A Proposal to Teach the Light in a Unified Frame Using the Feynman Method Fanaro, Maria de Los Angeles; Otero, Maria Rita; Arlego, Marcelo José Fabián The goal of this proposal is to teach the basic aspects of light from the point of view of quantum mechanics at high school level. To this end, we have adapted Feynman´s Path Integral Method of Quantum Mechanics. This is a continuation of previous works where we considered the quantum behaviour of matter. The situations were to promote the conceptualization of the electron as a quantum system, the probabilistic function and the transition quantum–classic. Now, the goal is to build a new proposal to teach the behaviour of the light from an actual vision and from a unified model: the quantum mechanics, from the reconstruction of a reference that also uses the approach Path Integrals of Richard Feynman. It is adapted for secondary school students using vectors and sums, and it is inserted in a problems context about the light. Careful and accurate language is used, avoiding terms like photon or expressions like particles of light or wave-particle duality, because these ideas could present obstacles to understanding key aspects of quantum theory. This proposal is an alternative to avoid historical approaches commonly used so far and it is being implemented in two groups of students in secondary school (15-16 years old). Key words: Feynman method, light, quantum mechanics, secondary school, teaching.

Much More Than It Was Expected: Preservational Differences of Diaphysis and Epiphyseal Ends of Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) Long Bones in Southern Patagonia (Argentina) Belardi, Juan Bautista; Rindel, Diego Damian; Bourlot, Tirso Javier In archeofaunal assemblages from different parts of the world there is a predominance of diaphysis over articular ends. This differential proportion of diaphysis over epiphysis also characterizes a considerable proportion of the faunal samples from Patagonia, especially those from caves and rockshelters. However, the assemblages recovered from open-air contexts in south Patagonia shows an inverse pattern: a predominance of the epiphysis over the diaphysis of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) long bones, contrary to the expectations derived from their respective bone mineral density (BMD) values. The archeofaunal information obtained from six open-air sites is presented and the pattern is evaluated and compared considering the diaphyseal and epiphyseal long bone structure, the densitometric values obtained by Stahl (1999) for South American camelids, the environmental characteristics related with the substrates (lacustrine clay and sand dunes) of the sites and the regional taphonomic information. It is proposed that in dynamic environments such as those here considered, the observed pattern is related to weathering/abrasion, acting differentially on the types and position of the tissues that form the diaphysis and epiphysis. When the diaphysis begins to open and fragment the fracture stops in the epiphysis. Such process would be accelerated in cultural contexts as a result of obtaining nutrients from long bones -considered of low processing cost (sensu Marean & Cleghorn, 2003)- and blanks for artifacts, causes bone to be fractured. Besides, the lack of large carnivores in Patagonia is another important factor that would affect the differential representation on epiphysis over diaphysis. Similar results obtained on different substrates can sustain the expression of the pattern on a regional scale while indicating that it corresponds to openair site contexts in general. Thus, the correlation between present elements and BMD would result in a partial tool to evaluate the integrity of archaeofaunas from Southern Patagonia open-air sites.

Alkaloids from single skins of the Argentinian toad Melanophryniscus rubriventris (ANURA, BUFONIDAE): An unexpected variability in alkaloid profiles and a profusion of new structures Garraffo, H. Martin; Andriamaharavo, Nirina R.; Vaira, Marcos; Quiroga, Maria Fernanda; Heit, Cecilia Inés; Spande, Thomas F. GC-MS analysis of single-skins of ten Melanophryniscus rubriventris toads (five collections of two toads each) captured during their breeding season in NW Argentina has revealed a total of 127 alkaloids of which 56 had not been previously detected in any frog or toad. Included among these new alkaloids are 23 new diastereomers of previously reported alkaloids. What is particularly distinguishing about the alkaloid profiles of these ten collections is the occurrence of many of the alkaloids, whether known or new to us, in only one of the ten skins sampled, despite two skins being obtained from each breeding site of the five populations. Many of the alkaloids are of classes known to have structures with branched-chains (e.g. pumiliotoxins and tricyclic structures) that are considered to derive from dietary mites. A large number of previously reported and new alkaloids are also of unclassified structures. Only a very few 3,5-disubstituted-indolizidine or -pyrrolizidine alkaloids are observed that have a straight-chain carbon skeleton and are likely derived from ant prey. The possible relationship of these collections made during the toad’s brief breeding episodes to sequestration of dietary arthropods and individual alkaloid profiles is discussed.

José Ingenieros y Eva Rutenberg: Cartas de amor para una historia intelectual Fernández Cordero, María Laura A fines del año 2011 el CeDInCI (Centro de Documentación e Investigación de la Cultura de Izquierdas en Argentina) abrió a la consulta pública el Fondo Ingenieros, un acervo que contiene gran parte del archivo personal de José Ingenieros.  Durante el proceso de  catalogación de su extenso epistolario tuve la oportunidad de trabajar con un interesante intercambio epistolar entre Ingenieros y su esposa, Eva Rutenberg. En esas cartas que enviaba desde lo que fue su último viaje, él intentaba negociar una convivencia familiar que le permitiera desarrollar más libremente su tarea intelectual. Allí le proponía a su esposa nuevas formas de administración del dinero o, llegado el caso, continuar la relación aunque no la convivencia ya que se obstaculizaba el proyecto de estudio y escritura que se había propuesto. Ese intercambio me permitió ofrecer una reflexión sobre la escasa presencia de un análisis con perspectiva de género en la historia de los intelectuales varones.

El carbonato de calcio y sus implicancias en el análisis de conjuntos arqueofaunísticos: El caso Laguna El Doce (departamento General López, provincia de Santa Fe); The calcium carbonate and its implications for the analysis of archaeological faunal samples: The Laguna El Doce case (General López department, Santa Fe province) Cornaglia Fernández, Jimena Es frecuente que, bajo determinadas condiciones, se depositen concreciones de carbonato de calcio (CaCO3) sobre las superficies óseas de los huesos recuperados en sitios arqueológicos. En el presente trabajo se presenta el análisis de los efectos tafonómicos de una muestra de especímenes óseo faunísticos procedentes del sitio arqueológico Laguna El Doce, sin limpiar y tras la remoción del carbonato de calcio, con el objeto de evaluar cómo influye la depositación de CaCO3 en el relevamiento de variables antrópicas y naturales, y ver en qué medida puede incrementar -o no- las observaciones de dichas variables. Para este trabajo se seleccionaron los taxa más representados en el conjunto y que registraron evidencias de haber sido ingresados antrópicamente al sitio [venado (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), ñandú (Rhea americana), guanaco (Lama guanicoe) y Artiodactyla; NISP total= 1814]. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron observar un incremento significativo en la frecuencia de agentes tafonómicos naturales (i.e. acción de roedores y raíces) y antrópicos, además de la observación de otras variables de interés para el análisis arqueofaunístico como la meteorización, las depositaciones de manganeso, entre otras.; Often, under certain conditions, concretions of calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) appear on the surface of bone specimens recovered from archaeological sites. In order to assess how the deposition of CaCO3 influences the identification of anthropogenic and natural variables, and to see how far this can increase –or not- the observations of these variables, this paper presents an analysis of the taphonomic effects on a faunal sample from the archaeological site Laguna El Doce after the removal of calcium carbonate. The most represented taxa in the assemblage and those which contained evidence of anthropic modifications were selected [pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), rhea (Rhea americana), guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and Artiodactyla, total NISP= 1814]. The results obtained allow observing a significant increase in the frequency of natural (i.e. rodents and root etching) and anthropic taphonomic agents, as well as the presence of other variables of interest such as weathering, manganese deposits, among others.

Implicancia de las prostaglandinas en la fisiopatología de la endometriosis; Role of prostaglandins in the pathophysiology of endometriosis Meresman, Gabriela Fabiana; Olivares, Carla Noemi Las prostaglandinas son lípidos bioactivos que poseen múltiples y variadas funciones. En biología reproductiva, participan en la regulación de la ovulación, en la fisiología endometrial y en el proceso de menstruación. Asimismo, los niveles de las ciclooxigenasas (COX), enzimas clave en la producción de prostaglandinas, se han hallado aumentados en procesos patológicos tumorales e inflamatorios. En endometriosis, las prostaglandinas no sólo están implicadas en el dolor, sino que son partícipes clave del desarrollo y establecimiento de la enfermedad. Los altos niveles de prostaglandina E2 (PGE2 ) hallados en el líquido peritoneal de las pacientes con endometriosis, no sólo favorecen la proliferación celular estimulando la actividad de aromatasa con su consiguiente producción de estrógenos, sino que, además, los mismos estrógenos aumentan la síntesis de PGE2 estimulando la actividad de las COX-2. La PGE2 además estimula la angiogénesis y está involucrada en la alteración inmunológica peritoneal que se observa en endometriosis. Los inhibidores de las COX-2 fueron y son actualmente utilizados en numerosos ensayos preclínicos y clínicos en distintos tipos de cáncer. En estudios realizados tanto in vitro como in vivo, hemos demostrado que el inhibidor selectivo de las COX-2, el celecoxib, fue eficaz para inhibir la endometriosis experimental. Resulta importante buscar nuevos horizontes en la terapéutica de la endometriosis. Las prostaglandinas y sus enzimas clave de síntesis, las ciclooxigenasas, representan hoy un blanco atractivo para desarrollar nuevas terapéuticas que ataquen directamente a las moléculas involucradas en las causas de esta patología; Furthermore, cyclooxygenases (COX) levels, which are key enzymes for the synthesis of prostaglandins, have been found to be elevated in pathologic, tumoral and inflammatory processes. In endometriosis, prostaglandins are not only implicated in pain, but they are also critical for the establishment as well as for the development of the disease. The high levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) found in the peritoneal fluid from patients with endometriosis, not only favor cellular proliferation by stimulating the activity of aromatase with the consequent estrogen production, but also these estrogens are responsible for enhancing PGE2 synthesis by stimulating COX-2 activity. PGE2 also stimulates angiogenesis and is implicated in the peritoneal immunologic alterations observed in endometriosis. COX-2 inhibitors were and are used in a vast number of preclinical and clinical studies in different types of cancer. In studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo, we have demonstrated that the selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, was efficient in inhibiting experimental endometriosis. It is important to search for new horizons in endometriosis treatment. Prostaglandins and the enzymes in charge of their synthesis, COXs, represent an attractive target for developing new therapies that target directly the molecules involved in the causes of this pathology

Lithic Technology at Campo Laborde, an Early-Holocene Megamammal Hunting Site in the Pampean Region (Argentina) Messineo, Pablo Geronimo Kill/scavenge sites of megamammals in different parts of the world have provided extensive information on subsistence strategies, hunting techniques and technologies used. These kinds of sites often contain the remains of one or a few animals associated with small artifacts. In the pampean region, the knowledge of the lithic technologies associated with the kill/procurement and butchering of megamammals during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene has been studied in only two other archaeological assemblages: La Moderna and Paso Otero 5. Recent investigations carried out at Campo Laborde, an archaeological site related with the hunting and the primary processing of a giant ground sloth (Megatherium americanum), provide new evidence to understand the lithic technology linked to these specific activities. In this paper, the results of the techno-morphological analysis of the lithic assemblage from Campo Laborde will be presented. The main objectives of this research are to identify the manufacturing stages for each of the lithic raw materials, and to infer the technological organization employed by the hunter-gatherers during the butchering of this megamammal specie.

Host specific reproductive benefits, host selection behavior and host use pattern of the pinnotherid crab Calyptraeotheres garthi Ocampo, Emiliano Hernan; Nuñez, Jesus Dario; Cledón, Maximiliano; Baeza, J. Antonio In organisms using a wide variety of refuges, both the cost and benefits to the users might be refuge-specific. Under these circumstances, users using mechanisms (e.g., behavioral preference) that allow them to find and colonize refuges in which net benefits are maximized are expected to be selected by the environment. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that resource generalists display strong preferences for resources that provide the greatest reproductive benefits using Calyptraeotheres garthi, a crab that inhabits the limpets Crepidula cachimilla and Bostrycapulus odites in the south-western Atlantic. In the field, female crabs inhabiting C. cachimilla featured larger average body size, and subsequently, larger average fecundity and brood weight than those inhabiting B. odites. Thus, C. cachimilla is a higher quality host for C. garthi compared to B. odites. In contrast to expectations, host selection experiments revealed that female crabs were attracted to the host species from which they were collected and not to the host species that provided the greatest reproductive benefits (C. cachimilla). Host chemical and/or visual cues imprinted in crabs early during ontogeny (soon after colonization of their first host), rather than genetic differences, may explain the source-host fidelity of C. garthi. In the two hosts, females of C. garthi lead a solitary lifestyle and appear to inhabit the same host individual for long periods of time as indicated by the close relationship between female crab and host body size. The frequency of male–female pairs within host individuals was lower than expected by chance alone. Also, males were, on average, smaller than females and did not appear to inhabit the same host individual for long periods of time. The above suggests that males might be using a pure‐search mating strategy, continuously roaming among host individuals in search of receptive females. The details of the mating system of C. garthi need to be further investigated.

The intersex movement: Empowering through new technologies Brossi, Lionel; Landa, Maria Ines; Ortíz de Zarate, Amalia The aim of this article is to explore the different demands and priorities of the intersex community as displayed in various Internet sites. It focuses on common and divergent viewpoints and strategies associated with the social, medical and legal regulations affecting intersex persons. It also demonstrates how online-based policy-making can lead to real actions and change, by allowing to provide information and support for intersex people, their families and supporters. This is oriented to reduce, if not eliminate, the shame and secrecy surrounding the topic, as well as inform and educate physicians and professionals specialized in intersex issues.

Perfil sanitario de la provincia de Córdoba. Desarrollo y eficacia de las políticas de salud. Años 2000-2007; Health profile of the province of Córdoba. Development and effectiveness of health policies. Years 2000-2007 Peranovich, Andres Conrado En los últimos años se han desarrollado en Argentina estrategias dirigidas al cambio del modelo de atención de salud, afianzando la atención primaria y propiciando la reorganización del sistema de servicios de salud y de los sistemas de financiamiento. Este trabajo intenta mostrar la eficacia o no de los cambios dispuestos, ejemplificándolo en el perfil sanitario de la provincia de Córdoba, para el período 2000 al 2007. Es necesario poner de relieve que los datos estadísticos presentados en forma de números, gráficos y/o tablas reflejan la situación de personas que diariamente deben enfrentarse a diferentes situaciones en relación a su salud. Por lo tanto la planificación y el manejo de los recursos y servicios en materia sanitaria resulta esencial, teniendo en cuenta que las últimas encuestas realizadas con respecto a la salud en nuestra provincia, mostraban una visión negativa sobre este tema tan importante y polémico.; In recent years strategies have been developed in Argentina to change the model of health care, strengthen primary care and facilitate the reorganization of health services and funding systems. The objective of this paper is to show the effectiveness or not of the changes proposed, exemplified in the health profile of the province of Córdoba, for the period 2000 to 2007. It is necessary to emphasize that the statistical data presented as numbers, graphs and/or tables reflect the situation of people who everyday have to deal with different situations in relation to their health. Therefore, the planning and management of resources and services in health is essential, given that recent surveys concerning health in our province showed a negative view on this very important and controversial topic.

Creencia pragmática y cognición en Leibniz y Peirce Vargas, Evelyn Teresita La epistemología contemporánea ha insistido en que la creencia es un componente esencial del conocimiento, y sin embargo, si el tener por verdadero es lo propio de la creencia, esto resultaría problemático en relación con la aceptación de un genuino falibilismo por parte del que cree. La cuestión ya fue por planteada por Peirce, y en los albores de la revolución científica, es esbozada por Leibniz con el propósito de responder al escepticismo pirrónico, de modo que la reflexión sobre el concepto de 'creencia' también fue objeto de su reflexión filosófica. Ambos pensadores coinciden, además, en que la relación con la acción es un aspecto fundamental del creer. Este vínculo entre creencia y acción es un rasgo fundamental de lo que Kant había llamado 'creencia pragmática.' En la 'Doctrina transcendental del método' Kant define la creencia pragmática como aquella que sirve de base a la acción pero que, sin embargo, sólo es acompañada de convicción subjetiva (A 824/ B 852). Se ha sostenido que el pragmatismo americano generaliza esta relación con la acción a toda creencia. Menos conocido es el hecho de que Leibniz postula una concepción 'pragmática' de la creencia. En este trabajo me propongo mostrar de qué manera tanto Leibniz como Peirce hicieron de la acción un elemento constitutivo de la noción de creencia, al hacer de la inferencia el proceso de formación de creencias por excelencia; ello supuso hacer del inferir la unidad fundamental de la cognición.

Bis(acetato-κ2 O,O')(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′- bipyridine-κ2 N,N')zinc Harvey, Miguel Angel; Suarez, Sebastian; Ibañez, Andres; Doctorovich, Fabio; Baggio, Ricardo Fortunato The molecular structure of the title compound, [Zn(CH3COO) 2(C12H12N2)], consists of isolated molecules bisected by a twofold rotation axis which goes through the ZnII cation and halves the organic base through the central C-C bond. The Zn II ion is coordinated by two N atoms from one molecule of the aromatic base and four O atoms from two bidentate, symmetry-related acetate anions, which coordinate asymmetrically [Zn-O distances of 2.058(2) and 2.362(3)Å], while the two Zn-N bond distances are equal as imposed by symmetry [2.079(2)Å]. The crystal structure is supported by a number of weak C-H⋯O interactions and C-H⋯π contacts, with no π-π interactions present, mainly hindered by the substituent methyl groups and the relative molecular orientation. The result is a three-dimensional structure in which each molecule is linked to eight different neighbors.

El problema de marco como nudo teórico en la interfaz entre la filosofía y las ciencias cognitivas; The frame problem as a theoretical knot within the interface area between philosophy and cognitive sciences; O problema de marco como nó teórico na interface entre a filosofia e as ciências Silenzi, María Inés El tópico que trata sobre las relaciones entre la filosofía y otras disciplinas es com-plejo y requiere necesariamente de una revisión bibliográfica y un análisis mucho más extenso de lo que podríamos desarrollar en este trabajo. Por lo tanto, vamos a restringir esta cuestión mediante la limitación de la zona de interfaz que se establece entre la filosofía y la ciencia cognitiva, teniendo en cuenta el problema del marco como nudo entre ambas disciplinas. Ubicados dentro de esta zona de interfaz, nos preguntamos: ¿podrían influir los nuevos marcos teóricos de las ciencias cognitivas en la resolución del problema de marco? Consideramos que este problema podría ser solucionado desde una posición híbrida, que contenga a ambos paradigmas de las ciencias cognitivas.; The topic establishing the relationships between philosophy and other disciplines is complex and it necessarily requires a literature review and an analysis much more extensive than we could develop in this paper. Therefore, we will restrict this question by limiting the interface area established between philosophy and cognitive science, considering the frame problem as a theoretical knot between both disciplines. Located within this interface zone we ask: could the new theoretical frameworks of cognitive science (and their discoveries) have influence upon solving the frame problem? We believe that this problem could be solved from a new hybrid position containing both cognitive science paradigms.; O tópico que trata das relações entre a filosofia e outras disciplinas é complexo e exige necessariamente uma revisão bibliográfica e uma análise muito mais extensa do que poderíamos desenvolver neste trabalho. Portanto, vamos restringir esta questão limitando a zona de interface que se estabelece entre a filosofia e a ciência cognitiva, tendo em conta o problema do marco como nó entre as duas disciplinas. Situados dentro desta zona de interface, perguntamos: poderiam influenciar os novos marcos teóricos das ciências cognitivas na resolução do problema de marco? Consideramos que este problema poderia ser resolvido a partir de uma posición híbrida, que inclua ambos os paradigmas das ciências cognitivas.

Flexible and practical modeling of animal telemetry data: Hidden Markov models and extensions Langrock, Roland; King, Ruth; Matthiopoulos, Jason; Thomas, Len; Fortin, Daniel; Morales, Juan Manuel We discuss hidden Markov-type models for fitting a variety of multistate random walks to wildlife movement data. Discrete-time hidden Markov models (HMMs) achieve considerable computational gains by focusing on observations that are regularly spaced in time, and for which the measurement error is negligible. These conditions are often met, in particular for data related to terrestrial animals, so that a likelihood-based HMM approach is feasible. We describe a number of extensions of HMMs for animal movement modeling, including more flexible state transition models and individual random effects (fitted in a non-Bayesian framework). In particular we consider so-called hidden semi-Markov models, which may substantially improve the goodness of fit and provide important insights into the behavioral state switching dynamics. To showcase the expediency of these methods, we consider an application of a hierarchical hidden semi-Markov model to multiple bison movement paths.

Legal and institutional tools to mitigate marine turtle bycatch: Argentina as a case study González Carman, Victoria; Machain, Natalia; Albareda, Diego; Mianzan, Hermes Walter; Campagna, Claudio This paper explores conservation policy pertinent to three species of marine turtles affected by fisheries, while crossing jurisdictions in their seasonal migrations through the SW Atlantic, particularly the Argentine waters. This case study reviews local legal and institutional frameworks for Argentina and concludes that tools are in place to monitor and mitigate the negative impact of bycatch on the populations. Argentina is signatory of the most relevant international treaties aimed at protecting transboundary species (e.g. Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals). Legislation also exists at the federal and provincial levels. Yet, accidental captures continue to occur due to weaknesses in enforcement and the low priority that conservation has in fisheries management decisions. Some urgent practical actions supported by policy are suggested: (a) placement of on-board observers in coastal fishing fleets, (b) application of existing mitigation measures to reduce bycatch, (c) design of a national plan of action for marine turtles in Argentina, and (d) development of a regional plan between Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Stakeholder involvement, especially the fishing sector but also the civil society, would be important to energize practical and effective conservation decisions. The example of Argentina is typical for the region and may apply to other countries as well. The conservation community requires investing more in the application of policy, concomitant with perfecting legal tools.

Development and preliminary validation of an antibody filtration-assisted single-dilution chemiluminometric immunoassay for potency testing of Piscirickettsia salmonis vaccines Wilda, Maximiliano; Lavoria, Maria de Los Angeles; Giraldez, Adrian Nicolas; Franco Mahecha, Olga Lucia; Mansilla, Florencia Celeste; Érguiz, Matías; Iglesias, Marcela Elvira; Capozzo, Alejandra Victoria Challenge with live pathogens could be substituted by serology for many veterinary diseases, however little progress has been made in the development of alternative batch vaccine potency tests for fish. This study reports the development and preliminary validation of a single-dilution filtration-assisted chemiluminometric immunoassay (SD FAL-ELISA) applied to measure anti Piscirickettsia salmonis IgM in individual or pooled serum and mucus samples. The assay was set up to test a single-dilution of the sample. Serum SD FAL-ELISA yielded a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 96%. SD FAL-ELISA was applied to evaluate pooled and individual samples from P. salmonis challenge assessments. Relative-light units values (RLU) obtained by SD FAL-ELISA were proportional to antibody levels in serum. RLU values obtained from pooled and individual serum samples increased with the observed relative percent survival (RPS) values, indicating a correlation between protection and specific IgM levels. Results obtained for specific IgM in mucus samples was not related to the RPS, but discriminated the vaccine that yielded high RPS (86.4%) from the others (40.9 and 54.5%). This is the first report on the development of an indirect high-throughput serological assessment for P. salmonis vaccine potency testing using both pooled or individual serum and cutaneous mucus samples.

Fuentes de rocas y uso de materias primas líticas en Bahía Final 6, costa norte del golfo San Matías (Río Negro, Argentina); Sources of lithic raw materials and their exploitaition at Bahía Final 6 site, northern coast of San Matías gulf, Río Negro, Argentina Alberti, Jimena Este trabajo constituye una aproximación al análisis de las estrategias de aprovisionamiento y uso de rocas en la costa norte del golfo San Matías (provincia de Río Negro, Argentina). Con este fin se muestrearon diferentes fuentes de materias primas líticas y se analizaron materiales arqueológicos provenientes de dos loci de la localidad Bahía Final, cada uno de ellos representativo de un bloque temporal distinto dentro del modelo de uso del espacio y consumo de recursos marinos propuesto para la región. A partir de los análisis realizados se presentan las tendencias generales para el aprovechamiento de rocas a lo largo del tiempo. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que los patrones de aprovisionamiento y uso de materias primas líticas habrían estado en relación con cambios en los circuitos de movilidad de los grupos cazadores-recolectores que habitaron la zona y con las variaciones geomorfológicas acaecidas en el sector costero bajo estudio.; This paper presents an approach to the analysis of provisioning strategies and rock use in the Northern coast of San Matías gulf, Río Negro, Argentina. Our research included the survey of several sources of lithic raw materials and the analysis of lithic assemblages recovered from two Bahía Final archaeological loci, each of which represents a different span of time within the model of space use and marine resource consumption proposed for the region. The general trends in lithic raw material exploitation over time are presented. The results suggest that procurement patterns and lithic raw material use were related both to changes in the mobility circuits of the hunter-gatherers that inhabited the area and to the geomorphological evolution of the marine coast within the study area.

Comparing methods for extracting amaranthus starch and the properties of the isolated starches Villarreal, Myriam Elizabeth; Ribotta, Pablo Daniel; Iturriaga, Laura Beatriz Starch was isolated from Amaranthus cruentus whole grain (WG) and whole grain flour (WGF) using both the alkaline method (AM) and AM combined with food degree protease digestion (AMP). The methods involved successive soaking in NaOH solution (0.25 g/100 ml in AM and 0.05 g/100 ml in AMP), fibrous fraction wet milling, enzymatic hydrolysis in AMP and multi-staged centrifugation. Milling the amaranth grains in both methods increased significantly starch yield, recovery, and purity when compared against WG and lowered soaking times as well. Starch yield and recovery were 116.7% and 123.6% higher in WGF while protein, fiber, and ash contents showed decreases of about 44.4%, 34.8%, and 30.4% respectively. The effect of the extracting methods was less notorious than that of the grain milling. The results suggest that both methods are suitable for extracting starch from previously milled grains despite the fact that the AM shows significant operative advantages. The starches extracted showed conservative structure, A-type difractrometric patterns with high crystallinity degrees (∼39%) and Tg (gelatinization temperature) values (∼74 °C). These properties not present significant differences as a consequence of the extracting procedure used.

Characterization of Spherical Core-Shell Particles by Static Light Scattering. Estimation of the Core- and Particle- Size Distributions Clementi, Luis Alberto; Vega, Jorge Ruben; Gugliotta, Luis Marcelino; Quirantes, Arturo A numerical method is proposed for the characterization of core-shell spherical particles from static light scattering (SLS) measurements. The method is able to estimate the core size distribution (CSD) and the particle size distribution (PSD), through the following two-step procedure: i) the estimation of the bivariate core - particle size distribution (C-PSD), by solving a linear ill-conditioned inverse problem through a generalized Tikhonov regularization strategy, and ii) the calculation of the CSD and the PSD from the estimated C-PSD. First, the method was evaluated on the basis of several simulated examples, with polystyrene - poly(methyl methacrylate) core-shell particles of different CSDs and PSDs. Then, two samples of hematite - Yttrium basic carbonate core-shell particles were successfully characterized. In all analyzed examples, acceptable estimates of the PSD and the average diameter of the CSD were obtained. Based on the single-scattering Mie theory, the proposed method is an effective tool for characterizing core-shell colloidal particles larger than their Rayleigh limit without requiring any a-priori assumption on the shape of the size distributions. Under such conditions, the PSDs can always be adequately estimated; while acceptable CSD estimates are obtained when the core/shell particles exhibit either a high optical contrast, or a moderate optical contrast but with a high average core diameter / average particle diameter ratio.

Latin American consensus on hypertension in patients with diabetes type 2 and metabolic syndrome López Jaramillo, Patricio; Sánchez, Ramiro A.; Diaz, Margarita; Cobos, Leonardo; Bryce, Alfonso; Parra Carrillo, Jose Z.; Lizcano, Fernando; Lanas, Fernando; Sinay, Isaac; Sierra, Iván D.; Peñaherrera, Ernesto; Bendersky, Mario; Schmid, Helena; Botero, Rodrigo; Urina, Ezequiel; Lara, Joffre; Foss, Milton C.; Márquez, Gustavo; Harrap, Stephen; Ramírez, Agustín José; Zanchetti, Alberto The present document has been prepared by a group of experts, members of cardiology, endocrinology and diabetes societies of Latin American countries, to serve as a guide to physicians taking care of patients with diabetes, hypertension and comorbidities or complications of both conditions. Although the concept of 'metabolic syndrome' is currently disputed, the higher prevalence in Latin America of that cluster of metabolic alterations has suggested that 'metabolic syndrome' is a useful nosographic entity in the context of Latin American medicine. Therefore, in the present document, particular attention is paid to this syndrome in order to alert physicians on a particularly high-risk population, usually underestimated and undertreated. These recommendations result from presentations and debates by discussion panels during a 2-day conference held in Bucaramanga, in October 2012, and all the participants have approved the final conclusions. The authors acknowledge that the publication and diffusion of guidelines do not suffice to achieve the recommended changes in diagnostic or therapeutic strategies, and plan suitable interventions overcoming knowledge, attitude and behavioural barriers, preventing both physicians and patients from effectively adhering to guideline recommendations.