Przywileje œwiadectwa. Historia, pamiêæ i literatura czasów wojny w procesie konstruowania przesz³oœci Tozzi, María Verónica W niniejszym artykule analizuję uprzywilejowaną pozycję, jaką w polityce pamięci i histografii tak zwanych wydarzeń „granicznych” nieodległej przeszłości zyskały głosy bezpośrednich świadków ocalonych z ludobójstwa, zorganizowanego przez państwowy terroryzm [state terrorism]2. Ludobójstwo i politykę państwowego terroru w XX wieku wyróżnia nagromadzenie wielkiej ilości dokumentów i świadectw, a towarzyszą im poważne spory o dopuszczalność tego typu reprezentacji czy wręcz o prawomocność samego dążenia do reprezentacji.

Relocalisations autochtones et ethnogenèse missionnaire à la frontière sud des empires ibériques: Paracuaria (1609-1768); Indigenous Relocations and Mission Ethnogenesis on the Southern Border of Iberic Empires: Paracuaria (1609-1768); Relocalizaciones indígenas y etnogénesis misional en la frontera sur de los imperios ibéricos: Paracuaria (1609-1768) Wilde, Guillermo Luis Cet article propose une description et une analyse du processus de formation des communautés guaranies à la frontière des empires ibériques au xviie siècle, sur la base d’un nouveau modèle missionnaire introduit par les prêtres de la Compagnie de Jésus. Ledit modèle impliquait la relocalisation de populations originaires de diverses régions durant une période de cent cinquante ans et une concentration des villages de mission (reducciones) qui répondait elle-même à des paramètres économiques, politiques et culturels uniformes. L’auteur analyse d’abord la politique de ségrégation des populations telle qu’elle a été appliquée dans la région et les déplacements de population durant la formation des réductions au cours du xviie siècle, puis il étudie les transformations qui ont résulté de ce processus par rapport à l’organisation politique autochtone qui préexistait. La dernière section de l’article examine les mécanismes de l’actualisation de l’hétérogénéité interne dans les villages missionnaires, en tenant compte de la persistance des anciennes logiques de mobilité, de parenté et de leadership, lesquelles ont été en quelque sorte recyclées durant le processus d’adaptation.; This paper describes and analyzes the development of Guarani communities on the borders of Iberic Empires during the 17th century, according to the new mission model designed by the priests of the Society of Jesus. Said model involved the relocation of populations from diverse regions during a period of 150 years, and their concentration in mission towns (reducciones) that responded to uniform economic, political and cultural parameters. The first section analyzes the policy of population segregation implemented in the region and the population transfers during the formation of reducciones throughout the 17th century. The second section considers the transformation of the previous native political organization that resulted from this process. The last section examines the mechanisms of achieving internal heterogeneity in mission towns, taking into account the persistence of traditional principles of mobility, kinship, and leadership, recycled during the long lasting process of their adaptation.; Este trabajo describe el proceso de formación de comunidades guaraníes en las fronteras de los Imperios Ibéricos durante el siglo XVII, en base al nuevo modelo misional diseñado por los sacerdotes de la Compañía de Jesús. Dicho modelo implicó la relocalización de poblaciones procedentes de diversas regiones durante el período de 150 años y su concentración en pueblos de misión (reducciones) que respondían a parámetros económicos, políticos y culturales uniformes. La primera sección analiza la política de segregación poblacional implementada en la región y los traslados de población durante la formación de reducciones a lo largo del siglo XVII. La segunda sección considera las transformaciones de la organización política nativa preexistente resultantes de este proceso. La tercera y última sección, examina la heterogeneidad interna en los pueblos de misión y sus mecanismos de actualización, teniendo en cuenta la persistencia de antiguas lógicas de movilidad, parentesco y liderazgo, recicladas durante su prolongado proceso de conformación.

Tecnologí­a e incertidumbre en la práctica del riego en la provincia de Córdoba; Technology and uncertainty in the practice of irrigation in the province of Córdoba Riera, Constanza; Pereira, Sandra Graciela En el presente trabajo se busca caracterizar a los regantes de Rí­o Segundo, Córdoba, en términos comparativos y en vinculación con la tecnologí­a. Se trata de pequeños y medianos productores localizados en el Espinal cordobés, lí­mite de la región pampeana argentina, que se dedican a la agricultura extensiva de cereales y oleaginosas utilizando riego suplementario con agua subterránea. El objeto de estudio se aborda considerando que las lógicas de conocimiento atraviesan la producción y que el crecimiento de la incertidumbre es impulsado por la práctica de la innovación y la búsqueda de eficiencia. La gestión profesionalizada de la producción que lleva a la planificación de las actividades productivas en base a la reflexión permanente, revela la necesidad de conocer aquello que aún no se conoce, lo cual está en relación directa con la incertidumbre y con una mayor toma conciencia de los riesgos, tanto climáticos como económicos que se vinculan con la producción. Para alcanzar los objetivos propuestos se utilizó una metodologí­a cualitativa basada en el trabajo de campo, la realización de entrevistas en profundidad y un marco interpretativo crí­tico complementado con elementos de la teorí­a social del riesgo.; In the present work, irrigators from Río Segundo, Córdoba will be characterized in comparative terms as well as their technological relation. It refers to small and medium farmers settled in Cordoba’s Spinal area, that is, the limit with the Argentinean Pampas Region, who are devoted to cereal and oleaginous extensive agriculture using irrigation supplemented with subterranean water. The object of this study is approached by considering that logics of knowledge permeate their production and growth. In addition to this, the growth in uncertainty is generated by innovative practices and the search for efficiency. Production professionalized management that implies productive activity planning based on permanent reflection reveals that it is necessary to get to know what is unknown yet;which is closely related to uncertainty and a greater awareness of risk taking ,climatic or economic, whenever related to the production. In order to fulfill the objective a qualitative methodology based on fieldwork was used, together with deep interviews within a critical interpretative frame complemented with elements from the social theory of irrigation.

El concepto de diáspora en los estudios migratorios: reflexiones sobre el caso de las comunidades y movilidades coreanas en el mundo actual Mera Alba, Maria Carolina El artículo analiza la relevancia del concepto de diáspora en el contexto actual de los estudios migratorios. Este concepto posibilita aprehender tanto las diferentes lógicas de “integración” a la sociedad global, como la lógica de los grupos que se constituyen en comunidades étnicas/políticas que plantean modelos de inserción biculturales como ocurre en el caso de las comunidades coreanas de la diáspora. Para esto, nos proponemos contribuir al debate retomando el trabajo de distintos autores en la delimitación del concepto y enriquecerlo a partir de nuestra experiencia de investigación con comunidades coreanas establecidas en diferentes países del mundo. El artículo defiende que es posible analizar las comunidades coreanas producto de diferentes olas migratorias como un proceso diaspórico. Luego, analiza la tensión entre: 1) las transformaciones en cada uno de los contextos locales: La concentración económica y la concentración espacial en “barrios”; 2) las prácticas comunitarias para mantener la cultura de origen (a través de las generaciones, en un período extendido de tiempo); y 3) las relaciones materiales y simbólicas en el espacio diaspórico: Movilidades múltiples y reemigración. Finalmente, concluye con algunas reflexiones que invitan a seguir contribuyendo a los estudios migratorios.; This article analyses the usefulness of the concept of diaspora in the current context of migration studies. This concept allows for the understanding of the various logics of “integration”, such as the logic of the groups that constitute themselves in ethno-political communities based on a model of bicultural insertion, as is the case of Korean diaspora communities. It thus seeks to contribute to the debate arising from the work of various authors about the form and limits of the concept and to enrich it on the basis of the author’s research experience with Korean communities in various parts of the world. The paper defends that idea that the Korean communities that are product of the various waves of Korean migration can be analyzed as forming part of a diasporic process. It will also analyze the tensions between: 1) transformations in each local context, the economic and spatial concentration in urban districts (koreatown), 2) community practices aimed at maintaining the culture of origin, down through the generations and across time and 3) material and symbolic relations in the diasporic space with its multiple mobilities and re-emigration. It concludes with some reflections that suggest the value of continuing to contribute to migration studies.

High temperature mechanical behavior of Al2O3-MgO-C refractories for steelmaking use Musante, Leonardo; Muñoz, Vanesa; Labadie, Marcelo H.; Tomba Martinez, Analia Gladys The advantages of Al2O3-MgO-C (AMC) refractories are achieved mainly by the incorporation of graphite and the formation of spinel by solid reaction between alumina and magnesia. Regarding other members of oxide-C refractories (such as MgO-C bricks) and others properties (such as the slag corrosion resistance or the PLC), the information about the mechanical behavior of this type of refractories is scarce. In this work, the mechanical behavior of commercial AMC brick used in steelmaking ladles was studied by stress-strain curves in compression at RT and 1000 °C (nitrogen atmosphere). Before the mechanical testing, a comprehensive characterization of AMC materials was performed by several techniques: XRD, DTA/TGA, SEM/EDS, aggregate size distribution analysis and densities, porosities and thermal expansion measurements. Mechanical parameters such as fracture strength and strain, yield stress and Young modulus were determined together with the main characteristics of the fracture. In order to study the transformations occurred during the stay at high temperature, the specimens tested at 1000 °C were analyzed by the same techniques used for the as-received bricks characterization (with the exception of the thermal expansion analysis). The AMC refractories displayed differences in the mechanical behavior and its dependence on the testing temperature. These results were explained considering the differences in the composition and microstructure of both refractories and in their thermal transformations.

Penetración de fosfomicina en células HEp-2 y su interacción con deoxinivalenol; Penetration of fosfomycin in HEp-2 cells and its interaction with deoxynivalenol Martínez, Guadalupe; Soraci, Alejandro Luis; Tapia, Maria Ofelia Fosfomicina (FOS) es un antimicrobiano utilizado en producción porcina para prevención y tratamiento de bacterias resistentes durante el post destete. Su presentación como sal cálcica permite incorporarse en el alimento o agua de bebida. Diversos estudios evidencian la presencia del antibiótico en tejidos y fluidos como pulmón y secreciones bronquiales. La línea celular HEp-2 (células laringeas) constituye un modelo para estudiar la penetración de FOS disponible sistémicamente. Deoxinivalenol (DON) es una micotoxina producida por Fusarium sp. que contamina las materias primas e influye negativamente el rendimiento de las piaras. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar la penetración de FOS en líneas de cultivos celulares y evaluar el potencial efecto interactivo de DON sobre la penetración del antibiótico en líneas de cultivos celulares. Los resultados muestran que las concentraciones de antibiótico intracelular en células HEp-2 incubadas con 130 ppm de FOS cálcica, oscilaron entre 0.4 y 1.12 µg/ml con un tmax de 8 h. Cuando las células HEp-2 fueron incubadas con FOS y DON, la penetración celular del antibiótico no presentó variación significativa, en relación a la Cmax (1.10 ppm) y tmax (12 h). Se concluye que la presencia de la micotoxina no modificaría la distribución celular de FOS en cerdos.; Fosfomycin (FOS) is an antibiotic used in swine production for the treatment and prevention of resistant bacteria during the post weaning. The calcium salt form can be used in food or drinking water. Several studies showed the presence of this antibiotic in tissues and fluids such as lungs and bronchial secretions. The HEp-2 line cell is a model to study the penetration of systemically available FOS. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium sp. that contaminates the raw materials and influences the perfor- mance of pigs negatively. The aim of this work was to study the penetration of FOS in cell culture lines and evaluate the interactive effect of DON on the penetration of the antibiotic in cell culture lines. The results showed that intracellular antibiotic concentrations in HEp-2 cells incubated with 130 ppm of calcium FOS oscillated between 0.4 and 1.12 mg/ml with a tmax of 8 h. When HEp-2 cells were incubated with FOS and DON, a significant variation was not observed on the cellular penetration of the antibiotic, as regard the Cmax (1.10 ppm) and tmax (12 h). It is concluded that the presence of the mycotoxin would not alter the cellular distribution of FOS in pigs.

La valorización de los “bienes comunitarios” en la reconfiguración geográfica del capital en el sureste mexicano; The value of the "real community" in the capital geographic reconfiguration in southeast mexico Gutierrez Luna, Diana Itzu La extracción de recursos naturales, el control y uso de espacios estratégicos para ser valorizados como mercancías sigue siendo condición en la permanencia del sistema capitalista. En este artículo, se propone retomar categorías y discusiones de la teoría crítica de la economía política para indagar en un caso concreto las formas de desposesión, así como las estrategias de movimientos sociales ante la disputa socioterritorial del sureste mexicano. En el caso analizado, el estudio de las amenazas de desplazamientos forzados y el despojo de tierra de población indígena en resistencia nos lleva a poner sobre la mesa de discusión los mecanismos históricos de lo que Karl Marx llamó acumulación originaria. Hoy la Acumulación por Desposesión de David Harvey y el tema de “la renta de la vida” de Armando Bartra son cuestiones teóricas que sirven para indagar sobre lo político del Capital en la reconfiguración territorial. Siendo el despojo pasado presente requerimos conocer las formas de valorización de lo robado. Abordaré dos de los mecanismos en que se da la desposesión: Áreas de Protección Flora y Fauna y, el Programa de Reconversión productiva para incentivar las plantaciones de palma africana.; The extraction the resources, and the control and use of strategic spaces valued as commodities continues as part of the permanance of the capitalist system. Today it is necessary to return to categories and discussions of politicaleconomic critical theory to study in a concrete case the forms of appropriation/plunder. In the Mexican Southeast, the study of threats of forced displacement and territorial dispossession of indigenous population compels us to discuss the historical mechanisms of what Karl Marx called primitive accumulation. Today David Harvey’s notion of accumulation by dispossession and the idea of “la renta de la vida,” or a price on life, by Armando Bartra are theoretical points useful for probing the political capital in the territorial reconfiguration. Since this past dispossession and therefore extended premises of the accumulation of capital, we need to know the forms of recovery of the stolen. Will address two of the mechanisms of this reconfiguration: Protected Areas and Wildlife as a mechanism of legal plunder and the conversion program to encourage productive oil palm plantations.

Liolaemus goetschi : predation Avila, Luciano Javier; Perez, Cristian Hernan Fulvio Liolaemus goetschi is an oviparous and insectivorous, medium-sized lizard (max. SVL = 73 mm) inhabiting the arid landscape of Monte Desert in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Its geographic distribution ranges through a narrow strip in northwestern Rio Negro Province along the boundary with Neuquén Province (Nori et al. 2010. Check List 6:3–4). To our knowledge, no studies are available on the biology of this species, including its natural predators. Here we report an observation of Philodryas psammophidea predation on L. goetschi. Philodryas psammophidea is an uncommon snake, with a large geographic distribution within Monte and Chacoan environments of Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina.

Spatial and temporal distribution of culicoides insignis and culicoides paraensis in the subtropical mountain forest of Tucumn, Northwestern Argentina Veggiani Aybar, Cecilia Adriana; Dantur Juri, Maria Julia; Lizarralde, Mercedes Sara; Spinelli, Gustavo Ricardo Culicoides insignis Lutz and Culicoides paraensis Goeldi are known bluetongue virus and filariasis (caused by Mansonella ozzardi Manson) vectors, respectively. Bluetongue virus appears to be restricted to northeastern Argentina, while filariasis is endemic in the subtropical mountain forest of the Argentine northwest. With the objective of characterizing the abundance and seasonality of both Culicoides species, entomological sampling was carried out from Dec 2004 to Nov 2005 in the southern area of the forest of Tucumn province. The specimens were captured using CO2-baited CDC light traps placed in 2 types of environments, wild and anthropized. The abundance of the specimens in relation to environmental variables was analyzed using multiple linear regression. Out of the 2,497 adult specimens collected, 76.9% belonged to C. paraensis, 20.4% to C. insignis and the 2.5% belonged jointly to Culicoides debilipalpis Lutz, Culicoides lahillei Lutz and Culicoides venezuelensis Mirsa & Ortiz (2.5%), and 0.2% could not be identified. Peaks of abundance of C. insignis and C. paraensis in decreasing magnitude were observed in the fall, summer and spring, respectively; and the largest number of specimens was found in the anthropized environment. Mean minimum and maximum temperatures and levels of accumulated rainfall were the variables that best explained the abundance of these 2 species. The present work is an important contribution not only to the knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution and dynamics of these vectors in nature, but also to the elucidation of the implications of anthropization of the forest environment, and the effect of these climatic variables as determinants of the abundance of the species and, hence, as determinants of the possible transmission of filariasis in the subtropical mountain forest of the Argentine northwest.

Ectoparasitic insects (Diptera: Streblidae and Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae) of bats from Iquitos and surrounding areas (Loreto, Peru) Autino, Analia Gladys; Claps, Guillermo Luis; Barquez, Ruben Marcos; Díaz, María Mónica Based on specimens collected from bats of different families, we add new species and extend the known ecological distribution and host associations of insect ectoparasites of bats in Peru. New information is provided for the distribution of 26 species of parasites (25 Diptera and 1 Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae). Four species (Neotrichobius ectophyllae, Strebla galindoi, Strebla paramirabilis and Myodopsylla wolffsohni wolffsohni) are new for Peru and 16 represent new records for the department of Loreto. Also, we found 17 new host-ectoparasite relationships. Of note, we found remarkable new association between Neotrichobius delicatus and bat species from the families Molossidae and Noctilionidae and a novel association between Paradyschiria parvula and a species of Vespertilionidae. Host-ectoparasite specificity was recorded with 14 species as monoxenous, three oligoxenous, seven pleioxenous and two polyxenous.

Properties of magnetized Quark-Hybrid Stars Orsaria, Milva Gabriela; Ranea Sandoval, Ignacio Francisco; Vucetich, Hector; Weber, Fridolin The structure of a magnetized quark-hybrid stars (QHS) is modeled using a standard relativistic mean-field equation of state (EoS) for the description of hadronic matter. For quark matter we consider a bag model EoS which is modified perturbatively to account for the presence of a uniform magnetic field. The mass-radius (M-R) relationship, gravitational redshift and rotational Kepler periods of such stars are compared with those of standard neutron stars (NS).

A new genus and species of Saccharosydnini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Delphacidae) from Argentina Rossi Batiz, Maria Fernanda; Marino, Ana Maria Se describe e ilustra un nuevo género y especie de delfácido, Lacertina australis Remes Lenicov y Rossi Batiz, gen. et sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Delphacidae: Saccharosydnini) y se incluyen datos de distribución y plantas hospederas de la Argentina. El nuevo género se distingue fácilmente de los Saccharosydnini neotropicales por su cuerpo muy aplanado y la conformación de la cabeza, con el vertex expandido y proyectado por delante de los ojos 2/3 de su longitud y por poseer dos carenas submedianas en la frente. También se presenta una clave para identificar los géneros de la tribu incluyendo al nuevo género monoespecífico.; One new delphacid genus and species, Lacertina australis Remes Lenicov & Rossi Batiz, gen. et sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Delphacidae: Saccharosydnini), is described and illustrated from Argentina with distribution data and host plants data provided. The new genus is easily distinguished from all other genera of the Neotropical Saccharosydnini by being strongly dorsoventrally flattened with a wide vertex projecting 2/3 of its length beyond the eyes and the presence of two submedian carinae on frons. An identification key to the genera of Saccharosydnini is provided.

Redescription of the genus Modiomytilus Griffin, 1990 (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Southern Patagonia with remarks on the paleobiogeography of the genus Genta Iturreria, Santiago Federico; Griffin, Miguel; Rodriguez Raising, Martin Eduardo Modiomytilus Griffin, 1990, was based on composite molds collected from Cenozoic rocks in southern Patagonia. The type species comes from the early Miocene Centinela Formation, exposed along the southern shore of Lake Argentino. An additional species is known from the Eocene Rı´o Turbio Formation, which outcrops only at the southwestern corner of Santa Cruz Province. New material preserved as original shell was collected recently in beds referred to the Centinela Formation exposed in the same area as the Rı´o Turbio Formation, about 150 km south of Lake Argentino. Enough detail is preserved in collected the shells to warrant an emended diagnosis and a new and more complete description of the genus, as they provide a set of characters not recorded in the currently known material of any of the species described. The shells clearly belong to the type species, i.e., Modiomytilus argentinensis Griffin, 1990. These characters, among which are included the ligament, adductor muscle scar, pallial line, and byssal retractor muscle scar allow a reinterpretation of this genus and confirm its validity. At the same time these new morphological characters may be potentially useful for further phylogenetic analyses and a new interpretation of the currently available material, a prerequisite for understanding the palaeobiogeographic history of this genus.

Mujeres, ciencias naturales y empleo acádemico en la Argentina (1900-1940); Women, natural sciences and academic employment in Argentina (1900-1940); Mulheres, ciências naturais e emprego acadêmico na Argentina (1900-1940) García, Susana Valeria El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar algunos aspectos del marco de ideas y posibilidades que rodearon la inserción femenina en el mercado de trabajo académico en el contexto argentino de la primera parte del siglo XX, tomando como caso de estudio lo acontecido en una institución científica particular. Por un lado, se focaliza en el clima de ideas que circularon con respecto a las “habilidades especiales” que tenían las mujeres para determinadas tareas y empleos en la primera década del siglo XX, en el contexto de los debates por el trabajo femenino, la emergencia de un movimiento feminista y de las primeras egresadas universitarias en varias carreras. En la segunda parte, se revisa las posibilidades de empleo y educación científica de las mujeres en el caso del Museo de La Plata, que desde 1906 se incorporó a la Universidad Nacional de La Plata funcionando como instituto científico y Facultad de Ciencias Naturales.; The aim of this paper is to examine some aspects of the referential of ideas and possibilities surrounding the insertion of women in the academic job market within the Argentine context in the first half of the twentieth century, considering a study case the event occurred at a private scientific institution. The first part focuses on the mood of ideas that have been conveyed concerning the "special skills" that women had for certain tasks and jobs in the first decade of the twentieth century, within the context of the debate in favor of female labor, the emergence of a feminist movement and the first university grads in various professions. In the second part, we seek to review the employment opportunities and scientific education of women in the case of the La Plata Museum, which, since 1906 has been incorporated into the La Plata National University, functioning as scientific institute and Faculty of Natural Sciences.; O objetivo deste trabalho é examinar alguns aspectos do referencial de ideias e possibilidades que cercaram a inserção feminina no mercado de trabalho acadêmico no contexto argentino da primeira metade do século XX, considerando como caso de estudo o ocorrido em uma instituição científica particular. Na primeira parte, focaliza-se o clima de ideias que circularam a respeito das “habilidades especiais” que as mulheres tinham para determinadas tarefas e empregos na primeira década do século XX, no contexto dos debates a favor do trabalho feminino, da emergência de um movimento feminista e das primeiras egressas universitárias de várias profissões. Na segunda parte, busca-se rever as possibilidades de emprego e de educação científica das mulheres no caso do Museo de La Plata, que desde 1906 foi incorporado à Universidad Nacional de La Plata funcionando como instituto científico e Faculdade de Ciências Naturais.

Intra-generational Mobility and Repeated Cross-Sections A Three-country Validation Exercise Cruces, Guillermo Antonio; Lanjouw, Peter; Lucchetti, Leonardo; Perova, Elizaveta; Vakis, Renos; Viollaz, Mariana This paper validates a recently proposed method to estimate intra-generational mobility through repeated cross-sectional surveys. The technique allows the creation of a "synthetic panel" - done by predicting future or past household income using a set of simple modeling and error structure assumptions - and thus permits the estimation of lower and upper bounds on directional mobility measures. The authors validate the approach in three different settings where good panel data also exist (Chile, Nicaragua, and Peru). In doing so, they also carry out a number of refinements to the validation procedure. The results are broadly encouraging: the methodology performs well in all three settings, especially in cases where richer model specifications can be estimated. The technique does equally well in predicting short and long-term mobility patterns and is robust to a broad set of additional "stress" and sensitivity tests. Overall, the paper lends support to the application of this approach to settings where panel data are absent.

Association pattern of reciprocal translocations induced by chemicals and ionizing radiation in mouse germ cells: a comparison between single and combined treatments de Luca, Julio Cesar; Ortiz Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Posadas, Paula Elena The similarity degree of chemical, ionizing radiation, and combined treatments of chemical plus ionizing radiation in their capacity to induce reciprocal translocations was analyzed by means of multivariate analysis techniques on mice germ cells. The effect of three different doses of gamma rays, four doses of X-rays, and different doses of adriamycin, mitomycin C, thio-tepa and bleomycin, as well as the combined treatments of two doses of gamma rays with adriamycin, mitomycin c and thio-tepa, were studied. Our objectives were: 1) to determine the degree of similarity between the effects of chemicals and ionizing radiations in relation to the induction of reciprocal translocations in germ cells; and 2) to test the conclusions reached by previous authors using only single treatments. Data were arranged in a basic data matrix, analyzed by cluster analysis and ordination methods. The results showed that: 1) as single and combined treatments were grouped together, there was not a specifc pattern of chromosomal aberration induced for physical and chemical agents; 2) the association degree between single treatments was similar to that obtained by previous authors, although in this analysis combined treatments were added; and 3) some combined treatments using 9 Gy and drugs appear in different groups, although we expected that all the combined treatments of drugs with 9 Gy were grouped together. As a working hypothesis, we propose that the variability observed when the different treatments were compared could be dose dependent.; Por medio de técnicas de análisis multivariado se determinó el grado de similitud de distintos agentes químicos y radiaciones ionizantes en la inducción de translocaciones recíprocas en células germinales de ratón. Se comparó el efecto de tres diferentes dosis de rayos gamma, cuatro dosis de rayos X y distintas dosis de adriamicina, mitomicina C, thio-tepa y bleomicina, así como también los tratamientos combinados con dos dosis de rayos gamma con adriamicina, mitomicina C y tio-tepa, y cuatro de rayos X. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1) determinar el grado de similitud entre los tipos de translocaciones recíprocas inducidas por los agentes químicos y las radiaciones ionizantes; y 2) comparar estos resultados con los obtenidos previamente por otros autores al comparar los tratamientos individuales. Para la comparación de los diferentes tratamientos se elaboró una matriz de datos analizada por medio de técnicas de agrupamiento y de ordenación. Los resultados revelaron que: 1) los tratamientos simples y combinados se agruparon juntos, indicando la falta de un patrón específico de aberraciones inducido; 2) el grado de asociación entre los tratamientos simples no se vio modificado, a pesar de la incorporación de los tratamientos combinados; y 3) algunos tratamientos combinados con 9 Gy y las diferentes drogas se asociaron con otros tratamientos, en lugar de asociarse juntos como era de esperarse teniendo en cuenta los resultados obtenidos por otros autores. Como hipótesis de trabajo, proponemos que la variabilidad observada en los diferentes tratamientos podría ser dependiente de la dosis empleada.

Los problemas cognitivos y la zona de interfaz entre la filosofía y las ciencias cognitivas Silenzi, María Inés El tópico que trata particularmente la relación que establece la filosofía con otras disciplinas es complejo y requiere una revisión y análisis bibliográfico mucho más extenso que el que podríamos desarrollar en el presente artículo. Restringimos entonces tal cuestión, acotándonos a la “zona de interfaz” que se establece entre la filosofía y las Ciencias Cognitivas tomando al problema de marco a modo de “nudo teórico” entre estas dos disciplinas. Ubicados dentro de esta zona de interfaz, nos preguntamos: ¿podrían influir los nuevos marcos teóricos (“el paradigma embebido”) de las Ciencias Cognitivas en la resolución de “viejos” problemas de la filosofía de la mente, como lo es el problema de marco? En nuestro trabajo atenderemos a las caracterizaciones de representación mental que el paradigma clásico y embebido de las Ciencias Cognitivas consideran, analizando si la caracterización “refinada” que el paradigma embebido postula, ofrece ciertas ventajas a la hora de solucionar este problema. Creemos que el énfasis que el paradigma embebido pone sobre la relación cuerpo, mente y entorno (que atraviesa al agente “situado”) es no sólo fundamental a la hora de describir nuestros procesos mentales “genuinos” sino también para solucionar algunos de los problemas perseverantes de la filosofía de la mente.

Effects of environmental perturbations during postnatal development on the phenotypic integration of the skull Gonzalez, Paula Natalia; Oyhenart, Evelia Edith; Hallgrimsson, Benedikt Integration and modularity are fundamental determinants of how natural selection effects evolutionary change in complex multivariate traits. Interest in the study of the specific developmental basis of integration through experimental approaches is fairly recent and it has mainly focused on its genetic determinants. In this study, we present evidence that postnatal environmental perturbations can modify the covariance structure by influencing the variance of some developmental processes relative to the variances of other processes that contribute to such structure. We analyzed the effects of the reduction of nutrient supply in different ontogenetic stages (i.e. before and after weaning, and from birth to adulthood) in Rattus norvegicus. Our results show that this environmental perturbation alters the phenotypic variation/covariation structure of the principal modules of the skull (base, vault, and face). The covariance matrices of different treatment groups exhibit low correlations and are significantly different, indicating that the treatments influence covariance structure. Postnatal nutrient restriction also increases the variance of somatic growth. This increased variance drives an increase in overall integration of cranial morphology through the correlated allometric effects of size variation. The extent of this increase in integration depends on the time and duration of the nutritional restriction. These results support the conclusion that environmental perturbations can influence integration and thus covariance structure via developmental plasticity.

Origin of Cuban Creole cattle inferred by patri- and matrilineages; Inferencia del origen del bovino Criollo Cubano a través del análisis de patri- y matrilinajes Liron, Juan Pedro; Acosta, A.; Rogberg Muñoz, Andres; Uffo, O.; Posik, Diego Manuel; Garcia, J.; Peral Garcia, Pilar; Giovambattista, Guillermo Antes de descubrimiento, no existían bovinos en América. Los primeros, fueron introducidos en la Antillas Mayores (La Española, Puerto Rico, Jamaica y Cuba), y desde allí trasladados al resto de Latinoamérica. Actualmente, existen en Cuba alrededor de 1300 bovinos Criollos, concentrados principalmente en la región oriental. Con el objetivo de analizar el origen materno de esta raza y detectar eventos contemporáneos de flujo génico por vía paterna, se analizó un fragmento de 240 pb del D-loop mitocondrial (mtADN) y 5 microsatélites del cromosoma Y (BTY), en 36 hembras y 21 machos respectivamente. La diversidad genética se estimó mediante el número de haplotipos, el número de sitios polimórficos, el número de diferencias nucleotídicas entre pares de secuencias y el índice de diversidad nucleotídica, mientras que el análisis filogenético se realizó utilizando el método de median joining network. Dicho análisis permitió detectar 15 haplotipos mitocondriales (10 del haplogrupo europeo T3, 3 del africano T1, 1 del cercano oriente T2 y 1 ambiguo T1-T3) y 3 haplotipos en el BTY, ambos del haplogrupo cebuíno Y3. En el mtADN se detectaron 23 sitios polimórficos con una diversidad nucleotídica de 0,014 y 3,36 diferencias medias entre pares de secuencias. En conclusión, la población de bovinos Criollos Cubanos presentó una composición haplotípica mitocondrial comparable a la de otras razas criollas y mediterráneas, hecho que concuerda con su origen histórico. El BTY evidenció altos niveles de introgresion paterna de genes del zebú.; Cattle was absent from America before the discovery. Initially, bovine were brought to Greater Antilles (La Española, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Cuba islands), and in the course of a few years, they were taken from Caribbean islands to the rest of Latin America. Nowadays, Cuban Creole cattle population is about 1300 heads, mainly located in the eastern region of the island. With the aim of analyzing the maternal origin of Cuban Creole cattle and detect possible contemporaneous, male mediated, gene flow, a 240 pb fragment of mitochondrial D-loop (mtDNA) and five microsatellites of Y chromosome (BTY) were studied in 36 dams and 21 sires, respectively. Genetic diversity was evaluated through number of haplotypes, mean number of pairwise differences and nucleotide diversity. The phylogenetic analysis was performed using a median joining. A total of 15 mtDNA haplotypes were detected in the studied population (10 from the European haplogroup T3, 3 from the African T1, 1 from the Nearern East T2, and 1 ambiguous T1-T3). The number of polymorphic sites, the mean nucleotide diversity, and the mean number of pairwise differences were 23, 0.014 and 3.36, respectively. Two patrilinages were detected, both belonging to the Y3 Zebu haplogroup. In conclusion, Cuban Creole cattle population had a mtDNA haplotypic composition similar to the observed in Creole and Mediterranean breeds, what is in concordance with its historical origin. Y chromosome analysis evidenced a male mediated process of zebu introgression.

Habitat complexity and community composition: relationships between different ecosystem engineers and the associated macroinvertebrate assemblages Sueiro, Maria Cruz; Bortolus, Alejandro; Schwindt, Evangelina Several species of ecosystem engineers inhabiting coastal environments have been reported structuring different kinds of communities. The magnitude of this influence often depends on the habitat complexity introduced by the engineers. It is commonly accepted that an increase in habitat complexity will result in an increase in diversity and/or abundance in the associated fauna. The rocky salt marshes along the coast of Patagonia are dominated by cordgrasses, mussels, and barnacles forming a mosaic of engineered habitats with different complexity. This system allows us to address the following questions: how different is a macroinvertebrate assemblage when dominated by different ecosystem engineers? And, is there a positive relationship between increasing habitat complexity and the species richness, diversity and total density of the assemblages? To address these questions, we compared the three ecological scenarios with decreasing habitat complexity: cordgrass–mussel, mussel, and barnacle-engineered habitats. We found a total of 22 taxa mostly crustaceans and polychaetes common to all scenarios. The three engineered habitats showed different macroinvertebrate assemblages, mainly due to differences in individual abundances of some taxa. The cryptogenic amphipod Orchestia gammarella was found strictly associated with the cordgrass–mussel habitat. Species richness and diversity were positively related with habitat complexity while total density showed the opposite trend. Our study suggests that species vary their relative distribution and abundances in response to different habitat complexity. Nevertheless, the direction (i.e., neutral, positive or negative) and intensity of the community’s response seem to depend on the physiological requirements of the different species and their efficiency to readjust their local spatial distribution in the short term.