Application of floating spherical Gaussian orbital approach in redefining the atomic periodic descriptor Kumari, Dimple; Saloni, Saloni; Labarca, Martín Gabriel; Chakraborty, Tanmoy Chemistry plays a vital role in the improvement of the narrative properties of atoms and molecules. Many attempts have been made in this field and a few quantities like electronegativity, electron affinity, electrophilicity, polarizability, ionization potential, etc. have been introduced. Electronegativity is an important chemical construct that plays an essential role to clarify several chemical, biochemical, and physicochemical interactions. We have thoroughly studied the different periodic descriptors which are involved to define various electronegativity scales based on either theoretical concepts or experimental findings. The Floating Spherical Gaussian Orbital Approach (FSGO), being one of the the most studied ab initio methods, has been utilized in this study to develop a scale of electronegativity in terms of compressibility factor. We have proposed a model to compute atomic electronegativity values of 51 elements of the periodic table. The computed electronegativity scale observes the periodic trend and justifies many chemical phenomena. Molecular electronegativity values have also been computed using the computed atomic electronegativity data and utilized to verify the Electronegativity Equalization Principle.

El respeto es mudo: encuentros y silencios entre Ricardo Piglia y Héctor Libertella; Respect is mute: meetings and silences between Ricardo Piglia and Héctor Libertella Rosain, Diego Hernán Héctor Libertella y Ricardo Piglia fueron dos lúcidos escritores contemporáneos que realizaron fructíferos aportes a las letras argentinas a lo largo de su trayectoria poética y crítica. Ambos demostraron un afán revisionista del campo cultural a la vez que instauraron nuevas herramientas narrativas e inauguraron nuevas tradiciones de escritura. Es por ello que, casi instintivamente, cualquier investigador no dudaría en realizar un análisis comparativo entre ambos. Sin embargo, a pesar de las afinidades que existen entre sus poéticas y de los vínculos vivenciales que mantuvieron, fueron pocos y casi nulos los diálogos e intercambios que intercambiaron en sus obras. En el siguiente trabajo analizaremos a fondo los hitos que pusieron en contacto a ambos escritores y demostraremos que los silencios mutuos se debieron al lugar que cada uno buscó ocupar dentro del ámbito literario, más afín a su proyecto creador.; Héctor Libertella and Ricardo Piglia were two insightful contemporary writers who made significant contributions to Argentine literature throughout their poetic and critical careers. Both exhibited a revisionist zeal for the cultural field while also introducing new narrative techniques and inaugurating fresh writing traditions. That’s why, almost instinctively, any researcher would not hesitate to conduct a comparative analysis between the two. Despite the affinities between their poetics and the experiential connections they shared, there were few, if any, dialogues and exchanges that occurred between them in their works. In the following work, we will conduct an in-depth analysis of the milestones that brought these two writers into contact and demonstrate that the mutual silences were a result of the literary space each sought to occupy, in line with their respective creative projects.

Turismo, conflicto y políticas públicas: El caso de Tucumán hacia 1936; Tourism, conflict and public politics: The case of Tucumán around 1936 Rodriguez Buscia, Carlos Martin El siguiente trabajo analiza el proceso de apertura social del turismo en Tucumán hacia 1936 como resultado conflictivo de las tensiones entre los sectores dirigentes. En el transcurso de dicho año una fracción del radicalismo oficialista propuso un proyecto de ley de características “democratizantes” el cual encontró una intensa oposición. De este modo, el turismo se convirtió en una arena de disputa política y cultural en donde se ponía en juego el resquebrajamiento del turismo de élite y la posibilidad de acceso de los sectores medios. Así pues, el objetivo central del artículo consiste en analizar las luchas políticas y culturales devenidas de la propuesta de 1936 y a partir de ello auscultar los límites y alcances de las políticas públicas turísticas implementadas en Tucumán.; The following work analyzes the process of social opening of tourism in Tucumán around 1936 as a conflictive result of the tensions between the leading sectors. In the course of that year, a fraction of the pro-government radicalismo proposed a bill with “democratizing” characteristics, which found intense opposition. In this way, tourism became an arena of political and cultural dispute where the collapse of elite tourism and the possibility of access for the middle sectors were put at stake. Thus, the central objective of the article is to analyze the political and cultural struggles resulting from the 1936 proposal and from this to examine the limits and scope of the public tourism policies implemented in Tucumán.

Turismo urbano ¿comunitario? Experiencias en barrios populares de la ciudad de Buenos Aires; ¿Comunity-based? Urban tourism: experiences in popular neighborhoods of the city of Buenos Aires Gonzalez Bracco, Maria de Las Mercedes; Sánchez Attanasio, Triana Nazarena; Abraham, Yazmín Betsabé Este trabajo propone discutir el concepto de turismo comunitario, indagando sobre sus particularidades en los espacios urbanos, su impulso y/o gestión por parte de otros actores por fuera de las comunidades, y su impacto en territorios históricamente relegados simbólica y materialmente. Para ello tomaremos como referencia dos estudios de caso: la Vivera Orgánica y el Patio Gastronómico Rodrigo Bueno en el barrio homónimo, y Ajayu, en el Barrio Mugica-Villa 31. En el marco de una investigación más amplia, esta presentación se propone entonces indagar acerca de los vínculos de ambos proyectos con las agencias de gobierno involucradas con cada uno, buscando establecer las alianzas y estrategias de los actores involucrados en la concreción y desarrollo del turismo en el territorio.; This paper aims to discuss the concept of community-based tourism, inquiring about its particularities in urban spaces, its promotion and/ or management by other actors outside the communities, and its impact on historically relegated territories. For this, two case studies will be taken as references: “La Vivera Orgánica” and the “Patio Gastronómico Rodrigo Bueno” in the neighborhood of the same name, and Ajayu, in the Mugica-Villa 31 neighborhood. Based on ethnographic investigation including interviews with members from the communities and the governmental agencies, as well as tours assistance and participation in meetings, it can be pointed out that the complexity of the links of both projects with the agencies lead to different types of alliances and strategies of the actors implicated in the concretion and development of tourism in the territory.

A comprehensive methodology for the optimization of condition-based maintenance in power transformer fleets Zaldivar Sanchez, Diego Armando; Sanchez, Angel Manuel; Romero Quete, Andrés Arturo Power transformers (PT) are critical assets in power systems. Electric utilities and power companies that manage PT fleets require a large amount of information to inform decision-making processes related to acquisition, maintenance, operation, and unit availability. Processing such information poses a significant challenge, as misinterpretation could lead to incorrect decisions that compromise unit condition, ultimately impacting power system operation. Considering the above-mentioned, in this paper, a methodology for asset management on PT fleets is proposed. The first step of the methodology involves determining the technical condition of individual equipment and its strategic importance. PT units are then clustered according to related risk, and for each cluster, the status of the units and economic factors are analyzed to determine the optimal inspection strategy for condition-based maintenance. The proposed methodology was applied to a case study of a fleet of fifty-eight PT. The obtained results demonstrate the suitability of the methodology for practical application. Specifically, the methodology enables the asset manager to apply condition-based maintenance strategies effectively to PT fleets.

Late Mississippian-Pennsylvanian extensional deformation along the SW Gondwana margin: Insight from the San Rafael Basin, western Argentina Tapia Silva, Felipe Fernando; Ramos, Miguel Esteban; Insaurralde, Fiorella The retro-arc San Rafael Basin (34° SL) records a long-term history of its varied filling. This is the reason why it has been approached by several studies from many disciplines. However, its origin has been a controversial issue until now. There exists an agreement about its development during the latest Mississippian-Early Pennsylvanian ages, coetaneous with the sedimentation of the El Imperial Formation. The generation of this basin took place afterward the Chanic Orogeny and before the San Rafael orogeny. Although there is consensus about an extensional setting controlled the basin's inception, no crustal deformation corroborates this tectonic regime. This contribution is a first attempt to present geological and structural field evidence supported by preliminary kinematic analysis. From these new field observations, an NNE-SSW extensional deformation coetaneous to the deposition of the lower Member of the El Imperial Formation was recognized in the area near the confluence of the Atuel river and Aisol stream. Consequently, our data are following the previous hypothesis of an extensional origin for the San Rafael retro-arc basin.

Climate, landscape, and human influences on fire in southern Patagonia: A basin-scale approach Bianchi, Lucas Osvaldo; Villalba, Ricardo; Oddi, Facundo José; Mundo, Ignacio Alberto; Radins, Marcos Raul; Amoroso, Mariano Martin; Srur, Ana Marina; Bonada, Anabela Carmen Human activities and how they interact with climate and landscape to influence fire regimes is complex and still remains a major research challenge in most Patagonian forests. Recent studies on the fire history in Patagonia covered large areas, making it difficult to model fire occurrence and burned patch size. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of climatic variability, landscape variations and human activities on the occurrence and size of fire at the basin scale. We aimed to update previous fire history of the Río de las Vueltas – Río Túnel basin, in southern Patagonian Andes, with the specific aims to (1) reconstruct in detail the spatio-temporal patterns of fire, (2) model fire variability as a function of climate variability, landscape and human activities, and (3) determine the influence of regional climate on fire occurrence at the basin scale. We used dendrochronological techniques to update the fire history of the study basin. At the basin scale, we used (1) maximum entropy models to estimate the influence of climate, landscape, and humans on fire probability, (2) general linear models to assess how these factors modulate fire size, and (3) superposed epoch analysis to assess the influence of regional water deficit on fire occurrence. We found that fire occurrence increased sharply with the arrival of settlers in the early 20th century and decreased in the early 21st century due to the shift in recognition of the ecosystem services provided by forests. Additionally, the mean fire interval, the number of fires during drier years, and fire size, increased along the northwest-southeast gradient of decreasing precipitation. Our results support that fire regimes are largely human driven, and conditioned by climate and landscape characteristics. The analysis at the basin scale facilitated the understanding of how these factors regulate fire regimes, and consequently, our comprehension at larger spatial scales.

El universo olfativo de los ámbitos urbanos en la Baja Edad Media y la Temprana modernidad; The olfactory universe of urban areas in the late middle ages and early modernity Coronado Schwindt, Gisela Beatriz El objetivo de este trabajo será reflexionar sobre cómo el sentido del olfato, junto con otra información sensorial, fue importante en las experiencias cotidianas de la vida urbana de los habitantes del reinode Castilla (siglos XV y XVI) y sus percepciones de diferentes lugares, calles y vecindarios, a través del análisis de la documentación concejil.; The objective of this paper will be to reflect on how the sense of smell, together with other sensory information, was important in the daily experiences of urban life of the inhabitants of the kingdom of Castile (15th and 16th centuries) and their perceptions of different places, streets and neighborhoods, through the analysis of council documentation.

GWAs Identify DNA Variants Influencing Eyebrow Thickness Variation in Europeans and Across Continental Populations Peng, Fuduan; Xiong, Ziyi; Zhu, Gu; Hysi, Pirro G.; Eller, Ryan J.; Wu, Sijie; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Chen, Yan; Li, Yi; Gonzalez-Jose, Rolando; Schüler-Faccini, Lavinia; Bortolini, María Cátira; Acuña Alonzo, Victor; Canizales Quinteros, Samuel; Gallo, Carla; Poletti, Giovanni; Bedoya, Gabriel; Rothhammer, Francisco; Uitterlinden, André G.; Ikram, M. Arfan; Nijsten, Tamar; Ruiz Linares, Andrés; Wang, Sijia; Walsh, Susan; Spector, Timothy D.; Martin, Nicholas G.; Kayser, Manfred; Liu, Fan Natural variation in eyebrow thickness (ET) is one of the most conspicuous facial32 features. Understanding its genetic basis is of broad interest and has implications for33 dermatology and other fields. Two genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for ET34 have been reported thus far. In 2,457 Latin Americans from the CANDELA cohort,35 Adhikari et al. identified 3q22.3 harboring FOXL2 (Adhikari et al., 2016). In 2,96136 Han Chinese from the TZL cohort, Wu et al. discovered 3q26.33 harboring SOX2 and37 5q13.2 harboring FOXD1 and by meta-analysis of CANDELA and TZL 2q12.338 harboring EDAR (Wu et al., 2018). Thus, four ET-associated loci have been39 established thus far, all in non-Europeans. As no European ET GWAS had been40 reported, it remains unknown whether the genetic ET effects described in non-41 Europeans persist in Europeans, or whether there are European-specific genetic loci42 involved in ET, or both.43 Here, we report the first GWAS of ET in Europeans using 9,948 individuals from44 four cohorts of European ancestry, including the Rotterdam Study (RS, n=4,441),45 TwinsUK (n=1,159, females only), the Queensland Institute of Medical Research46 study (QIMR, n=2,257), and a cohort from the United States (US, n=2,121, Table S1,47 Figure S1, Supplementary Materials).

Combined genome-wide association study of 136 quantitative ear morphology traits in multiple populations reveal 8 novel loci Li, Yi; Xiong, Ziyi; Zhang, Manfei; Hysi, Pirro G.; Qian, Yu; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Weng, Jun; Wu, Sijie; Du, Siyuan; Gonzalez-Jose, Rolando; Schuler-Faccini, Lavinia; Bortolini, Maria Catira; Acuna Alonzo, Victor; Canizales Quinteros, Samuel; Gallo, Carla; Poletti, Giovanni; Bedoya, Gabriel; Rothhammer, Francisco; Wang, Jiucun; Tan, Jingze; Yuan, Ziyu; Jin, Li; Uitterlinden, André G.; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Ikram, M. Arfan; Nijsten, Tamar; Zhu, Xiangyu; Lei, Zhen; Jia, Peilin; Ruiz-Linares, Andres; Spector, Timothy D.; Wang, Sijia; Kayser, Manfred; Liu, Fan Human ear morphology, a complex anatomical structure represented by a multidimensional set of correlated and heritable phenotypes, has a poorly understood genetic architecture. In this study, we quantitatively assessed 136 ear morphology traits using deep learning analysis of digital face images in 14,921 individuals from five different cohorts in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Through GWAS meta-analysis and C-GWASs, a recently introduced method to effectively combine GWASs of many traits, we identified 16 genetic loci involved in various ear phenotypes, eight of which have not been previously associated with human ear features. Our findings suggest that ear morphology shares genetic determinants with other surface ectoderm-derived traits such as facial variation, mono eyebrow, and male pattern baldness. Our results enhance the genetic understanding of human ear morphology and shed light on the shared genetic contributors of different surface ectoderm-derived phenotypes. Additionally, gene editing experiments in mice have demonstrated that knocking out the newly ear-associated gene (Intu) and a previously ear-associated gene (Tbx15) causes deviating mouse ear morphology.

Natural short-lived halogens exert an indirect cooling effect on climate Saiz López, Alfonso; Fernandez, Rafael Pedro; Li, Qinyi; Cuevas Rodríguez, Carlos Alberto; Xiao Fu; Kinnison, Douglas E.; Tilmes, Simone; Mahajan, Anoop S.; Gomez Martin, Juan Carlos; Iglesias Suarez, Fernando; Hossaini, Ryan; Plane, John M. C.; Gunnar Myhre; Lamarque, Jean Francoise Observational evidence shows the ubiquitous presence of ocean-emitted short-lived halogens in the global atmosphere. Natural emissions of these chemical compounds have been anthropogenically amplified since pre-industrial times, while, in addition, anthropogenic short-lived halocarbons are currently being emitted to the atmosphere. Despite their widespread distribution in the atmosphere, the combined impact of these species on Earth’s radiative balance remains unknown.Here we show that short-lived halogens exert a substantial indirect cooling effect at present (−0.13 ± 0.03 watts per square metre) that arises from halogen-mediated radiative perturbations of ozone (−0.24 ± 0.02 watts per square metre), compensated by those from methane (+0.09 ± 0.01 watts per square metre), aerosols (+0.03 ± 0.01 watts per square metre) and stratospheric water vapour (+0.011 ± 0.001 watts per square metre). Importantly, this substantial cooling effect has increased since 1750 by −0.05 ± 0.03 watts per square metre (61 per cent), driven by the anthropogenic amplification of natural halogen emissions, and is projected to change further (18–31 per cent by 2100) depending on climate warming projections and socioeconomic development. We conclude that the indirect radiative effect due to short-lived halogens should now be incorporated into climate models to provide a more realistic natural baseline of Earth’s climate system.

Acciones colectivas sindicales docentes de Córdoba, la Rioja y Santa Cruz en notas de prensa (1993-2010) 6000 notas de diario de Córdoba, la Rioja y Santa Cruz que registran acciones sindicales. Las mismas están procesadas en spps.

Proteomic analysis of the effect of hemin in breast cancer Colo, Georgina Pamela; Schweitzer, Karen; Oresti, Gerardo Martin; Alonso, Exequiel Gonzalo; Fernández Chávez, Lucía; Mascaró, Marilina; Giorgi, Gisela; Curino, Alejandro Carlos; Facchinetti, Maria Marta Heme, an iron-containing prosthetic group found in many proteins, carries out diverse biological functions such as electron transfer, oxygen storage and enzymatic reactions. Hemin, the oxidised form of heme, is used to treat porphyria and also to activate heme-oxygenase (HO) which catalyses the rate-limiting step in heme degradation. Our group has previously demonstrated that hemin displays antitumor activity in breast cancer (BC). The aim of this work has been to study the effect of hemin on protein expression modifications in a BC cell line to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of hemin antitumor activity. For this purpose, we carried out proteome analysis by Mass Spectrometry (MS) which showed that 1309 proteins were significantly increased in hemin-treated cells, including HO-1 and the proteases that regulate HO-1 function, and 921 proteins were significantly decreased. Furthermore, the MS-data analysis showed that hemin regulates the expression of heme- and iron-related proteins, adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins, cancer signal transduction proteins and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. By biochemical and cellular studies, we further corroborated the most relevant in-silico results. Altogether, these results show the multiple physiological effects that hemin treatment displays in BC and demonstrate its potential as anticancer agent.

Control epidémico en redes con cliqués Es el código del programa utilizado para el paper Epidemic control in networks with cliques LD Valdez, L Vassallo, LA Braunstein Physical Review E 107 (5), 054304 (2023)

Caracterización de compuestos secundarios de plantas solanáceas Se procedió a la recolección de volátiles provenientes de distintas especies de solanáceas nativas en las cuales fue hallada la interacción Tuta absoluta-Pseudapanteles dignus en el campo.

Base de datos de referencia de la población Argentina de microatélites autosómicos Background Argentinean population is the result of admixture between South Amerindians, Europeans and to a lesser degree, Africans. Since the advent of forensic molecular genetics, the construction of local reference databases became mandatory. Aiming to further extend the technical quality reference database of Argentina, we present herein the allele frequencies for 24 autosomal STRs, including D22S1045, and SE33 (not previously reported for Argentina in STRidER). Conclusions Genotypes of 6454 unrelated individuals (3761 males and 2694 females) from 13 out of 23 provinces were analysed. Forensic parameters were calculated for each marker. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.661 (TPOX) to 0.941 (SE33). The locus SE33 was revealed to be the most informative marker showing the highest values for PIC (0.955), GD (0.952), TPI (8.455) and PE (0.879). On the other hand, TPOX turned out to be the least informative marker: PIC (0.618), GD (0.669), and PE (0.371). The high number of analyzed individuals allowed detecting low frequency alleles and microvariants in CSF1PO; D16S539 and D21S11 D18S51; PENTA D; PENTA E and at locus D6S1043. Methods and Results This study is the most extensive for Argentina and complements the already reported information concerning the autosomal STRs commonly used in forensic identification. The results were submitted passing STRidER quality control standards (QC), receiving the reference number STR000327 v.2.

Base de datos de polimorfismo In/Del de Cromosoma X en población Argentina Aiming to determine their ancestry diagnostic potential, we selected two sets of nuclear deletion/insertion polymorphisms (DIPs), including 30 located on autosomal chromosomes and 33 on the X chromosome. We analysed over 200 unrelated Argentinean individuals living in urban areas of Argentina. As in most American countries, the extant Argentinean population is the result of tricontinental genetic admixture. The peopling process within the continent was characterised by mating bias involving Native American and enslaved African females and European males. Differential results were detected between autosomal DIPs and X-DIPs. The former showed that the European component was the largest (77.8%), followed by the Native American (17.9%) and African (4.2%) components, in good agreement with the previously published results. In contrast, X-DIPs showed that the European genetic contribution was also predominant but much smaller (52.9%) and considerably larger Native American and African contributions (39.6% and 7.5%, respectively). Genetic analysis revealed continental genetic contributions whose associated phenotypic traits have been mostly lost. The observed differences between the estimated continental genetic contribution proportions based on autosomal DIPs and X-DIPs reflect the effects of autosome and X-chromosome transmission behaviour and their different recombination patterns. This work shows the ability of the tested DIP panels to infer ancestry and confirm mating bias. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on ancestry-informative autosomal DIP and X-DIP comparisons performed in a sample representing the entire Argentinean population.

Enhancing the large-scale electric power systems to meet future demands considering the sustainable technologies Los sistemas eléctricos se están expandiendo hacia formas de producción más eficientes. Se están desarrollando varias estrategias de expansión para cubrir los aumentos de la futura demanda de electricidad. Se plantean objetivos como reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, aumentar la eficiencia de las operaciones y lograr una participación más equitativa de los actores a cargo de las inversiones. Siguiendo esta premisa, este trabajo presenta un modelo multi-objetivo que ayuda en la toma de decisiones sobre el problema de la expansión de la generación eléctrica. El modelo considera puntos de vista más realistas que otros trabajos de la literatura. La gran mayoría de las partes interesadas en el ámbito estudiado están satisfechas con la presente propuesta. Se tienen en cuenta los costes de inversión, las emisiones de efecto invernadero y las tasas de contribución a la inversión. Además, se estudian rigurosamente los procedimientos reales de las etapas de generación y transmisión. De este modo se obtienen soluciones más cercanas a la realidad. El caso de estudio es el sistema eléctrico de Argentina. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las soluciones recomendadas son las más convenientes desde todos los puntos de vista. Constituyen un mix de la generación con tecnologías renovables y no renovables. El estudio de caso revela reducciones de emisiones de hasta el 25% y se puede lograr que los grupos sociales más vulnerables no tengan que financiar futuras ampliaciones del sistema.

Datos experimentales trabajo publicado: Adsorption of cationic surfactant as a probe of the montmorillonite surface reactivity in the alginate hydrogel composites Archivos de analisis de datos experimentales obtenidos por espectroscopias varias y difraccion de rayos X que dieron lugar a las figuras del paper publicado en RSC Advances (RSC Adv., 2022, 12, 35469, DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07405b)

A reassessment of Nemolestes (Mammalia, Metatheria): Systematics and evolutionary implications for Sparassodonta Rangel, Caio Cesar; Carneiro, Leandro M.; Tejedor, Marcelo Fabian; Paglarelli Bergqvist, Lilian; Oliveira, Edison Vicente Nemolestes and Procladosictis are Eocene sparassodonts of controversial affinities. Nevertheless, despite the poor preservation of their holotypes, several other specimens have been tentatively assigned to these genera, as exemplified by some isolated teeth from the Itaboraí and Laguna Fría faunas. Here, we revise specimens referred to Nemolestes and Procladosictis from Itaboraí, Laguna Fría and Ameghino’s collection. Nemolestes differs from Patene in its more reduced metaconid, and “carnassialized” m4 (with reduced talonid and talonid cuspids, except the hypoconulid), features that make it possible to identify specimens from Itaboraí and Laguna Fría as Nemolestes. This taxon occurred from the early Eocene (Itaboraian SALMA) to the middle Eocene (Casamayoran SALMA). Nemolestes represents the oldest known hypercarnivorous sparassodont. The inclusion of Nemolestes and Procladosictis in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis recovered them in a polytomy as the sister taxa of Borhyaenoidea and a new unnamed clade that includes Lycopsis, Dukecynus, Hathliacynidae, Hondadelphys and Stylocynus. Nemolestes shares with these taxa, but not Patene, the presence of a “carnassialized” m4. Nemolestes differs from known borhyaenoids in the absence of a medially positioned protoconid and short anterolabial cingulid. Therefore, Nemolestes is an early lineage of Sparassodonta. “Procladosictis erecta” is a lower premolar of the unnamed clade, as it shows symmetric walls and a small precingulid. "Procladosictis erecta" should be, in fact, referred to Procladosictis. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that during the early middle Eocene (Laguna Fría and La Barda faunas), the unnamed clade and Borhyaenoidea had already diverged. Therefore, the evolutionary history of these groups is older than previously thought.