta, and chemical control of this species is not very effective. Therefore, leaving the crop residue in place seems to be the most appropriate crop management approach, although it is important also to monitor P. unipuncta populations in order to implement control should it be necessary.

Non-congruent fossil and phylogenetic evidence on the evolution of climatic niche in the Gondwana genus Nothofagus Hinojosa, Luis Felipe; Gaxiola, Aurora; Pérez, María Fernanda; Quattrocchio, Mirta Elena; Carvajal, Francy; Campano, María Francisca; Nishida, Harufumi; Uemura, Kazuhiko; Bustamente, Ramiro; Arroyo, Mary T.K. Aim: We used fossil and phylogenetic evidence to reconstruct climatic niche evolution in Nothofagus, a Gondwana genus distributed in tropical and temperate latitudes. To assess whether the modern distribution of the genus can be explained by the tropical conservatism hypothesis, we tested three predictions: (1) species from all Nothofagus subgenera coexisted under mesothermal climates during the early Eocene, (2) tolerance to microthermal climates evolved during the Eocene-Oligocene cooling from an ancestor that grew under mesothermal conditions; and (3) the climatic niche in Nothofagus is phylogenetically conserved. Location: Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Papua-New Guinea and South America. Methods: We estimated the palaeoclimate of the Early Eocene, fossil-bearing Ligorio Marquez Formation (LMF, Chile), using coexistence and leaf physiognomic analysis. We reconstructed ancestral climatic niches of Nothofagus using extant species distributions and a time-calibrated phylogeny. Finally, we used the morphological disparity index and phylogenetic generalized least squares to assess whether climatic variables follow a Brownian motion (BM) or an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model of evolution. Results: Our palaeoclimatic estimates suggest mesothermal conditions for the LMF, where macrofossils associated with subgenera Lophozonia and possibly Fuscospora, and fossil pollen of Brassospora and Fuscospora/Nothofagus were recorded. These results are not supported by our phylogenetic analysis, which instead suggests that the ancestor of Nothofagus lived under microthermal to marginally mesothermal conditions, with tolerance to mesothermal conditions evolving only in the subgenus Brassospora. Precipitation and temperature dimensions of the realized climatic niche fit with a gradual BM or constrained OU model of evolution. Main Conclusions: Our results suggest that the use of phylogenetic reconstruction methods based only on present distributions of extant taxa to infer ancestral climatic niches is likely to lead to erroneous results when climatic requirements of ancestors differ from their extant descendants, or when much extinction has occurred.

Las emociones como metaprogramas: lo que la psicología evolucionista nos puede enseñar sobre las emociones; Emotions as meta-programms: what evolutionary pshychology can teach us about them Melamed, Andrea Florencia El debate en torno a la caracterización de las emociones permanece abierto. Las respuestas se han agrupado en dos corrientes: la cognitiva, sostiene que las emociones están constituidas (esencialmente) por algún tipo de juicio evaluativo; y la perceptiva, niega que una evaluación tal sea necesaria para que ocurra una emoción. El presente trabajo se propone evaluar la propuesta de la psicología evolucionista de cara a la problemática de las emociones. En particular, examina la posibilidad de que esta novedosa concepción de las emociones, como metaprogramas, contribuya a disolver la disputa entre los que abogan por la composición meramente perceptiva de las emociones y aquellos que, contrariamente, defienden la participación necesaria de algún tipo de juicio cognitivo, para que se dé un fenómeno emocional.; The problem of how to characterize emotions is still open. Different approaches have been grouped into two major views: on the one hand, cognitive theory holds that emotions are essentially constituted by some kind of evaluative judgment; on the other, perceptual theory denies that an evaluation of that sort is necessary for an emotion to occur. In this paper I examine the proposal of evolutionary psychology, specially in the face of emotion problems. In particular, I consider the possibility that their original conception of emotions as superordinate programs, could solve the dispute between the perceptual view and those that defend that a cognitive component, usually an appraisal, is required for an emotion to occur.