AMPER-Argentina: pretonemas en oraciones interrogativas absolutas Gurlekian, Jorge Alberto; Toledo, Guillermo Andres Este trabajo es parte del Proyecto AMPER (Atlas Multimedia de la Prosodia del Espacio Románico). El área dialectal de estudio es el español de Buenos Aires. En el artículo se analizan las oraciones interrogativas absolutas SVO: un SN (núcleos sintácticos paroxítonos, proparoxítonos, oxítonos), un SV (núcleo paroxítono), un SPrep (núcleos paroxítonos, proparoxítonos, oxítonos). También se examinan los pretonemas según el modelo de entonación métrico y autosegmental (AM), y se observa la influencia de la frase fonológica (φ) en la representación fonológica de los acentos tonales. Los resultados de los pretonemas indican diferencias y no un único fraseo prosódico que caracterice a esta modalidad. Los primeros picos (P1) de la primera φ no muestran tonos más altos si se los compara con los P1 de oraciones declarativas. Se descarta un tono de frontera H% inicial. Estos hallazgos confirman otro estudio previo: la información sobre la modalidad interrogativa absoluta se encuentra fuera del pretonema, en el tonema final.; The present work belongs to project AMPER (Multimedia Atlas of Prosody of the Romanic Space). The dialectal area of study is the Spanish from Buenos Aires. This work analyses absolute interrogative sentences of the SVO-type: a NP (oxytone, paroxytone and proparoxytone heads), a VP (paroxytone head), a Prep. phrase (oxytone, paroxytone and proparoxytone heads). In addition, pretonemes are examined according to the intonation Autosegmental-metrical (AM) framework and the phonological phrase (f) influence is observed on the phonological representation of pitch accents. The pretoneme results indicate differences and not only one prosodic phrasing which may characterize this modality. The first peaks (P1) which belong to the first f do not show higher tones if compared to the P1 of declarative sentences. An initial frontier tone H% is discarded. These findings confirm a previous study: information regarding the absolute interrogative modality is out of the pretoneme, in the final toneme.

Arbuscular mycorrhizas and dark septate endophytes in bromeliads from South American arid environment Lugo, Mónica Alejandra; Molina, Mirta Graciela; Crespo, Esteban María Most plant roots are associated with glomalean fungi forming arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) and a wide range are also colonized by ascomycetous dark septate endophytes (DSE). Bromeliaceae species can be epiphytic, rupicolous or terrestrial but their mycorrhizal status is poorly studied. We examined the AM and DSE status of 5 epiphytic and 4 terrestrial Bromeliaceae from an arid area of Central Argentina. The terrestrial species were either dually associated (AM and DSE) or non-associated whereas the epiphytes were only DSE colonized. Terrestrial Bromeliaceae that formed AM-DSE associations were likely responding to the arid conditions of the area and the availability of AM fungal (AMF) spores in the soil. The terrestrial Bromelia ubaniana was not colonized either by AMF or DSE. This could reflect its root morphology and high number of root hairs. DSE are endosymbiotic in the stressful ecosystems experienced by canopy epiphytes in the studied environment. The different fungal associations are discussed in relation to the three Bromeliaceae subfarniles and we suggest that environmental features determine the type of association formed by species in this plant family.

Predicting average regional yield and production of wheat in the Argentine Pampas by an artificial neural network approach Alvarez, Roberto A regional analysis of the effects of soil and climate factors on wheat yield was performed in the Argentine Pampas in order to obtain models suitable for yield estimation and regional grain production prediction. Soil data from soil surveys and climate data from meteorological records were employed. Grain production information from statistics at county level was integrated at a geomorphological level. The Pampas was divided into 10 geographical units and data from 10 growing season were used (1995-2004). Surface regression and artificial neural networks (ANN) methodologies were tested for analyzing the data. Wheat yield was correlated to soil available water holding capacity (SAWHC) in the upper 100 cm of the profiles (r2 = 0.39) and soil organic carbon (SOC) content (r2 = 0.26). The climate factor with stronger effect on yield was the rainfall/crop potential evapotranspiration ratio (R/CPET) during the fallow and vegetative crop growing cycle periods summed (r2 = 0.31). The phototermal quotient (PQ) during the pre-anthesis period had also a significant effect on yield (r2 = 0.05). A surface regression response model was developed that account for 64% of spatial and interannual yield variance, but this model could not perform a better yield prediction than the blind guess technique. An ANN was fitted to the data that accounted for 76% of yield variability. Comparing predicted versus observed yield a lower RMSE (P = 0.05) was obtained using the ANN than using the regression or the blind guess methods. Regional production estimations performed by the ANN showed a good agreement with observed data with a RMSE equivalent to 7% of the whole surveyed area production. As variables used for the ANN development may be available around 40-60 days before wheat harvest, the methodology may be used for wheat production forecasting in the Pampas.

Effect of the metabolic inhibitor, methimazole on the drug susceptibility of a triclabendazole-resistant isolate of Fasciola hepatica Devine, C.; Brennan, G.P.; Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo; Alvarez, Luis Ignacio; Trudgett, A.; Hoey, E.; Fairweather, I. A study has been carried out to investigate whether the action of triclabendazole (TCBZ) is altered in the presence of a metabolic inhibitor. The flavin monooxygenase system (FMO) was inhibited using methimazole (MTZ) to see whether a TCBZ-resistant isolate could be made more sensitive to TCBZ action. The Oberon TCBZ-resistant and Cullompton TCBZ-sensitive isolates were used for these experiments. The FMO system was inhibited by a 2-h pre-incubation in methimazole (100 m). Flukes were then incubated for a further 22 h in NCTC medium containing either MTZ; MTZ+nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) (1 nm); MTZ+NADPH+TCBZ (15 g/ml); or MTZ+NADPH+triclabendazole sulphoxide (TCBZ.SO) (15 g/ml). Morphological changes resulting from drug treatment and following metabolic inhibition were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. After treatment with either TCBZ or TCBZ.SO alone, there was greater surface disruption to the triclabendazole-susceptible than -resistant isolate. However, co-incubation with MTZ and TCBZ/TCBZ.SO lead to more severe surface changes to the TCBZ-resistant isolate than with each drug on its own; this was not seen for the TCBZ-susceptible Cullompton isolate. Results of this study support the concept of altered drug metabolism in TCBZ-resistant flukes and this process may play a role in the development of drug resistance.

Molybdenum Induces the Expression of a Protein Containing a New Heterometallic Mo-Fe Cluster in Desulfovibrio alaskensis Rivas, Maria Gabriela; Carepo, Marta S.P.; Mota, Cristiano S.; Korbas, Malgorzata; Durand, Marie-Claire; Lopes, Ana T.; Brondino, Carlos Dante; Pereira, Alice S.; George, Graham N.; Dolla, Alain; Moura, José J.G.; Moura, Isabel The characterization of a novel Mo-Fe protein (MorP) associated with a system that responds to Mo in Desulfovibrio alaskensis is reported. Biochemical characterization shows that MorP is a periplasmic homomultimer of high molecular weight (260 ± 13 kDa) consisting of 16-18 monomers of 15321.1 ± 0.5 Da. The UV/visible absorption spectrum of the as-isolated protein shows absorption peaks around 280, 320, and 570 nm with extinction coefficients of 18700, 12800, and 5000 M-1 cm-1, respectively. Metal content, EXAFS data and DFT calculations support the presence of a Mo-2S-[2Fe-2S]-2S-Mo cluster never reported before. Analysis of the available genomes from Desulfovibrio species shows that the MorP encoding gene is located downstream of a sensor and a regulator gene. This type of gene arrangement, called two component system, is used by the cell to regulate diverse physiological processes in response to changes in environmental conditions. Increase of both gene expression and protein production was observed when cells were cultured in the presence of 45 μM molybdenum. Involvement of this system in Mo tolerance of sulfate reducing bacteria is proposed.

Building up a nanotube in solution: docking of Janus-Cyclodextrin Rodriguez, Javier; Semino, Rocio; Laria, Daniel Hector Using molecular dynamics experiments, we analyze the association of "Janus" 6-amino-6-deoxy-2O-carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrins (JCD) in aqueous solutions. In JCD dimers, the free energy associated with the primary-rim-secondary-rim docking shows a stable minimum of ∼-45 kcal mol-1. Trimers in solution are also remarkably stable, exhibiting minimal distortions in their spatial and orientational distributions. The resulting geometrical docking shows the incipient characteristics of flexible nanotubes in solution, with eventual water interchange between the central channel and the bulk at the junctions between monomers. Structural and dynamical properties of the trapped water filling the nanotube are dictated to a large exent by the charge density at the rims.

Detection of excision repaired DNA damage in the comet assay by using Ara-C and hydroxyurea in three different cell types Güerci, Alba Mabel; Liviac, D.; Marcos, R. Because of its characteristics, the comet assay has been used to evaluate the ability of virtually any type of eukaryotic cell to repair different kinds of DNA damage, including double and single strand breaks and base damage. The ability to detect excision repair sites using the alkaline version can be enhanced by the inclusion of repair inhibitors, DNA synthesis inhibitors, or chain terminators. In this sense, we evaluated the ability of hydroxyurea (HU) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), for detecting lesions produced by the alkylating agents ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in three different cell systems. Two hundred cells for experimental point were analyzed in the alkaline version of the comet assay, and the results are evidences of the utility of the assay to detect alkylation of bases in the cells lines MRC-5 and TK-6, as the treatment with HU +Ara-C significantly increases both the basal and induced frequency of DNA damage. The use of whole blood, although it detected the effects of MMS, with and without repair inhibitors, failed to detect the effect of the selected dose of EMS and does not permit detection increases in the background level.

Catalytic disproportionation of N-alkylhydroxylamines bound to pentacyanoferrates Gutiérrez, María M.; Alluisetti, Graciela Beatriz; Olabe Iparraguirre, Jose Antonio; Amorebieta, Valentín Tomás The substituted hydroxylamines, CH3N(H)OH (N-methylhydroxylamine) and (CH3)2NOH (N,N-dimethylhydroxylamine), disproportionate catalytically to the corresponding alkylamines and oxidation products, only in the presence of [Fe(CN)5H2O]3−. Substitution kinetic measurements suggest an initial coordination step to Fe(ii). Two parallel N- and O-coordination modes are considered with the subsequent formation of Fe(iii), free aminyl (RNCH3) and nitroxide (RN(CH3)O) radicals (R = H, CH3). With CH3N(H)OH, bound nitrosomethane, CH3NO, has been characterized by UV-visible and IR spectroscopies. The mechanism is discussed on the basis of common and differential features with respect to the disproportionation of hydroxylamine catalyzed by the same Fe-fragment.

Critical role of the solvent environment in galectin-1 binding to the disaccharide lactose Di Lella, Santiago; Ma, Lu; Diaz Ricci, Juan Carlos; Rabinovich, Gabriel Adrián; Asher, Sanford A.; Alvarez, Rosa Maria Susana Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a member of a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins, binds specifically to poly-N-acetyllactosamine-enriched glycoconjugates. Through interactions with these glycoconjugates, this protein modulates inflammatory responses and contributes to tumor progression and immune cell homeostasis. The carbohydrate recognition domain includes the single protein tryptophan (Trp68). UV resonance Raman spectroscopy and molecular dynamic simulation were used to examine the change in the environment of the Trp on ligand binding. The UV Raman spectra and the calculated water radial distribution functions show that, while no large structural changes in the protein follow lactose binding, substantial solvent reorganization occurs. These new insights into the microscopic role of water molecules in Gal-1 binding to its specific carbohydrate ligands provides a better understanding of the physicochemical properties of Gal-1 - saccharide interactions, which will be useful for the design of synthetic inhibitors for therapeutic purposes.

On the nature of the AGILE galactic transient sources Romero, Gustavo Esteban; Vila, Gabriela Soledad Context. The Italian gamma-ray satellite AGILE has recently reported the detection of some variable high-energy sources likely of galactic origin. These sources do not have any obvious counterpart at lower energies. Aims. We propose that these sources are produced in proton-dominated jets of galactic microquasars. Methods. We develop a model for microquasar jets that takes into account both primary leptons and protons and all relevant radiative processes, including secondary particle emission and gamma-ray attenuation due to pair creation in the jet. Results. We obtain spectral energy distributions that correspond to what is observed by AGILE, with most of the power concentrated between 100 MeV and 10 GeV and reaching luminosities of 1034-35 erg s-1. We make detailed spectral predictions that can be tested by the Fermi gamma-ray telescope in the immediate future. Conclusions. We conclude that hadronic jets in galactic accreting sources can be responsible for the variable unidentified gamma-ray sources detected by AGILE.

The universalism and generosity of the lotus sutra: an emblematic reaction for a new world Tola, Fernando; Dragonetti, Carmen Leonor The date of the Parinirva of the Buddha. Early Buddhism There is not a general agreement about the date of the Parinirva of the Buddha. There are on this respect many opinions accepted by diverse Buddhist communities and by diverse scholars. Each one of these opinions is based in traditions, arguments and texts, according to which the date of the Parinirv25a should be located between the years 368 and 965 before the beginning of the Common Era. This fact indicates the importance of the divergences regarding the matter. The great symposium celebrated at Göttingen in the year 1988, on The Dating of the Historical Buddha (whose Proceedings were published1 in three volumes with a total of one thousand two hundred pages), reached no positive result. As a work hypothesis we fix for the Parinirva circa 480 before the C.E., and, as there is a general acceptance that the Buddha lived for 80 years, we fix the date of his birth circa 560 before the C.E. During great part of His life of 80 years the Buddha was dedicated to the preaching of his Doctrine. We can give the name of “Early Buddhism” to that form of Buddhism as taught by the Buddha himself. This form is recorded in many of the texts written in Pli included in the Pli Tipiaka

Topological representation for monadic implication algebras Abad, Manuel; Cimadamore, Cecilia Rossana; Díaz Varela, José Patricio In this paper, every monadic implication algebra is represented as a union of a unique family of monadic filters of a suitable monadic Boolean algebra. Inspired by this representation, we introduce the notion of a monadic implication space, we give a topological representation for monadic implication algebras and we prove a dual equivalence between the category of monadic implication algebras and the category of monadic implication spaces.

Cuzco-Buenos Aires: Ruta de Intelectualidad Americana (1900-1950) Kuon Arce, Elizabeth; Gutiérrez Viñuales, Rodrigo; Gutiérrez, Ramón; Viñuales, Graciela Maria El presente estudio parte con la intencionalidad de congregar diferentes manifestaciones artísticas producidas en el periodo 1900-1950, en la ruta cultural que unió a Cuzco y Buenos Aires, teniendo en cuenta entre otros aspectos la pintura, la escultura, las artes decorativas, la arquitectura, y la educación artística, e incorporando aspectos literarios, periodísticos e ideológicos que sustentaron y complementaron sus premisas.Poco interés ha tenido entre los investigadores cuzqueños de las últimas décadas la historia local y la vida cotidiana de la ciudad y de la región en la última centuria. Esta historia la comenzó a cristalizar en los primeros decenios del siglo XX, en buena medida, una élite intelectual conocida pero no completamente reconocida y es justo que un siglo después, volvamos la vista para redescubrirla y revalorarla.

Entre la regulación y la prescindencia: el Primer Congreso Nacional del Comercio Argentino (Rosario, 1911) y su agenda de problemas Fernandez, Sandra Rita Es sabido del impacto que tuvo dentro de la sociedad argentina la difusión de prácticas ligadas al asociacionismo, sobre fines del s.XIX. De las formas más comunes vinculadas a la reunión de connacionales inmigrantes en pos de objetivos de reunión, asistencia o caridad, la formación de entidades de resistencia, organizaciones obreras, etc. se pasó rápidamente a la formación de organismos no plenamente institucionalizados más sí formalizados como congresos, exposiciones, salones, etc. Dentro de este último renglón se encuentra el Primer Congreso del Comercio de Rosario. Este evento realizado al año siguiente de la conmemoración del Centenario, y en vísperas de la que fue la segunda gran crisis del modelo en la región, fue orquestado por la Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario (BCR), especialmente desde uno de sus espacios más activos como era la Cámara de Defensa Comercial (CDC). Los representantes de la BCR consideraron que era de fundamental importancia complementar su tarea de regulación y control económico, preparando una reunión de carácter nacional que tuviera un doble objetivo: instalar o solidificar los lazos entre sujetos y organizaciones dedicados al comercio y la producción en el país; y de forma correlativa trabajar sobre una idea de legitimación del lugar de la ciudad y sus hombres de negocios en el espectro nacional.

Cosmopolitisme et mondialisation dans l’université contemporaine Naishtat, Francisco Dans ce qui suit je me propose de montrer que le tableau de l’ »Université globale », propre d’une rhétorique immédiatement perlocutionnaire pour l’élaboration des politiques universitaires, a complètement escamoté entretemps la question du sens, en permettant subrepticement une confusion conceptuelle grave entre les instances qui sont comme des ouvertures de sens dans l’histoire universitaire, et je placerait au premier rang de ces instances le cosmopolitisme originaire de l’université, qui en est comme un existenziall du monde académique, et d’autre part des instances qui sont réfractaires au sens, relevant simplement d’une facticité, c'est-à-dire d’une dictature des faits nullement choisis, décidés, affirmés ou compris par les acteurs, et qui s’imposent obliquement et de manière opaque en comminant une adaptation et une tyrannie fonctionnelle qui apparaît comme condition inévitable de la survie institutionnelle. De ce point de vue, le cosmopolitisme correspond à un ordre catégoriel nettement différent de celui de la mondialisation : pour le dire brièvement on choisit d’être cosmopolite et on peut comprendre et se réclamer d’une dimension cosmopolitique du monde, mais on ne choisit pas la mondialisation, on ne choisit pas d’être mondialisés, on ne comprend pas même où la mondialisation est-elle en train de conduire le monde. Alors que le cosmopolitisme contient beaucoup plus que la factualité (Faktizität), la mondialisation est un concept dérivé de la factualité et qui ne délivre aucune lumière, aucune clarté sur lui-même. A l’aide du cosmopolitisme on peut assurément regarder le monde d’une autre manière que sous la contrainte des faits économiques, culturels ou sociaux. Mais la mondialisation elle-même ne nous aide pas à regarder le monde autrement qu’en termes de processus empiriques et d’adaptation fonctionnelle.

Trayectorias institucionales de usuarios de drogas en sectores empobrecidos: ¿Un punto de mira para comprender al Estado contemporáneo? Adissi, Ileana Grisel Actualmente me dedico a investigar los modos particulares en que se construye –de modo contingente- la oferta y la demanda de atención en salud mental; simultáneamente, he venido participando de distintos dispositivos relacionados con el uso de drogas. En la convergencia de ambas inquietudes, tratando de articular dinámicas microsociales con procesos que tienen lugar en la estructura social, me ha venido llamando la atención cierto rasgo contemporáneo que quisiera aquí sugerir. Mi intención es compartir una hipótesis provisoria, según la que me planteo orientar futuros abordajes empíricos. De tal modo, no se trata de la conclusión de indagaciones anteriores, sino más bien de un bosquejo inicial, según el cual trazar el mapa de próximos recorridos investigativos.

Teatros para los sentidos: proyectos y obras de Jorge Sabaté Mendez, Patricia Susana La producción numerosa de un arquitecto como fue Jorge Sabaté reveló su interés, conocimiento y soltura a la hora de proyectar espacios de caracter lúdico como los cines y los teatros. EL valor que adquirieron sus proyectos y sus realizaciones se repasan analíticamente en estas páginas develando obras por demás interesantes y modernas para su momento.

Impact of global climate change on glaciers and permafrost on South America, with emphasis in Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and the Antarctic Peninsula Rabassa, Jorge Oscar Some of the most important consequences of global climate change (GCC) are rising mean annual or seasonal temperature, rising or diminishing precipitation at the regional level, rising global sea level, and increasing frequency of extreme meteorological events. The impact of these changes has been observed in the glaciers and permafrost areas of South America, particularly the Andean ranges, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and the Antarctic Peninsula at least since 1978 and, particularly in the last decade of the twentieth century. The most noticeable impacts are the fast glacier margin recession, thinning of the ice cover, elevation of the regional snowline, and the reduction of Andean areas under permafrost conditions, as recent scientific research has demonstrated. Small mountain glaciers and ice caps are vanishing all over the Andean ranges, from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego. At the present rate of ice recession, most, if not all of the cirque glaciers in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego will disappear during the next two decades, and both valley glaciers and the Patagonian ice sheets will be severely reduced as well. Ice barrier collapse in the Antarctic Peninsula will provide a larger supply of large icebergs which will jeopardize navigation routes, increasing sailing risks in the southern seas, with at least two iceberg-cruiser impacts in the 2007–2008 austral summer. As a consequence of snowline rising and glacier vanishing, damage on environmental, hydrological, geomorphological, heritage, and tourism resources is expected to affect these regions and those communities active in them.

The future of coastal systems: estuaries, mudflats, marshes and dunes Reed, Denise J.; Davidson Arnott, Robin; Perillo, Gerardo Miguel E. For millennia people have valued coastal environments for their rich soils, harvestable food resources and access to the oceans. From ancient times to the present, cities and ports have flourished at the coast and this value continues into the twenty-first century. With globalisation and international trade becoming central to many world economies, coastal populations have continued to grow. In 2003, in the USA approximately 153 million people (53% of the population) lived in coastal counties, an increase of 33 million people since 1980 (Crossett et al., 2004). By the year 2008, coastal population in the USA is expected to increase by approximately 7 million. Eight of the world’s top ten largest cities are located at the coast. According to the UN Atlas of the Coast (www.oceansatlas.org/), 44% of the world’s population (more people than inhabited the entire globe in 1950) live within 150 km of the coast and in 2001 over half the world’s population lived within 200 km of a coastline. Coastal cities also have higher rates of growth than many other areas. Clearly the massive population now existing along the world coast and the rapid growth it is experiencing induce a major stress on the local and regional geomorphology as well as on the local resource base.

Extremos térmicos en Puerto Coronel Rosales Genchi, Sibila Andrea; Piccolo, Maria Cintia El conocimiento de los extremos térmicos resulta de gran interés en el ámbito de la salud dado que las personas que desarrollan sus actividades al aire libre, se exponen con frecuencia a condiciones severas de desconfort. En ocasiones, estas últimas alcanzan el rango de peligrosidad. Se presenta un estudio sobre los extremos térmicos registrados en puerto Coronel Rosales, ubicado en el estuario de Bahía Blanca en el Sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Para ello se utilizaron formulas de confort climático que describen la sensación térmica de frío y de calor. Se utilizaron las mediciones realizadas en Puerto Coronel Rosales de temperatura del aire, humedad relativa y velocidad del viento para el período comprendido entre los años 1999 - 2008. Considerando el período de estudio se destacan los veranos correspondientes a las temporadas 1999-2000 y 2000-2001 donde se registraron los máximos extremos de desconfort que superaron los 40 °C de sensación térmica. Los extremos térmicos invernales más severos se presentaron en los años 1999 y 2003 con sensación térmica inferior a -9 °C. Estos resultados deberían ser tenidos en cuenta para prevenir enfermedades generadas por la exposición a sensaciones térmicas extremas.