Determinación de residuos de deoxicolato de sodio en formulaciones vacunales por cromatografía electrocinética micelar; Determination of Sodium deoxycolate residues in vaccinal formulation by micellar electrokinetic chromatography Yaima, Merchan; Lucangioli, Silvia Edith; Carducci, Clyde; Fajardo, Esther María; Rico, Jeannete; Tamayo, Yolexis; Delgado, Ileana El deoxicolato de sodio (DCNa) es el surfactante por excelencia empleado en la industria biofarmacéutica para la solubilización de vesículas de membrana externa. Es bien conocida la importancia que reviste el control de este metabolito en materiales biológicos, debido a su alta toxicidad para el organismo humano. Para demostrar la presencia de bajas concentraciones de este metabolito en formulaciones vacunales es necesario el empleo de una metodología altamente selectiva, sensible, específica y reproducible. En el presente reporte se utilizó la cromatografía electrocinética micelar (MEKC) en un analizador capilar de iones (Water corp. Milford MA), con una detección a 185 nm, con lámpara de mercurio. Se empleó un capilar de sílica fundida (Waters Corp. Milford MA); se evaluó la pureza de dos lotes de deoxicolato de sodio y se analizaron 15 muestras de vesículas purificadas, ingrediente farmacéutico activo de formulaciones vacunales. Los datos fueron registrados y procesados con el software Millennium TM (Waters Corp. Milford MA). Se determinó que los lotes de deoxicolato de sodio contenían 1,19% y 0,44% de ácido cólico contaminante y que el 93% de las muestras de vesículas purificadas tenían de 0 a 2,44 µg DCNa/100 µg de proteína. Los resultados obtenidos por MEKC fueron comparados con una modificación de una prueba cinética empleada para determinar ácidos biliares en sangre (Merckotest). El sistema MEKC mostró mejores resultados con respecto al Merkotest.; The sodium deoxycholate (DCNa) source is the surfactant used in the biopharmaceutical industry for the solubilization of outer membrane vesicles. It is well known the importance of control of this metabolite in biological materials due to its high toxicity for humans. To demonstrate significant small variations of this metabolite in vaccine formulations it is necessary to use a methodology highly selective, sensitive, specific and reproducible. In this report we used the micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) in a Capillary Ion Analyzer (Water corp. Milford MA) detection at 185 nm mercury lamp. It employed a fused silica capillary uncoated (Waters Corp. Milford MA). We assessed the purity of 2 lots of sodium deoxycholate and analyzed 15 samples of purified vesicles active pharmaceutical ingredient vaccine formulations. Data were recorded and processed with software Millennium TM (Waters Corp. Milford MA). It was found that lots of sodium deoxycholate containing 1.19 and 0.44% cholic acid and contaminate that 93% of the purified vesicles samples were from 0 to 2.44 mg protein DCNa/100 µg. MECK's results were compared with a kinetic test used to determine bile acids in blood (Merckotest). MECK system showed better results regarding the Merkotest.

Supramolecular analytical chemistry: Spectrofluorimetric determination of 6-hydroxymelatonin with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Bracamonte, Angel Guillermo; Miñambres, Guadalupe Gloria; Veglia, Alicia Viviana The effect of the addition of native (α, β and γ) and derivative (methyl-β and hydroxypropyl-β) cyclodextrins (CD) on the fluorescence of 6-hydroxymelatonin (6HM) in water solutions was studied. The fluorescence of the substrate in the presence of hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPCD) showed the maximum enhancement and the association constant (KA, mol-1 L) was determined (60±2) and interpreted. The fluorescence quantum yield ratio between the complex and free substrate (φ6HMCD/φ6HM) = 6.0±0.2 provides analytical advantages. On the basis of this supramolecular interaction, an alternative and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of 6HM was developed with a detection limit of 0.71 ng mL-1. The validation of the method was performed in urine samples with very good recoveries 95-109 %.

Highly Dispersed MoO3/Al2O3 Shell‐Core Composites Synthesized by CVD of Mo(CO)6 under Atmospheric Pressure Shi, Guojun; Franzke, Thomas; Xia, Wei; Sanchez, Miguel Dario; Muhler, Martin MoO3/γ‐Al2O3 composites are synthesized by CVD under atmospheric pressure using Mo(CO)6 as the precursor and porous γ‐Al2O3 particles in a horizontal, rotating, hot‐wall reactor, which is also used for calcination in air. The composites are characterized by N2 physisorption, atomic absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS). The synthesized samples exhibit excellent porosity, even at high Mo loadings. A much higher Mo yield is achieved when applying sublimation‐adsorption in static air instead of using flowing N2. A high degree of Mo dispersion on alumina is confirmed by XRD, LRS, and TEM; with a Mo surface density as high as 5.2 atoms nm−2, the sample is X‐ray amorphous, there are no polymeric molybdate species detectable by LRS, and the island size of the molybdate species is about 1 nm according to TEM. The XPS analysis shows that exclusively MoVI species are present on all synthesized samples. Thus, the applied rotating, hot‐wall reactor achieves efficient mixing and homogeneous deposition.

El porvenir de Jacques Derrida Chun, Sebastián El porvenir de Jacques Derrida se juega en su reflexión sobre lo político, la cual gira a su vez sobre este mismo concepto: porvenir. Por lo tanto, pensar en la deconstrucción de lo político llevada a cabo por Derrida necesariamente nos conducirá a analizar algunos ejes que atraviesan la cuestión del porvenir: herencia, aporía, mesianicidad sin mesianismo e invención. Nos proponemos en este recorrido destacar la importancia del pensamiento de Derrida dentro del debate político contemporáneo y la herencia que nos ha legado, la cual nos obliga a seguir pensando la deconstrucción y su vínculo con la democracia por venir.; If there´s a future (à-venir) for Derrida´s philosophy, it depends on his political analysis, where the concept of «à-venir» has a fundamental role. Then, Derrida´s deconstruction of the political issue will take us to analyze some issues related to the à-venir question: inheritance, aporia, messianicity without messianism and invention. In this article we will emphasize the importance of Derrida´s philosophy for the contemporary political debate. This inheritance makes us go on thinking about the deconstruction and its connection with the democracy to come.

"Natura multipliciter dicitur": Variantes en el uso del concepto de "natura" en la teoría política medieval a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIII Bertelloni, Carlos Francisco La circulación hacia mediados del siglo XIII de los libri morales de Aristóteles transformó ampliamente la ética y el pensamiento político de la edad media. El conocimiento medieval de la filosofía moral aristotélica produjo un cambio cualitativo en diferentes temas de la filosofía práctica; como consecuencia de ello, a partir del siglo XIII, una parte importante de la teoría política tomó de Aristóteles el concepto de natura y muchos tratados se apoyaron en él y lo utilizaron para fundamentar el nacimiento del orden político que Aristóteles llamó polis, Tomás de Aquino civitas vel provincia y Juan de París communitas civitatis vel regni. Con todo, aunque el concepto aristotélico de natura fue relevante y aunque el modelo aristotélico logró inspirar a los autores de textos políticos medievales, la natura aristotélica no fue la única natura a la que recurrieron los textos políticos al momento de fundamentar teóricamente el surgimiento del orden político. El artículo analiza los diferentes conceptos de natura y reconstruye su lugar dentro de las explicaciones del nacimiento y constitución de las distintas variantes del orden político en la filosofía política medieval.; The circulation at the end of the thirteenth century of the librimorales of Aristotle widely transformed medieval Ethics and medieval Political Theory producing a conceptual winding on chief topics. From thirteenth century onwards an important section of Political Theory was based on the aristotelian concept of natura, that some political treatises used in order to find a theoretical foundation of political order. It was called pólis by Aristotle, civitasvel provincia by Thomas Aquinas, com-munitas civitatis vel regni by Jean Quidort, and so on. But even though the influence of Aristotle ́s concept of natura was decidedly relevant and Aristotelian model markedly inspired medieval authors of political texts, it was not the unique. The paper researchs on the different meanings of natura, and shall reconstruct the place that this key concept takes in each treatise in the explanation of the raise and constitution of political order.

Acerca del carácter ontológico del esquematismo trascendental; On the ontological character of transcendental schematism Arias, Martin El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar que la doctrina kantiana del esquematismo trascendental trata una problemática ontológica. Con ese fin, en primer lugar, estudiamos las relaciones entre categorías, esquemas y principios del entendimiento. De esta manera señalamos la íntima relación entre los esquemas y los principios. En segundo lugar, mostramos que el sistema de los principios del entendimiento puede entenderse como un tratado de ontología. En tercer lugar, presentamos y criticamos un grupo de interpretaciones semánticas del esquematismo trascendental.; The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the Kantian doctrine of transcendental schematism deals with an ontological problematic. With this purpose in mind, in the first place, I study the relationships between categories, schemata and principles of understanding. In this way I point out the close relationship between schemata and principles. In the second place, I demonstrate that the system of the principles of understanding can be conceived as an ontological treatise. In the third place, I present and review a group of semantic interpretations of transcendental schematism.

Using mLearning and MOOCs to understand chaos, emergence, and complexity in education deWaard, Inge; Abajian, Sean; Gallagher, Michael Sean; Hogue, Rebecca; Keskin, Nilgün; Koutropoulos, Apostolos; Rodriguez, Carlos Osvaldo In this paper, we look at how the massive open online course (MOOC) format developed by connectivist researchers and enthusiasts can help analyze the complexity, emergence, and chaos at work in the field of education today. We do this through the prism of a MobiMOOC, a six-week course focusing on mLearning that ran from April to May 2011. MobiMOOC embraced the core MOOC components of self-organization, connectedness, openness, complexity, and the resulting chaos, and, as such, serves as an interesting paradigm for new educational orders that are currently emerging in the field. We discuss the nature of participation in MobiMOOC, the use of mobile technology and social media, and how these factors contributed to a chaotic learning environment with emerging phenomena. These emerging phenomena resulted in a transformative educational paradigm.

Continental and oceanic crustal structure of the Pampean flat slab region, western Argentina, using receiver function analysis: New high-resolution results Gans, Christine R.; Beck, Susan L.; Zandt, George; Gilbert, Hersh; Alvarado, Patricia Monica; Anderson, Megan; Linkimer, Lepolt The Pampean flat slab of central Chile and Argentina (30°-32°S) has strongly influenced Cenozoic tectonics in western Argentina, which contains both the thick-skinned, basement-cored uplifts of the Sierras Pampeanas and the thin-skinned Andean Precordillera fold and thrust belt. In this region of South America, the Nazca Plate is subducting nearly horizontally beneath the South American Plate at ∼100km depth. To gain a better understanding of the deeper structure of this region, including the transition from flat to 'normal' subduction to the south, three IRIS-PASSCAL arrays of broad-band seismic stations have been deployed in central Argentina. Using the dense SIEMBRA array, combined with the broader CHARGE and ESP arrays, the flat slab is imaged for the first time in 3-D detail using receiver function (RF) analysis. A distinct pair of RF arrivals consisting of a negative pulse that marks the top of the oceanic crust, followed by a positive pulse, which indicates the base of the oceanic crust, can be used to map the slab's structure. Depths to Moho and oceanic crustal thicknesses estimated from RF results provide new, more detailed regional maps. An improved depth to continental Moho map shows depths of more than 70km in the main Cordillera and ∼50km in the western Sierras Pampeanas, that shallow to ∼35km in the eastern Sierras Pampeanas. Depth to Moho contours roughly follow terrane boundaries. Offshore, the hotspot seamount chain of the Juan Fernández Ridge (JFR) is thought to create overthickened oceanic crust, providing a mechanism for flat slab subduction. By comparing synthetic RFs, based on various structures, to the observed RF signal we determine that the thickness of the oceanic crust at the top of the slab averages at least ∼13-19km, supporting the idea of a moderately overthickened crust to provide the additional buoyancy for the slab to remain flat. The overthickened region is broader than the area directly aligned with the path of the JFR, however, and indicates, along with the slab earthquake locations, that the flat slab area is wider than the JFR volcanic chain observed in the offshore bathymetry. Further, RFs indicate that the subducted oceanic crust in the region directly along the path of the subducted ridge is broken by trench-parallel faults. One explanation for these faults is that they are older structures within the oceanic crust that were created when the slab subducted. Alternatively, it is possible that faults formed recently from tectonic underplating caused by increased interplate coupling in the flat slab region.

Cell Viability and Functionality of Probiotic Bacteria in Dairy Products Vinderola, Celso Gabriel; Binetti, Ana Griselda; Burns, Patricia Graciela; Reinheimer, Jorge Alberto Probiotic bacteria, according to the definition adopted by the World Health Organization in 2002, are live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host. Recent studies show that the same probiotic strain produced and/or preserved under different storage conditions, may present different responses regarding their susceptibility to the adverse conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, its capacity to adhere to the intestinal epithelium, or its immunomodulating capacity, the functionality being affected without changes in cell viability. This could imply that the control of cell viability is not always enough to guarantee the functionality (probiotic capacity) of a strain. Therefore, a new challenge arises for food technologists and microbiologists when it comes to designing and monitoring probiotic food: to be able to monitor the functionality of a probiotic microorganism throughout all the stages the strain goes through from the moment it is produced and included in the food vehicle, until the moment of consumption. Conventional methodological tools or others still to be developed must be used. The application of cell membrane functionality markers, the use of tests of resistance to intestinal barriers, the study of surface properties and the application of in vivo models come together as complementary tools to assess the actual capacity of a probiotic organism in a specific food, to exert functional effects regardless of the number of viable cells present at the moment of consumption.

Biased Perceptions of Income Distribution and Preferences for Redistribution: Evidence from a Survey Experiment Cruces, Guillermo Antonio; Perez Truglia, Ricardo Nicolas; Tetaz, Martin Alberto Individual perceptions of income distribution play a vital role in political economy and public finance models, yet there is little evidence regarding their origins or accuracy. This study examines how individuals form these perceptions and posits that systematic biases arise from the extrapolation of information extracted from reference groups. A tailored household survey provides original evidence on the significant biases in individuals’ evaluations of their own relative position in the distribution. Furthermore, the data supports the hypothesis that the selection process into the reference groups is the source of those biases. Finally, this study also assesses the practical relevance of these biases by examining their impact on attitudes towards redistributive policies. An experimental design incorporated into the survey provides consistent information on the own ranking within the income distribution to a randomly selected group of respondents. Confronting agents’ biased perceptions with this information has a significant effect on their stated preferences for redistribution. Those who had overestimated their relative position and thought of themselves relatively richer than they were demand higher levels of redistribution when informed of their true ranking. This relationship between biased perceptions and political attitudes provides an alternative explanation for the relatively low degree of redistribution observed in modern democracies.

Optimal Contracts with Hidden Information: An Export Consortium Case Alderete, Maria Veronica This paper analyzes the creation of an export consortium among small and medium sized enterprises (SME) by the State. A hidden information principal agent model is introduced to explain the presence of SME export consortiums. The State (principal) can not observe the random realization of the firm’s (agent) disutility from effort. We introduce a setting where the informational asymmetry is post-contractual. The contract specifies the subsidy and effort levels that result from different announcements of the state by the firm. By means of the subsidy payments, the revelation of firms’ competitiveness can be achieved. The results obtained are that subsidies are ex post inefficient and they can constraint the participation of the less competitive firms to the export consortium.

Jasmonate-induced defenses: A tale of intelligence, collaborators and rascals Ballare, Carlos Luis Plants have sophisticated defense systems to protect their tissues against the attack of herbivorous organisms. Many of these defenses are orchestrated by the oxylipin jasmonate. A growing body of evidence indicates that the expression of jasmonate-induced responses is tightly regulated by the ecological context of the plant. Ecological information is provided by molecular signals that indicate the nature of the attacker, the value of the attacked organs, phytochrome status and thereby proximity of competing plants, association with beneficial organisms and history of plant interactions with pathogens and herbivores. This review discusses recent advances in this field and highlights the need to map the activities of informational modulators to specific control points within our emerging model of jasmonate signaling.

First record of Liolaemus lentus Gallardo, 1966 (Squamata, Iguania, Liolaemini) in Río Negro province, Argentina Perez, Cristian Hernan Fulvio; Avila, Luciano Javier Se da a conocer un nuevo registro de Liolaemus lentus. Además, se amplía el área de distribución de esta especie a la provincia de Río Negro, Patagonia Argentina.

The effect of TP53 codon 72 and RNASEL codon 462 polymorphisms on the development of cervical cancer in Argentine women Barbisan, Gisela; Contreras, Anahí; Perez, Luis Orlando; Difranza, Leonardo; Golijow, Carlos Daniel Epidemiological evidence suggests that genetic factors, such as variants in cancer suppressor genes, may play an important role in the etiology of cervical carcinoma. . TP53 is an outstanding cell cycle regulator, mutated in most human cancers, and . RNASEL is thought to be involved in antiviral and apoptotic responses. To determine whether . TP53 Arg72Pro and . RNASEL Arg462Gln polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to cervical cancer, a case-control study of 98 cancer patients and 123 healthy controls was conducted. Cervical samples were genotyped for both polymorphisms by pyrosequencing technology. The association between cervical cancer risk and the studied SNPs was evaluated by logistic regression, and potential gene-gene interactions were studied by Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction analysis. In the single-locus analysis, only the heterozygous . TP53 Arg72Pro genotype was significantly associated with the risk of developing a cervical carcinoma, while the . RNASEL polymorphism showed no association after age adjustment. In addition, the combination of both polymorphisms gives near-null information gain. Consequently, the effect provided by each single nucleotide polymorphism individually is considered higher than the effect resulting from the interaction between these two genes in cervical cancer risk. These results suggest that a heterozygous . TP53 Arg72Pro genotype may contribute to cervical cancer susceptibility.

Isolation of antibacterial components from infusion of Caesalpinia paraguariensis bark. A bio-guided phytochemical study Sgariglia, Melina Araceli; Soberon, Jose Rodolfo; Sampietro, Diego Alejandro; Quiroga, Emma Nelly; Vattuone, Marta Amelia The antimicrobial activities and toxicity of infusion, decoction and tincture of Caesalpinia paraguariensis Burk. bark (CPBEs) were investigated to validate its traditional use as drink additive and to identify microbicidal component(s). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of CPBEs against aerobic bacteria (Gram-negative and Gram-positive species) were determined using standardised dilution methods. The LC 50 were determined by Brine Shrimp Test. CPBEs showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against tested strains. The highest activity was observed for infusion (MIC:200 μg/mL) against Morganella morganii, Erwinia carotovora, Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. The bacterial species were susceptible to CPBEs (MIC:200-1993 μg/mL) at lower concentration than sodium benzoate, a known food preservative. Two bioactive components were isolated from liophylised infusion by bio-guided chromatographic procedures; these were identified by spectrometric techniques as ellagic and 3-O-methylellagic acids. This study demonstrated that C. paraguariensis bark infusion it is safe for human consumption and a possible source of food natural preservatives.

La política latinoamericana en el Bicentenario: los avatares de la democracia Jensen, Silvina Inés A la luz de los debates en torno a los bicentenarios de la independencia, este artículo hace foco en la coyuntura de máxima impugnación democrática en la región, cuando bajo las dictaduras de la Doctrina de la Seguridad Nacional la oposición antidictatorial hizo de la defensa de los derechos más elementales de la persona su bandera de lucha y la piedra basal de la convivencia política deseada. En tal sentido analizaremos qué queda de esas luchas antidictatoriales y por la democracia de los años 1970 y 1980 de cara a ponderar qué se ha resignado y qué se ha conquistado, qué se ha consolidado y qué se ha abandonado y en qué medida los altos niveles de inequidad, pobreza y exclusión que acredita en la actualidad el subcontinente constituyen o no amenazas a la institucionalidad democrática.

The effect of economic variables over a biodiesel production plant Marchetti, Jorge Mario Biodiesel appears as one of the possible alternative renewable fuels to substitute diesel fuel derived from petroleum. Several researches have been done on the technical aspects of biodiesel production in an attempt to develop a better and cleaner alternative to the conventional process. Economic studies have been carried out to have a better understanding of the high costs and benefits of different technologies in the biodiesel industry. In this work it is studied the effect of the most important economic variables of a biodiesel production process over the general economy of a conventional plant which employs sodium methoxide as catalyst. It has been analyzed the effect of the oil price, the amount of free fatty acid, the biodiesel price, the cost of the glycerin, the effect due to the modification on the methanol price, the washing water price, and several others. Small variations on some of the major market variables would produce significant effects over the global economy of the plant, making it non profitable in some cases. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Singular features of trypanosomatids' phosphotransferases involved in cell energy management Pereira, Claudio Alejandro; Bouvier, León Alberto; Camara, María de los Milagros; Miranda, Mariana Reneé Trypanosomatids are responsible for economically important veterinary affections and severe human diseases. In Africa, Trypanosoma brucei causes sleeping sickness or African trypanosomiasis, while in America, Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease. These parasites have complex life cycles which involve a wide variety of environments with very different compositions, physicochemical properties, and availability of metabolites. As the environment changes there is a need to maintain the nucleoside homeostasis, requiring a quick and regulated response. Most of the enzymes required for energy management are phosphotransferases. These enzymes present a nitrogenous group or a phosphate as acceptors, and the most clear examples are arginine kinase, nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and adenylate kinase. Trypanosoma and Leishmania have the largest number of phosphotransferase isoforms ever found in a single cell; some of them are absent in mammals, suggesting that these enzymes are required in many cellular compartments associated to different biological processes. The presence of such number of phosphotransferases support the hypothesis of the existence of an intracellular enzymatic phosphotransfer network that communicates the spatially separated intracellular ATP consumption and production processes. All these unique features make phosphotransferases a promising start point for rational drug design for the treatment of human trypanosomiasis. © 2011 Claudio A. Pereira et al.

Characterization of the regulatory subunit of Yarrowia lipolytica cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Evidences of a monomeric protein Kronberg, Maria Florencia; Giacometti, Romina; Ruiz Herrera, Jose; Passeron, Susana cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) catalytic (C) and regulatory (R) subunits from Yarrowia lipolytica are encoded by single genes, TPK1 and RKA1, respectively. Here we performed the heterologous expression, purification and characterization of the R subunit from Y. lipolytica yeast cells, and explored the main biochemical features of the PKA. The purified recombinant R, active and capable to interact with C subunit was used to prepare highly specific polyclonal antiserum. Sucrose-gradient centrifugation and gel filtration analysis of both recombinant and native R revealed the monomeric nature of this subunit. Hydrodynamic parameters of the holoenzyme indicated that Y. lipolytica PKA is a dimer of 90 kDa composed of an R subunit of 42 kDa and a C subunit of 39 kDa. The identification of the N-terminal sequence was carried out by mass spectrometry analysis of the purified native R subunit. The differences between N-terminal sequences of R subunits from Y. lipolytica and other organisms, particularly a short linker that spans the inhibitory site, were discussed as the possible cause of the lack of dimerization. R was identified as a type II subunit since our results indicated that it was phosphorylated in vivo by C at S124 identified by anti-phospho-PKA substrate (RRXS/T) antibody.

Hidrogenación de anhídrido maleico en fase gas sobre catalizadores soportados de Cu y Ni: efecto del soporte y del método de preparación Meyer, Camilo Ignacio; Regenhardt, Silvina Andrea; Bertone, Matías Ezequiel; Marchi, Alberto Julio; Garetto, Teresita Francisca Se estudió la hidrogenación de anhídrido maleico en fase gas empleando catalizadores de Cu y/o Ni, soportados sobre SiO2 y SiO2-Al2O3, preparados por impregnación a humedad incipiente y precipitación-deposición. La carga metálica total fue del orden del 10% en todos los casos. Las muestras fueron caracterizadas por DRX, RTP y quimisorción de H2. Los ensayos de actividad catalítica se llevaron a cabo en fase gas, a presión atmosférica y a temperaturas entre 170-220 ºC. Se encontró que tanto el método de preparación como el soporte influyen sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y la actividad catalítica de los sólidos preparados. Como consecuencia, es posible obtener catalizadores de Ni con diferente capacidad hidrogenolítica. Los catalizadores bimetálicos Cu-Ni resultaron más selectivos en la hidrogenólisis del anhídrido succínico a γ-butirolactona. Esto se atribuyo a la formación de una fase bimetálica de Cu-Ni, la cual se puede obtener más fácilmente por el método de precipitación-deposición.