Comentario crítico de un estudio comparado sobre los impactos de la desintegración del bloque socialista en Corea del Norte Benítez, Matías En este trabajo, haremos un análisis crítico del artículo “Weathering the Storm, Toppled by the Storm: North Korea’s Non-transition Compared with the Transitions of Romania and Albania,1989–1991” (Capeando la tormenta, derribado por la tormenta: la no transición de Corea delNorte comparada con las transiciones de Rumania y Albania, 1989-1991) escrito por el historiador húngaro Balázs Szalontai. En esta investigación se examinan los factores domésticos y externos que llevaron al colapso de los regímenes comunistas de Rumania y Albania en 1989-1990 junto con aquellos que permitieron la supervivencia del régimen norcoreano post desintegración de la Unión Soviética. Estos factores (quince en total) se van a encontrar integrados en tres dimensiones relacionadas entre sí: socioeconómica, simbólica e internacional.

La yerba mate como fuente segura de polifenoles durante la lactancia humana; Yerba mate as a safe polyphenolic source during human lactation Scotta, Ana Veronica; Cortez, Mariela Valentina; Orosz, Luciana; Miranda, Agustín Ramiro; Soria, Elio Andres Introducción: el consumo de yerba mate está condicionado por supuestos sobre sus beneficios y riesgos para la lactancia materna, los cuales carecen de evidencia sólida. Objetivo: evaluar la seguridad de las infusiones de yerba mate durante la lactancia. Material y métodos: estudio transversal con 279 mujeres lactantes adultas de Argentina (años 2013-2020), en los primeros seis meses postparto, sin embarazo ni patologías activas. Se recopilaron datos sociales, reproductivos y alimentarios, índice de masa corporal y porcentaje de grasa corporal. Se estimó adherencia a patrones alimentarios, consumo de mate y sus fitoquímicos. Se analizaron marcadores nutricionales, oxidativos y tisulares en leche. Por la prueba de Wilcoxon, se compararon las medias de consumo según las variables recopiladas y por regresión no paramétrica de Kernel múltiple se evaluaron los efectos corporales y lácteos. Resultados: se encontró un amplio rango en la ingesta de infusiones y el mate cebado fue la principal forma consumida. Respecto a sus condicionantes, el mate cocido fue más bebido por mujeres sin pareja, mientras que el mate cebado fue más consumido por puérperas tardías, con empleo y nivel educativo ≥ 12 años. Además, estas infusiones constituyeron una fuente relevante de 18 ácidos hidroxicinámicos y flavonoides, que proveyeron diariamente más del 35% de los polifenoles dietarios. No se encontraron efectos corporales ni cambios en los niveles de los nutrientes y en los biomarcadores lácteos. Conclusiones: la yerba mate fue una fuente polifenólica segura que no comprometió la lactancia ni el estado nutricional materno.; Background: Yerba mate intake is conditioned by assumptions about its benefits and risks for breastfeeding, with a lack of solid evidence. Objective: To evaluate the safety of yerba mate teas during human lactation. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study with 279 adult lactating women from Argentina (years 2013-2020), during the first six months postpartum, without current pregnancy or active pathologies. Social, reproductive, and food data were compiled. Body mass index and percentage of body fat were also established. The adherence to dietary patterns, intake of yerba mate and its phytochemicals were estimated. Milk biochemistry included nutritional, oxidative and tissue markers. Intake means were compared using the Wilcoxon’s test depending on the data recorded, while the multiple nonparametric Kernel regression was used to evaluate the effects on body and milk. Results: It was found a wide range of intake, and tube-sipped tea was the main way of consumption. Concerning its constraints, in-cup tea was more used by women without a partner, whereas tube-sipped tea was consumed mainly by employed women, during late postpartum, and with 12 or more years of formal education. Additionally, these teas were an important source of 18 hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. Moreover, yerba mate provided more than 35% of dietary polyphenols. No anthropometric effects or changes in milk nutrients and biomarkers were found. Conclusions: Yerba mate was a safe source of polyphenols, as it did not compromise lactation and maternal nutritional status.

Los valores y la formación docente: Un análisis axiológico desde el Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-40); Values and teacher education: An axiological analysis from the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-40); Valores e formação de professores: Uma análise axiológica do Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-40) Expósito, Cristián David; Marsollier, Roxana Graciela El docente es responsable de llevar a la práctica el diseño curricular de su área disciplinar; esto implica un conjunto de competencias profesionales indispensables para evaluar, valorar y elegir el modelo y las estrategias pedagógicas más adecuadas. Evidentemente, este proceso carga con todo un bagaje cultural sustentado por las propias estructuras valóricas que no son neutrales. En este sentido, el presente estudio tiene por objeto analizar la configuración de los perfiles axiológicos de docentes y estudiantes de carreras pedagógicas, mediante la aplicación del PVQ-40 (Portrait Values Questionnaire) de Shalom Schwartz. Se trabajó con una muestra de carácter intencional, compuesta por 337 participantes; de los cuales, 95 (28,2 %) contaban con título profesional docente y 242 (71,8 %) cursaban el profesorado en diferentes institutos de formación de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. En los resultados, se pueden apreciar diferencias significativas en relación con las variables sociodemográficas, el tipo de gestión de las instituciones educativas y la valoración de la carrera docente.; The teacher is responsible for putting into practice the curricular design of his/her disciplinary area; this implies a set of essential professional skills to evaluate, assess and choose the most appropriate model and pedagogical strategies. Obviously, this process implies a whole cultural baggage supported by the value structures themselves which are not neutral. In this sense, the present study aims to analyze the configuration of the axiological profiles of teachers and students of pedagogical careers, through the application of the PVQ-40 (Portrait Values Questionnaire) by Shalom Schwartz. We worked with an intentional sample, made up of 337 participants; of which, 95 (28.2%) had a professional teaching degree and 242 (71.8%) were teaching at different training institutes in the province of Mendoza-Argentina. In the results, significant differences can be seen in relation to sociodemographic variables, the type of administration of educational institutions and the assessment of the teaching career.; O professor é responsável por colocar em prática o desenho curricular da sua área disciplinar; isto supõe um conjunto de competências profissionais essenciais para avaliar, avaliar e escolher o modelo e as estratégias pedagógicas mais adequadas. Obviamente, esse processo implica toda uma bagagem cultural sustentada pelas próprias estruturas de valor que não são neutras. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a configuração dos perfis axiológicos de professores e alunos das carreiras pedagógicas, por meio da aplicação do PVQ-40 (Portrait Values Questionnaire) de Shalom Schwartz. Trabalhamos com uma amostra intencional, composta por 337 participantes; dos quais, 95 (28,2%) tinham licenciatura profissional e 242 (71,8%) lecionavam em diferentes institutos de formação na província de Mendoza-Argentina. Nos resultados, podem ser observadas diferenças significativas em relação às variáveis sociodemográficas, ao tipo de administração das instituições de ensino e à avaliação da carreira docente.

Gonadal tumor development in 46, XX disorders of gonadal development Costanzo, Mariana; Touzon, María Sol; Marino, Roxana Marcela; Guercio, Gabriela Viviana; Ramirez, Pablo; Mattone, María Celeste; Garrido, Natalia Pérez; Bailez, María Marcela; Vaiani, Elisa; Ciaccio, Marta Graciela Cristina; Galluzzo Mutti, María Laura; Belgorosky, Alicia; Berensztein, Esperanza Beatriz Background: Differences/disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Objective: The aim of this study is to report the histological characteristics and immunoexpression patterns of gonadal parenchyma in patients with 46,XX testicular and ovotesticular DSD, with a focus on the detection of germ cell malignancies. Design: Inclusion criteria were SRY-negative 46,XX testicular and ovotesticular DSD with available samples from gonadal biopsy or gonadectomy for the review of histological findings. Gonadal histology was assessed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and immunohistochemical analysis. Histopathological criteria from the last World Health Organization classification of urogenital tumors were used to identify undifferentiated gonadal tissue, gonadoblastoma, and dysgerminoma. Results: Median age at first histological evaluation of gonadal samples was 1.46 years (range: 0.16–16 years). Totally 15 patients were classified as ovotesticular and only 1 as testicular DSD. Most individuals had bilateral ovotestes (12/15). No histological alterations were found in the ovarian parenchyma, while signs of dysgenesis were seen in all cases of testicular parenchyma. In 4/15 ovotesticular DSD, a prepubertal biopsy failed to identify ovarian parenchyma. We detected early prepubertal preinvasive and invasive malignancies in this cohort (five patients had undifferentiated gonadal tissue, five gonadoblastoma, and one dysgerminoma). Conclusion: 46,XX disorders of gonadal development are historically considered at a low risk for germ cell cancer, and the need for assessment of gonadal histology has been questioned. The finding of early germ cell malignancies in our cohort brings awareness and needs further research.

Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 exploits Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 biofilm to overgrow in dual-species macrocolonies Díaz, Pablo R.; Romero, Manuel; Pagnussatt, Luciana; Amenta, Melina Beatriz; Valverde, Claudio Fabián; Cámara, Miguel; Creus, Cecilia M.; Maroniche, Guillermo Andrés Biofilms are essential for plant-associated bacteria to colonize their host. In this work, we analysed the interaction of Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 and Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 in mixed macrocolony biofilms. We identified certain culture conditions where A. baldaniorum Sp245 exploits P. fluorescens A506 to boost its growth. Azospirillum growth increased proportionally to the initial number of pseudomonads building the biofilm, which in turn were negatively affected in their growth. Physical contact with P. fluorescens A506 was essential for A. baldaniorum Sp245 growth increase. Biofilm ultrastructure analysis revealed that Pseudomonas produces a thick structure that hosts Azospirillum cells in its interior. Additional experimentation demonstrated that Azospirillum growth boost is compromised when interacting with biofilm-deficient Pseudomonas mutants, and that a low oxygen concentration strongly induce A. baldaniorum Sp245 growth, overriding Pseudomonas stimulation. In this line, we used a microaerophilia reporter strain of A. baldaniorum Sp245 to confirm that dual-species macrocolonies contain a higher number of cells under microaerophilic conditions. Taking all the results into consideration, we propose that A. baldaniorum Sp245 can benefit from P. fluorescens A506 partnership in mixed biofilms by taking advantage of the low oxygen concentration and scaffold made up of Pseudomonas-derived matrix, to expand its growth.

Revision of recluse spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae: Loxosceles) preserved in Dominican amber and a totalevidence phylogeny of Scytodoidea reveal the first fossil Drymusidae Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz; Pérez González, Abel; Labarque, Facundo Martín; Carboni, Martín Federico; Hammel, Jörg U.; Kunz, Robin; Ramirez, Martin Javier; Solórzano Kraemer, Mónica M. Recluse or violin spiders in the genus Loxosceles (Scytodoidea: Sicariidae) are a diverse group (~140 extant species) including medically important species and distributed mainly in the Americas, Africa, and the Mediterranean region. In addition, this genus includes three fossil species from Miocene Dominican amber. Here we revise the taxonomy of these fossil species by examining, imaging and re-describing their type specimens. We find that L. defecta Wunderlich, 1988 and L. deformis Wunderlich, 1988 are bona fide members of the genus and report additional characters overlooked in their original descriptions. We further study the holotype of L. aculicaput Wunderlich, 2004 using synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography to reveal previously unknown morphological details hidden by fissures in the amber. We found several characters inconsistent with Loxosceles but consistent with Drymusa (false violin spiders; Scytodoidea: Drymusidae), such as three claws, well-developed podotarsite, and a broad colulus. This suggests the species is misplaced in Loxosceles. To test this hypothesis, we estimated a total-evidence phylogeny of the superfamily Scytodoidea including extant and fossil taxa, morphological data, traditional molecular markers, and sequences of ultra-conserved elements. The results show unambiguously that L. aculicaput belongs to Drymusa and is a close relative of extant species of the genus inhabiting the Greater Antilles. Therefore, we here transfer this species to Drymusa, establishing a new combination and new family assignment. Drymusa aculicaput comb. nov. represents the first known fossil Drymusidae and shows that crown members of this genus already existed in the Miocene.

Geoarchaeology and zooarchaeology of Border Cave, South Africa: Initial multiproxy considerations of stratigraphy and site formation processes from the Backwell et al. excavations Stratford, Dominic; Clark, Jamie L.; Wojcieszak, Marine; Wadley, Lyn; d'Errico, Francesco; de la Peña, Paloma; Esteban, Graciela Irene; Sievers, Christine; Banks, William E.; Beard, Thomas; Horn, Maryke; Shadrach, Kelita; Morrissey, Peter; Mauran, Guilhem; Backwell, Lucinda Ruth Border Cave (BC) has accumulated over 200,000 years of archaeological deposits that document remarkable evidence of human behaviour during the Middle and Later Stone Age. For nearly fifty years, researchers have relied on the stratigraphic framework established by Peter Beaumont in 1973, in which the deposits are lithostratigraphically categorized into a sequence of alternating ‘Brown Sand’ (BS) and ‘White Ash’ (WA) members. Geoarchaeological work in the 1970s focused on stratigraphic sequencing of the anthropogenic assemblages, and proposed broad correlations between autogenic contributions and environmental conditions. The research presented here was undertaken as part of a new excavation campaign at Border Cave started in 2015 under the direction of Backwell at al. Re-examining the stratigraphic context of the deposits and assessing site formation processes are among the key goals of this project; this will enable finer-scale intra- and inter-member comparative analyses of the artefacts and ecofacts recovered at the site. In this paper, we apply a facies and allostratigraphic approach to assess the stratigraphic sequence exposed through the Backwell et al. excavations. We also provide an initial assessment of the prevailing site formation processes active in the deposition and modification of the sediments. The geoarchaeological data are integrated with new zooarchaeological and taphonomic evidence in order to explore inter- and intra-unit patterns throughout the sequence. Results of this work are: (1) exposed sediments can be broadly correlated to members of the Beaumont sequence; (2) we clearly define member boundaries, reassess member stratigraphic complexity and recognise finer intra-member layering; (3) geoarchaeological and taphonomic studies demonstrate that the sediments have been subjected to greater post-depositional disturbance than was previously recognised and affect all levels of the sequence; (4) overall, faunal density at BC appears to be much lower than that at other Middle Stone Age sites such as Blombos and Sibudu; (5) multiproxy analysis suggests that WA and BS members have distinctive taphonomic histories that cross-cut the identified archaeological industries. As such, caution is warranted when combining BS and WA members for analysis of artefacts and ecofacts.

Taxonomic Diversity of the Freshwater Zooplankton in Argentina: A Review Jose, Susana Beatriz; Marinone, María Cristina; Kuppers, Gabriela Cristina; Claps, María Cristina; Paggi, Juan Cesar Argentina, an extensive country located in southern South America, encompasses a considerable range of latitude and altitude, with a high diversity of lowland and highland waterbodies. Our study is aimed at providing information regarding the current taxonomic diversity of the main groups of the country's inland-water zooplankton. A total of 242 Protozoa, 375 Rotifera Monogononta, 170 Cladocera, and 120 Copepoda species and subspecies are reported. We submit considerations of the current level of taxonomic knowledge, the regional distribution of the species, and the biogeographical (or zoogeographical) aspects. Since most research was focused on a few regions or a small number of water bodies within large regions, many habitats have been scarcely studied, particularly in areas with wide seasonal or interannual variability. We assume that the potential species number in all groups is much higher than currently recognized. Further studies at wider spatial and temporal scales and at a higher taxonomical resolution as well, are needed in order to provide a full picture of the zooplankton diversity of Argentina.

Dispersion of arsenic species from highly explosive historical volcanic eruptions in Patagonia Bia, Gonzalo Luis; Garcia, Maria Gabriela; Cosentino, Nicolás J.; Borgnino Bianchi, Laura Carolina Andean volcanic rocks typically have low to moderate arsenic (As) concentrations. However, elevated levels of As in groundwaters of southern South America have been reported as a consequence of weathering of volcanic glass. This study discusses the abundance, speciation and dispersion of As species in fresh volcanic ash from highly explosive (Volcanic Explosivity Index: 4–5) Patagonian eruptions, as well as the potential of As release to aqueous reservoirs. Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption and micro-focused X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies were used to evaluate As solid speciation. Batch experiments at different pH conditions were performed with the aim of understanding the controls on As release to aqueous reservoirs. Bulk chemical and mineralogical characterizations were performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. Finally, to understand how As-bearing phases are spatially distributed after eruptions, simulations of volcanic ash emission, transport and deposition were performed. Results indicate that the concentration, speciation, and mobility of As in fresh Patagonian volcanic ash depend on the silica content of source magmas. Although the main As host in volcanic ash is Al-silicate glass, this phase is stable at neutral pH characteristic of most aqueous reservoirs. Higher contributions of As to water are associated with the more mobile As species that concentrate onto the surface of Al-silicate glass. Atmospheric dispersion simulations revealed that primary fallout of As-bearing ash has affected large areas in Patagonia, but also reached the Chaco-Pampean plain, where the presence of As-rich groundwater has been widely documented.

The Calern Asteroid Polarisation Survey: An updated catalogue of asteroid polarimetric data Bendjoya, P.; Cellino, A.; Rivet, J. P.; Devogèle, M.; Bagnulo, S.; Abe, L.; Vernet, D.; Gil Hutton, Ricardo Alfredo; Veneziani, A. Context. The Calern Asteroid Polarimetric Survey (CAPS), a collaboration between the INAF Astrophysical Observatory of Torino (Italy) and the Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (Nice, France), has produced new asteroid polarimetric data for a number of years, and is one of the most important, currently active projects of asteroid polarimetry. Aims. The purpose of this paper is to make public the CAPS data collected thus far, to explain the adopted techniques of data reduction and computation of phase-polarisation curves for the measured objects, and explain, by means of some examples, the importance of the CAPS database. Methods. The pipeline of data reduction has been recently updated and made as automatic as possible, using numerical algorithms developed specifically for the purposes of CAPS. The derivation of phase-polarisation curves for the observed asteroids is done using established criteria and algorithms that have recently been slightly improved, and are also summarised in this paper. Results. The CAPS catalogue is a steadily growing source of information which can be exploited for different purposes, including, but not limited to, an updated calibration of the relations existing between different polarimetric parameters and the geometric albedo of the objects, and a study of classes of objects that can be most easily identified by means of their polarimetric properties. These subjects will be more specifically discussed in separate papers. Conclusions. Asteroid polarimetry data nicely complement the results of other more commonly used techniques, including visible and IR photometry and spectroscopy. CAPS contains a lot of much-desired information about physical properties, which can hardly be inferred by means of other techniques.

Hypovitaminosis D in patients with type 2 diabetes: risk factors and association with glycemic control and established microvascular complications; Hipovitaminosis D en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2: factores de riesgo y asociación con control glucémico y complicaciones microvasculares establecidas; Hipovitaminose D em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2: fatores de risco e associação com controle glicêmico e complicações microvasculares estabelecidas Ramírez Stieben, Luis Agustín; Dobry, Raquel; Anca, Lilian; González, Adrián; López, María Isabel; Bayo, Salvador; Sánchez, Ariel; Brance, María Lorena Introduction: Several studies reported than vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of macrovascular and microvascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We investigated the plasma levels of 25OHD in adult patients T2DM, risk factors for 25OHD deficiency and the relationship between 25OHD, glycemic control and chronic complications of T2DM. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which 25OHD levels were evaluated in adult patients (over 18 years) with T2DM. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the interdependence of the 25OHD with other continuous variables. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was also performed to identify cutoff values for diagnosing vitamin D deficiency. Logistic regression was performed to identify the independent association between vitamin D deficiency and the variables associated with lower 25OHD. Results: 208 patients were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 62 years. The 25OHD level was 19 ng/ml (IQR 13.28-24.43), 59.78% had vitamin D deficiency, and 10.33% had severe deficiency. Glycemia, HbA1c, and BMI were negatively correlated with 25OHD. Cutoff point for vitamin D deficiency was 33.39 kg/m2 for body mass index (BMI), 123 mg/dl for glycemia, and 6.65% for HbA1c. In multivariate logistic regression, BMI>33.39 kg/m2 , glycemia>123.5 mg/dl, and albuminuria presented higher odds of vitamin D deficiency. Major conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among patients with T2DM. Low levels were related to higher fasting plasma glucose, higher BMI, and diabetic nephropathy.; Introducción: Varios estudios reportaron que la deficiencia de vitamina D aumenta el riesgo de enfermedad macrovascular y microvascular en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Investigamos los niveles de 25OHD en adultos con DM2, factores de riesgo de deficiencia de 25OHD y relación entre 25OHD, control glucémico y complicaciones crónicas de la DM2. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que se evaluaron los niveles de 25OHD en adultos (mayores de 18 años) con DM2. Se realizaron análisis de correlación para evaluar la interdependencia de la 25OHD con otras variables continuas. Se realizó un análisis de las características operativas del receptor para identificar valores de corte para diagnóstico de deficiencia de vitamina D. Se realizó una regresión logística para identificar asociación independiente entre deficiencia de 25OHD y variables asociadas con una menor 25OHD. Resultados: Se analizaron 208 pacientes. La edad media fue 62 años. El nivel de 25OHD fue 19 ng/ml (IQR 13.28-24.43), 59.78% tenía deficiencia de vitamina D y 10.33% tenía deficiencia severa. Glucemia, HbA1c y IMC correlacionaron negativamente con 25OHD. El punto de corte para deficiencia de vitamina D fue 33,39 kg/m2 para índice de masa corporal (IMC), 123 mg/dl para glucemia y 6,65% para HbA1c. En la regresión logística multivariada, IMC >33,39 kg/m2 , glucemia >123,5 mg/dl y albuminuria presentaron mayores probabilidades de deficiencia de vitamina D. Conclusión principal: La deficiencia de vitamina D fue altamente prevalente en los pacientes con DM2. Niveles bajos de 25OHD se relacionaron con mayor glucemia, mayor IMC y nefropatía diabética.; Introdução: Vários estudos relataram que a deficiência de vitamina D aumenta o risco de doença macrovascular e microvascular em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Nós investigamos os níveis de 25OHD em adultos com DM2, fatores de risco para deficiência de 25OHD e a relação entre 25OHD, controle glicêmico e complicações crônicas do DM2. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal em que os níveis de 25OHD foram avaliados em adultos (maiores de 18 anos) com DM2. Análises de correlação foram realizadas para avaliar a interdependência de 25OHD como utrasvariáveis contínuas. Uma análise das características operatórias do receptor foi realizada para identificar valores de corte para o diagnóstico de deficiência de vitamina D. Uma regressão logística foi realizada para identificar uma associação independente entre a deficiência de 25OHD e variáveis associadas a uma menor 25OHD. Resultados: 208 pacientes foram analisados. A média de idade foi de 62 anos. O nível de 25OHD foi de 19 ng/ml (IQR 13,28-24,43), 59,78% eram deficientes em vitamina D e 10,33% eram severamente deficientes. Glicemia, HbA1c e IMC correlacionaram-se negativamente com 25OHD. O ponto de corte para deficiência de vitamina D foi de 33,39 kg/m2 para índice de massa corporal (IMC), 123 mg/dl para glicose no sangue e 6,65% para HbA1c. Na regressão logística multivariada, IMC> 33,39 kg/m2 , glicemia >123,5 mg/dl e albuminúria apresentaram maiores probabilidades de deficiência de vitamina D. Conclusão principal: A deficiência de vitamina D foi altamente prevalente em pacientes com DM2. Níveis baixos de 25OHD foram associados a maior glicose no sangue, maior IMC e nefropatia diabética.

Agroecología en el Sudeste Bonaerense: Controversias del Sistema Participativo de Garantía (SPG); Agroecology in the Southeast of Buenos Aires: Controversies of Participatory Guarantee System Etcheverriborde, María Alejandra; Cendón, María Laura; Molpeceres, María Celeste; Rodriguez, Julieta Alejandra; Zulaica, Maria Laura; Rouvier, Marisa El presente artículo tiene como objetivo cartografiar controversias en la construcción del SPG del Sudeste Bonaerense en torno a la agroecología y se organiza en los siguientes ejes temáticos: las dimensiones de la agroecología y la calidad de los alimentos agroecológicos. La cartografía de controversias resulta una herramienta de gran utilidad para el rastreo y seguimiento de agentes, humanos y no-humanos, visiones y debates que revelan las particularidades de una controversia; para ello, se empleó una estrategia metodológica de tipo cualitativa, la etnografía multisituada, apoyada en observación participante, notas de campo y datos secundarios. De los conflictos analizados en torno a qué se entiende por agroecología, qué alimentos agroecológicos valorizar y qué garantías de calidad brindará el SPG, destacan cuatro grupos de visiones o posiciones: (1) los que abogan por alimentos sin agroquímicos; (2) los “permisivos” de la transición a la agroecología; (3) los que vinculan la agroecología con la soberanía alimentaria, y (4) los que se oponen o actúan como limitantes al desarrollo de la agroecología.; This article aims to map controversies in the construction of the PGS of Southeast Buenos Aires around agroecology and is organized in the following thematic axes: the dimensions of agroecology and the quality of agroecological foods. Controversy mapping is very useful for tracking and monitoring agents, human and non-human, visions, and debates that reveal the particularities of a dispute. A qualitative methodological strategy was used, multi-situated ethnography, supported by participant observation, field notes and secondary data. Of the conflicts analyzed around what is meant by agroecology, what agroecological foods to value, and what quality guarantees the SPG will provide, four groups of visions or positions stand out: (1) those who advocate food without agrochemicals; (2) the “permissive” of the transition to agroecology; (3) those that link agroecology with food sovereignty, and (4) those that oppose or limit the development of agroecology.

¿Qué nos cuenta el herbario BA sobre las plantas de Malvinas? Gutierrez, Diego Germán; Stampacchio, Monica Liliana; Tancoff, Soledad El Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACN-CONICET) (PORTADA) está ubicado en el centro geográfico de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Ha sido testigo y partícipe de la historia de las ciencias naturales de nuestro país desde hace más de dos siglos. En su Área de Botánica se encuentra el herbario BA (acrónimo internacional), en el cual se conservan especímenes de plantas, algas y hongos recolectados desde principios del siglo XIX hasta nuestros días. La principal colección está formada por muestras herborizadas (secas y prensadas, sobre cartulinas y en carpetas) de unas 240.000 plantas vasculares, es decir, aquellas que poseen un tejido especializado para conducir la savia (ej. licofitas, helechos, gimnospermas y plantas con flores). Una colección destacada es la de las Islas Malvinas, generada por las recolecciones del botánico y explorador sueco Carl Skottsberg (1880-1963) y las del último “naturalista viajero” del MACN, el argentino Mauricio Rumboll (1940-2021).

"Matafísicas": El pez de oro de Gamaliel Churata y la teoría de la secularización; "Matafísicas": El pez de oro of Gamaliel Churata and the Theory of Secularization Di Benedetto, Matías Nicolás Este artículo busca el relevamiento de la visión animista que identifica materia y espíritu en tanto rechazo de la trascendencia entendida como negación de lo corpóreo, tal y como aparece a menudo en los presupuestos filosóficos del cristianismo. Si para Churata dicha unidad está dada a partir de una cadena vital que entiende la existencia como un estado de permanencia, esta teología material define al sujeto a partir de la idea andina de hallpakamaska, el soplo animador de los dioses, y se presenta como una instancia de redefinición de la retórica emancipatoria de la modernidad a partir de aspecto propios de la cosmología andina, tales como la complementariedad y la inclusión en oposición directa a la dicotomía y las exclusiones propias de la cultura occidental, por ejemplo, entre lo sagrado y lo profano, distinción central para la teoría de la secularización. En este sentido, podrá observarse la importancia que concentra la figura del layka para la organización del libro–rito puesto que representa la textualización de las prácticas y saberes andinos entendidos como instancias de reapropiación del imaginario católico.; This article seeks to survey the animist vision that identifies matter and spirit as a rejection of transcendence, understood as a negation of the corporeal, as it often appears in the philosophical assumptions of Christianity. If for Churata said unity is given from a vital chain that understands existence as a state of permanence, this material theology defines the subject from the Andean idea of hallpakamaska, the animating breath of the gods, and is presented as a instance of redefining the emancipatory rhetoric of modernity based on aspects typical of Andean cosmology, such as complementarity and inclusion in direct opposition to the dichotomy and exclusions typical of Western culture, for example, between the sacred and the profane, central distinction for the theory of secularization. In this sense, it will be possible to observe the importance that the figure of the layka concentrates for the organization of the book-rite since it represents the textualization of Andean practices and knowledge understood as instances of reappropriation of the Catholic imaginary

Termite sensitivity to temperature affects global wood decay rates Zanne, Amy E.; Flores Moreno, Habacuc; Powell, Jeff R.; Cornwell, William K.; Dalling, James W.; Austin, Amy Theresa; Classen, Aimée T.; Eggleton, Paul; Okada, Kei Ichi; Parr, Catherine; Carol Adair, E.; Adu Bredu, Stephen; Alam, Md Azharul; Alvarez Garzón, Carolina; Apgaua, Deborah; Aragón, Myriam Roxana; Ardon, Marcelo; Arndt, Stefan K.; Ashton, Louise A.; Barber, Nicholas A.; Beauchêne, Jacques; Berg, Matty P.; Beringer, Jason; Boer, Matthias M.; Bonet, José Antonio; Bunney, Katherine; Burkhardt, Tynan J.; Carvalho, Dulcinéia; Castillo Figueroa, Dennis; Cernusak, Lucas A. Deadwood is a large global carbon store with its store size partially determined by biotic decay. Microbial wood decay rates are known to respond to changing temperature and precipitation. Termites are also important decomposers in the tropics but are less well studied. An understanding of their climate sensitivities is needed to estimate climate change effects on wood carbon pools. Using data from 133 sites spanning six continents, we found that termite wood discovery and consumption were highly sensitive to temperature (with decay increasing >6.8 times per 10°C increase in temperature)—even more so than microbes. Termite decay effects were greatest in tropical seasonal forests, tropical savannas, and subtropical deserts. With tropicalization (i.e., warming shifts to tropical climates), termite wood decay will likely increase as termites access more of Earth’s surface.

Debates abiertos y pendientes en torno a la previsión social argentina Torres, Maria Sol El sistema previsional argentino está sistema diseñado y reglamentado para ser principalmente contributivo. Así, el acceso a la cobertura se encuentra condicionado a la acreditación de una historia de contribuciones mínima (de 30 años) además de cumplir con la edad jubilatoria. Como resultado, tiende a excluir sistemáticamente a las personas cuyas trayectorias laborales hayan estado afectadas por el empleo no registrado (ya sea asalariado o independiente), el desempleo de larga duración o recurrente y/o la dedicación al trabajo no remunerado (que afecta en mayor medida a las mujeres).Otra cuestión que hace a las características estructurales del sistema previsional argentino es la estratificación de los beneficios. Ello no sólo implica una segmentación por la que las prestaciones no contributivas tienden a ser de menor calidad, sino también una distribución de prestaciones contributivas de diferente calidad (es decir, con diferente capacidad de consumo). Ello se debe a que los haberes iniciales se estipulan con criterios de sustitución individual de ingresos laborales y tasas de reemplazo que dependen de la cantidad de años cotizados. Como resultado de este diseño institucional, el gasto previsional tiende a mostrar una concentración pro rico, es decir, que se invierte relativamente más en los sectores económicamente más favorecidos a lo largo de sus vidas. El financiamiento del sistema previsional es, supuestamente, contributivo. Así, las jubilaciones y pensiones pagadas en un momento se financiarían con los aportes de trabajadores y las contribuciones patronales de quienes se encuentran en actividad. En este esquema, existen diferentes factores que pueden deteriorar el financiamiento. Por un lado, la evolución del mercado laboral: el deterioro del empleo, y/o de su nivel de formalidad, así como el deterioro de la distribución primaria en detrimento de los ingresos laborales. El artículo identifica y analiza las políticas previsionales implementadas durante el SXXI en torno a estas tres dimensiones del sistema previsional, acceso, distribución y sostenibilidad.

Estudio exploratorio y descriptivo de la composición mineral del agua de bebida en producciones porcinas de las localidades de Anguil y Uriburu, La Pampa, Argentina; Exploratory and descriptive study of the mineral composition of drinking water in swine productions in Anguil and Uriburu, La Pampa, Argentina Murcia, Vanina Nerea; Beneitez, Adrián Horacio; Cora Jofré, Florencia; Kloster, Nanci Soledad; Perez, Maria Micaela; Savio, Marianela El agua es un nutriente esencial para los animales. La contaminación química del agua es una preocupación para los productores porcinos, porque los contaminantes minerales disminuyen la palatabilidad, reduciendo el consumo de alimento, disminuye la eficiencia de conversión, aumenta el tiempo para llegar al peso de faena. En la provincia de La Pampa, no existen estudios que determinen la concentración mineral del agua en campos destinados a la producción porcina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo de la composición mineral del agua de bebida de 16 granjas porcinas con producciones al aire libre de las localidades de Anguil y Uriburu de la provincia de La Pampa. Se calcularon las medias de las variables químicas. Se analizó la dispersión de los datos en rangos de salinidad, sólo el 6,25% de los campos contienen aguas seguras para el consumo porcino, el 37,5% corresponden a aguas satisfactorias, el 18,75% tienen aguas que podrían consumirse evitando altos niveles y el 37,5% de los campos muestreados tienen aguas con niveles de superiores a 7000 ppm STD siendo no recomendables para consumo animal. Con respecto a los iones el F se encontró en altas concentraciones fue 6,56 ± 1,47 ppm. Se recomienda mezclar las aguas de mala calidad con aguas de mejor calidad para disminuir los parámetros no recomendados. Los valores encontrados son de utilidad para evaluar nuevos avances y ampliar el estudio, incorporando más localidades de estudio y correlacionando los datos encontrados con observaciones a campo a lo largo de un periodo de tiempo. A su vez, sería interesante plantear un programa de monitoreo de agua subterránea de los mismos pozos y extenderlo a acuíferos de la zona.; Water is an essential nutrient for animals. Chemical contamination of water is a concern for pig producers, because mineral contaminants decrease palatability, reducing feed intake, decrease conversion efficiency, increase time to market weight. In the province of La Pampa, there are no studies which determine the mineral concentration of water in fields destined for pig production. The aim of this study was to carry out an exploratory study of the mineral composition of drinking water from 16 pig farms with outdoor production in the towns of Anguil and Uriburu in the province of La Pampa. The means of the chemical variables were assessed. The dispersion of the data in salinity ranges was analyzed, only 6.25% of the fields contain safe water for pig consumption, 37.5% correspond to satisfactory water, 18.75% have water that could be consumed by promoting high levels and 37.5% of the sampled fields have water with levels higher than 7000 ppm STD, being not recommended for animal consumption. About the ions, F found in high concentrations was 6.56 ± 1.47 ppm. It is recommended to mix poor quality water with better quality water to reduce non-recommended parameters. The values found are useful for evaluating new developments and expanding the study, incorporating more locations of study, and correlating the data found with field observations over a period of time. Also, it would be interesting to propose a groundwater monitoring program for the same wells and extend it to aquifers in the area.

Factors contributing to rural extension agents’ support for a transfer of technology (ToT) approach: a multiple linear regression analysis Landini, Fernando Pablo; Conti, Santiago Purpose: This article aims at identifying the individual factors and socio-demographic variables contributing to extension agents’ support for a ToT extension approach. Design/Methodology/Approach: A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using samples of extension agents from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Nigeria. Findings: The main factors explaining the support to a ToT extension approach are: the tendency to blame farmers, understanding extension as a participatory process of dialogue and inter-institutional coordination, prioritizing the modernization of farmers’ production, and supporting conventional modern agriculture. The main factors reducing the support for a ToT approach are having a self-critical attitude, prioritizing the creation and strengthening of farmer organizations, having a university degree, and being an experienced extension agent. Practical Implications: The results are useful for institutions interested in changing the profile of their extension personnel and in moving away from a ToT extension approach. Theoretical Implications: Extension agents supporting a ToT approach assume that they know what is best for farmers without really acknowledging them as experienced individuals with self-determination and rationale of their own. The development of a self-critical attitude, resulting from field experience and reflection on practice seems to play a key role in questioning the assumptions of the ToT extension approach. Originality/Value: This is the first study to analyze the factors contributing to extension agents’ support for a ToT approach conducted using a multiple linear regression.

The effects of CO2 level and temperature on embryos and free embryos of the Patagonian pejerrey Odontesthes hatcheri (Actinopterygii, Atherinopsidae) Crichigno, Sonia Alejandra; Cussac, Victor Enrique Climate Change includes an increase of both the concentration of atmospheric CO2 and of global temperature. Embryos (= eggs) of Odontesthes hatcheri were collected in spring–summer from the littoral of Lake Morenito (Andes of Argentina). Embryos and free embryos were exposed to different temperatures (within a currently natural thermal range) and CO2 levels (obtained by bubbling lake water with gaseous CO2). High temperature and high CO2 led to low embryonic survival. Embryonic abnormalities were observed. Incidence of colorless blood cells and delayed dorsal pigmentation increased significantly at high CO2 level. Free embryo survival decreased with time, being particularly low at high CO2 level. Free embryo body shape also signaled the effects of high CO2. The combined effect of temperature and CO2 was additive. As temperature and atmospheric pCO2 increasing continues, the best survival at hatching observed in our experiments (50–60%, pH 7.5, 14 °C) will deteriorate (< 20% at 18 °C and pH 7.0). These Climate Change-related results and the fact that the species is already threatened by translocated species suggest a fragile situation. Spatial variation of temperature and pCO2 led us to reconsider the suitability of shallow littoral vegetated areas of the lakes as anti-predatory refuges for fish early life periods.

CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor is a Target for Neuroprotection in Light Induced Retinal Degeneration Soliño, Manuel; Larráyoz, Ignacio M.; Lopez, Ester Maria; Rey Funes, Manuel; Bareiro, Nidia Mariana; Loidl, Cesar Fabian; Girardi, Elena Silvia; Caltana, Laura Romina; Brusco, Herminia Alicia; Martinez, Alfredo; López, Juan José In the last few years, an increasing interest in the neuroprotective effect of cannabinoidshas taken place. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of modulatingcannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the context of light induced retinal degeneration (LIRD),using an animal model that resembles many characteristics of human age-related maculardegeneration (AMD) and other degenerative diseases of the outer retina. Sprague Dawleyrats (n = 28) were intravitreally injected in the right eye with either a CB1 agonist (ACEA), oran antagonist (AM251). Contralateral eyes were injected with respective vehicles ascontrols. Then, rats were subjected to continuous illumination (12,000 lux) for 24 h.Retinas from 28 animals were processed by GFAP-immunohistochemistry (IHC),TUNEL technique, Western blotting (WB), or qRT-PCR. ACEA-treated retinas showeda significantly lower number of apoptotic nuclei in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), lower levelsof activated Caspase-3 by WB, and lower levels of glial reactivity by both GFAP-IHC andWB. qRT-PCR revealed that ACEA significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 andCYP1A1. Conversely, AM251-treated retinas showed a higher number of apoptotic nucleiin the ONL, higher levels of activated Caspase-3 by WB, and higher levels of glial reactivityas determined by GFAP-IHC and WB. AM251 increased the expression of Bcl-2, Bad,Bax, Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), GFAP, and TNFα. In summary, the stimulation ofthe CB1 receptor, previous to the start of the pathogenic process, improved the survival ofphotoreceptors exposed to LIRD. The modulation of CB1 activity may be used as aneuroprotective strategy in retinal degeneration and deserves further studies