An Evidence of a Syriac Version in an Arabic Recipe? Simple Medicines of a Recipe from the Anonymous Book of Medicines (MS BL OR. 9360) and from Dispensatorium Parvm Asade, Daniel Julio; Druille, Paola Ivone From the beginning of the Christian era and for one thousand six hundred years, pharmacobotanical knowledge from northern Europe to the Indian Ocean came mainly from Dioscorides (deceased c. 90 CE). His work De materia medica deals with the medicinal properties of more than 1000 natural products, mostly medicinal plants, which he describes through their numerous properties1 . The Greek text was published in the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as translations into Latin and Arabic, and into the most varied modern languages. A century later after Dioscorides, Galen (died c.210 CE) was noted for his works on compound drugs, while his work on simple drugs (De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis et facultatibus) describes far fewer drugs than Dioscorides. Even Galen constantly quotes him in his works, and much of the information about drugs comes from him. However, the great contribution of Galen, and that prevailed throughout all late antiquity and the medieval and Renaissance periods, was his theory about pharmacological action: it was produced by heating or cooling, or by drying or moistening; and, in turn, each drug had a certain intensity. Unlike Dioscorides, Galen reduced the properties of drugs to only those four2 .

Nonrelativistic Dirac fermions on the torus Aguilera Damia, Jeremías; Solís Delgadillo, Juan Mario; Torroba, Gonzalo Two dimensional conformal feld theories have been extensively studied in the past. When considered on the torus, they are strongly constrained by modular invariance. However, introducing relevant deformations or chemical potentials pushes these theories away from criticality, where many of their aspects are still poorly understood. In this note we make a step towards filling this gap, by analyzing the theory of a Dirac fermion on the torus, deformed by a mass term and a chemical potential for the particle number symmetry. The theory breaks conformal and Lorentz invariance, and we study its spectrum and partition function. We also focus on two limits that are interesting on their own right: a massless relativistic fermion with nonzero chemical potential (a simple model for CFTs at finite density), and nonrelativistic Schrodinger fermions (of relevance in condensed matter systems). Taking inspiration from recent developments in massive modular forms, we obtain a representation of the torus free energy based on Fourier-transforming over a twisted boundary condition. This dual representation fullfills many properties analogous to modular invariance in CFTs. In particular, we use this result to derive Cardy-like formulas for the high energy density of states of these theories.

Post-fire forest recovery at high latitudes: Tree regeneration dominated by fire-adapted, early-seral species increases with latitude Ruggirello, Matthew Joseph; Bustamante, Gimena Noemi; Rodríguez, Paula; Cruz Alonso, Verónica; Soler Esteban, Rosina Matilde Key message Above 40° N/S, increasing latitude is linked to greater post-fre tree regeneration. However, species dominance shifts from conifers to short-lived deciduous trees, which may negatively impact fora, fauna, and ecosystem services dependent on coniferous forests. These results were primarily driven by studies from North America, highlighting the need for more research that directly measures post-fre forest recovery in other high-latitude regions.Context As the size and frequency of wildfires increase across many regions, high-latitude forests may be at particular risk for decreases in regeneration and state shifts post-fre.Aims Through this systematic review, we sought to determine the general relationship between post-fre tree regeneration densities and latitude in forests above 40° N/S. We expected regeneration densities post-fre would decrease with increasing latitude, and that forest regeneration would be negatively impacted by high burn severities, forest management, harsh site conditions, and unprotected microsites. We also anticipated that light-demanding species with adaptations to fre would replace shade-tolerant species that lack such adaptations post-fre.Methods We conducted a literature search that returned over 4500 articles. We selected those that directly measured post-fre regeneration at or above 40° N/S and retained 93 articles for analysis. Fire characteristics, preand post-fre tree species compositions and regeneration densities, and regeneration predictors were then extracted from the retained articles. We fit linear mixed models to post-fre regeneration density with latitude and species traits as explanatory variables and also explored the significance and magnitude of predictors that informed post-fre tree species response.Results Contrary to our expectations, post-fre regeneration increased significantly with latitude. High burn severities and unprotected microsites had negative impacts on post-fre regeneration; higher elevations and more prolifc post-fre reproduction were positively correlated with post-fre regeneration, while management of any type did not have an impact.Conclusion Although forests are regenerating after wildfire at the most extreme latitudes included in this study (above 55° N), regeneration is often limited to only a handful of genera: aspen (Populus) and birch (Betula), for example. Regeneration was less abundant at the lower range of our study area. Certain lower latitude forests that occupy marginal habitats are under increasing stress from drier, warmer conditions that are exacerbated by wildfires. Results were largely driven by studies from Canada and the USA and may not be applicable to all high-latitude forests.

La recaudación de impuestos en Egipto romano: la violencia contra los contribuyentes; Tax collection in Roman Egypt: violence against taxpayers Druille, Paola Ivone El objeto de nuestro trabajo es analizar los testimonios que muestran la violencia contra los contribuyentes durante la recaudación de impuestos en Egipto romano del siglo I d.C. Con este propósito, divi-diremos el estudio en dos partes. En la primera, inda-garemos De Specialibus Legibus 2.92-95 y 3.159-163 de Filón de Alejandría en relación con los edictos de los prefectos. Aquí examinaremos especialmente los méto-dos de tortura junto con las acciones vinculadas con los funcionarios de gobierno, como los ἐκλογισταί. En la segunda, abordaremos los papiros e inscripciones que presentan pedidos o denuncias de particulares afecta-dos por la violencia de los recaudadores y sus subordi-nados. Esto nos permitirá revisar no solo cuáles fueron algunos de los eventos resultantes de los impuestos en el Egipto romano, sino también hasta qué punto los impuestos forzosos afectaron la economía local.; The aim of our work is, then, to analyze the testimonies that show violence against taxpayers during tax collection in Roman Egypt in the 1st century AD. For this purpose, we will divide the study into two parts. In the first, we will investigate De Specialibus Legibus 2.92-95 and 3.159-163 of Philo of Alexandria in relation to the edicts of the prefects. Here we will examine especially the methods of torture along with the actions linked to government officials, such as the ἐκλογισταί. In the second, we will study the papyri and inscriptions that present requests or complaints from individuals affected by the violence of the collectors and their subordinates. This will allow us to review not only what were some of the events resulting from taxation in Roman Egypt, but also to what extent forced taxation affected the local economy.

“El pigmento negro no ensombrece nuestra piel”: De olvidos y memorias de la presencia afrodescendiente en Paraguay; “Black pigment does not darken our skin”: On forgetfulness and memories of the Afro-descendant presence in Paraguay Telesca, Ignacio Memoria y olvido son las dos caras de una misma moneda. Tras la Guerra contra la Triple Alianza, las nuevas generaciones tuvieron que darse una respuesta a la pregunta de “quiénes somos”. Encontraron en la idea de mestizaje entre el español y el guaraní la clave para darse una identidad en clave étnica. En esta construcción el componente afro quedaba marginado. No ignoraban su existencia, pero sí negaban su participación en este primero mestizaje. A partir de estas posiciones ampliamente secundadas por las siguientes generaciones se fue construyendo un ‘Paraguay sin negros’. Es recién las últimas décadas que a partir de la comunidad de Kamba Kua comienza un reclamo identitario, primero a través de la música y la danza, para luego luchar por una legislación específica. Parecía que la clase política y la sociedad iban recuperando una memoria perdida; sin embargo, lo ocurrido con la Ley 6940 y la exclusión de la pregunta sobre la autoidentificación afro en el censo del 2022 nos ponen en aviso que esta memoria aún debe ser disputada.; Memory and forgetfulness are two sides of the same coin. After the War against the Triple Alliance, the new generations had to answer the question of “who we are.” They found in the idea of miscegenation between Spanish and Guaraní the key to giving themselves an ethnic identity. In this construction the Afro component was marginalized. They were not unaware of its existence, but they did deny their participation in this first miscegenation. From these positions, widely supported by subsequent generations, a 'Paraguay without blacks' was built. It is only in recent decades that the Kamba Kua community begins an identity claim, first through music and dance, and then they fight for specific legislation. It seemed that the political class and society were recovering a lost memory; However, what happened with the Law 6940 and the exclusion of the question on Afro self-identification in the 2022 census warn us that this memory must still be disputed.

Concealment of the face in social protests: Performances, affects and politics; Ocultamiento del rostro en la protesta social: Performances, afectos y política Delupi, Baal Ulises A lo largo del tiempo, la máscara ha sido un dispositivo semiótico fundamental en la protesta social y las prácticas artísticas, y es considerada como una figura polivalente que expresa una doble identidad: la que oculta y la que muestra. En la sociedad digital actual, el ocultamiento del rostro a partir de antifaces y maquillaje se ha vuelto un símbolo de reclamo ante el reconocimiento facial que ejerce un control biopolítico de la fisonomía. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, desde una perspectiva sociosemiótica, en vinculación con la teoría de los afectos y los estudios de performance, la construcción de sentidos estético-políticos que se desprenden del ocultamiento de los rostros en dos acciones de activismo artístico en Argentina: “8 M, día de la mujer”, acción del colectivo ContraArte en las calles de Córdoba, y “Radio funo vol. 7 retratos” del grupo FUNO en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Dicho análisis se realizará sobre las imágenes de ambas intervenciones que se encuentran publicadas en la red social Facebook. Los resultados de la investigación muestran cómo las máscaras y los antifaces que se utilizan en ambas experiencias configuran signos de resistencia colectiva que activan afectos en el espacio público como una política del disenso.; Throughout time, the mask has been a fundamental semiotic device in social protest and artistic practices, and it is considered a versatile figure that expresses a double identity: the one that it hides and the one that it shows. In today’s digital society, the concealment of the face through masks and make-up has become a symbol of protest facial recognition that exercises biopolitical control of faces. The objective of this work is to analyze, from a sociosemiotic perspective in connection with the theory of affects and performance studies, the construction of aesthetic political meanings that emerge from the concealment of faces in two actions of artistic activism inArgentina: “8M, Women’s Day”, action of the ContraArte collective in the streets of Córdoba, and “Radio funo vol. 7 portraits” of the FUNO group in the city of Buenos Aires. Said analysis will be carried out on the images of both interventions that are published on the social network Facebook. The research results show how the masks used in both experiences configure signs of collective resistance that activate affections in the public space as policy of dissent.

La ciberhegemonía de EEUU en la OEA; The US cyberhegemony in the OAS; La ciberhegemonía de EEUU en la OEA Vila Seoane, Maximiliano Facundo El artículo propone al concepto de ciberhegemonía como una alternativa al concepto de ciberpoder. A partir del mismo, se examinan las actividades de ciberseguridad de la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA). A juzgar por el análisis de material primario y secundario, se destaca que la OEA se estableció como el principal espacio de cooperación en temas de ciberseguridad a nivel intergubernamental en las Américas, mediante un conjunto de actividades de asesoramiento, capacitación e intercambio de información. Sin embargo, también se observa que la cooperación tiene efectos adversos para los países de América Latina. Primero, la OEA reproduce y legitima las ideas para el ciberespacio de las fuerzas sociales de EEUU y de sus Estados aliados. Segundo, la OEA fomenta los intereses de las empresas de ciberseguridad de EEUU sobre los de empresas de otros países. Por último, la OEA obstaculiza el cuestionamiento a los ciberataques y al ciberespionaje de EEUU. Consecuentemente, se concluye que la OEA reproduce la ciberhegemonía estadounidense en las Américas.; O artigo examina as atividades de cibersegurança da Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA), por meio do estudo: dos atores que promovem o tema em suas agendas; suas mudanças ao longo do tempo; e os aspectos problemáticos da iniciativa para os países da América Latina. Com base na análise de material primário e secundário, conclui-se que a OEA se consolidou como o principal espaço de cooperação em questões de cibersegurança no âmbito intergovernamental nas Américas por meio de um conjunto de atividades de assessoramento, capacitação e intercâmbio de informações entre seus Estados membro. No entanto, o programa de cibersegurança da OEA também reforça a dependência normativa e tecnológica das principais empresas e agências estaduais dos EUA, e de seus aliados. Além disso, as discussões sobre cibersegurança na OEA negligenciam os ataques cibernéticos e a espionagem cibernética dos EUA. Consequentemente, A organização contribui para a ciber-hegemonia dos Estados Unidos nas Américas porque, embora haja relações de cooperação consensuais, também leva a reproduzir padrões de dependência pelos quais a OEA ainda é criticada na região.; This article proposes the concept of cyberhegemony as an alternative to the concept of cyberpower. Based on it, the article examines the cybersecurity activities of the Organization of American States (OAS). Judging by the analysis of primary and secondary sources, it stands out that the OAS has become the main space for cooperation on cybersecurity issues at the intergovernmental level in the Americas, through a set of advisory, training and information exchange activities. However, the article also highlights that these cooperation relations have adverse effects for Latin American countries. First, the OAS reproduces and legitimizes the ideas for cyberspace of the social forces of the US and its allied states. Second, the OAS promotes the interests of US cybersecurity companies over those of companies from other countries. Finally, the OAS hinders challenges to the cyberattacks and cyberespionage activities of the US. Consequently, the article concludes that the OAS reproduces the US cyber hegemony in the Americas.

En tiempos de la imaginación permeable: de cruces genéricos y estéticos, mestizajes e hibridaciones en la literatura argentina contemporánea Pérez Gras, María Laura Los cruces genéricos y estéticos que en estas páginas evidenciamos no son los mismos que los que se daban como consecuencia de las delimitaciones aún indefinidas de los géneros incipientes durante el siglo XIX, o en la literatura experimental de las vanguardias del XX. En estos tiempos de la imaginación permeable, cruces, mestizajes e hibridaciones se presentan como necesarios allí donde el realismo ya no logra tener agencia porque la percepción de la realidad es tan maleable e inasible como nunca antes en la historia del hombre. La mediación tecnológica y las crisis socioambientales profundizan este extrañamiento en el presente. Por esta razón, el new weird o “nuevo extraño” empieza a tener una creciente incidencia en Latinoamérica. En él se combinan los escenarios del policial negro, el terror y la ciencia ficción, en especial las distopías, que naturalizan la extrañeza en los entornos cotidianos (Vandermeer, 2008; Sanzhiz, 2022). Proponemos, entonces, la lectura de estos siete artículos dentro del enfoque que cada uno de ellos plantea, pero también en un sentido transversal, para repensar la vigencia de los pactos de lectura con los que abordamos la producción actual y la necesidad de asimilar los cruces, y las consecuentes aperturas, que la imaginación permeable habilita.

La epistemología de las ciencias humanas como herramienta para el diagnóstico del presente; The Epistemology of the Human Sciences as a Tool for the Diagnosis of the Present Dalmau, Iván En este artículo nos proponemos analizar las herramientas que Michel Foucault forja para desplegar su trabajo de archivo, perfilando así una serie de desarrollos conceptuales que dan lugar a un trabajo epistemológico que se erige como aporte para el ejercicio de la filosofía como actividad de diagnóstico. Específicamente, nos ocuparemos de revisar el modo en que el filósofo problematiza arqueológicamente el saber, contraponiéndolo a la pregunta normativa característica de lo que denomina como “teoría del conocimiento”. Buscaremos dar cuenta, entonces, de la manera en que la crítica foucaultiana del saber da lugar a una problematización epistemológica de las ciencias humanas que se desmarca de la pregunta normativa respecto de la objetividad cognoscitiva de dichas ciencias.; In this article we propose to analyse the tools that Michel Foucault forges to deploy his archival work, shaping a series of conceptual developments that give rise to an epistemological work that stands as a contribution to the exercise of philosophy as a diagnostic activity. Specifically, we will examine the way in which the philosopher problematizes knowledge archaeologically, contrasting it with the normative question characteristic of what he calls the "theory of knowledge". We will seek to give an account, then, of the way in which the Foucauldian critique of knowledge gives rise to an epistemological problematization of the human sciences that is separated from the normative question regarding the cognitive objectivity of those sciences.

El relato de cautiverio como constructo imagológico: el caso Avendaño; Captive Narratives as Imagological Constructs: Avendaño's Case Pérez Gras, María Laura A partir de la definición de relato de cautiverio como género literario y de los avances en estudios imagológicos, este artículo propone una lectura del manuscrito del relato del cautiverio histórico entre los ranqueles (1842-1849) de Santiago Avendaño como un constructo imagológico en el que se ponen en tensión las imágenes sobre la alteridad y sobre la identidad, tanto el plano individual como en el colectivo. Según la imagología, las imágenes más complejas se denominan imagotipos y se conforman a partir de la confrontación del heteroimagotipo (imagen del Otro) con el autoimagotipo (imagen de sí mismo). Los imagotipos son la suma de estereotipos, prejuicios e imágenes sobre la cultura del Otro en contraste con la propia: se trata de fenómenos muy dinámicos que cambian según las circunstancias políticas, económicas y sociales de las distintas épocas. Así, la construcción de la barbarie, desde esta disciplina, se funda en la proyección de los valores endógenos de un grupo sobre el espacio y la cultura del Otro. Estudiaremos, además, las negociaciones implicadas en la elaboración de un relato de cautiverio en general, y de este en particular con el complemento de las cartas que Avendaño les escribió a ciertas personalidades políticas y militares de gran importancia en la cuestión de la frontera interior de la época.; Based on the definition of captivity accounts as a literary genre and advances in imagological studies, this article proposes a reading of the manuscript of the account of a historical captivity among the ranqueles (1842-1849) by Santiago Avendaño as an imagological construct in which images of otherness and identity are put in tension, both individually and collectively. In imagology, the most complex images are called imagotypes and are formed from the confrontation of the heteroimagotype (image of the Other) with the autoimagotype (image of oneself). Imagotypes are the sum of stereotypes, prejudice and images about the culture of the Other in contrast to their own: they are very dynamic phenomena that change according to the political, economic and social circumstances of different eras. Thus, the construction of barbarism, according to this discipline, is based on the projection of the endogenous values of a group on the space and the culture of the Other. We will also study the negotiations involved in the elaboration of captivity accounts in general, and this one in particular with the complement of the letters that Avendaño wrote to certain political and military personalities of great importance about the internal border at the time.

Cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in Latin America and the Caribbean: An analysis in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru Augustovski, Federico Ariel; Bardach, Ariel Esteban; Santoro, Adrián; Rodriguez Cairoli, Federico; López Osornio, Alejandro; Argento, Fernando; Havela, Maissa; Blumenfeld, Alejandro; Ballivian, Jamile; Solioz, Germán; Capula, Analía; López, Analía; Cejas, Cintia; Savedoff, William; Palacios, Alfredo; Rubinstein, Adolfo Luis; Pichón-Riviere, Andres Objective: Our study analyzes the cost-effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru. Methods: Using a previously published SVEIR model, we analyzed the impact of a vaccination campaign (2021) from a national healthcare perspective. The primary outcomes were quality adjusted life years (QALYs) lost and total costs. Other outcomes included COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and life years. We applied a discount rate of 3% for health outcomes. We modeled a realistic vaccination campaign in each country (the realistic country-specific campaign). Additionally, we assessed a standard campaign (similar, “typical“ for all countries), and an optimized campaign (similar in all countries with higher but plausible population coverage). One-way deterministic sensitivity analyses were performed. Findings: Vaccination was health improving as well as cost-saving in almost all countries and scenarios. Our analysis shows that vaccination in this group of countries prevented 573,141 deaths (508,826 standard; 685,442 optimized) and gained 5.07 million QALYs (4.53 standard; 6.03 optimized). Despite the incremental costs of vaccination campaigns, they had a total net cost saving to the health system of US$16.29 billion (US$16.47 standard; US$18.58 optimized). The realistic (base case) vaccination campaign in Chile was the only scenario, which was not cost saving, but it was still highly cost-effective with an ICER of US$22 per QALY gained. Main findings were robust in the sensitivity analyses. Interpretation: The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in seven Latin American and Caribbean countries -that comprise nearly 80% of the region- was beneficial for population health and was also cost-saving or highly cost-effective.

Blood meal sources of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in domestic and open green environments from two urbanisations of temperate Argentina Melgarejo Colmenares, Judier Karelly; Vezzani, Dario; Gallego, María Alejandra; Cardo, María Victoria Understanding the blood-feeding patterns of mosquitoes is essential for evaluating their potential as disease vectors, especially in urban areas where mosquitoes coexist with humans, domestic animals and wildlife. This study aimed to bridge a substantial gap in regional knowledge by identifying the blood meal sources of field-collected mosquitoes in domestic and open green environments from two urbanisations of temperate Argentina, the Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA) and Tandil, using molecular techniques. Female mosquitoes were collected from November 2019 to March 2020 and April-May 2021. A bipartite network analysis was performed for each environment and urbanisation. A total of 103 blood meals from Aedes (2 species) and Culex (7 species) were identified. Among these, five mammal and 18 bird species were recognised as hosts. Aedes mosquitoes exclusively fed on mammals, while Culex mosquitoes exhibited a broader host range including both birds and mammals. In AMBA, the open green environments were composed by more mosquito species than the domestic environments, while both presented similar numbers of vertebrate species. In contrast, in open green environments from Tandil only blood-fed Aedes albifasciatus were collected. For open green environments of AMBA and domestic environments of Tandil, results suggested some degree of host selection. For the three main vectors of diseases in the region, Aedes aegypti, Ae. albifasciatus and Culex pipiens molestus, we present the first molecular evidence of human blood meals in South America. Epidemiological significance of the present findings is discussed.

Cartografía multitemporal y estrategias para la prevención de inundaciones en una cuenca con predominio agrícola de Argentina Solana, Maria Ximena; Romanelli, Asunción; Quiroz Londoño, Orlando Mauricio This study presents a semi-automated approach for mapping the extent and frequency of floods in agriculturally dominated river watersheds, using the Quequén Grande River watershed as a case study. By the combination of normalized difference indices computed from Landsat imagery and the application of Otsu’s thresholding method in Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment, two flood categories were defined: Open Flood Surfaces (OFS) and Flooded Vegetation (FV). The analysis of historical flood frequency allowed the proposal of flood prevention strategies to be implemented in each defined flood frequency class, which is essential for flood mitigation in agriculturally dominated river watersheds; En este estudio se propone un método semiautomático para la cartografía de la extensión y frecuencia de las inundaciones en una cuenca hidrográfica con predominio agrícola, seleccionándose la cuenca del Río Quequén Grande como caso de estudio. Mediante la combinación de índices diferenciales normalizados calculados a partir de imágenes Landsat y la aplicación del método de umbralización desarrollado por Otsu en el entorno de Google Earth Engine (GEE), se definieron dos categorías para las inundaciones: superficies de inundación abiertas (OFS) y vegetación inundada (FV). El análisis de la frecuencia histórica de las inundaciones permitió la propuesta de estrategias de prevención a las inundaciones dirigidas a ser implementadas en cada clase de frecuencia de inundación definida, siendo esencial para la mitigación de inundaciones en cuencas hidrográficas con predominio agrícola.

Entre la "falsa piedad" y las "luces del siglo": Proyectos para la creación de un cementerio extramuros en el Buenos Aires tardocolonial; Between the "false piety" and the "lights of the century": projects to create an extramural cemetery in late colonial Buenos Aires Roca, Facundo Durante siglos, las sepulturas intramuros garantizaron la convivencia entre vivos y muertos y simbolizaron la unión eterna de la Iglesia, en tanto comunidad de creyentes. La conjunción entre el nuevo discurso médico y el avance de la piedad ilustrada a lo largo del siglo XVIII contribuyó a socavar las bases de aquel tradicional modelo de religiosidad. Desde fines del período colonial, la monarquía borbónica promovió la creación de cementerios extramuros en las principales villas y ciudades del Imperio. En la ciudad de Buenos Aires, este proyecto dio lugar a una serie de conflictos y controversias que involucraron a diferentes instituciones y actores sociales, eclesiásticos y seculares. La disputa acerca del lugar que debían ocupar la muerte y los muertos en el seno de la sociedad nos permite identificar el impacto de las ideas ilustradas y la transformación de los modelos de religiosidad en el Río de la Plata durante el período tardocolonial.; For centuries, the intramural burials guaranteed the coexistence between the living and the dead and symbolized the eternal union of the Church, as a community of believers. The conjunction between the new medical discourse and the advance of enlightened piety throughout the 18th century contributed to undermining the foundations of that traditional model of religiosity. At the end of the colonial period, the Bourbon monarchy promoted the creation of extramural cemeteries in the main villages and cities of the Empire. In the city of Buenos Aires, this project originated a series of conflicts and controversies that involved different institutions and social actors, both ecclesiastical and secular. The dispute over the place that death and the dead should occupy within society allows us to identify the impact of enlightened ideas and the transformation of religiosity in the Río de la Plata during the late colonial period.

Brechas en la movilidad urbana argentina frente a los objetivos de desarrollo sustentable (ODS 11.2.1); Gaps in Argentine Urban Mobility in Relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 11.2.1) Gutierrez, Andrea Ines; de Grande, Pablo Ernesto El indicador 11.2.1 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable refiere a la movilidad en las ciudades. Los metadatos de la Agenda 2030 Argentina establecen su medición conforme a la cantidad de hogares que se encuentran a menos de 300 metros de algún modo de transporte público, y como fuente al Censo de Población, Hogares y Viviendas. Si bien los datos fueron relevados por los Censos 2001 y 2010, sus resultados no han sido analizados en forma desagregada hasta la fecha. El objetivo del artículo es establecer una línea de base acerca del acceso al transporte público en Argentina utilizando los microdatos del Censo 2010. La metodología se ajusta a los metadatos globales y combina fuentes oficiales. Como resultado se obtiene información del indicador 11.2.1 a nivel de radio censal para todo el país. El análisis de resultados muestra desigualdades por región y provincia, a nivel del sistema urbano nacional e intra-urbanas, cuyo diagnóstico aporta a territorializar la Agenda 2030.; Indicator 11.2.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) refers to urban mobility. The metadata of the 2030 Agenda SDG Argentina specifies its measurement according to the number of households located within 300 meters of public transport, using as source the Nacional Census of Population. Although this metric was collected during the 2001 and 2010 censuses, its results haven't been thoroughly examined. The goal of this article is to establish a baseline of the access of urban public transport using the microdata from the 2010 Census. The methodology employs global metadata and official sources and yields results on indicator 11.2.1 at the census tract level. As a result, information on indicator 11.2.1 is provided at the census tract level for the entire country. The results reveals inequalities by region, province, urban system and within urban areas, which are valuable for the necessary territorialization of the Agenda 2030.

Making visible the cost of informal caregivers’ time in Latin America: a case study for major cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases in eight countries Espinola, Natalia Micaela; Pichón-Riviere, Andres; Casarini, Agustín; Alcaraz, Andrea; Bardach, Ariel Esteban; Williams, Caitlin; Rodriguez Cairoli, Federico; Augustovski, Federico Ariel; Palacios, Alfredo Background: Informal care is a key element of health care and well-being for society, yet it is scarcely visible and rarely studied in health economic evaluations. This study aims to estimate the time use and cost associated with informal care for cardiovascular diseases, pneumonia and ten different cancers in eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru). Methods: We carried out an exhaustive literature review on informal caregivers’ time use, focusing on the selected diseases. We developed a survey for professional caregivers and conducted expert interviews to validate this data in the local context. We used an indirect estimate through the interpolation of the available data, for those cases in which we do not found reliable information. We used the proxy good method to estimate the monetary value of the use of time of informal care. National household surveys databases were processed to obtain the average wage per hour of a proxy of informal caregiver. Estimates were expressed in 2020 US dollars. Results: The study estimated approximately 1,900 million hours of informal care annually and $ 4,300 million per year in average informal care time cost for these fifteen diseases and eight countries analyzed. Cardiovascular diseases accounted for an informal care burden that ranged from 374 to 555 h per year, while cancers varied from 512 to 1,825 h per year. The informal care time cost share on GDP varied from 0.26% (Mexico) to 1.38% (Brazil), with an average of 0.82% in the studied American countries. Informal care time cost represents between 16 and 44% of the total economic cost (direct medical and informal care cost) associated with health conditions. Conclusions: The study shows that there is a significant informal care economic burden -frequently overlooked- in different chronic and acute diseases in Latin American countries; and highlights the relevance of including the economic value of informal care in economic evaluations of healthcare.

Agentes, empresas y presos: Construcción estatal, instituciones de encierro y prácticas en la provincia de Buenos Aires (fines del siglo XIX); Agents, Companies and Prisoners: State construction, Confinement Institutions and Agents in the Province of Buenos Aires (end of the 19th Century) Yangilevich, Melina Silvia El propósito del artículo consiste en aportar a los estudios sobre la construcción estatal a fines del siglo XIX en la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) tomando como ámbito de indagación a los espacios de encierro existentes en dicho territorio. Para ello, se indagan un conjunto de demandas y pedidos elevados por diferentes agentes: funcionarios y representantes de empresas, vecinos de comunidades del interior provincial y un grupo de presos que apelaron a la Constitución Nacional. El texto procura ilustrar la complejidad del proceso de diferenciación de las funciones de justicia y gobierno, incluso hasta avanzado el siglo XIX en el proceso de conformación estatal.; The purpose of the article is to contribute to the studies on state construction at the end of the 19th century in the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), taking as a privileged space for inquiry the existing confinement institutions in that territory. For this purpose, a set of demands and requests made by different agents are investigated: state and company representatives, residents of communities in the interior of the province and a group of prisoners who appealed to the National Constitution. Besides, the text seeks to illustrate the complexity of the process of differentiation of the functions of justice and government, even until late in the 19th century in the process of state formation.

Memoria y enfoque enactivo: análisis sobre el rol del cuerpo y las interacciones sociales; A memória e a abordagem ativa: análise do papel do corpo e das interacções sociais; Memory and enactive approach: Analysis on the role of the body and social interactions Diaz Abrahan, Veronika Mariana; Bermejo, Fernando Raul; Hüg, Mercedes El enactivismo es una rama de las perspectivas cognitivas corporizadas que sostiene que la cognición emerge del acoplamiento que se da entre el organismo y su entorno. Este enfoque podría ofrecer una mirada alternativa para comprender aspectos de la memoria que representan desafíos para los abordajes tradicionales. La presente revisión bibliográfica busca avanzar en el tema a través de preguntas sobre cómo se genera, cómo se mantiene en el tiempo y para qué sirve la memoria. En el artículo se sintetizan las bases conceptuales del enactivismo para posteriormente revisar investigaciones que discuten sobre los procesos constructivos y las bases sensoriomotoras de la memoria y, finalmente, investigaciones que problematizan la formación y evocación de recuerdos sociales y colectivos.; O activismo é um ramo das perspectivas corporizadas da ciência cognitiva que argumenta que a cognição emerge do acoplamento entre o organismo e o seu ambiente. Esta abordagem poderia oferecer uma forma alternativa de compreender aspectos da memória que desafiam as abordagens tradicionais. Esta revisão bibliográfica procura fazer avançar o tema, fazendo perguntas sobre como a memória é gerada, como é mantida ao longo do tempo, e para que é utilizada. O artigo sintetiza as bases conceptuais do enactivismo e depois revê a investigação que discute os processos construtivos e as bases sensorimotoras da memória e, finalmente, a investigação que problematiza a formação e a evocação de memórias sociais e colectivas.; Enactivism is a branch of the embodied perspectives of cognitive sciences which holds that cognition emerges from the coupling between the organism and its environment. This approach could offer an alternative view to understand aspects of memory that represent challenges to traditional approaches. The present review seeks to advance on the subject through questions about how memory is generated, how it is maintained over time, and what it is used for. The article synthesizes the conceptual bases of enactivism and then reviews research that discusses the constructive processes and sensorimotor bases of memory and, finally, research that problematizes the formation and evocation of social and collective memories.

Literatura del postconflicto peruano: cuestionamientos de un hijo de agentes involucrados, el caso de José Carlos Agüero; Peruvian Post-Conflict Literature: Questions of a Son of Agents Involved, the Case of José Carlos Agüero Artigas, María Emilia Los rendidos. Sobre el don de perdonar de José Carlos Agüero es un texto híbrido, entre la autobiografía, el ensayo y la no-ficción donde se revisan los temas de memoria y violencia acontecidos en Perú durante el conflicto armado interno (1980-2000). Su autor presenta un lugar de enunciación complejo, pues es hijo de ex senderistas muertos durante dicha beligerancia, así, revisa la vida de sus padres y otros miembros de Sendero Luminoso para pensar en las categorías de víctimas/victimarios. También, al ser activista de derechos humanos, historiador y poeta, su texto cuestiona temas como la justicia, los estigmas, la culpa y la reparación durante el postconflicto.; Los rendidos. Sobre el don de perdonar (2015) of José Carlos Agüero is a hybrid text, between autobiography, essay and non-fiction where the themes of memory and violence that occurred in Peru during the internal armed conflict (1980-2000) are reviewed. Its author presents a place of complex enunciation because he is the son of former senderistas killed during this belligerence, thus, he reviews the lives of his parents and other members of the Shining Path to think about the categories of victims / perpetrators. Also, being a human rights activist, historian and poet, his text questions issues such as justice, stigma, guilt and reparation during the post-conflict period.

Halotolerant Sinorhizobium meliloti Strain Confers Salinity Tolerance to Medicago sativa L.; Cepa de Sinorhizobium meliloti halotolerante confiere tolerancia a la salinidad a Medicago sativa L. Gonzalez, Evelyn Ailen; Pacheco Insausti, Maria Cecilia; Zapico, Martín Gonzalo; Achiary, Malena; Pedranzani, Hilda Elizabeth Objective. To comprehensively evaluate the effect of salinity on CW 660 Medicago sativa L. plants subjected to two treatments: nitrogen fertilization and inoculation with a halotolerant strain of Sinorhizobium meliloti. Materials and methods. M. sativa L. plants were di-vided into two groups: fertilized with nitrogen but not inoculated with S. meliloti (FP) and inoculated with S. meliloti but not fertilized (IP). Salt stress was induced with Hoagland’s solution and NaCl (50, 100, and 200 mM) for FP, the same solution with limited nitrogen for IP. Response variables length (L), fresh weight (FW), and dry weight (DW) of roots and aerial parts, photosynthetic pigments (chlo-rophylls a and b and carotenoids), and proline concentration were measured after four weeks. Results. Generalized additive models (GAM) were used to evaluate the effect of salinity and inoculation on the response variables. The ino-culated plants showed significant improvements in aerial and radical length, and chlorophylls a and b under salinity stress compared to the fertilized plants FP. Proline concentration was decreased in IP. Nodulation decreased due to salt stress, but inoculation promoted active no-dules. Conclusion. Inoculation with halotole-rant S. meliloti improved salt stress resistance and growth in plant.; Objetivo. Evaluar de manera integral el efecto de la salinidad en plantas de la variedad CW 660 de Medicago sativa L., sometidas a dos tratamientos: fertilización con nitrógeno e inoculación con una cepa halotolerante de Sinorhizobium meliloti. Materiales y métodos. Las plantas de M. sativa L. se dividieron en dos grupos: fertilizadas con nitrógeno, pero no inoculadas con S. meliloti (PF) e inoculadas con S. meliloti pero sin fertilización (PI). El estrés salino se indujo con solución de Hoagland y NaCl (50, 100 y 200 mM) para PF, misma solución con nitrógeno limitado para PI. Las variables repuestas evaluadas fueron longitud (L), peso fresco (PF) y peso seco (PS) de raíces y partes aéreas, pigmentos fotosintéticos (clorofilas a, b y carotenoides) y concentración de prolina tras cuatro semanas de tratamiento. Resultados. Mediante modelos aditivos generalizados (GAM, por sus siglas en inglés), se evaluó el efecto de salinidad e inoculación sobre las variables repuestas. Las PI mostraron mejoras significativas en la longitud aérea y radical, y en las clorofilas a y b bajo estrés salino, en comparación con PF. La concentración de prolina bajó en PI. La nodulación disminuyó debido al estrés salino, pero la inoculación promovió nódulos activos. Conclusión. La inoculación con S. meliloti halotolerante mejoró la resistencia al estrés salino, impulsando el crecimiento de las plantas.