Synthesis, characterization and performance of membranes for clarification of lemon juice Chornomaz, Patricia Mariana; Ochoa, Nelio Ariel; Pagliero, Cecilia Liliana; Marchese, Jose Two membranes named M1 and M2 from polysulfone (PSF) and polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), respectively, were prepared in our laboratory in order to determine their structural characteristics and to evaluate their efficiency in lemon juice clarification. Both membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), liquid-liquid displacement, contact angle measurements, and the water permeability (Lh). Asymmetric membranes with a sponge-like and finger-like substructure for M1 and M2, respectively, were obtained. M1 PSF membrane had a smaller pore size and a higher porosity than PVDF but it had a higher value of permeate flux and lower fouling. The quality of clarified juice was evaluated in terms of: total soluble solids (TSS), suspended solids (TS), pH, citric acid content (% citric ac.). The resulting clarified lemon juice was highly similar to the initial juice but the reduction of the hesperidin (HSP) was lower for M2 (34%) when is compared to M1 (41%).

Clases altas y clases medias en la Argentina, 1880-1930: notas para una agenda de investigación Hora, Roy; Losada, Leandro Agustín Este ensayo explora las relaciones entre la elite social y las clases medias en el período 1880-1930. En particular, presenta algunas hipótesis acerca de las circulaciones culturales y las influencias recíprocas entre los estilos de vida y las convenciones sociales de los sectores medios y los grupos encumbrados. Luego de una breve caracterización de ambos grupos, este ensayo sugiere que el ascendiente de la elite social, de gran importancia en el cambio de siglo, comenzó a menguar hacia el Centenario. El ensayo explora los procesos que afectaron el influjo de la elite, y dieron lugar a la emergencia de una sociedad y una cultura que poseían su centro de gravedad en las clases medias.; This essay analyses the relationship between the social elite and the middle classes in Argentina during the 1880-1930 period. It focuses on the way the upper and middle class interacted in the realm of social customs and lifestyle. The essay offers a brief description of both groups, and then argues Este ensayo explora las relaciones entre la elite social y las clases medias en el período 1880-1930. En particular, presenta algunas hipótesis acerca de las circulaciones culturales y las influencias recíprocas entre los estilos de vida y las convenciones sociales de los sectores medios y los grupos encumbrados. Luego de una breve caracterización de ambos grupos, este ensayo sugiere que el ascendiente de la elite social, de gran importancia en el cambio de siglo, comenzó a menguar hacia el Centenario. El ensayo explora los procesos que afectaron el influjo de la elite, y dieron lugar a la emergencia de una sociedad y una cultura que poseían su centro de gravedad en las clases medias. that the ascendancy of the social elite peaked at the turn of the century, and thereafter lost much of its former force. Finally, the essay looks at the way in which the middle classes became the central element of Argentine culture and society, displacing the elite from its former dominant position.

A 50 años de "Producción de Mercancías por medio de Mercancías" de Piero Sraffa Crespo, Eduardo; Lazzarini, Andrés Lucas Rodrigo Este artículo discute los puntos salientes del libro de Piero Sraffa "Producción de mercancías por medio de mercancías" (1960) en el 50 aniversario de su publicación. Se examinan los antecedentes históricos de la obra y la estrecha relación entre la teoría de la distribución de la economía clásica y la obra del economista Italiano. También se subrrayan algunos de los factores que podrían ayudar a explicar el impacto de la obra en la disciplina en general.

Therapeutic potential of melatonin and its analogs in Parkinson's disease: Focus on sleep and neuroprotection Srinivasan, Venkatramanujam; Cardinali, Daniel Pedro; Srinivasan, Uddanapalli S.; Kaur, Charanjit; Brown, Gregory M.; Spence, David Warren; Hardeland, Rudiger; Pandi Perumal, Seithikurippu R. Sleep disorders constitute major nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease (PD) that have a substantial effect on patients' quality of life and can be related to the progression of the neurodegenerative disease. They can also serve as preclinical markers for PD, as it is the case for rapid eye movement (REM)-associated sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Although the etiology of sleep disorders in PD remains undefined, the assessment of the components of the circadian system, including melatonin secretion, could give therapeutically valuable insight on their pathophysiopathology. Melatonin is a regulator of the sleep/wake cycle and also acts as an effective antioxidant and mitochondrial function protector. A reduction in the expression of melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors has been documented in the substantia nigra of PD patients. The efficacy of melatonin for preventing neuronal cell death and for ameliorating PD symptoms has been demonstrated in animal models of PD employing neurotoxins. A small number of controlled trials indicate that melatonin is useful in treating disturbed sleep in PD, in particular RBD. Whether melatonin and the recently developed melatonergic agents (ramelteon, tasimelteon, agomelatine) have therapeutic potential in PD is also discussed.

Relevancia de la introspección para el reconocimiento de las leyes lógicas de Augustus DeMorgan Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo; Razumiejczyk, Eugenia; Campitelli, Guillermo Jorge Las teorías psicológicas del razonamiento pueden clasificarse según la preponderancia estructural que le atribuyen a las reglas de la lógica (Fernández Berrocal y Carretero, 1995; Santamaría, 1995). Si el modelo considera que tales reglas son constitutivas, la teoría puede ser clasificada como sintáctica o guiada por leyes (Kahneman y Klein, 2009). Si, por el contrario, el modelo enfatiza la influencia crítica de componentes no propiamente lógicos tales como el procesamiento de imágenes o la construcción de modelos mentales, tal teoría puede ser caracterizada como semántica o guiada por significados (Johnson-Laird, Byrne y Schaeken, 1994; Richardson y Ermerod, 1997). Respecto del procesamiento cognitivo de los conectivos lógicos señalan Rader y Sloutsky (2001) que tanto las teorías sintácticas como las semánticas coinciden en señalar la importancia de la negación, entendida como operador formal, para el estudio psicológico del razonamiento. Así, desde un enfoque sintáctico, la teoría de la demostración propuesta por Rips (1994; Carriedo, Moreno, Gutiérrez y García Madruga, 1998) considera que ciertas estructuras formales que incluyen negaciones forman parte de la lógica natural (Braine, 1978),  entendida como un repertorio cognitivo espontáneo de intuición de reglas abstractas. Por su parte, la teoría de los modelos mentales propuesta por Johnson-Laird (1983; Johnson-Laird et al., 1994) ha sugerido que las negaciones lógicas pueden ser tratadas como construcciones compatibles con la generación de representaciones dinámicas y secuenciales de estados de situación en la resolución de problemas y en el razonamiento (García Madruga, Gutiérrez, Carriedo, Moreno y Johnson-Laird, 2001; Gigerenzer, 2007). En este contexto general, el propósito de la presente contribución consiste en establecer una relación entre la calidad de la introspección, entendida como eficacia del monitoreo metacognitivo (Skurnik, 1998), y el reconocimiento de dos reglas lógicas relacionadas con la negación de conjunciones y disyunciones (García Madruga, Moreno, Carriedo, Gutiérrez y Johnson-Laird, 2001). Estas reglas, conocidas como leyes de Augustus DeMorgan (1847; Muñoz García, 2005), han sido escasamente estudiadas a pesar de que tanto el enfoque sintáctico, como el semántico, han reconocido su relevancia para la psicología del razonamiento (Macbeth, Razumiejczyk y Fernández, 2010). Los objetivos específicos del presente estudio son: i) analizar el comportamiento de dos procedimientos alternativos para la evaluación del procesamiento cognitivo de la negación de conjunciones y disyunciones y; ii) evaluar si las variaciones en la calidad de la introspección explican las variaciones en el reconocimiento espontáneo de las leyes de DeMorgan. El objetivo i es coherente con los resultados obtenidos en estudios previos que utilizaron pruebas de razonamiento on-line (Macbeth et al., 2010). El objetivo ii se justifica por estudios recientes que han sugerido una posible relación entre rasgos de personalidad y razonamiento (Fumero, Santamaría y Johnson-Laird, 2010). La calidad del registro introspectivo o eficacia metacognitiva será considerada en la presente contribución como un rasgo de personalidad, lo cual es compatible con estudios previos sobre monitoreo y control cognitivo (Skurnik, 1998).

Modernités multiples et critique social des technologies en Europe et Amérique Latine Delvenne, Pierre; Erpicum, Martin; Hupet, Pierre; Vasen, Federico Aujourd’hui encore, les liens entre les idéologies du progrès et les développements technologiques restent souvent très forts et non remis en cause. Toutefois, au même moment, nous observons également une critique sociale de plus en plus virulente des conséquences liées à ces développements. Cet article, écrit par quatre chercheurs d’Europe et d’Amérique latine, traite de la manière dont sont appréhendées et critiquées les problématiques liées à la science et la technologie en Europe, dans le cadre des offices de « Technology Assessment ». En s’appuyant sur une connaissance poussée des pratiques européennes, les auteurs considèrent que même si les pratiques de Technology Assessment se sont avérées efficaces dans le contexte européen, leur diversité indique qu’un tel outil ne pourrait être transféré comme tel dans un autre contexte politique, culturel et institutionnel, extérieur à l’Europe. S’appuyant sur le concept de modernités multiples, ils étendent leurs réflexions à l’Amérique latine, où des avancées significatives existent dans les régimes de science et d’innovation. Leurs conclusions soulignent l’importance de construire une capacité de Technology Assessment adaptée aux besoins locaux, à travers un processus itératif de co-construction entre les praticiens et de nombreux stakeholders, en ce compris les citoyens.

Tunasniyoj, a dinosaur tracksite from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary of Bolivia Apesteguía, Sebastián; Gallina, Pablo Ariel Here we report a superbly preserved and profusely represented five-ichnotaxa dinosaur track assemblage near Icla village,100 km south east of Sucre, Bolivia. As preserved in reddish Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary aeolian sandstones, this rich and uncommon assemblage is, additionally, the oldest dinosaur tracksite for Bolivia. Four trackmakers were identified in the area: three quadrupedal and one bipedal, all of them with tracks of around 35 cm in lenght. One of the quadrupedals is represented by no less than five adult individuals (ichnotaxon A), and four purported juveniles (ichnotaxon B) walking in association. The other two quadrupedals (ichnotaxa C and D) involve four trackways, and the last, the bipedal trackmaker (ichnotaxon E), is represented by one trackway. The five ichnotaxa represented in the "Palmar de Tunasniyoj" could be tentatively assigned to the following trackmakers: Ichnotaxa A and B are assigned to basal stegosaurians; ichnotaxon C to a basal tyreophoran, perhaps related to the ankylosaur lineage; ichnotaxon D to the Ankylosauria, and ichnotaxon E to Theropoda. The Tunasniyoj assemblage, the oldest dinosaur tracksite for Bolivia, includes the oldest known evidence assigned to ankylosaurs and stegosaurs for South America.; Neste estudo é relatado um conjunto magnificamente preservado de pistas de dinossauros representados por cinco táxons distintos, situado próximo à Vila de Icla, 100 quilômetros a sudeste do Sucre, Bolívia. Preservados em arenitos eólicos avermelhados do limite Jurássico-Cretáceo. Quatro formas geradoras foram identificadas na área, sendo três quadrúpedes e um bípede, todos com as pegadas com cerca de 35 cm de comprimento. Um dos quadrúpedes (trilhas tipos A e B) é representado por pelo menos seis indivíduos em dois grupos de três, com adultos e juvenis juntos. Os outros dois quadrúpedes (trilhas tipos C e D) são geradores de quatro trilhas, e um gerador bípede (trilha E), é representado por uma trilha. Os quatro icnotáxons representados em "Palmar de Tunasniyoj", podem provisoriamente ser atribuídos aos seguintes geradores: Icnotáxon A e B são atribuídos a estegossauros basais. Icnotáxon C a um tireóforo basal, talvez relacionado à linhagem dos anquilossauros. Icnotáxon D aos Ankylosauria; e icnotáxon E a Theropoda. Este raro e belo conjunto de trilhas de dinossauros de Tunasniyoj, representa ainda a icnocenose mais antiga de dinossauros da Bolívia. Além disso, inclui a mais antiga evidência conhecida atribuída a anquilossauros e estegossauros para América do sul.

De la sociedad a la postsociedad: una aproximación a las transformaciones del campo de la salud desde la teoría sociológica contemporánea Bordes, Mariana Argentina Uno de los desafíos de la teoría sociológica contemporánea consiste en redefinir su bagaje conceptual, en un contexto histórico en el que las instituciones de la sociedad salarial -de aspiración inclusiva y universalista- sufren un retroceso como organizadoras de las relaciones sociales. El artículo intenta dar cuenta de las repercusiones que este desafío genera en una serie de trabajos contemporáneos que abordan una temática en particular: la de la salud, la enfermedad y la atención, pero no desde el área subdisciplinar, sino desde el campo de la teoría social general. Con un objetivo comparativo, la primera parte del trabajo se centra en la obra de Talcott Parsons, uno de los autores de teoría sociológica que contribuye a configurar una mirada sobre la realidad médica de las sociedades de la primera modernidad. En la segunda parte, nos centramos en analizar dos enfoques contemporáneos que, desde el campo de la teoría social, se interesan por las problemáticas vinculadas a la salud: las teorías de la gubernamentalidad –cuyos autores son comúnmente denominados “anglofoucaultianos”-, y las teorías de la reflexividad. En términos generales, se llega a la conclusión de que los autores actuales analizados sitúan el foco de interés hacia la gestión (individual y/o colectiva) del riesgo, así como la configuración de una ética para el cuidado de sí, que se distancia de la centralidad que reviste la noción de rol social –y sus supuestos teóricos fundamentales, como el de integración socio-cultural- en el modelo explicativo parsoniano.

Growth temperature and salinity impact fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation in peanut-nodulating rhizobia Paulucci, Natalia Soledad; Medeot, Daniela Beatriz; Dardanelli, Marta Susana; Garcia, Mirta Beatriz Growth and survival of bacteria depend on homeostasis of membrane lipids, and the capacity to adjust lipid composition to adapt to various environmental stresses. Membrane fluidity is regulated in part by the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids present in membrane lipids. Here, we studied the effects of high growth temperature and salinity (NaCl) stress, separately or in combination, on fatty acids composition and de novo synthesis in two peanut-nodulating Bradyrhizobium strains (fast-growing TAL1000 and slow-growing SEMIA6144). Both strains contained the fatty acids palmitic, stearic, and cis-vaccenic + oleic. TAL1000 also contained eicosatrienoic acid and cyclopropane fatty acid. The most striking change, in both strains, was a decreased percentage of cis-vaccenic + oleic (≥80% for TAL1000), and an associated increase in saturated fatty acids, under high growth temperature or combined conditions. Cyclopropane fatty acid was significantly increased in TAL1000 under the above conditions. De novo synthesis of fatty acids was shifted to the synthesis of a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids under all tested conditions, but to a lesser degree for SEMIA6144 compared to TAL1000. The major adaptive response of these rhizobial strains to increased temperature and salinity was an altered degree of fatty acid unsaturation, to maintain the normal physical state of membrane lipids.

Bladder cancer mortality trends and patterns in Córdoba, Argentina (1986-2006) Pou, Sonia Alejandra; Osella, Alberto Ruben; Diaz, Maria del Pilar Background Bladder cancer is common worldwide and the fourth most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men in Argentina. Objective To describe bladder cancer mortality trends in Córdoba (1986-2006), considering the effect of age, period, and cohort, and to estimate the effect of arsenic exposure on bladder cancer, and its interaction with sex, while controlling by smoking habits and space and time variation of the rates. Methods A joinpoint regression was performed to compute the estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) of the age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) in an adult population from Córdoba, Argentina. A Poisson model was fitted to estimate the effect of age, period, and cohort. The influence of gender, tobacco smoking (using lung cancer ASMR as surrogate), and arsenic in drinking water was examined using a hierarchical model. Results A favorable trend (1986-2006) in bladder cancer ASMR in both sexes was found: EAPC of -2.54 in men and -1.69 in women. There was a decreasing trend in relative risk (RR) for cohorts born in 1931 or after. The multilevel model showed an increasing risk for each increase in lung cancer ASMR unit (RR = 1.001) and a biological interaction between sex and arsenic exposure. RR was higher among men exposed to increasing As-exposure categories (RR male low exposure 3.14, RR male intermediate exposure 4.03, RR male high exposure 4.71 versus female low exposure). A non-random space- time distribution of the rates was observed. Conclusions There has been a decreasing trend in ASMR for bladder cancer in Córdoba. This study confirms that bladder cancer is associated with age, gender, smoking habit, and exposure to arsenic. Moreover, an effect measure modification between exposure to arsenic and sex was found.

Melatonin agonists for treatment of sleep and depressive disorders Srinivasan, Venkataramanujan; Cardinali, Daniel Pedro; Pandi Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Brown, Gregory M. Melatonin the hormone secreted by the pineal gland has been effective in improving sleep both in normal sleepers and insomniacs and has been used successfully in treating sleep and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. The lack of consistency in the reports published by the authors is attributed to the differential bioavailabilty and short half-life of melatonin. Sleep disturbances are also prominent features of depressive disorders. To overcome this problem, melatonergic agonists with sleep promoting properties have been introduced in clinical practice. Ramelteon, the MT1/ MT2 melatonergic agonist, has been used in a large number of clinical trials involving chronic insomniacs and has been found effective in improving the total sleep time and sleep efficiency of insomniacs and has not manifested serious adverse effects. The development of another MT1/MT2 melatonergic agonist agomelatine with antagonsim to 5-HT2c serotonin receptors has been found useful not only in treating sleep problems of patients but also as a first line antidepressant with earlier onset of actions in patients with major depressive disorder. An agonist for MT3 melatonin receptor has also been found effective in animal models of depression.

Melatonin-A pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule Hardeland, Rüdiger; Cardinali, Daniel Pedro; Srinivasan, Venkatramanujam; Spence, David Warren; Brown, Gregory M.; Pandi Perumal, Seithikurippu R. Melatonin, the neurohormone of the pineal gland, is also produced by various other tissues and cells. It acts via G protein-coupled receptors expressed in various areas of the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Parallel signaling mechanisms lead to cell-specific control and recruitment of downstream factors, including various kinases, transcription factors and ion channels. Additional actions via nuclear receptors and other binding sites are likely. By virtue of high receptor density in the circadian pacemaker, melatonin is involved in the phasing of circadian rhythms and sleep promotion. Additionally, it exerts effects on peripheral oscillators, including phase coupling of parallel cellular clocks based on alternate use of core oscillator proteins. Direct central and peripheral actions concern the up- or downregulation of various proteins, among which inducible and neuronal NO synthases seem to be of particular importance for antagonizing inflammation and excitotoxicity. The methoxyindole is also synthesized in several peripheral tissues, so that the total content of tissue melatonin exceeds by far the amounts in the circulation. Emerging fields in melatonin research concern receptor polymorphism in relation to various diseases, the control of sleep, the metabolic syndrome, weight control, diabetes type 2 and insulin resistance, and mitochondrial effects. Control of electron flux, prevention of bottlenecks in the respiratory chain and electron leakage contribute to the avoidance of damage by free radicals and seem to be important in neuroprotection, inflammatory diseases and, presumably, aging. Newly discovered influences on sirtuins and downstream factors indicate that melatonin has a role in mitochondrial biogenesis.

Fallas con actividad cuaternaria en el corredor tectónico Matagusanos - Maradona - Acequión entre los ríos de La Flecha y del Agua, provincia de San Juan; Faults with Quaternary activity in the Matagusanos-Maradona-Acequión tectonic depression between the ríos de la La Flecha and del Agua, San Juan province Perucca, Laura Patricia A.; Onorato, Maria Romina En la depresión situada entre los ríos de La Flecha y del Agua, se encuentran evidencias de fallamiento cuaternario, entre dos sistemas estructurales con rumbo norte y vergencias opuestas, Precordillera Central con vergencia oriental y estilo de piel fina y Precordillera Oriental, con vergencia occidental y piel gruesa. Se reconocieron numerosas fallas con actividad cuaternaria a lo largo de toda la depresión: aquellas ubicadas en su porción oriental, en las proximidades del cerro La Chilca, con el mismo estilo estructural de Precordillera Oriental: fallas inversas inclinando al este con alto ángulo en la superficie. Por el contrario, las fallas localizadas en el piedemonte oriental del cordón de Las Osamentas tienen un estilo estructural consistente con Precordillera Central, inversas y con vergencia oriental. Este arreglo estructural de las fallas cuaternarias con vergencia opuesta se compara con aquellos descriptos en la depresión de Matagusanos, donde se identificó una zona triangular de tipo piel gruesa localizada cerca de su porción occidental y en el valle de Zonda, situado al norte del sector analizado.; Evidence of Quaternary faults between two structural systems with regional N-trending strike and opposite vergence occur at the depression located between La Flecha and del Agua rivers; the east-verging thin-skinned Central Precordillera and the west-verging, thick-skinned Eastern Precordillera. Several Quaternary faults have been recognized across the whole depression. Those located in the eastern sector near Cerro La Chilca, show the structural style of Precordillera Oriental: east-dipping reverse faults with a high angle on the surface. On the contrary, faults located at the eastern piedmont of Cordón de Las Osamentas have a structural style consistent with Precordillera Central, reverse faults and east vergence. This structural arrange of Quaternary faults with opposite vergence was compared with those described at Matagusanos depression, where a triangular zone of thick-skinned type is located close to the western sector of the depression and with the zonda valley, located in the northern sector of the study area.

High T/P evolution and metamorphic ages of the migmatitic basement of northern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: Characterization of a mid-crustal segment of the Famatinian belt Larrovere, Mariano Alexis; de Los Hoyos, Camilo Raul; Toselli, Alejandro Jose; Rossi, Juana Norma; Stipp Basei, Miguel Angelo; Belmar, Mauricio E. New petrologic, thermobarometric and U-Pb monazite geochronologic information allowed to resolve the metamorphic evolution of a high temperature mid-crustal segment of an ancient subduction-related orogen. The El Portezuelo Metamorphic-Igneous Complex, in the northern Sierras Pampeanas, is mainly composed of migmatites that evolved from amphibolite to granulite metamorphic facies, reaching thermal peak conditions of 670-820 °C and 4.5-5.3 kbar. The petrographic study combined with conventional and pseudosection thermobarometry led to deducing a short prograde metamorphic evolution within migmatite blocks. The garnet-absent migmatites represent amphibolite-facies rocks, whereas the cordierite-garnet-K-feldspar-sillimanite migmatites represent higher metamorphic grade rocks. U-Pb geochronology on monazite grains within leucosome record the time of migmatization between ≈477 and 470 Ma. Thus, the El Portezuelo Metamorphic-Igneous Complex is an example of exhumed Early Ordovician anatectic middle crust of the Famatinian mobile belt. Homogeneous exposure of similar paleo-depths throughout the Famatinian back-arc and isobaric cooling paths suggest slow exhumation and consequent longstanding crustal residence at high temperatures. High thermal gradients uniformly distributed in the Famatinian back-arc can be explained by shallow convection of a low-viscosity asthenosphere promoted by subducting-slab dehydration.

Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime administered to lactating and non-lactating goats Rule, R.; Villagra, S.; Barrena Chiantelassa, Jorge Pablo; Lacchini, Raul Alfredo; Reynaldi, Francisco José The aim of this work was to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) ceftazidime administered to lactating (LTG; n = 6) and non-lactating (NLTG; n=6) healthy Creole goats in 2 trials (T1 and T2). During T1 and T2, goats randomly received a single dose of im or iv ceftazidime (10 mg/kg). Serum concentration of iv ceftazidime in NLTG and LTG goats is best described by 2 and 3 compartment models, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of iv and im ceftazidime administered to LTG and NLTG showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the constants (λz, T1 vs T2 [iv] 0.5±0.1 vs 0.3±0.1 /h; T1 vs T2 [im] 0.5±0.2 vs 0.3±0.1 /h) and in the mean times (t1/2, T 1 vs T 2 [iv] 1.6±0.3 vs 2.3±0.6 h; T 1 vs T 2 [im] 1.6±0.7 vs 2.6±0.9 h) of elimination. The bioavailability of ceftazidime in LTG and NLTG was 113.0 ± 17.8 and 96.0 ± 18.0 %, respectively. Ceftazidime concentration in milk at 2 h was: iv = 1.9 ± 0.2 and im = 2.4 ± 0.5 μg/m ; the penetration in milk was iv = 18.3 ± 13.5 and im = 14.3 ± 10.6 %. Ninety-six hours after iv and im administration, residues of the drug were not found in milk. In conclusion, ceftazidime, when administered to goats, showed high concentration times in serum, good penetration into milk and a bioavailability that makes it suitable to be used by the im route.

Dealing with incompleteness: New advances for the use of fossils in phylogenetic analysis Escapa, Ignacio Hernán; Pol, Diego The importance of fossils in understanding the evolutionary history of organisms was a controversial topic of debate during the first few decades in the history of phylogenetic systematics. During this time some authors suggested that extinct taxa could have only a minor role in phylogeny reconstruction (e.g., Patterson, 1981). For the most part, these types of bold statements were based on the fact that fossils are usually incomplete and, therefore, presumably not capable of overturning hypotheses based on the wealth of phylogenetic information that extant taxa provide. However, phylogenetic studies based only on extant organisms are certainly missing a large part of the diversity that arose during the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group and therefore use a highly biased sampling of the available information.

Recycled Concretes Made with Waste Ready-Mix Concrete as Coarse Aggregate Zega, Claudio Javier; Di Maio, Angel Antonio Using waste materials for new products is a global trend undergoing rapid development. Recycling materials allows for a more efficient life cycle and contributes to environmental protection. In the construction field, this trend has gained importance because of the shortage of natural resources and because of environmental problems caused by storing building-demolition wastes. This situation has led to the search for new applications for these wastes, and their use as aggregates in concrete is an interesting alternative. In this paper, some characteristics of recycled coarse aggregates obtained by crushing waste ready-mix concrete, as well as the mechanical and durability properties of recycled concretes made by using 25, 50, and 75% of these aggregates, are presented. Recycled concretes show lower compressive strength than conventional concrete for the higher strength level, whereas the durability properties of the two are similar.

Husbandry of a pink fairy armadillo (Chlamyphorus truncatus): Case study of a cryptic and little known species in captivity Superina, Mariella Pink fairy armadillos, Chlamyphorus truncatus, are poorly known fossorial mammals that are endemic to central Argentina. These smallest of all extant armadillos are rarely observed in the field and extremely difficult to maintain under captive conditions. This case study describes the husbandry of a male pink fairy armadillo that was maintained in an artificial environment for 8 months. A stable, undisturbed environment consisting of abundant compact sand and hiding places on the surface was the key to its successful maintenance. The artificial diet consisted of a semiliquid mixture of ground cat food, insectivore diet, mashed banana, vitamins, and minerals. Any slight modification to its environment or diet triggered a stress response.

Estimación de las frecuencias alélicas del gen BoLA-DRB3 en una población de ganado Holstein de La Pampa mediante secuenciación directa; Gene frequencies of BoLA-DRB3 alleles estimated through sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT) in a Holstein population of La Pampa province Baltian, Laura Rosana; Ripoli, María Verónica; Takeshima, S. N.; Aida, Y.; Giovambattista, Guillermo El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en estimar las frecuencias alélicas del exón 2 del gen de Clase II del Sistema Principal de Histocompatibilidad BoLA-DRB3 en una población de ganado Holstein de la provincia de La Pampa. Los polimorfismos presentes en el exón 2 del gen BoLA-DRB3 se identificaron mediante la técnica de secuenciación directa (PCR-SBT). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron detectar un total de 21 alelos con un rango de frecuencia de 0,014 a 0,222. Esto resultó en una heterocigosidad esperada de 0,91. Estos resultados se compararon con los reportados para ganado Holstein de Japón, evidenciando que con la excepción del alelo BoLA-DRB3*1201, ambas poblaciones presentaron los mismo alelos mayoritarios (BoLA-DRB3*1101, *1501 y *0101). Este resultado sería consecuencia del alto nivel de homogeneidad exhibido por esta raza, debido al uso de la misma genética a nivel global.; The objective of this study was to estimate allele frequencies of the BoLA-DRB3 exon 2 in a Holstein population from La Pampa province. The exon 2 polymorphisms were genotyped by sequence-based typing method (PCR-SBT). In the studied herd, a total of 21 variants were detected, ranging from 0.014 to 0.222. This resulted in an expected heterozygocity of 0.91. Obtained data were compared with those reported for Japanese Holstein population, showing that with the exception of BoLA-DRB3*1201 allele, both populations shared the same major variants (BoLA-DRB3*1101, *1501 and *0101). This result could be consequence of the high level of homogeneity present in Holstein breed, due to the use of same genetic on the whole world.

Occurrence of Anopheles (Anopheles) neomaculipalpus Curry innorth-western Argentina Dantur Juri, Maria Julia; Stein, Marina; Mureb Sallum, María A. Malaria, which is considered as one of the most important tropical diseases, affects millons of people around the world. Its wide geographical distribution in Argentina in the 1940s is now confined only to the extreme north area of the country, where it is difficult to eradicate. Since 2000, official reports of malaria mentioned <300 cases, only 209 cases being reported in 2006.