Violencia contra las mujeres y políticas públicas Implicancias fiscales y socioeconómicas Rodriguez Enriquez, Corina Maria; Pautassi, Laura Cecilia Vivir una vida libre de violencia es un derecho humano de las mujeres y de las niñas y como tal requierede respuestas estatales integrales que garanticen su ejercicio y que superen una mirada de asistenciasobre las víctimas y su familia. Se ha reiterado que en América Latina y el Caribe existe una importantebrecha entre la dimensión y gravedad de las situaciones de violencia de género y las respuestas estatales,tanto a nivel de las políticas públicas como en el ámbito judicial. La evidencia empírica, cuando seencuentra disponible, da cuenta de una variedad de instrumentos normativos, jurídicos, recursos deprotección, medidas de reparación que no siempre garantizan su efectiva y oportuna aplicación. Sinembargo, numerosas iniciativas se presentan en los países, a instancias de decisores políticos, deorganizaciones de mujeres o de la sociedad civil que buscan dar respuestas ante la gravedad y urgenciaque la situación demanda.El presente documento parte por considerar políticas implementadas recientemente en Argentina,para desarrollar distintos ejercicios de estimación del costo fiscal de implementar estas políticas, con elobjetivo de: i) identificar las posibilidades y dificultades de contar con la información para construir estetipo de ejercicios; ii) estimar el esfuerzo fiscal necesario para llevarla adelante; iii) contrastar, a los efectosde aproximar la magnitud de dicho esfuerzo fiscal con el monto de otras partidas presupuestarias;iv) realizar propuestas en relación con los costos socio-económicos que implicaría no adoptar medidas ypolíticas públicas preventivas.Concordantemente, en primer lugar se presentan cuatro medidas propuestas para las situaciones deviolencia de género en Argentina: i) licencias para trabajadoras en el régimen de empleo público en algunasjurisdicciones en Argentina, ii) pensión para hijos e hijas de víctimas de violencia de género;iii) el Programa ?Ellas Hacen?, que propone respuestas para fortalecer la autonomía económica de mujeresvíctimas de violencia y en situación de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica, iv) la creación del cuerpo deabogados y abogadas especializadas en violencia de género. En cada caso se realiza un ejercicio deestimación del costo fiscal que implicaría la implementación de estas políticas. El aporte que realiza elanálisis consiste principalmente en plantear argumentaciones, metodologías posibles para contrastarlas yestimaciones, con el objetivo de abrir el debate en múltiples escenarios. El objetivo final es advertir sobrela urgencia de adoptar medidas para enfrentar y erradicar la violencia contra las mujeres, acercar una ideade magnitud de los requerimientos presupuestarios que este tipo de medidas podrían demandar, así comode las implicancias económicas de no implementar estas medidas.

Turning thirty: Youth transition processes in 21st century Argentina Bendit, René; Miranda, Ana This paper contributes to discussion of the concept of youth as a transition process from education to employment through an empirical analysis of material gathered in Argentina during the post-neoliberal period. Based on the argument that youth studies should incorporate the historical context and economic policies of the moment studied, the paper has been developed on the basis of quantitative data from standardised surveys and 30 biographical interviews carried out in 2013 with people who graduated from high school in 1999. The interviews covered the whole process of transition from high school education to the workforce in one cohort of young people at the end of one of Argentina’s most important crises (in 2001) and who moved into adulthood within an economic framework very different from the neoliberal model.

Banalización del Bien: o el “amor” en tiempos de cólera; Banalização do Bem: ou o "amor" nos tempos da cólera; Banalization of Good: or "love" in the time of cholera Scribano, Adrián Oscar Parafraseando lo que sostuviera Tzvetan Todorov (1993), hemos realizado una transposición metafórica de la importante idea de Annah Arendt sobre la banalidad del mal –más allá de los malos entendidos que pueda provocar– como pivote para describir una práctica social que ha logrado una importante pregnancia institucional: la banalización del bien. Junto a la lógica del desecho y las políticas de la perversión, la banalización del bien (en adelante, BdB) constituye una trinidad del círculo mágico del poder dedicado a la estructuración de la regulación de las sensaciones y gestión de las geometrías de los cuerpos en la actualidad. La BdB es, en este sentido, un componente central de los procesos de estructuración social caratecterizados por la normalización en el disfrute inmediato a través del consumo en y por relaciones sociales espectacularizadas. Desde esta perspectiva, la BdB se conecta directamente con las diversas modalidades de consumo como ejes de las políticas públicas: que van desde el consumo mimético al compensatorio. El objetivo central del presente trabajo es mostrar cómo la BdB opera en términos de una política pública impregnando la complejidad de los procesos de estructuración social. Para lograr dicho objetivo hemos seleccionado la siguiente estrategia argumentativa: a) caracterizamos la BdB con sus componentes centrales, b) hacemos evidente a la BdB en tanto proceso y c) realizamos un análisis de ENAMORAR, un programa de los Ministerios de Planificación Federal y Cultura de la Nación junto a la Secretaría de Programación para la Prevención de la Drogadicción y la Lucha contra el Narcotráfico (Sedronar).; Parafraseando o que supôs Tzvetan Todorov (1993), foi realizada uma transposição metafórica da ideia importante de Hannah Arendt sobre a banalidade do mal - além dos mal-entendidos que podem provocar - como um pivô para descrever uma prática social que tem alcançado uma importante pregnancia institucional: a banalidade do bem. Próximo à lógica de resíduos e as políticas de perversão, a banalização do bem (a seguir BdB) é uma trindade de círculo mágico de poder dedicada à estruturação do regulamento de sensações e gestão de geometrias de corpos na atualidade. A BdB é, neste sentido, um componente central dos processos caratecterizados de estruturação social para a normalização no gozo imediato através do consumo espetacularizado e as relações sociais. A partir desta perspectiva, a BdB se conecta diretamente às diversas formas de consumo e aos eixos de políticas públicas: variando do consumo mimético ao compensatório. O principal objetivo deste artigo é mostrar como a BdB opera em termos de políticas públicas que permeiam a complexidade dos processos de estruturação social. Para atingir este objetivo, selecionamos a seguinte estratégia argumentativa: a) caracterizar a BdB e seus componentes principais, b) deixar claro a BdB como um processo c) realizar uma análise do ENAMORAR, um programa do Ministério do Planejamento Federal e Cultura da Nação pela Secretaria de Prevenção da Toxicodependência e da Luta contra o Narcotráfico (SEDRONAR).; Paraphrasing what that would support Tzvetan Todorov (1993), we performed a metaphorical transposition of the important idea of Hannah Arendt on the banality of evilbeyond misunderstandings that can provoke-as a pivot to describe a social practice that has achieved an important institutional pregnance: the banalization of good. Next to the “logic of waste” and “policies of perversion”, the banalization of good (hereinafter BofG) is a trinity of magic circle of power dedicated to the structuring of the regulation of sensations and management of geometries of bodies in today. The BofG is, in this sense, a central component of the processes of social structuring caratecterizados for standardization in the immediate enjoyment through espectacularizadas consumption and social relations. From this perspective, the BofG connects directly to the various forms of consumption and public policy axes: ranging from mimetic compensatory consumption. The main objective of this paper is to show how the BofG operates in terms of public policy permeating the complexity of the processes of social structuring. To achieve this goal we have selected the following argumentative strategy: a) characterize the BofG its core components, b) make clear to the BofG as a process c) carry out an analysis of ENAMORAR, a program of the Ministry of Federal Planning and Culture the Nation by the Secretariat for the Prevention of Drug Addiction and Fight against Drug Trafficking (Sedronar).

Disrupting effect of androgens in postnatal female domestic cats Demalde, Lucia Ana; López Merlo, Mariana Lucía; Vercellini, Maria del Rosario; Barbeito, Claudio Gustavo; Fernandez, Patricia; Gobello, María Cristina To test the hypothesis that in domestic cats, postnatal androgens induce sterility, the aims of this study were to describe the reproductive effects and the clinical safety of a postnatal administration of a long term release androgen in this species. Thirteen newborn littermate female kittens were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups within the first 24 h of birth: testosterone enanthate 12.5 mg sc (TE; n = 8) or Placebo (PL; n = 5). The animals were subsequently assessed for fecal sexual hormones until puberty was attained and subsequently when matings occurred. After 21 days, ovulation and gestation were diagnosed. All queens were subsequently ovario-hysterectomized. Fecal testosterone concentrations differed between the treatment groups throughout the study period (P < 0.05) being greater during the first 2 postnatal weeks in those of the TE group (P < 0.01). Fecal estradiol was not affected by treatment (P > 0.1). While all the females were receptive during the pubertal estrus (P > 0.1), two TE (2/8) compared with all (5/5) females of the PL group had ovulations (P < 0.05). Only one (1/2) compared with three (3/5) of the queens of the TE and PL groups, respectively became pregnant. All kittens of the TE group had transient clitoral enlargement. Anovulatory TE-treated cats had no corpus luteum, and a significant diminution of the endometrial glands as well as of the height of the uterine epithelium. It is concluded that, in domestic cats, a single postnatal supra-physiological dose of testosterone caused a large proportion of queens to be anovulatory and there were also histological endometrial abnormalities that also occurred with this treatment that were accompanied by mild and transient side effects.

Petrografía, caracterización geoquímica y análisis microestructural del granito Siempre Amigos, Sierras de Azul, Tandilia; Petrography, geochemichal characteristics and microstructural analysis of the granite of the Siempre Amigos hill, Azul ranges, Tandilia Angeletti, Melisa; Frisicale, Maria Cristina; Dimieri, Luis Vicente El cerro Siempre Amigos integra las sierras de Azul, Tandilia, distante 28 km al sur de la ciudad de Azul, 3 km al norte de la Megacizalla de Azul (MCA), zona de cizalla subvertical donde el basamento se encuentra deformado a milonitas y ultramilonitas (Frisicale et al., 1999). La litología predominante es un granito paleoproterozoico deformado que en el centro y hacia los bordes se encuentra interdigitado con una roca migmatítica y diques de anfibolitas, subverticales con rumbo similar a la foliación milonítica N250º. Todas las rocas presentan rasgos de deformación frágil-dúctil, aunque afectadas por ella con distinta intensidad: anfibolitas y migmatitas poco deformadas y granito llegando a texturas ribbon mylonite y striped gneiss. Mediante el análisis de microestructuras y de mecanismos de deformación actuantes, la deformación estimada es de grado metamórfico medio a alto, con temperaturas entre 400º a 600ºC. El estudio de las orientaciones cristalográficas preferenciales (OPC) de cuarzo dan indicios de mecanismos de aplanamiento próximos a los contactos con las rocas migmatíticas donde se ha generado orientación cristalográfica preferente con marcada simetría, y de componentes de cizallamiento simple hacia el centro de los afloramientos. En cuanto a su geoquímica, se trata de un granito levemente peraluminoso, de ambiente de arco volcánico, sincolisional a postorogénico. Se considera al área de Siempre Amigos, en base a la interpretación de los datos obtenidos, como una zona de transferencia de magma sintectónica que ocurriría dentro de la corteza media a superior en un ambiente de arco magmático con deformación activa.; The Siempre Amigos hill is part of the Azul ranges, Tandilia. It is located 28 km to the south of the city of Azul and 3 km to the north of the Azul megashear, a subvertical shear zone which basement is deformed to mylonite and ultramylonites. The Siempre Amigos hill predominant lithology is a Paleoproterozoic granite deformed at the center and interdigitated towards the edges with a gneissic rock and amphibolite bodies, with similar subvertical mylonitic foliation N250º. All rocks show evidence of brittle-ductile deformation although they are affected with variable intensity: they are some less deformed amphibolites and gneiss together with granite reaching ribbon mylonite to striped gneiss textures. Analyzing their microstructure and deformation mechanisms, the deformation can be estimated as medium to high metamorphic grade, with temperatures between 400° to 600°C. The study of preferred crystallographic orientations of quartz gives evidence that there is a crystallographic preferred orientation near to the contacts of the granite with the gneissic rocks, indicating a marked pure shear symmetric deformation, and within the center of the outcrops there is a clear simple shear component. In geochemical terms, the granite is slightly peraluminous and has a volcanic arc syncollisional signature. In summary, the Siempre Amigos area seems to be a syntectonic transfer zone of magma that could happened at middle to upper crust of magmatic arcs with active deformation.

Comment on "Quantum Kaniadakis entropy under projective measurement" Bosyk, Gustavo Martin; Zozor, S.; Holik, Federico Hernán; Portesi, Mariela Adelina; Lamberti, Pedro Walter We comment on the main result given by Ourabah et al. [Phys. Rev. E 92, 032114 (2015)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.92.032114], noting that it can be derived as a special case of the more general study that we have provided in [Quantum Inf Process 15, 3393 (2016)10.1007/s11128-016-1329-5]. Our proof of the nondecreasing character under projective measurements of so-called generalized (h,φ) entropies (that comprise the Kaniadakis family as a particular case) has been based on majorization and Schur-concavity arguments. As a consequence, we have obtained that this property is obviously satisfied by Kaniadakis entropy but at the same time is fulfilled by all entropies preserving majorization. In addition, we have seen that our result holds for any bistochastic map, being a projective measurement a particular case. We argue here that looking at these facts from the point of view given in [Quantum Inf Process 15, 3393 (2016)10.1007/s11128-016-1329-5] not only simplifies the demonstrations but allows for a deeper understanding of the entropic properties involved.

Delirios, intencionalidad y racionalidad: análisis crítico del enfoque de Donald Davidson Vilatta, María Emilia El presente trabajo tendrá por objetivo evaluar los alcances y límites del enfoque de Donald Davidson para ofrecer una interpretación intencional de sujetos que padecen distintos tipos de delirios. Como estrategia metodológica me propondré examinar este debate a la luz de las siguientes categorías diagnósticas: trastorno delirante, esquizofrenia de tipo paranoide y esquizofrenia de tipo desorganizado. Sostendré que la concepción davidsoniana puede extenderse sin mayores inconvenientes a sujetos diagnosticados con trastornos delirantes y esquizofrenia de tipo paranoide. Asimismo, siquiera parcialmente, también puede emplearse para dar cuenta de algunos casos de esquizofrenia de tipo desorganizado. No obstante, para que esta extensión sea posible, será preciso reconsiderar el holismo propuesto por Davidson y matizar algunas de sus afirmaciones respecto a las condiciones para la atribución de pensamiento.

Becoming a tutor: student scaffolding in a game-based classroom Monjelat, Natalia Gabriela; Méndez, Laura Marcela; Lacasa, Pilar Student interaction in school contexts is a topic that has been researched from many different perspectives. However, the role of students as tutors scaffolding other peers is not normally addressed, since studies are usually focused on the teacher. Moreover, considering the many technologies that can support students’ work nowadays, studies describing specific practices are still needed in order to understand the many possibilities and constraints that can emerge from the use of these tools in the field of education. This exploratory case study aims to extend research on scaffolding between students, presenting data from an ethnographic study where a commercial video game was introduced as part of the curricular activities. Analytically, the scaffolding metaphor is the departing point to describe in detail how the scaffolding process took place, focusing on its purposes and on the role of students as tutors. Our findings reveal how students offered mostly procedural scaffoldings, performing tutor functions such as highlighting relevant features, reducing levels of freedom or controlling the frustration. Results highlight that students can perform scaffolds, and this should be considered as part of the classroom design, making this process visible. Moreover, specific features of the video game enhanced these interactions, which should also be considered when designing game learning environments in the future.

Procesos postdepositacionales del registro cerámico de cazadores recolectores de la Provincia de La Pampa; Post-depositional processes of surface ceramic record of hunter-gatherers from La Pampa province Ozán, Ivana Laura; Beron, Monica Alejandra La diversidad, frecuencia y distribución espacial de la tecnología cerámica son propiedades que dependen del grado de preservación del registro. En este sentido, a través de una metodología que integra aspectos tecnológicos, tafonómicos, ambientales y experimentales, este trabajo se propone analizar el grado de integridad del material cerámico superficial perteneciente a contextos de cazadores recolectores del centro-este y sudoeste de la Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina. Los resultados del análisis del material arqueológico perteneciente a siete sitios muestran que el ambiente explican parcialmente el grado de meteorización y fragmentación de la muestra. Complementariamente, ciertas características tecnológicas como la baja cohesividad, la alta porosidad y la escasez de inclusiones en las pastas parecen tener un peso mayor en el grado de preservación de los conjuntos, mientras que el grosor de los tiestos parece ser un aspecto clave en el índice de fragmentación del material cerámico. Paralelamente, en el trabajo experimental, el ambiente explica más claramente el grado de meteorización del registro. Asimismo, la experimentación señala que ciertas propiedades tecnológicas como la porosidad, la cohesividad, el color de la pasta y el acabado de superficie pueden cambiar en un lapso temporal muy breve. Todo esto invita a pensar acerca de cuáles son las categorías relevantes para pensar tipologías y hacer inferencias sobre el registro arqueológico.; The diversity, frequency and distribution of superficial pottery depend on its preservation degree, among other factors. In this direction, the present contribution aims to present a methodological design in order to discuss how and in which extent technological properties and postdepositional processes affect the integrity of the superficial ceramic record, by considering seven ceramic assemblages corresponding to hunter-gatherer populations from the centre-east and south-west of La Pampa province, Argentina. Through this analysis, it is concluded that environmental variables only explain partially the weathering degree and fragmentation of the ceramic assemblages. Complementary, technological aspects such as low cohesiveness, high porosity, and rare paste inclusions play a major role in the weathering explanation, whereas the thickness seems to be directly link with the ceramic fragmentation. In contrast, experimental analysis indicate that environmental variables are the main cause of ceramic weathering. Additionally, in the experimental test, technological properties such as the presence of cavities, cohesiveness and surface treatment have changed substantially only in a short period of time. Thus, the relevant categories chosen to build typologies have first to be discussed in order to make accurate archaeological interpretations.

The structure of the bulk and the (001) surface of V2O5. A DFT+U study Ranea, Victor Alejandro; Dammig Quiña, Pablo Leandro GGA(PW91)+Uis applied to the calculation of the structure (lattice parameters) and the electronic structure of theV2O5 bulk and its (001) surface for different values ofUeff used in the literature (0.0, 3.0 and 6.6 eV). Similar surface lattice parameters are calculated for the (001) surface and for the bulk, as well as similar electronic structures. The calculated lattice parameters (a and b for the surface and a, b and c for the bulk) are in good agreement with experimental results. It seems that there is no strong correlation between the calculated lattice parameters and the value ofUeff. The calculated width of the valence band keeps the value of 5 eVfor the three studiedUeff. However, the energy gap between the valence and the conduction bands increases with the value ofUeff.Ueff=3.0 eV seems to be the most adequate value to describe the energy gap after comparison with experimental results. Electronic density contour plots indicate that for a larger (smaller)Ueff the accumulated charge in the V-O(1) bond is overestimated (underestimated). The contour plots (in the a direction) show that the charge distribution V-O(3) is less correlated withUeff than the charge distribution V-O(1), whereas charge distribution V-O(2) seems not to be corretaled withUeff. The energy gap between the valence and the conduction bands seems to be strongly related with the charge distribution in the V-O(1) bond. The V-O(1) bond stability seems to be correlated withUeff. However, the stability of the V-O(2) and V-O (3) bonds seems not to be strongly affected byUeff.

Influence of background size, luminance and eccentricity on different adaptation mechanisms Gloriani, Alejandro H.; Matesanz, Beatriz M.; Barrionuevo, Pablo Alejandro; Arranz, Isabel; Issolio, Luis Alberto; Mar, Santiago; Aparicio, Juan A. Mechanisms of light adaptation have been traditionally explained with reference to psychophysical experimentation. However, the neural substrata involved in those mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Our study analyzed links between psychophysical measurements and retinal physiological evidence with consideration for the phenomena of rod-cone interactions, photon noise, and spatial summation. Threshold test luminances were obtained with steady background fields at mesopic and photopic light levels (i.e., 0.06-110 cd/m2) for retinal eccentricities from 0° to 15° using three combinations of background/test field sizes (i.e., 10°/2°, 10°/0.45°, and 1°/0.45°). A two-channel Maxwellian view optical system was employed to eliminate pupil effects on the measured thresholds. A model based on visual mechanisms that were described in the literature was optimized to fit the measured luminance thresholds in all experimental conditions. Our results can be described by a combination of visual mechanisms. We determined how spatial summation changed with eccentricity and how subtractive adaptation changed with eccentricity and background field size. According to our model, photon noise plays a significant role to explain contrast detection thresholds measured with the 1/0.45° background/test size combination at mesopic luminances and at off-axis eccentricities. In these conditions, our data reflect the presence of rod-cone interaction for eccentricities between 6° and 9° and luminances between 0.6 and 5 cd/m2. In spite of the increasing noise effects with eccentricity, results also show that the visual system tends to maintain a constant signal-to-noise ratio in the off-axis detection task over the whole mesopic range.

Semisimple varieties of implication zroupoids Cornejo, Juan Manuel; Sankappanavar, Hanamantagouda P. It is a well known fact that Boolean algebras can be defined using only implication and a constant. In fact, in 1934, Bernstein (Trans Am Math Soc 36:876–884, 1934) gave a system of axioms for Boolean algebras in terms of implication only. Though his original axioms were not equational, a quick look at his axioms would reveal that if one adds a constant, then it is not hard to translate his system of axioms into an equational one. Recently, in 2012, the second author of this paper extended this modified Bernstein’s theorem to De Morgan algebras (see Sankappanavar, Sci Math Jpn 75(1):21–50, 2012). Indeed, it is shown in Sankappanavar (Sci Math Jpn 75(1):21–50, 2012) that the varieties of De Morgan algebras, Kleene algebras, and Boolean algebras are term-equivalent, respectively, to the varieties, DM, KL, and BA whose defining axioms use only the implication → and the constant 0. The fact that the identity, herein called (I), occurs as one of the two axioms in the definition of each of the varieties DM, KL and BA motivated the second author of this paper to introduce, and investigate, the variety I of implication zroupoids, generalizing De Morgan algebras. These investigations are continued by the authors of the present paper in Cornejo and Sankappanavar (Implication zroupoids I, 2015), wherein several new subvarieties of I are introduced and their relationships with each other and with the varieties studied in Sankappanavar (Sci Math Jpn 75(1):21–50, 2012) are explored. The present paper is a continuation of Sankappanavar (Sci Math Jpn 75(1):21–50, 2012) and Cornejo and Sankappanavar (Implication zroupoids I, 2015). The main purpose of this paper is to determine the simple algebras in I. It is shown that there are exactly five (nontrivial) simple algebras in I. From this description we deduce that the semisimple subvarieties of I are precisely the subvarieties of the variety generated by these simple I-zroupoids and that they are locally finite. It also follows that the lattice of semisimple subvarieties of I is isomorphic to the direct product of a 4-element Boolean lattice and a 4-element chain.

An empirical comparison of feature selection methods in problem transformation multi-label classification Rodriguez, Juan Manuel; Godoy, Daniela Lis; Zunino Suarez, Alejandro Octavio Multi-label classification (MLC) is a supervised learning problem in which a particular example can be associated with a set of labels instead of a single one as in traditional classification. Many real-world applications, such as Web page classification or resource tagging on the Social Web, are challenging for existing MLC algorithms, because the label space grows exponentially as instance space increases. Under the problem transformation approach, the most common alternative for MLC, multi-label problems are transformed into several single label problems, whose outputs are then aggregated into a prediction to the whole classification problem. Feature selection techniques become crucial in large-scale MLC problems to help reducing dimensionality. However, the impact of feature selection in multi-label setting has not been as extensively studied as in the case of single-label data. In this paper, we present an empirical evaluation of feature selection techniques in the context of the three main problem transformation MLC methods: Binary Relevance, Pair-wise and Label power-set. Experimentation was performed across a number of benchmark datasets for multi-label classification exhibiting varied characteristics, which allows observing the behavior of techniques and assessing their impact according to multiple metrics.

“La Natura que cría todas las crïaturas”: una nota sobre la figura de Naturaleza en el Libro de Alexandre; "La Natura que cría todas las crïaturas": A Note on the Figure of Nature in the Libro de Alexandre Fuentes, Juan Héctor Las estrofas 2324-2333 del Libro de Alexandre nos ofrecen una traducción, o mejor, una adaptación de los versos 6-30 del libro 10 del Alexandreis de Gautier de Châtillon, en los que se nos presenta a Natura, personificación de la naturaleza, encolerizada por la soberbia de Alejandro. En el presente trabajo estudiamos el tratamiento del personaje que presenta el libro castellano en relación con su modelo latino y con el concepto de "naturaleza" elaborado por los autores del "Renacimiento del siglo XII".; Stanzas 2324-2333 of Libro de Alexandre offer a translation, or rather, an adaptation of verses 6-30, Book 10, of Gautier de Châtillon’s Alexandreis, in which Natura is presented as a personification of nature, angry at the pride of Alexander. In this paper we study the treatment of this character present in the Castilian poem in relation to its Latin model and the concept of "nature" developed by the authors of the 12th-Century Renaissance.

Microplate assay for the determination of carboxypeptidase A inhibitory activity in Andean potatoes Tellechea, Mariana Edith; Garcia Pardo Javier; Cotabarren, Juliana; Lufrano, Daniela; Avilés, Francesc Xavier; Obregon, Walter David; Lorenzo, Julia; Tanco, Sebastian Metallocarboxypeptidases (MCPs) are zinc-dependent exopeptidases that catalyze the hydrolysis of C-terminal amide bonds in proteins and peptides. MCPs are involved in a wide range of physiological processes and have recently emerged as relevant drug targets in biomedicine (Arolas et. al., 2007). In higher plants, small proteinaceous protease inhibitors are wound-induced molecules produced as a part of its defense system against insect attack (Graham et. al., 1981; Villanueva et. al. 1998). Among such inhibitors, only two are specific for MCPs, i.e. the potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (PCI) and its close homologue found in tomato plants. In humans, MCP action is exquisitely regulated and dysregulation of their function might lead to disease or even to cell death (Arolas et. al., 2007). In this context, the discovery and characterization of new MCPs inhibitors constitute a valuable approach for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Over the last few decades, the presence of MCPs inhibitors in Solanaceae has been extensively reported, revealing potato (Solanum tuberosum) as one of the most important sources of MCPs inhibitors (Hass et. al.,1979; Lufrano et. al., 2015). In this context, potatos are native from the Andean region of South America, where thousands of different potato varieties coexist, constituting a natural reservoir for the discovery of novel MCP inhibitors (Figure 1). In this protocol, we describe an optimized, simple and accessible microplate method for the measure of the specific and dose-response carboxypeptidase A inhibitory activities present in Andean potatoes tubers.

Gallinetita amarilla (Poliolimnas flaviventer) en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Pagano, Luis Gerardo; Chiale, Maria Cecilia La Gallinetita Amarilla o Burrito Amarillo (Poliolimnas flaviventer) muestra una distribución discontinua en gran parte de Centroamérica, Antillas y Sudamérica. El 7 de noviembre de 2015, a las 13:30 h, observamos una Gallinetita Amarilla en la Laguna de Los Coipos (34°36'16"S, 58°21'36"O), Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur (RECS), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Esta Gallinetita no fue mencionada previamente para la RECS (Babarskas & Zelaya 1994, Pugnali & Chamorro 2006). Si bien pudiese suponerse la presencia de esta especie en la RECS como un único individuo extra-limital o divagante, creemos que al igual que otros pequeños Rallidae pampeanos, se trata de una especie subobservada y quizá frecuente, tal como lo demuestra el hallazgo de cuatro ejemplares capturados por Halcones Peregrinos (Falco peregrinus) en un periodo de 181 días de muestreo en la ciudad de La Plata.

Wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) differ in following human gaze into distant space but respond similar to their packmates' gaze Werhahn, Geraldine; Virányi, Zsófia; Barrera, Gabriela Luciana; Sommese, Andrea; Range, Friederike Gaze following into distant space is defined as visual co-orientation with another individual's head direction allowing the gaze follower to gain information on its environment. Human and nonhuman animals share this basic gaze following behavior, suggested to rely on a simple reflexive mechanism and believed to be an important prerequisite for complex forms of social cognition. Pet dogs differ from other species in that they follow only communicative human gaze clearly addressed to them. However, in an earlier experiment we showed that wolves follow human gaze into distant space. Here we set out to investigate whether domestication has affected gaze following in dogs by comparing pack-living dogs and wolves raised and kept under the same conditions. In Study 1 we found that in contrast to the wolves, these dogs did not follow minimally communicative human gaze into distant space in the same test paradigm. In the observational Study 2 we found that pack-living dogs and wolves, similarly vigilant to environmental stimuli, follow the spontaneous gaze of their conspecifics similarly often. Our findings suggest that domestication did not affect the gaze following ability of dogs itself. The results raise hypotheses about which other dog skills might have been altered through domestication that may have influenced their performance in Study 1. Because following human gaze in dogs might be influenced by special evolutionary as well as developmental adaptations to interactions with humans, we suggest that comparing dogs to other animal species might be more informative when done in intraspecific social contexts.

A new and consistent parameter for measuring the quality of multivariate analytical methods: Generalized analytical sensitivity Fragoso, Wallace; Allegrini, Franco; Olivieri, Alejandro Cesar Generalized analytical sensitivity (γ) is proposed as a new figure of merit, which can be estimated from a multivariate calibration data set. It can be confidently applied to compare different calibration methodologies, and helps to solve literature inconsistencies on the relationship between classical sensitivity and prediction error. In contrast to the classical plain sensitivity, γ incorporates the noise properties in its definition, and its inverse is well correlated with root mean square errors of prediction in the presence of general noise structures. The proposal is supported by studying simulated and experimental first-order multivariate calibration systems with various models, namely multiple linear regression, principal component regression (PCR) and maximum likelihood PCR (MLPCR). The simulations included instrumental noise of different types: independently and identically distributed (iid), correlated (pink) and proportional noise, while the experimental data carried noise which is clearly non-iid.

Affecting factors and recent improvements of the photochemical reflectance index (pri) for remotely sensing foliar, canopy and ecosystemic radiation-use efficiencies Zhang, Chao; Filella, Iolanda; Garbulsky, Martín Fabio; Peñuelas, Josep Accurately assessing terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) is crucial for characterizing the climate-carbon cycle. Remotely sensing the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) across vegetation functional types and spatiotemporal scales has received increasing attention for monitoring photosynthetic performance and simulating GPP over the last two decades. The factors confounding PRI variation, especially on long timescales, however, require the improvement of PRI understanding to generalize its use for estimating carbon uptake. In this review, we summarize the most recent publications that have reported the factors affecting PRI variation across diurnal and seasonal scales at foliar, canopy and ecosystemic levels; synthesize the reported correlations between PRI and ecophysiological variables, particularly with radiation-use efficiency (RUE) and net carbon uptake; and analyze the improvements in PRI implementation. Long-term variation of PRI could be attributed to changes in the size of constitutive pigment pools instead of xanthophyll de-epoxidation, which controls the facultative short-term changes in PRI. Structural changes at canopy and ecosystemic levels can also affect PRI variation. Our review of the scientific literature on PRI suggests that PRI is a good proxy of photosynthetic efficiency at different spatial and temporal scales. Correcting PRI by decreasing the influence of physical or physiological factors on PRI greatly strengthens the relationships between PRI and RUE and GPP. Combining PRI with solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) and optical indices for green biomass offers additional prospects.

Galaxy clusters, type Ia supernovae and the fine structure constant Holanda, R. F. L.; Busti, V. C.; Colaco, R. L.; Alcaniz, J. S.; Landau, Susana Judith As is well known, measurements of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect can be combined with observations of the X-ray surface brightness of galaxy clusters to estimate the angular diameter distance to these structures. In this paper, we show that this technique depends on the fine structure constant, α. Therefore, if α is a time-dependent quantity, e.g., α = α0φ(z), where φ is a function of redshift, we argue that current data do not provide the real angular diameter distance, DA(z), to the cluster, but instead DA data(z) = φ(z)2 DA(z). We use this result to derive constraints on a possible variation of α for a class of dilaton runaway models considering a sample of 25 measurements of DA data(z) in redshift range 0.023 < z < 0.784 and estimates of DA(z) from current type Ia supernovae observations. We find no significant indication of variation of α with the present data.