Changes in Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Functional Response as a Consequence of Host Density Choice Núñez Campero, Segundo Ricardo; Benitez-Vieyra, Santiago Miguel; Gorla, David Eladio; Ovruski Alderete, Sergio Marcelo Most predator and parasitoid functional response studies have been carried out by using experimental designs where insects are confined to an arena and subsequently exposed to different host densities, which are evaluated individually. In the case of a parasitoid that looks for profitable patches, this design forces it to use the single host density patch available, and therefore the possibility of selection by the parasitoid is not considered at all. A selective functional response, in which the host is distributed in discrete patches at different densities,could be a solution to avoid such a limitation. However, the disadvantage of this design is that it does not meet the independence assumption required to perform a parametric statistical analysis. Nevertheless, the use of nonparametric analyses such as GAM and GAMM models allows the performance of this kind of design, making the relationship between the response and the explanatory variable more flexible, looking for general behavioral patterns. The behavior of the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) in a patched condition was assessed in order to demonstrate that nonparametric analyses are useful tools when studying the selective functional response. Results showed that the functional response changed from a "sigmoid curve" to a "bell-shape curve" when the parasitoid had the chance to choose freely among different host densities. The female parasitoid distributed their ovarian load among the eight host densities. The present study suggests that the bell-shape curve displays a general behavior pattern of the parasitoid population.

Relationship between microbial functions and community structure following agricultural intensification in South American Chaco Perez Brandan, Carolina Gabriela; Huidobro, J.; Galván, Marta Zulema; Vargas Gil, Silvina; Meriles, Jose Manuel Intensification of agricultural systems through the use of intensive agriculture and the advance of deforestation have led to a decrease of soil biological quality. Soil functional and structural microbiota are sensitive parameters to monitor changes caused by agricultural use. Different sites under soybean monoculture (continuous soybean) and soybean/maize rotation practices were selected. Samples were collected from agricultural soils under different periods of implantation: 4-year rotation; 15-year rotation; 5-year monoculture; and 24-year monoculture (M24). A site of native vegetation recently under agricultural production (RUA) was also sampled. Native vegetation soils (NV) adjacent to agricultural sites were sampled as a control. In general, the results showed that RUA and M24 had lower enzyme activities, less microbial abundance and low physical and chemical soil quality than those subjected to crop rotation. In contrast, both the bacterial and total microbial biomasses were significantly higher in NV and crop rotation than in soils under monoculture systems. Although it was expected that differences in microbial activities would be due to changes in microbial community abundance, the results indicated that changes in soil management produced faster alterations to soil enzyme activities than any modifications induced in the microbial community structure. Consequently, both aspects of microbial diversity, namely function and structure, were affected independently by agricultural intensification.

Insights into the Andean genera Bridgesia and Guindilia (Sapindaceae): an integrated approach Urdampilleta, Juan Domingo; Coulleri, Juan Pablo; Ferrucci, MarÍa Silvia Sapindaceae s.l. is a moderately large family of trees, shrubs and lianas. The genera Bridgesia and Guindilia belong to the Thouinieae tribe; however, its circumscription to this tribe is in doubt. This work presents a comparative analysis of pollen morphology between species of both genera. They share the basic spherical tricolporate pollen type for the family, but the features studied do not characterize any of them. In addition, the work intends to characterize the karyotype and genome size evolution of both genera, and elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the family through maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the ITS, trnL and trnL-F sequences. Our results show two different patterns regarding karyotype data: Bridgesia presents 2n D 2x D 28, with metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes; the basic number of the genus, x D 14, is in agreement with the 25% of the chromosome numbers recorded in Sapindaceae. The genus Guindilia exhibits a basic number x D 10; of the three species G. cristata and G. trinervis present metacentric, submetacentric and subtelocentric chromosomes, whereas G. dissecta shows only metacentric and subtelocentric ones. In addition, G. cristata is a polyploid species, with DNA content exactly three-fold that of the diploid species, suggesting a recent event of polyploidization in this species. The infra-familial phylogenetic relationship and circumscription of both genera analysed here evidence that Bridgesia belongs to Paullinia group. The fact that Guindilia is grouped in a different clade encouraged us to propose a new informal tribal group, Guindilia group, in the current infrafamilial arrangement of Sapindaceae.

Immunomodulatory effect of baculovirus in chickens: How it modifies the immune response against infectious bursal disease virus Chimeno Zoth, Silvina Andrea; Carballeda, Juan Manuel; Gravisaco, María José; Lucero, María Soledad; Richetta, Matías Daniel; Gomez, Evangelina Raquel; Berinstein, Analia Several reports have shown that baculoviruses (BVs) have strong adjuvant properties on the mammalian immune system. Recent studies of our group demonstrated the ability of BV to stimulate the innate immunity in chickens. In this investigation, we aimed to assess the potential antiviral effect of BV given both, before and after infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In the first case, specific pathogen free chickens were intravenously inoculated with 5 × 10(7) pfu of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and 3 h later were orally administered 2.5 × 10(5) egg infectious doses 50 of IBDV. In the second case, chickens received IBDV 3 h before BV inoculation. Five days later, chickens were bled and euthanized. RNA from the bursa was analyzed for cytokine production. Also, bursae were used for virus recovery, and processed for lymphocyte isolation. The results showed that the administration of BV 3 h after the inoculation with IBDV produced important changes in the effect that IBDV causes in the bursa. BV reduced the infiltration of T lymphocytes, decreased the expression pattern of IL-6 and IFN-γ and inhibited IBDV replication. The results herein presented demonstrate that this Lepidopteran virus shows antiviral activity in chickens under experimental conditions. Investigations under field conditions have to be done to probe this strategy as a valuable sanitary tool for the treatment and prevention of chicken diseases.

Developmental and functional effects of steroid hormones on the neuroendocrine axis and spinal cord Zubeldia Brenner, Lautaro; Roselli, C. E.; Recabarren, S. E.; Gonzalez Deniselle, Maria Claudia; Lara, H. E. This review highlights the principal effects of steroid hormones at central and peripheral levels in the neuroendocrine axis. The data discussed highlight the principal role of oestrogens and testosterone in hormonal programming in relation to sexual orientation, reproductive and metabolic programming, and the neuroendocrine mechanism involved in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype. Moreover, consistent with the wide range of processes in which steroid hormones take part, we discuss the protective effects of progesterone on neurodegenerative disease and the signalling mechanism involved in the genesis of oestrogen-induced pituitary prolactinomas.

Las especies del género Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) en el bajo delta del Paraná y la pampa ondulada, Argentina Lutz, María Ayelen; Diaz, Monica Mabel; Merino, Mariano Lisandro; Jensen, Roberto Francisco El género Myotis se distribuye en todo el mundo, excepto en los polos, e incluye más de 100 especies,de las cuales 12 se presentan en Argentina. El conocimiento sobre los murciélagos de este género esescaso en amplias áreas de Argentina, como por ejemplo en la Pampa Ondulada y el Bajo Delta del Paraná. Eneste trabajo se estudian las especies de Myotis colectadas en tres localidades del área mencionada: dos en eldepartamento Islas del Ibicuy (provincia de Entre Ríos), y una en el Parque Costero Sur (provincia de BuenosAires). Se presentan datos morfométricos y características de los ejemplares colectados, aportando informaciónsobre la variabilidad intraespecífica de cada especie colectada en el área. En total se colectaron 51 ejemplarespertenecientes a 5 especies: M. albescens, M. dinellii, M. levis, M. ruber y M. riparius. Esta última especie esregistrada por primera vez para las provincias de Entre Ríos y Buenos Aires.

Auxin effects on Pb phytoextraction from polluted soils by Tegetes minuta L. and Bidens pilosa L.: Extractive power of their root exudates Salazar, María Julieta; Rodriguez, Judith Hebelen; Vergara Cid, Carolina; Pignata, Maria Luisa The principal impediment for Pb uptake by plants is the Casparian strip in roots. It prevents metals reaching the xylem, thereby hampering translocation to the aerial organs. In the root apices, young root cells have thin cell walls and the Casparian strip is not completely developed, which could facilitate Pb uptake by roots at these vulnerable points. However, as the phytotoxic effects of Pb reduce root growth and enhance suberization, entry of Pb into the plant is avoided. We propose that the application of root growth promotors could be an important complement in the phytoextraction of Pb from polluted soils, due to their effects on produced biomass, Pb toxicity, and root exudate production. A greenhouse experiment was carried on to evaluate the auxin application effect on the Pb uptake of Bidens pilosa and Tagetes minuta. These species were sensitive to auxins, but the phytotoxic effect of Pb was not reversed by this treatment. Root exudates capable of extracting Pb were produced only when the species were grown in highly polluted soils, indicating a behavioral response to Pb exposure which is desirable for phytoremediation.

Biopreservation of Hepatocytes: Current Concepts on Hypothermic Preservation, Cryopreservation, And Vitrification Fuller, Barry J.; Petrenko, Alexander Y.; Rodriguez, Joaquin Valentin; Somov, Alexander Y.; Balaban, Cecilia Lucía; Guibert, Edgardo Elvio Isolated liver cells (primarily isolated hepatocytes) have found important applications in science and medicine over the past 40 years in a wide range of areas, including physiological studies, investigations on liver metabolism, organ preservation and drug de-toxification, experimental and clinical transplantation. An integral component of many of these works is the need to store the isolated cells, either for short or long-term periods. This review covers the biopreservation of liver cells, with a focus on the history of liver cell biopreservation, the application of hypothermia for short-term storage, standard cryopreservation methods for isolated hepatocytes, the biopreservation of other types of liver cells, and recent developments such as vitrification of hepatocytes. By understanding the basis for the different approaches, it will be possible to select the best options for liver cell biopreservation in different applications, and identify ways to improve preservation protocols for the future.

Quasi-matter bounce and inflation in the light of the CSL model Leon Garcia, Gabriel; Bengochea, Gabriel Roman; Landau, Susana Judith The Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) model has been proposed as apossible solution to the quantum measurement problem by modifying theSchr"{o}dinger equation. In this work, we apply the CSL model to twocosmological models of the early Universe: the matter bounce scenario and slowroll inflation. In particular, we focus on the generation of the classicalprimordial inhomogeneities and anisotropies that arise from the dynamicalevolution, provided by the CSL mechanism, of the quantum state associated tothe quantum fields. In each case, we obtained a prediction for the shape andthe parameters characterizing the primordial spectra (scalar and tensor), i.e.the amplitude, the spectral index and the tensor-to-scalar ratio. We found thatthere exist CSL parameter values, allowed by other non-cosmologicalexperiments, for which our predictions for the angular power spectrum of theCMB temperature anisotropy are consistent with the best fit canonical model tothe latest data released by the Planck Collaboration.

Indexación de argumentos no-sujeto promovidos por aplicativos en toba del este de Formosa (Argentina); Indexing of non-subject arguments prompted by applicative forms in toba to the East of Formosa (Argentina); Indexação de argumentos não sujeito promovidos por aplicativos em toba do leste de Formosa (Argentina) González, Raúl Eduardo El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar tres morfemas pronominales «-te», «-lo» y «-o» que indexan, en el verbo, el número de P (argumento más parecido al paciente de cláusula transitiva) en construcciones con afijos aplicativos. Presentamos los rasgos semánticos que se indexan y avanzamos en la discusión sobre su estatus de índices pronominales a partir de su comparación con otros morfemas verbales que codifican las funciones sintácticas de argumentos sujeto en cláusulas sin aplicativos. En nuestro análisis, seguimos la propuesta de Haspelmath (2013), que incluye las formas personales dependientes y las denominadas marcas de concordancia dentro de un fenómeno amplio: la indexación. El análisis se basa en un corpus oral de carácter narrativo y de oraciones elicitadas con consultante de referencia. El corpus fue recolectado con hablantes que viven en distintas comunidades del Este de la provincia de Formosa (Argentina).; The aim of this paper is to analyze the verbal pronominal morphemes «-te», «-lo», and «-o» that encode number of P (more patient–like argument of transitive clauses) on constructions with applicative affixes. These verbal pronominal morphemes are described in terms of their semantic features, and specially in regards to their status as pronominal indexes by comparison with the ones that encode the syntactic functions of the subject arguments on clauses without applicatives. In this paper, in accordance with Haspelmath (2013), the description of dependent pronominal forms and agreement markers are included within a wider phenomenon called indexation. The analysis proposed is based on a corpus of oral narrative texts and elicited clauses collected by fieldwork carried out in Toba communities from eastern Formosa (Argentina).; O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar três morfemas pronominais «-te», «-lo», «-o», que indexam, no verbo, o número de P (argumento mais parecido ao paciente na oração transitiva) em construções com afixos aplicativos. Apresentamos os traços semânticos que são indexados e avançamos na discussão sobre seu status de índices pronominais a partir de sua comparação com outros morfemas verbais que codificam as funções sintáticas de argumentos sujeito em orações sem aplicativos. Em nossa análise, seguimos a proposta de Haspelmath (2013), que inclui as formas pessoais dependentes e as denominadas marcas de concordância dentro de um fenômeno amplo: a indexação. A análise se baseia no corpus oral de caráter narrativo e de orações elicitadas com consultante de referência. O corpus foi coletado com falantes que moram em diferentes comunidades do leste da província de Formosa (Argentina).

Con una importante inversión de la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, el Ministerio contribuyó a mejorar las capacidades de un hospital que atiende a más de dos millones de habitantes del conurbano bonaerense.

Monadic Wajsberg hoops Díaz Varela, José Patricio; Cimadamore, Cecilia Rossana Wajsberg hoops are the { , →, 1}-subreducts (hoop-subreducts) of Wajsberg algebras, which are term equivalent to MV-algebras and are the algebraic models of Lukasiewicz infinite-valued logic. Monadic MV-algebras were introduced by Rutledge [Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, 1959] as an algebraic model for the monadic predicate calculus of Lukasiewicz infinitevalued logic, in which only a single individual variable occurs. In this paper we study the class of { , →, ∀, 1}-subreducts (monadic hoop-subreducts) of monadic MV-algebras. We prove that this class, denoted by MWH, is an equational class and we give the identities that define it. An algebra in MWH is called a monadic Wajsberg hoop. We characterize the subdirectly irreducible members in MWH and the congruences by monadic filters. We prove that MWH is generated by its finite members. Then, we introduce the notion of width of a monadic Wajsberg hoop and study some of the subvarieties of monadic Wajsberg hoops of finite width k. Finally, we describe a monadic Wajsberg hoop as a monadic maximal filter within a certain monadic MValgebra such that the quotient is the two element chain.

The sciences and applications of the Electron LINAC-driven neutron source in Argentina Granada, Jose Rolando; Mayer, R. E.; Dawidowski, Javier; Santisteban, Javier Roberto; Cantargi, F.; Blostein, Juan Jeronimo; Rodriguez Palomino, Luis Alberto; Tartaglione, Aureliano The Neutron Physics group at Centro Atómico Bariloche (CNEA, Argentina) has evolved for more than forty five years around a small 25MeV linear electron accelerator. It constitutes our compact accelerator-driven neutron source (CANS), which is dedicated to the use and development of neutronic methods to tackle problems of basic sciences and technological applications. Its historical first commitment has been the determination of the total cross sections of materials as a function of neutron energy by means of transmission experiments for thermal and sub-thermal neutrons. This also allowed testing theoretical models for the generation of scattering kernels and cross sections. Through the years, our interests moved from classic pulsed neutron diffraction, which included the development of high-precision methods for the determination of very low hydrogen content in metals, towards deep inelastic neutron scattering (DINS), a powerful tool for the determination of atomic momentum distribution in condensed matter. More recently non-intrusive techniques aimed at the scanning of large cargo containers have started to be developed with our CANS, testing the capacity and limitations to detect special nuclear material and dangerous substances. Also, the ever-present “bremsstrahlung” radiation has been recognized and tested as a useful complement to instrumental neutron activation, as it permits to detect other nuclear species through high-energy photon activation. The facility is also used for graduate and undergraduate students’ experimental work within the frame of Instituto Balseiro Physics and Nuclear Engineering courses of study, and also MSc and PhD theses work.

Foraging by burrowing parrots has little impact on agricultural crops in northeastern Patagonia, Argentina Sanchez, Rocio; Ballari, Sebastián A.; Bucher, Enrique H.; Masello, Juan F. Conflicts between wildlife and agriculture have increased as cultivation has expanded into previously unexploited areas. As frequent consumers of such crops, parrots (Psittaciformes) are often persecuted, despite the lack of measured economic impacts they may cause. This situation has compromised attempts to manage potential damage and endangered parrot populations. Here, we evaluate and measure actual crop damage and characterize the foraging areas used by the burrowing parrot (Cyanoliseus patagonus) in northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. We found that damage to field crops was economically insignificant, affecting 0.1%–0.4% of the sunflower harvest, with no damage detected in other more important crops in the region. The parrots mainly consumed grain left or spilled after harvesting, and unharvested grain from cultivated pastures and road margins. This grain represents a loss attributable to harvest machines, being independent from the presence of parrots. Given the negligible damage measured here, we conclude that there is no need for management of parrots as crop pests in northeastern Patagonia. Our study provides further support to the view that parrot damage has been often exaggerated and overstated.

Cranial development and directional asymmetry in Commerson?s dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii commersonii: 3D geometric morphometric approach del Castillo, Daniela Laura; Segura Gago, Alda Valentina; Flores, David Alfredo; Cappozzo, Humberto Luis La tonina overa, Cephalorhynchus commersonii , es una de las especies de odontocetos más pequeñas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la ontogenia craneana postnatal de esta especie a través de técnicas de morfometría geométrica, analizando la ontogenia postnatal de la componente simétrica y asimétrica de la forma, considerando el posible dimorfismo sexual en forma y tamaño del cráneo. Se digitalizaron 57 landmarks en una muestra de 139 cráneos. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que C. commersonii presenta dimorfismo sexual en el tamaño del cráneo en ejemplares adultos, mientras que no se detectó dimorfismo sexual ligado a la forma. Los principales cambios de forma entre juveniles y adultos estuvieron ligados al alargamiento del rostro y a la acentuación del telescopamiento, como se ha observado en otros odontocetos. Se encontró que el nivel de asimetría direccional tiene un cambio sutil pero significativo durante la ontogenia, lo que podría tener implicancias funcionales. Se observó, como tendencia general, una variación de forma moderada durante la ontogenia postnatal, evidencia que apoya la hipótesis de que los adultos de esta especie retienen caracteres juveniles. En concordancia con estos resultados, se encontró que se alcanzó muy tempranamente la estabilidad en la forma y en el tamaño del cráneo, y no se detectaron diferencias en estos valores para machos y hembras. Las diferencias en patrones de forma y de crecimiento craneales en C. commersonii y P. blainvillei pueden estar asociados funcionalmente a modos específicos de alimentación, lo que también sugiere diferencias en la morfología de melón.; Commerson’s dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii , is one of the smallest species of odontocete cetaceans. We aimed to study the postnatal cranial ontogeny of C. commersonii through geometric morphometric technique, analyzing the postnatal ontogeny of the symmetric and asymmetric components of shape and providing information about sexual dimorphism affecting cranial shape and size. We digitized 57 landmarks in a sample of 139 crania of an ontogenetic series. Our results indicate that C. commersonii presents sexual size dimorphism of cranium in adults, but not shape dimorphism. Major changes between juveniles and adults were associated with lengthening of the rostrum and accentuation of telescoping, as observed in other odontocetes. We found that the degree of asymmetry has a very subtle but still significant change during ontogeny, which may have functional implications. We also observed little general variation in skull shape during postnatal development, supporting the idea of the conservatism of young-like characters in adults of C. commersonii . In accordance with this, we detect a very early attainment of stability of shape and size, being statistically similar in males and females. Differences in overall cranial shape and growth patterns in C. commersonii and Pontoporia blainvillei can be functionally associated to specific modes of feeding, suggesting also differences in the melon morphology.

Recorredores de mundos: viajeros nativos en las pampas y Araucanía (siglos XVIII y XIX); Travelers of Worlds: Native Travelers in the Pampas and the Araucanía (XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries) Jiménez, Juan Francisco; Alioto, Sebastián Leandro En América, viajero remite generalmente a un europeo o criollo que se aventuraba por espacios desconocidos y riesgosos, registrando sus vivencias por escrito. No se concibe la imagen de indígenas que viajasen, aunque fueron numerosos los que recorrían las pampas y la cordillera en la época considerada (siglos XVIII y XIX), y se enfrentaban con tres clases de dificultades principales: las propias del paisaje o medio físico, las condiciones cambiantes generadas por la fragmentación de los escenarios políticos y las interacciones con los seres sobrenaturales. A través de diversos tipos de fuentes éditas e inéditas se analizarán las condiciones en las que los nativos transitaban estas regiones procurándose seguridad y alojamiento y construyendo una red de relaciones sociales que los sostuvieran a lo largo del camino.; In America, traveler usually refers to a European or criollo who ventured through unknown and risky spaces, recording their experiences in writing. It is not conceived that there were traveling Indians, though there were a great number of native travelers who toured the pampas and the Andes in the XVIII and XIX centuries, and faced three main difficulties: the ones inherent to the landscape or physical environment, the changing conditions generated by the fragmentation of political scenarios, and the interactions with the super-natural beings. Through diverse edited and unedited sources, we analyze the conditions in which natives moved across these regions trying to procure safety and lodging, and building a network of social relationships that supported them along the way.

Generación de biomasa y rendimiento en trigo frente a infecciones de Puccinia triticina y Pyrenophora tritici-repentis; Wheat biomass and yield generation under Puccinia triticina and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis infections. Schierenbeck, Matías; Fleitas, María Constanza; Golik, Silvina Ines; Simón, María Rosa El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de un patógeno fúngico biotrófico (Puccinia triticina), causal de la roya de la hoja (RH) y un necrotrófico (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis), causal de la mancha amarilla (MA) sobre los atributos fisiológicos vinculados a la generación de biomasa y rendimiento en trigo. Se condujo un ensayo durante 2012 y 2013 utilizando un diseño experimental en parcela sub-dividida con tres repeticiones. Las parcelas principales fueron las inoculaciones con los patógenos. Las sub-parcelas fueron: 1-Sin inóculo y aplicación de fungicida, 2-baja concentración de inóculo y 3-alta concentración de inóculo. Como sub-sub-parcela se sembraron 10 cultivares de trigo. Los resultados indican que MA afectó más la absorción de radiación a partir de mayores niveles de senescencia foliar, en tanto que RH afectó más la eficiencia en el uso de la radiación, probablemente por la interacción particular que los patógenos biotróficos presentan con las células del hospedante.; The present study was designed to determine the effects of inoculations of foliar disease pathogens with different nutritional habits: Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (necrothroph -PTR-) and Puccinia triticina (biotroph -LR-) on the physiological components of biomass generation, like absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (APAR) and radiation use efficiency (RUE), and on the yield production in wheat. Field experiments were carried out in 2012-2013 at FCAyF-UNLP using a split-split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were the pathogen inoculations. Subplots were inoculation treatments: 1- Without inoculation, 2- Low dose of spores concentration inoculation, 3- High dose of spores concentration. Ten cultivars were the sub-subplots. Foliar diseases decreased biomass production mainly explained by reductions in green leaf area, healthy area duration and reductions on APAR, showing higher declines under PTR inoculations. A detrimental effect in the RUE was detected at LR inoculations, which could be associated with the nutritional habit of the pathogen.

An All-Sky Search for Three Flavors of Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Bursts with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory Aartsen, M.G.; Abraham, K.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, J.A.; Ahlers, M.; Ahrens, M.; Altmann, D.; Anderson, T.; Ansseau, I.; Anton, G.; Archinger, M.; Arguelles, C.; Arlen, T.C.; Auffenberg, J.; Bai, X.; Barwick, S.W.; Baum, V.; Bay, R.; Beatty, J.J.; Tjus, J. Becker; Becker, K.-H.; Beiser, E.; Benzvi, S.; Berghaus, P.; Berley, D.; Bernardini, E.; Bernhard, A.; Besson, D.Z.; Binder, G.; Bindig, D.; Bissok, M.; Blaufuss, E.; Blumenthal, J.; Boersma, D.J.; Bohm, C.; Börner, M.; Bos, F.; Bose, D.; Böser, S.; Botner, O.; Braun, J.; Brayeur, L.; Bretz, H.-P.; Buzinsky, N.; Casey, J.; Casier, M.; Cheung, E.; Chirkin, D.; Christov, A.; Clark, K.; Classen, L.; Coenders, S.; Collin, G.H.; Conrad, J.M.; Cowen, D.F.; Cruz Silva, A.H.; Daughhetee, J.; Davis, J.C.; Day, M.; De André, J.P.A.M.; De Clercq, C.; Del Pino Rosendo, E.; Dembinski, H.; De Ridder, S.; Desiati, P.; De Vries, K.D.; De Wasseige, G.; De With, M.; Deyoung, T.; Díaz-Vélez, J.C.; Di Lorenzo, V.; Dujmovic, H.; Dumm, J.P.; Dunkman, M.; Eberhardt, B.; Ehrhardt, T.; Eichmann, B.; Euler, S.; Evenson, P.A.; Fahey, S.; Fazely, A.R.; Feintzeig, J.; Felde, J.; Filimonov, K.; Finley, C.; Flis, S.; Fösig, C.-C.; Fuchs, T.; Gaisser, T.K.; Gaior, R.; Gallagher, J.; Gerhardt, L.; Ghorbani, K.; Gier, D.; Gladstone, L.; Glagla, M.; Glüsenkamp, T.; Goldschmidt, A.; Golup, Geraldina Tamara; Gonzalez, J.G.; Góra, D.; Grant, D.; Griffith, Z.; Ha, C.; Haack, C.; Haj Ismail, A.; Hallgren, A.; Halzen, F.; Hansen, E.; Hansmann, B.; Hansmann, T.; Hanson, K.; Hebecker, D.; Heereman, D.; Helbing, K.; Hellauer, R.; Hickford, S.; Hignight, J.; Hill, G.C.; Hoffman, K.D.; Hoffmann, R.; Holzapfel, K.; Homeier, A.; Hoshina, K.; Huang, F.; Huber, M.; Huelsnitz, W.; Hulth, P.O.; Hultqvist, K.; In, S.; Ishihara, A.; Jacobi, E.; Japaridze, G.S.; Jeong, M.; Jero, K.; Jones, B.J.P.; Jurkovic, M.; Kappes, A.; Karg, T.; Karle, A.; Katz, U.; Kauer, M.; Keivani, A.; Kelley, J.L.; Kemp, J.; Kheirandish, A.; Kim, M.; Kintscher, T.; Kiryluk, J.; Klein, S.R.; Kohnen, G.; Koirala, R.; Kolanoski, H.; Konietz, R.; Köpke, L.; Kopper, C.; Kopper, S.; Koskinen, D.J.; Kowalski, M.; Krings, K.; Kroll, G.; Kroll, M.; Krückl, G.; Kunnen, J.; Kunwar, S.; Kurahashi, N.; Kuwabara, T.; Labare, M.; Lanfranchi, J.L.; Larson, M.J.; Lennarz, D.; Lesiak-Bzdak, M.; Leuermann, M.; Leuner, J.; Lu, L.; Lünemann, J.; Madsen, J.; Maggi, G.; Mahn, K.B.M.; Mandelartz, M.; Maruyama, R.; Mase, K.; Matis, H.S.; Maunu, R.; McNally, F.; Meagher, K.; Medici, M.; Meier, M.; Meli, A.; Menne, T.; Merino, G.; Meures, T.; Miarecki, S.; Middell, E.; Mohrmann, L.; Montaruli, T.; Morse, R.; Nahnhauer, R.; Naumann, U.; Neer, G.; Niederhausen, H.; Nowicki, S.C.; Nygren, D.R.; Obertacke Pollmann, A.; Olivas, A.; Omairat, A.; O'Murchadha, A.; Palczewski, T.; Pandya, H.; Pankova, D.V.; Paul, L.; Pepper, J.A.; Pérez De Los Heros, C.; Pfendner, C.; Pieloth, D.; Pinat, E.; Posselt, J.; Price, P.B.; Przybylski, G.T.; Quinnan, M.; Raab, C.; Radel, L.; Rameez, M.; Rawlins, K.; Reimann, R.; Relich, M.; Resconi, E.; Rhode, W.; Richman, M.; Richter, S.; Riedel, B.; Robertson, S.; Rongen, M.; Rott, C.; Ruhe, T.; Ryckbosch, D.; Sabbatini, L.; Sander, H.-G.; Sandrock, A.; Sandroos, J.; Sarkar, S.; Schatto, K.; Schimp, M.; Schlunder, P.; Schmidt, T.; Schoenen, S.; Schöneberg, S.; Schönwald, A.; Schumacher, L.; Seckel, D.; Seunarine, S.; Soldin, D.; Song, M.; Spiczak, G.M.; Spiering, C.; Stahlberg, M.; Stamatikos, M.; Stanev, T.; Stasik, A.; Steuer, A.; Stezelberger, T.; Stokstad, R.G.; Stößl, A.; Ström, R.; Strotjohann, N.L.; Sullivan, G.W.; Sutherland, M.; Taavola, H.; Taboada, I.; Tatar, J.; Ter-Antonyan, S.; Terliuk, A.; Te?i?, G.; Tilav, S.; Toale, P.A.; Tobin, M.N.; Toscano, S.; Tosi, D.; Tselengidou, M.; Turcati, A.; Unger, E.; Usner, M.; Vallecorsa, S.; Vandenbroucke, J.; Van Eijndhoven, N.; Vanheule, S.; Van Santen, J.; Veenkamp, J.; Vehring, M.; Voge, M.; Vraeghe, M.; Walck, C.; Wallace, A.; Wallraff, M.; Wandkowsky, N.; Weaver, Ch.; Wendt, C.; Westerhoff, S.; Whelan, B.J.; Wiebe, K.; Wiebusch, C.H.; Wille, L.; Williams, D.R.; Wills, L.; Wissing, H.; Wolf, M.; Wood, T.R.; Woschnagg, K.; Xu, D.L.; Xu, X.W.; Xu, Y.; Yanez, J.P.; Yodh, G.; Yoshida, S.; Zoll, M. We present the results and methodology of a search for neutrinos produced in the decay of charged pions created in interactions between protons and gamma-rays during the prompt emission of 807 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) over the entire sky. This three-year search is the first in IceCube for shower-like Cherenkov light patterns from electron, muon, and tau neutrinos correlated with GRBs. We detect five low-significance events correlated with five GRBs. These events are consistent with the background expectation from atmospheric muons and neutrinos. The results of this search in combination with those of IceCube's four years of searches for track-like Cherenkov light patterns from muon neutrinos correlated with Northern-Hemisphere GRBs produce limits that tightly constrain current models of neutrino and ultra high energy cosmic ray production in GRB fireballs.

Temporal changes in the expression of the translocator protein TSPO and the steroidogenic enzyme 5a-reductase in the dorsal spinal cord of animals with neuropathic pain: effects of progesterone administration Coronel, Maria Florencia; Sánchez Granel, María Luz; Raggio, María Celeste; Adler, Natalia Sol; de Nicola, Alejandro Federico; Labombarda, Maria Florencia; Gonzalez, Susana Laura Neuropathic pain is a frequent complication of spinal cord injury (SCI), still refractory to conventional treatment. The presence and biological activity of steroidogenic regulatory proteins and enzymes in the spinal cord suggests that neurosteroids locally generated could modulate pain messages. In this study we explored temporal changes in the spinal expression of the 18kDa translocator protein TSPO, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAr) and the steroidogenic enzyme 5-reductase (5α-RI/II) in an experimental model of central chronic pain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a SCI and sacrificed at different time points (1, 14 or 28 days). The development of mechanical and cold allodynia was assessed. Injured animals showed an early increase in the mRNA levels of TSPO and 5α-RII, whereas in the chronic phase a significant decrease in the expression of 5α-RI and 5α-RII was observed, coinciding with the presence of allodynic behaviors. Furthermore, since we have shown that progesterone (PG) administration may offer a promising perspective in pain modulation, we also evaluated the expression of steroidogenic proteins and enzymes in injured animals receiving daily injections of the steroid. PG-treated did not develop allodynia and showed a marked increase in the mRNA levels of TSPO, StAR, 5α-RI and 5α-RII 28 days after injury. Our results suggest that in the acute phase after SCI, the increased expression of TSPO and 5α-RII may represent a protective endogenous response against tissue injury, which is not maintained in the chronic allodynic phase. PG may favor local steroidogenesis and the production of its reduced metabolites, which could contribute to the antiallodynic effects observed after PG treatment. 

Sex and reproductive cycle affect lipid and fatty acid profiles of gonads of Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) Zárate, Erica; Díaz de Vivar, María Enriqueta Adela; Avaro, Marisa Gladis; Epherra, Lucía; Sewell, Mary A. Analysis of the lipid composition of gonads allows differentiation between energy and structural lipids, which is important for understanding lipid utilization during gametogenesis. Fatty acids, which are frequently used as biomarkers in trophic ecology studies, are also a useful companion to lipid studies and provide a detailed understanding of a species' reproductive cycle. We examined the influence of sex and the reproductive cycle on the lipid and fatty acid profiles of gonads in the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii. In a population from Nuevo Gulf, Argentina, we found significant changes in total lipid concentration, lipid profile and fatty acid profile throughout the reproductive cycle. Ovaries and testes containing fully mature gametes differed in total lipid concentration (higher in the ovaries), lipid profile (more energy lipids in ovaries and more structural lipids in testes) and fatty acid profile (differed by sex, not only in the variety of fatty acids present but in the degree of unsaturation). Our results show that differences in lipid and fatty acid profiles caused by sex and gonadal reproductive stage need to be considered when these tools are used as biomarkers in ecological studies.