Los desafíos laborales del envejecimiento de la población en América Latina y el Caribe; Labor challenges posed by the aging process in Latin American and Caribbean populations Paz, Jorge Augusto El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la literatura que trata el problema del empleo entre los adultos mayores en América Latina y el Caribe, y analizarla, junto con los datos disponibles, en el contexto de un envejecimiento poblacional creciente, dispar y veloz. Esto implica tocar transversalmente varios temas complementarios del principal, entre ellos el género y la pobreza de las personas mayores. Para el examen realizado, se usa información de encuestas a hogares y censos de población. Estos últimos se refieren a los relevamientos de las rondas de 1990 y de 2000, disponibles en el sitio web del Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Demografía (celade). También se apela a los documentos que describen las políticas públicas relacionadas con el empleo de los adultos mayores implementadas por algunos países de la Región en los últimos años.; The purpose of this article is to review and discuss the literature dealing with the issue of older adults’ employment in Latin America and the Caribbean, along with the available data, within a context where aging in populations is growing unevenly and rapidly. Indirectly, this leads us to address several supplementary issues, including gender and poverty conditions of elders. Our analysis is based on information from household surveys and population censuses, i.e., results of the 1990 and 2000 censuses, which are available on the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (celade, for its acronym in Spanish) website. Also, we based our article on documents describing public policies on seniors’ employment implemented in some countries of the Region during the past years.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and Papanicolaou cytology in low-resource women in Posadas city, Misiones, Argentina; Detección del virus papiloma humano (HPV) y citología de Papanicolaou en mujeres de bajos recursos de la ciudad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Badano, Ines; Pedrozo, Rene W.; Ruiz Diaz, Laura S.; Galuppo, Juan A.; Picconi, María A.; Campos, Rodolfo Hector; Liotta, Domingo Javier El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de la infección por HPV y de lesiones cervicales en mujeres asistidas en un centro de salud situado en un área de bajos recursos de la ciudad de Posadas, Misiones, Argentina. Las muestras (n = 163) fueron examinadas mediante las pruebas de Papanicolaou y de PCR para HPV. Los factores socio-culturales de riesgo fueron identifcados mediante el cálculo de la odds ratio (OR, IC 95 %). Se detectaron lesiones cervicales en el 14,7 % de las mujeres. La prevalencia de infección por HPV fue de 38 %. Los tipos más frecuentes en la población total fueron HPV-16 (9,8 %) y HPV-33 (9,3 %). El HPV-16 se detectó asociado al 29,2 % y al 6,5 % de las mujeres con lesiones del cuello uterino y sin ellas, respectivamente, con un OR de 5,3 (1,8-15,8). Los factores de riesgo para la infección por HPV-16 fueron el hábito de fumar y el antecedente de enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Estos datos son importantes para la ejecución de los programas de prevención, incluyendo una introducción adecuada de la vacunación y la línea de base para la vigilancia virológica en la era de la vacuna.; The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV infection and cervical lesions present in women who attended a health center in a low-resource area of the city of Posadas, Misiones, Argentina. Cervical cell samples (n = 163) were processed for Papanicolaou cytology and HPV-PCR tests. Socio-cultural risk factors were estimated using the odds ratio (OR, CI 95 %). Cervical lesions were detected in 14.7 % of women. The general prevalence of HPV infection was of 38 %. The most common types among the total population were HPV-16 (9.8 %) and HPV-33 (9.3 %). HPV-16 was detected in association with 29.2 % and 6.5 % of women with and without cervical lesions, respectively, the OR being 5.3 (1.8-15.8). Risk factors for HPV-16 infection were a smoking habit and a history of previous sexually-transmitted diseases. These data are important for the implementation of prevention programs, including an appropriate introduction of vaccination and the baseline for virological surveillance in the vaccine era.

Plasticidad ecofisiológica de plántulas de Nothofagus pumilio frente a combinaciones de niveles de luz y humedad en el suelo; Ecophysiological plasticity of Nothofagus pumilio seedlings under different light and soil moisture levels Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José; Lencinas, María Vanessa; Soler Esteban, Rosina Matilde; Ivancich, Horacio Simón; Peri, Pablo Luis; Moretto, Alicia Susana; Hernández, Luis Francisco; Lindström, Ivone Las propuestas silvícolas para el manejo de los bosques de Nothofagus pumilio se basan sobre la apertura del canopeo para estimular el crecimiento de la regeneración natural; de esta manera se incrementa la disponibilidad de luz y humedad del suelo a nivel del sotobosque. El crecimiento de las plántulas estará en relación a la plasticidad frente a estas nuevas condiciones del rodal. Es por ello, que el objetivo fue analizar los cambios morfológicos y ecofi siológicos de plántulas creciendo en condiciones controladas bajo dos niveles de humedad del suelo, a lo largo de un gradiente de intensidad lumínica. Se trasplantaron plántulas de 2-3 años de bosques primarios durante el mes de septiembre del año 2005 y se colocaron en invernáculo bajo dos condiciones de humedad del suelo (40-60% y 80-100% de la capacidad de campo) y tres niveles de intensidad lumínica (4%, 26% y 64% de luz incidente natural). Durante el mes de enero de 2006 se midieron variables morfológicas (altura, número, tamaño y forma de las hojas, número de ramas, área foliar, densidad de raíces, biomasa en compartimentos e histología de hojas) y ecofi siológicas (fotosíntesis, respiración, contenido de pigmentos, contenido relativo de agua en hojas, conductancia estomática, contenido de nutrientes y potencial agua de los brotes apicales). Se realizaron análisis de varianza simples para evaluar las respuestas a los niveles de humedad del suelo en cada nivel de intensidad lumínica, así como análisis multivariados para analizar la interacción entre factores. Las plántulas tuvieron mejores crecimientos en los menores niveles de humedad (40-60% de la capacidad de campo). La respuesta del crecimiento a distintos niveles de humedad del suelo dependió de la disponibilidad de luz, donde niveles medios de intensidad lumínica generaron los mejores crecimientos. Niveles altos de luminosidad resultaron negativos para el crecimiento de las plántulas. En este trabajo se pudieron poner en evidencia cambios en las variables anatómicas, de composición química y de relaciones hídricas, manifestando una alta plasticidad para sobrevivir a diferentes condiciones de humedad del suelo e intensidades lumínicas. Estos resultados pueden contribuir a proponer mejores prácticas silvícolas que optimicen la supervivencia y el crecimiento de las plántulas luego del aprovechamiento forestal.; Proposed silviculture for Nothofagus pumilio forests are based on the canopy open to stimulate natural regeneration growth through the increasing of soil moisture and light availability at the understory level. Seedlings growth will be related to the plasticity for these new stand conditions. For this, the objective was to analyze morphological and ecophysiological changes of seedlings growing in controlled conditions under two soil moisture levels along a light intensity gradient. Two to three years-old seedlings were obtained from one old-growth forests during September 2005, and were transplanted into plastic pots in a greenhouse under two soil moisture levels (40-60% and 80-100% soil capacity) and three light intensities (4%, 26% and 64% natural incident irradiance). Morphological (height, number, size and shape of the leaves, number of branches, foliar area, root density, biomass compartments and leaf histology) and ecophysiological (photosynthesis, respiration, pigment content, relative water content in leaves, stomata conductance, nutrient content and water potential of apical shoots) variables were measured during January 2006. One-way ANOVAs was conducted to evaluate changes according to soil moisture levels for each light intensity level, as well as multivariate analyses to evaluate interactions among factors. Seedlings showed best growth performances under a low soil moisture level (40-60% soil capacity). Growing response to the different soil moisture levels was related to light availability, where a middle light level presented the best growth rates. High light levels produced negative results for seedling growth. In this work, evidences suggested that changes in the anatomical variables, chemical composition and water status relations, allowing to a high plasticity to survive under different conditions of soil moisture and light intensities. These results can be used to suggest better silviculture proposals to improve seedling growth after harvesting.

De las crónicas jesuíticas a las ''etnografías estatales'': realidades y ficciones del orden misional en las fronteras ibéricas Wilde, Guillermo Luis Este trabajo propone, en primer lugar, una indagación sobre las clasificaciones étnicas y religiosas de las poblaciones indígenas producidas por los documentos coloniales (crónicas jesuíticas y textos de funcionarios borbónicos) en el marco de la política indigenista de reducciones en el Paraguay y Río de la Plata. En segundo lugar, una exploración de las modalidades concretas de interacción entre “indios reducidos” e “indios infieles”, reconstruyendo los contextos específicos en que tuvieron lugar. Se sugiere que el discurso oficial plasmado en las crónicas y los textos posteriores se orientaba a producir una ficción de orden (y de desorden) basada en un ideal de homogeneidad étnica y lingüística, y en la antinomia radical que oponía un espacio cristiano y un espacio infiel. Dichas “ficciones” no permiten comprender las interacciones cotidianas de las poblaciones en cuestión en toda su complejidad, lo que exige examinar documentaciones locales para reconstruir la agencia indígena y redes sociales que van más allá de las relaciones interétnicas y las pertenencias culturales.; This paper proposes, first, an analysis of ethnic and religious clasificactions of indigenous populations produced by colonial documents (Jesuit missionaries’ chronics and texts of Borbonic offitials) under the indigenous policy of reducciones in Paraguay and the Rio de la Plata. Second, an exploration of concrete modes of interaction between “reduced indians” and “infidel indians”, reconstructing specific contexts in which they took place. It is suggested that the official discourse reflected in the chronics and later texts was oriented to produce a fiction of order (and of disorder) based on the ideal of ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and a radical antinomy that opposed Christian and infidel space. Said “fictions” do not allow an understanding of daily interactions of the mentioned populations in all their complexity, which requires the examination of local sources in order to reconstruct indigenous agency and social networks that go beyond interethnic relations and cultural belonging.

Native Male Founder Lineages of America Ramallo, Virginia; Muzzio, Marina; Santos, María Rita; Motti, Josefina María Brenda; Jurado Medina, Laura Smeldy; Bravi, Claudio Marcelo; Bailliet, Graciela Native-American males carry a Y-chromosome lineage characterized by one base-pair polymorphism (M3). All populations from Alaska to the MagellanÕs Strait present this lineage in frequencies higher than 60%. This lineage was considered the ÒfounderÓ, but further information shows that M3 occurred in America, or Siberia shortly before migration to America and so it is actually considered autochthonous. It belongs to the Q haplogroup, shows derivate state for M242, M346, and M3 polymorphisms, and is named subhaplogroup Q1a3a. Another lineage, paragroup Q1a3*, entered America showing derived states for M242 and M346 polymorphisms, and ancestral for M3. It is present in Eurasia and is more frequent in North than in South America. Though found at low frequency, it has not been possible to rule out a genetic bottleneck occurrence during the migration to South America.

Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor is essential for electroconvulsive shock-induced neuroprotection in an animal model of Parkinson's disease Anastasia Gonzalez, Agustin; Wojnacki Fonseca, José Ignacio; de Erausquin, Gabriel Alejandro; Masco, Daniel Hugo Sustained motor improvement in human patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease has been described following electroconvulsive shock (ECS) treatment. In rats, ECS stimulates the expression of various trophic factors (TFs), some of which have been proposed to exert neuroprotective actions. We previously reported that ECS protects the integrity of the rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic system against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity; in order to shed light into its neuroprotective mechanism, we studied glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels (the most efficient TF for dopaminergic neurons) in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum of 6-OHDA-injected animals with or without ECS treatment. 6-OHDA injection decreased GDNF levels in the SN control animals, but not in those receiving chronic ECS, suggesting that changes in GDNF expression may participate in the ECS neuroprotective mechanism. To evaluate this possibility, we inhibit GDNF by infusion of GDNF function blocking antibodies in the SN of 6-OHDA-injected animals treated with ECS (or sham ECS). Animals were sacrificed 7 days after 6-OHDA infusion, and the integrity of the nigrostriatal system was studied by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and Cresyl Violet staining. Neuroprotection observed in ECS-treated animals was inhibited by GDNF antibodies in the SN. These results robustly demonstrate that GDNF is essential for the ECS neuroprotective effect observed in 6-OHDA-injected animals.

A novel and rapid method for determination of natamycin in wines based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry: validation according to the 2002/657/EC European decision Marino Repizo, Leonardo; Martinez, Luis Dante; Olsina, Roberto Antonio; Cerutti, Estela Soledad; Raba, Julio A novel, simple, and rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric methodology was developed for the analysis of natamycin in wine samples. Natamycin was protonated to form singly charged ions in an electrospray positive ion mode. Data acquisition under MS/MS was achieved by applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of three fragment ion transitions (666.3→648.2, 666.3→503.3, and 666.3→485.2) to provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Chromatographic separation was performed on a rapid resolution column using a mobile phase consisting of an acetonitrile/ water mixture with a total run time of 5.0 min. After only filtration as pretreatment, the sample was injected into the chromatographic system. The proposed method was validated in terms of selectivity, trueness, precision, decision limit (CCα), and detection capability (CCβ) according to 2002/657/EC Commission decision. The values for trueness, reported as bias (%), agreed with those established by the aforementioned document. Repeatability (intraday variability) values were 12.37% at a concentration of 1.0 μg L−1 and 8.99–4.19% at concentrations between 2.5 and 10 μg L−1 . The overall within-laboratory (interday variability) reproducibility was 15.47% at a concentration of 1.0 μg L−1 , which was significantly lower than the indicative value reported in the EU decision. The results indicated that the proposed approach is a sensitive, fast, reproducible, and robust methodology suitable for the analysis of natamycin levels in wine samples.

Testing ecological and environmental changes during the last 6000 years: A multiproxy approach based on the bivalve Tawera gayi from southern South America Gordillo, Sandra; Odisio Martinelli, Julieta; Cardenas, Javiera; Bayer, María Sol This paper evaluates if the bivalve Tawera gayi from southern South America represents an opportunity to test ecological variability and environmental changes during the last 6000 years in southern South America. For this purpose, we analyse both modern and fossil (mid-to-late Holocene) T. gayi shells from Tierra del Fuego using different techniques, including taphonomy, stable isotopes, cathodoluminiscence (CL) and linear morphometrics. Taphonomic analysis shows that differences between modern and fossil shells appear best related to local variations of physical factors such as current speed, wave action and freshwater input along the non-uniform Beagle Channel coast. However, slight changes of hydraulic energy regimes throughout the Holocene cannot be ruled out. The analysis of stable isotopes on T. gayi shells indicates a mixing of oceanic waters with freshwater from precipitation, river runoff and glacier meltwater during the mid-to-late Holocene. The high depletion of δ18O at ~4400 years before present would be associated with a period of warmer temperatures, the so-called Hypsithermal. Under CL modern and fossil T. gayi shells show a well defined pattern related to the growth dynamics of the shell, which can lead to a better understanding of its biology, adding details to further palaeoenvironmental analysis. Finally, conventional metrics shows that fossil T. gayi shells are smaller and shorter than modern shells. These differences could be related to Holocene environmental changes, but here are best explained on the basis of a predator–prey relationship. This study shows that T. gayi may be a good candidate for looking at evidences of environmental changes in southern South America, and multi-proxy data are necessary to better understand the driving mechanisms of ecological variability and changes over short geological time intervals of few thousands of years.

Recent advances in thermosensitive hydrogels as drug delivery systems: A review Bermudez, Jose Maria; Quinteros, Daniela Alejandra; Grau, Ricardo José Antonio; Allemandi, Daniel Alberto; Palma, Santiago Daniel Polymers that exhibit physicochemical responses to stimuli have been widely explored as potential drug delivery systems. Different kind of stimuli investigated to date includes, for example, chemical substances and changes in temperature, pH and electric fields. Polymers that exhibit dramatic changes in their behavior in an aqueous solution at temperatures close to the body temperature are of particular interest in drug delivery and biomedical applications. Thermosensitive polymers have a wide range of applications, specially, the thermosensitive triblock copolymers because they exhibit unique aqueous solution properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility. These copolymers can be designed to be used as potential drug delivery systems for therapeutic protein drugs or poorly water soluble drugs. This article reviews the applications of polymer solutions with the ability to form in situ implants under temperature changes, in areas of interest to biomedical, pharmacist and engineer scientists. Recent advantages on thermosensitive and biodegradable polymers are discussed to give a wide overview of the available strategies to modify them in order to make them suitable for potential applications in health products.

Coreografías organizacionales: cisnes danzantes en las aguas de la excelencia Napoli, María Laura; Cebey, María Carolina El burn out o „síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo‟ surge a partir de una adicción al trabajo e implica una total devoción y dedicación del tiempo a una meta laboral, provocando consecuencias negativas tanto para el trabajador como para la organización en la cual desempeña su actividad. Desde un marco teórico psico-organizacional, el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en plantear una interpretación de la película Black Swan –El Cisne Negro–, de Darren Aronofsky, tomando como eje de análisis el concepto de burn out. A modo de propuesta metodológica, se presentan y analizan las diferentes fases de evolución del burn out a partir de la puesta en escena planteada en la película. Teniendo en cuenta la relevancia del burn out en las sociedades contemporáneas, se busca convocar la atención de la comunidad profesional de la psicología en general, y de la psicología del trabajo en particular, para la promoción del bienestar psicosocial de los sujetos que desarrollan actividades en organizaciones que persiguen la excelencia.; Burn out syndrome arises from an addiction to work and implies a total devotion and dedication of the time to a labor goal, generating negative consequences for the worker as well as for the organization in he/she carries out their activity. From a psycho-organizational theoretical frame, the objective of this paper is to display an interpretation of the film Black Swan, by Darren Aronofsky, taking the concept of burn out as an analysis axis. As a methodological proposal, the different phases in the evolution of burn out are presented and analyzed in relation to scenes of the film. Considering the relevance of burn out in contemporary societies, the aim is to rise awareness in the professional psychology community un general, and labor psychology in particular, regarding the promotion of the psycho-social well-being of subjects that develop activities in organizations that pursue excellence.

Relevamiento de estudios sobre educación, formación profesional y desarrollo de competencias de jóvenes en América Latina: El caso de México Otero, Analia Este informe sintetiza los resultados arrojados por el relevamiento y sistematización de producciones de conocimiento elaboradas sobre “educación técnica, formación profesional y programas de formación y empleo” para el caso de México, comprendido en el período 2004-2011. La búsqueda re realizó principalmente en revistas académicas, instituciones educativas, artículos o ponencias presentadas en congresos y jornadas, portales estadísticos, etc. El operativo reunió un total de 15 documentos entre los cuales predominaron las producciones de investigación y en menor medida las consultorías y/o evaluaciones. A excepción de un ensayo netamente teórico, los restantes documentos presentan hallazgos sobre investigaciones con trabajos empíricos. La selección incluye un documento producido por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), dos consultorías comisionadas por dependencias públicas, una evaluación elaborada por la Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) y finalmente un trabajo proyectivo elaborado desde el Gobierno de Nueva León. En el caso de las investigaciones se trata fundamentalmente de estudios de caso, sistematizaciones y un trabajo de carácter documental retrospectivo. La estrategia metodológica utilizada con mayor frecuencia es la cualitativa y el trabajo con fuentes primarias de información. Le siguen aquellas producciones que recurren a la combinación de técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas. Y por último, trabajos desarrollados desde la perspectiva cuantitativa. Tomando en cuenta el conjunto, se destaca la utilización de dos dispositivos: entrevistas y encuestas.

La batalla por el derecho a la educación en la sociedad neoliberal: Colombia 2011 Gómez Cárdenas, Carlos Wladimir La actual administración del presidente Santos inició un radical proceso de transformación del esquema educativo cuyo vértice aparece en las fuentes de financiamiento futuras de la Educación Superior en Colombia donde claramente el Estado consolida su retirada de la financiación del sistema abriendo paso a inversionistas privados. Objetivos específicos presentados en la reforma tales como : i) promover mayor calidad; ii) generar condiciones para que más colombianos ingresen y se gradúen de la educación superior; iii) ampliar y flexibilizar la oferta de programas; iv) promover el acceso y la permanencia de los estudiantes en el sistema, y v) fortalecer de las fuentes de financiación y la participación regional, esconden verdaderas intenciones de mercantilizar mucho más el sistema educativo por la vía de consolidar cuasimercados.

Colores y surcos: Una propuesta metodológica para el análisis de las representaciones plásticas de la región de Fiambalá (Tinogasta, Catamarca, Argentina); Colors and traces: A methodological approach for analyzing the plastic art representations of Fiambalá region (Tinogasta, Catamarca, Argentina) Basile, Mara Valeria; Ratto, Norma Rosa Se presenta una propuesta metodológica que facilita el manejo y la integración de una muestra compuesta por una gran cantidad de representaciones plasmadas en soportes expresivos de características diferenciadas: piezas cerámicas y bloques rocosos. Se construyen variables analíticas confiables y no ambiguas para dar cuenta de los recursos visuales (caja de herramientas y modos de resolución) utilizados en la realización de las representaciones y así acceder a la interrelación que existe entre gestos, elementos y técnicas utilizadas en la resolución de las imágenes desplegadas en cada uno de los soportes expresivos. El procedimiento propuesto es ejemplificado por medio del análisis de una muestra de 772 representaciones del Período de Desarrollos Regionales o Período Intermedio Tardío (ca. 1200-1400 DC) plasmadas sobre piezas cerámicas y bloques rocosos de la región de Fiambalá.; We introduce a methodological approach that facilitates the handling of large samples of representations found on different supports-ceramic vessels and boulders. Reliable and unambiguous analytical categories are constructed for the visual resources (toolbox and modes of resolution) used to produce the representations, in order to access the interrelation of gestures, elements and techniques used to resolve the images found on each support. Theproposedprocedure is demonstrated through an analysis of a sample of 772 representationsfrom the Regional Development Period or Late Intermediate Period (ca. 1200-1400 AD) found on ceramic vessels and boulders in Fiambalá region.

Depicting borgesian possible worlds Orlando, Eleonora Eva The main purpose of this essay is to show that the philosophical concept of a possible world is part of the Borgesian fiction: in particular, it can be found in the story The Garden of Forking Paths. The main thesis that I will try to defend is the following one: possible worlds are part of the narrative content of the two stories thereby involved, the main one and the novel embedded in it, namely, the book-labyrinth owed to Tsui-Pen; moreover, the concept of a possible world is used in the main story to explain the meaning of the novel. In this sense, it can be taken to play an explanatory role that is similar to the one it plays in semantic theories, and more specifically, in those that appeal to possible worlds in their account of fictional discourse. Finally, the analysis of the use of the possible world concept will enable me to put forward a hypothesis about the conception of the relation between metaphysics and fantastic literature held by Borges.

Reflexiones postcoloniales sobre los cuerpos etnográficos: diálogos con Leenhardt, Merleau-Ponty y Teresa Benítez Citro, Silvia Viviana En el campo de la antropología del cuerpo, el estudio de Leenhardt sobre la representación del cuerpo entre los canacos de Melanesia se convirtió en un trabajo fundacional que contribuyó a enfatizar la confrontación entre las diferentes representaciones del cuerpo humano construidas por las sociedades indígenas y por las modernidades occidentales. Así, las concepciones holistas del vínculo cuerpo-mundo fueron asociadas a las primeras, mientras que la escisión de ese vínculo junto con la idea del cuerpo como "objeto", a las segundas. En este artículo, reviso críticamente este modelo oposicional y sugiero que, a pesar de las diferencias, en estas sociedades también existirían elementos comunes en la experiencia de la relación cuerpo-mundo. Para demostrar esta hipótesis, propongo un diálogo intercultural entre mi etnografía con la gente Toba del Chaco Argentino, y especialmente con las reflexiones de Teresa Benítez, y las filosofías occidentales que confrontaron el dualismo cartesiano, principalmente la fenomenología de Merleau-Ponty. Finalmente, discuto algunas de las consecuencias epistemológicas y políticas de este tipo de perspectivas interculturales para una antropología de y desde los cuerpos en el contexto poscolonial.; In the field of the Anthropology of Body, the Leenhardt's study on the representation of the body among the canacos of Melanesia became a foundational work that contributed to emphasize the confrontation between the different representations of the human body constructed by indigenous societies and the Western modernities. Thus, the holistic representations about the links body-world was associated to the first ones while the split of these links and the idea of the body as "object" were related to the second ones. In this article, I examine this oppositional model and suggest that although the differences in these societies there also are shared elements in the experience of body-world relation. To demonstrate this hypothesis I propose an intercultural dialogue between my ethnography with the Toba people of the Argentine Chaco, and especially with the reflections of Teresa Benitez, and the Western philosophies that confronted the Cartesian dualism, mainly the Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty. Finally, I discuss some of the epistemological and political consequences of this kind of intercultural perspectives to an anthropology of and from the bodies in the postcolonial context.

Las derechas argentinas en el siglo XX: ensayo sobre su vínculo con la democracia Bohoslavsky, Ernesto Lazaro; Morresi, Sergio Daniel El artículo ofrece un análisis de los vínculos que los partidos de derecha de Argentina tuvieron con el régimen democrático (sea con sus instituciones o con sus fundamentos ideológicos), con laesperanza de desarrollar una caracterización menos esencialista de estos actores. Concretamente, se parte de las siguientes ideas: a) la pluralidad de los actores de derecha, y por lo tanto, de sus proyectos ideológicos; b) la cambiante relación de los actores de derecha con el régimen democrático, al cual en algunos períodos promovían, en otros toleraban y en algunos otros, propugnaban reformar o reemplazar por gobiernos autocráticos; c) la naturaleza de la relación entre las derechas y el régimen democrático parece deberle más a razones de naturaleza táctica que ideológica: es decir, ese vínculo fue más tributario del cálculo que de la doctrina, de la conveniencia momentánea que de definiciones axiológicas permanentes.

La igualdad en espera: el enfoque de género Pautassi, Laura Cecilia Las diversas medidas implementadas en los últimos años en América Latina con el objetivo de garantizar la igualdad entre varones y mujeres han operado sobre un concepto de igualdad meramente formal lo que revela su marcada insuficiencia para alcanzar la igualdad material. La falta de acceso al ejercicio pleno de los derechos de ciudadanía por parte de las mujeres obliga a repensar el funcionamiento de las estructuras de poder asimétricas desde un enfoque de género. El artículo se divide en tres partes: la primera, analiza los principales tratados internacionales que han sido ratificados por la Argentina y que gozan de jerarquía constitucional, analizando el impacto de los mismos en las políticas públicas. La segunda, aborda la interrelación entre el mundo de lo público y de lo privado. Finalmente, se presentan propuestas de políticas públicas tendientes a alcanzar la igualdad material, a partir de la implementación de la transversalización como eje central de las políticas públicas respetuosas de la equidad social y de género.; The diverse measures implemented in Latin America in recent years aimed at guaranteeing equality between men and women have worked on a purely formal concept of equality, revealing its failure to reach material equality. Lack of access to full exercise of citizenship rights on behalf of women forces us to rethink how asymmetric power structures work bearing in mind a gender perspective. This article is structured in three sections: the first analyses the main international treaties ratified by Argentina and which were granted constitutional hierarchy, evaluating their impact on public policies. The second deals with the interrelation between public and private spheres. Finally, the author presents proposals of public policies tending to attain material equality by implementing mainstreaming as a central axis of public policies mindful of social and gender equality.

Condicionantes epistémicos y extraepistémicos de la apropiación social de las creencias científicas; Epistemic and extra-epistemic conditioning of the social appropriation of scientific beliefs Cortassa Amadío, Carina Gabriela En este artículo se examina el proceso de distribución y apropiación social de las creencias científicas como una forma particular de intercambio de conocimiento entre agentes en condiciones de asimetría cognitiva. Se parte de la premisa de que el principio general del testimonio capta la estructura epistémica de deferencia a la autoridad cognitiva que permite la circulación de saber entre científicos y legos. En ese marco se analizan la atribución de crédito y construcción de la confianza recíproca involucrados en el desarrollo de la interacción. Para concluir, se destaca la relevancia que adquiere en esos procesos un núcleo de presupuestos de orden sociocultural -las representaciones sociales de los agentes- que conforma el contexto significativo en que se enmarca el intercambio de conocimiento.; The social distribution and appropriation of scientific beliefs are examined in this paper as a special form of exchanging knowledge among agents in conditions of cognitive asymmetry. The premise that says the “general principle of testimony” seizes the epistemic structure of deference to the cognitive authority enabling the circulation of knowledge among scientists and laymen is the starting point. In this setting credit attribution and the construction of reciprocal trust involved in the development of interaction are analyzed. In conclusion, the relevance attained in such processes of a presumption nucleus of the socio-cultural order –agents’ social representations– is highlighted conforming the significant context where knowledge exchange is framed.

Regional climate variability impacts on the annual grape yield in Mendoza, Argentina Agosta, Eduardo; Canziani, Pablo Osvaldo; Cavagnaro, Martín The Mendoza Province is the major Argentinian vitivinicultural region and its grape production is fundamental for the national vintage. 1979-2009 climate-annual grape yield relationships are analyzed. Total grape yield is shown to depend significantly on regional ´summer´ (October through March) precipitation. Precipitation negatively impacts yields through plant disease and damage/destruction by hail. At interannual scales, ´summer´ regional precipitation variability can explains 25% of the yield variance. Summer precipitation modulates yield with a 6-8 years period: wet (dry) summers can be associated with larger (smaller) grape damage/loss probability during the summer preceding the vintage, as well as lower (higher) grape yields in the subsequent annual campaign due to bud damage. When monthly mean precipitation in Mendoza Observatory is considered wetter Novembers/Decembers can lead to lower yields. Hail during the summer of the previous harvest and during December could lower yields. Winter, late spring and early summer mean maximum temperatures can impact current and subsequent annual yields: warmer (colder) months are linked to enhanced (decreased) yields. These relationships can be associated with circulation and SST conditions in the equatorial and extratropical Pacific basin and southern South America: SSTs within the southeastern South Pacific are related to western equatorial Pacific SSTs and convection, which modify circulation and water vapor transport over southern South America. Statistical multilinear modeling shows that the observed relationships between yield, precipitation and temperature can explain at least 60% of the observed interannual yield variability. It is thus possible to quantitatively estimate, some months in advance, the upcoming vintage´s yield.

The role of the physical structure of Spartina densiflora Brong. in structuring macroinvertebrate assemblages Sueiro, Maria Cruz; Bortolus, Alejandro; Schwindt, Evangelina In Patagonian rocky salt marshes, the presence of the austral cordgrass Spartina densiflora provide habitat for diverse faunal assemblages. Two different mechanisms may influence the distribution and abundance patterns of the associated organisms. Those generated by the biological properties of cordgrasses and those caused or mediated by the physical structure supplied by the plants. The aims of this study were: (1) to determine the effect of cordgrasses on macroinvertebrate assemblages dominating a rocky marsh; and (2) to determine how much of this effect is caused by the physical structure supply by the plants. In order to achieve these objectives we conducted two field manipulative experiments. In the first one we manipulated the presence of defaunated transplants of cordgrass, and in the second one, we did the same with plastic mimics cordgrasses simulating de architecture of Spartina densiflora. In both experiments, sessile and mobile assemblages were separately examined to evaluate whether they respond in the same way or not. Abundance and richness of mobile and sessile organisms were higher in transplant and mimic cordgrass plots compared to controls, indicating that the presence of cordgrasses, either transplanted or artificial, has a positive effect on sessile and mobile assemblages. Furthermore, we found that the composition of mobile and sessile macroinvertebrates assemblages did not differ between transplants and mimics. Therefore, the physical structure of cordgrass was found to be the major factor influencing macroinvertebrates assemblages in the studied Patagonia rocky salt marshes. Within the period of one year, mobile and sessile fauna colonized several times more abundantly transplant and artificial cordgrass than the control plots, highlighting the key role of cordgrasses in optimizing the colonization rate of macroinvertebrate communities in this rocky bottom environment. Since Spartina densiflora is invading different regions worldwide, our study may help to predict its potential effect on the invaded communities.