Profilicollis chasmagnathi (Acanthocephala) parasitizing freshwater fishes: paratenicity and an exception to the phylogenetic conservatism of the genus? Levy, Eugenia; Rossin, Maria Alejandra; Braicovich, Paola Elizabeth; Timi, Juan Tomas Polymorphid acanthocephalans are parasites of marine mammals, waterfowl and ichthyophagous birds. Among these, the genus Profilicollis is known to use exclusively decapods as intermediate hosts. Here, we report the first record of living cystacanths of Profilicollis parasitizing the body cavity of a fish host, Oligosarcus jenynsii, inhabiting the freshwater section of an estuarial system, Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, in south-east Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. In this environment, cystacanths of Profilicollis chasmagnathi have been previously recorded infecting decapod crabs and as transient accidental infections in the gut of some carcinophagous fishes. In the present study, larvae from the crab Neohelice granulata, from the intestine of the estuarine fish Odontesthes argentinensis and from the body cavity of O. jenynsii were morphologically and genetically compared, confirming their identity as P. chasmagnathi, a species characteristic of estuaries and marine coasts along Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. These findings can be interpreted as a possible case of incipient paratenicity for Profilicollis, and a colonization event of freshwater habitats, probably promoted by the highly variable conditions, typical of ecotonal environments. In addition, cystacanths of the genus Polymorphus were also found in O. jenynsii, representing the first record of this genus in Oligosarcus from Argentina.

The diet of the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides, a deep-sea top predator off Southwest Atlantic Ocean Troccoli, Gonzalo Horacio; Aguilar, Eduardo; Martínez, Patricia Alejandra; Belleggia, Mauro The present study is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of feeding habits of Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides in Southwestern Atlantic (53–55°S, 351 to 1073 m depth) near Burdwood Bank/Namuncurá marine-protected area, where diet has not been previously investigated. Based on stomach content analyses of 441 specimens ranging from 38 to 190 cm total length (TL), our study tested the hypotheses that diet was influenced by TL, sex, maturity stage, depth, and region, using generalized linear models and information theory selection criteria. The Patagonian toothfish fed primarily on fish (morid cod Notophycis marginata, myctophids, rattails Macrourus holotrachys and Coelorinchus fasciatus, notothenids Patagonotothen ramsayi, and hoki Macruronus magellanicus), followed by cephalopods (Onykia ingens, Doryteuthis gahi) and shrimps (Acanthephyra pelagica). One case of cannibalism was recorded. The trophic level was 4.57 (4.22 juveniles, 4.78 adults). The pelagic fish and bathypelagic shrimp were more consumed in the east region, whereas demersal fish and cephalopods were more consumed in the west one. Ontogenetic dietary changes associated with TL and maturity stage were reported: pelagic fish and shrimp A. pelagica had the main importance in the diet of intermediate-sized toothfish, reinforcing the hypothesis that juveniles exhibited a bento-pelagic behavior. Demersal fish were more heavily consumed by juvenile specimens, and the size of demersal fish predated by Patagonian toothfish increased according to the predator TL. Cephalopods were more consumed by adults. The preference of sexually mature specimens for cephalopods could have a positive effect on spawning and egg quality.

Effect of blend composition and related morphology on the quasi-static fracture performance of LLDPE/PP blends Rosales, Caren Soledad; Bernal, Celina Raquel; Pettarin, Valeria In the present work, the effect of composition and related morphology on the fracture behavior of LLDPE/PP blends was thoroughly investigated. Fracture behaviors evaluated under quasi-static loading conditions and different fracture mechanics methodologies were applied to assess fracture toughness depending on the materials behavior. For pure PP and 2575 blend, J at instability was chosen whereas for blends which exhibited completely ductile behavior (such as LLDPE, 7525 and 5050), the EWF methodology was used. Fracture mechanisms were elucidated with the aid of scanning electron microscopy, and results correlated with blends morphology. It was observed that fracture properties are mostly dominated by the majority component properties. In addition, for the 5050 blend, the presence of a co-continuous morphology is responsible for the high scatter of experimental data obtained.

A New Species of Haimbachia Dyar (Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Crambinae) Feeding on Spartina Schreb. (Spartinaceae) from Argentina Solis, M. Alma; Canepuccia, Alejandro Daniel; Farina, Juan Luis; Iribarne, Oscar Osvaldo A new crambid moth, Haimbachia spartina Solis and Canepuccia, new species is described from Argentina and images of the adults and their genitalia are provided. The larvae were discovered feeding on species of saltmarsh cordgrass or Spartina Schreb. (Spartinaceae). This is the first description and illustration of a Haimbachia Dyar larva. Twelve species have been described in the Western Hemisphere, but only Haimbachia maroniella Dyar and Heinrich, has been previously described from South America. The new species is compared to H. maroniella and images are provided of its type specimen, labels, and male genitalia.

A review of the critics of invasion biology Cassini, Marcelo Hernan Herein, I review existing criticisms of the field of invasion biology. Firstly, I identifiy problems of conceptual weaknesses,including disagreements regarding: (i) definitions of invasive, impact, and pristine conditions, and (ii) ecological assumptionssuch as species equilibrium, niche saturation, and climax communities. Secondly, I discuss methodological problemsinclude the misuse of correlations, biases in impact reviews and risk assessment, and difficulties in predicting theeffects of species introductions or eradications. Finally, I analyse the social conflict regarding invasive species managementand differences in moral and philosophical foundations. I discuss the recent emergence of alternatives to traditionalinvasion biology approaches, including the concept of novel ecosystems, conciliation biology, and compassionate conservation.Understanding different value systems will be the first step to reconciling the different perspectives related to thiscontroversial topic.

Redescription of Promecostethus unifalculatus, the only known harvestman from Crozet Islands (Opiliones: Triaenonychidae) Lourenco Porto, Willians; Pérez González, Abel Promecostethus unifalculatus Enderlein, 1909, is the only representative of the order Opiliones from the Crozet Islands. The species belongs to the family Triaenonychidae and is biogeographically interesting because it is a candidate for transoceanic dispersal, a very rare event in this ancient family. Despite this significance, P. unifalculatus is taxonomically still poorly known, and a redescription of this species using modern taxonomic standards is urgently needed. Here we redescribe the species, offer the first description and illustrations of the male genitalia and provide a full exomorphological survey of the species using scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, we provide an emended diagnosis for the genus Promecostethus and discuss its relationship with some morphologically similar genera.

Clinical uses of 5-aminolaevulinic acid in photodynamic treatment and photodetection of cancer: A review Casas, Adriana Gabriela ALA-mediated Photodynamic Therapy (ALA-PDT) is one of the most promising fields in Photodynamic therapy (PDT) research for cancer treatment. 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) is the prodrug of the photosensitiser Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). After ALA administration, cells generate PpIX through the haem biosynthetic pathway. Although the exact reasons for ALA/PpIX selectivity are unknown, it is believed that due to the special regulation of haem enzymes, PpIX is accumulated in the tumours. Both ALA and its derivative ALA Methyl ester, are mainly used in dermatology. Besides, ALA-PDT has been employed for palliative and even curative treatment of endoscopically accessible tumours. Lung, oesophagus, gastric and bladder carcinomas, and also oral premalignant lesions, gynaecological intraepithelial neoplasias and Barrett's oesophagus are the conditions mostly treated with ALA-PDT. However, due to the limited penetration of ALA and light, non-dermatologic uses of ALA-PDT have not moved beyond phase I clinical trials. On the other hand, ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence is successfully employed for the Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) or assistance in cytoreductive surgery (Fluorescence-guided Resection, FGR). ALA has been approved for the FGR of high-grade gliomas and ALA Hexyl ester, for fluorescence cystoscopy in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. ALA-FGR is currently applied in brain, bladder, lung, colon cancers, etc. and ALA-PDD for oral premalignancies, gynaecological intraepithelial lesions and peritoneal metastases, among others. Besides, PDT can be applied concomitantly in the same diagnostic procedure. This review aimed to analyse the state of the art of clinical uses of ALA in the areas of treatment and detection in the non-dermatologic oncology fields.

Primer registro de basura en heces de puma (Puma concolor) en el Parque Nacional Los Glaciares, provincia de Santa Cruz, República Argentina Bartolucci, Cristina; Guerisoli, Maria de Las Mercedes; Martin, Gabriel Mario En este trabajo reportamos el hallazgo de restos de basura en heces de puma en el Parque Nacional Los Glaciares (PNLG), provincia de Santa Cruz (República Argentina). Los residuos fueron encontrados en tres heces de puma colectadas en los senderos de trekking dentro del PNLG, e incluyeron los siguientes ítems: hilo, fósforos y dos tipos de polietileno. A partir de estos resultados se recomienda continuar con el análisis de heces de puma e incorporar las de otros carnívoros presentes en el PNLG, para tener más elementos que permitan evaluar si se trata de un consumo accidental o si están cambiando algunos hábitos alimenticios.; In this work we report the finding of waste remains in puma feces in Los Glaciares National Park (LGNP), Santa Cruz province (Argentina). The residues were found in three puma feces collected on the trekking trails within the Park, and included the following items: thread, matches and two types of polyethylene. We recommend continuing with the analysis of puma feces, while incorporating samples from other carnivore species present in the park. This information will allow discerning whether animals are changing their feeding habits or if events like these are part of accidental consumption.

Circadian disruption promotes tumor-immune microenvironment remodeling favoring tumor cell proliferation Aiello, Ignacio; Mul Fedele, Malena Lis; Román, F.; Marpegan, Luciano; Caldart Valle, Carlos Sebastian; Chiesa, Juan José; Golombek, Diego Andrés; Finkielstein, C.V.; Paladino, Natalia Circadian disruption negatively affects physiology, posing a global health threat that manifests in proliferative, metabolic, and immune diseases, among others. Because outputs of the circadian clock regulate daily fluctuations in the immune response, we determined whether circadian disruption results in tumor-associated immune cell remodeling, facilitating tumor growth. Our findings show that tumor growth rate increased and latency decreased under circadian disruption conditions compared to normal light-dark (LD) schedules in a murine melanoma model. Circadian disruption induced the loss or inversion of daily patterns of M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages and cytokine levels in spleen and tumor tissues. Circadian disruption also induced (i) deregulation of rhythmic expression of clock genes and (ii) of cyclin genes in the liver, (iii) increased CcnA2 levels in the tumor, and (iv) dampened expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21WAF/CIP1, all of which contribute to a proliferative phenotype.

Política de ciencia, tecnología e innovación frente a la coyuntura y la recuperación pospandemia Echeverry Mejia, Jorge Andres; Loray, Romina Paola; Galdos Frisancho, Melina; Villalba Morales, María Luisa La pandemia de la Covid-19 ha resaltado el rol que la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación (CTI) desempeñan en la generación de respuestas de política pública basadas en evidencia y de desarrollos específicos para atender la problemática. En un contexto caracterizado por niveles de incertidumbre sin precedentes, gobiernos en distintos países del mundo han buscado en universidades, empresas de base tecnológica y centros de investigación, guía para dar respuesta a la emergencia sanitaria desencadenada por el coronavirus. Tras el éxito de varias iniciativas en el sector (como las pruebas moleculares y los avances en el desarrollo de una vacuna), parece haberse creado un acuerdo alrededor de la necesidad de destinar más recursos a quienes materializan las actividades de CTI. Los gobiernos en América Latina, como consecuencia, han desplegado una serie de instrumentos de política pública con la finalidad de brindar apoyo al sector. No obstante, en un contexto que exige repensar las estructuras, prácticas y políticas de CTI, las respuestas de los gobiernos continúan reproduciendo (con un objetivo distinto) las estrategias y acciones que precisamente se necesita transformar.

Unraveling the gallol-driven assembly mechanism of thermoreversible supramolecular hydrogels inspired by ascidians Wolfel Sánchez, Alexis; Euti, Esteban; Picchio, Matías Luis; Romero, Marcelo Ricardo; Galván Josa, Víctor Martín; Martinelli, Marisa; Minari, Roque Javier; Alvarez Igarzabal, Cecilia Ines Polyphenols-based supramolecular hydrogels have recently attracted much attention as smart materials for applications in several technologies. Although great advances have been made in this field, there is a challenging need for creating new versatile materials that combine synthesis simplicity and suitable functional properties. In this work, inspired by the hydrogen bonding ability of pyrogallol-bearing proteins found in ascidians, we explored a small gallol analog, gallic acid (GA), as a dynamic crosslinker of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The fundamentals of the supramolecular assembly mechanism of PVA/GA hydrogels are studied for understanding the final properties of the obtained thermo-reversible hydrogels. The polymer deacetylation degree was a key factor to control the gelation kinetics, morphology, and properties of the supramolecular materials. Furthermore, the intercalation of GA molecules between PVA chains produced polymer crystals with a new spatial arrangement, modifying the elastic modulus of the supramolecular network and increasing its stability in water. With remarkable fast gelation ability, ascidian-inspired PVA-GA hydrogels may provide a promising platform for a wide range of biomedical applications including topical drug delivery of therapeutic proteins, wearable electronic devices, and 3D printing.

One-body entanglement as a quantum resource in fermionic systems Gigena, Nicolás Alejandro; Di Tullio, Marco; Rossignoli, Raúl Dante We show that one-body entanglement, which is a measure of the deviation of a pure fermionic state from a Slater determinant (SD) and is determined by the mixedness of the single-particle density matrix (SPDM), can be considered as a quantum resource. The associated theory has SDs and their convex hull as free states, and number conserving fermion linear optics operations (FLO), which include one-body unitary transformations and measurements of the occupancy of single-particle modes, as the basic free operations. We first provide a bipartitelike formulation of one-body entanglement, based on a Schmidt-like decomposition of a pure N-fermion state, from which the SPDM [together with the (N-1)-body density matrix] can be derived. It is then proved that under FLO operations the initial and postmeasurement SPDMs always satisfy a majorization relation, which ensures that these operations cannot increase, on average, the one-body entanglement. It is finally shown that this resource is consistent with a model of fermionic quantum computation which requires correlations beyond antisymmetrization. More general free measurements and the relation with mode entanglement are also discussed.

The ability of riboflavin-overproducing lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains to survive under gastrointestinal conditions Hernández Alcántara, Annel M.; Pardo, Sandra; Mohedano, Mari Luz; Vignolo, Graciela Margarita; de Moreno, Maria Alejandra; Leblanc, Jean Guy Joseph; Aznar, Rosa; López, Paloma Riboflavin, vitamin B2, is essential for humans and has to be obtained from the diet. Some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce this vitamin, and they can be used for in-situ fortification of foods. This could be an alternative to supplementation with chemically synthesized vitamin, to palliate riboflavin deficiencies in specific groups of people. Moreover, if the producing LAB could survive in the gastrointestinal stress (GIT) they could be added as probiotics in this environment. In the present study we tested two riboflavin-overproducing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains (M5MA1-B2 and M9MG6-B2), spontaneous mutants of LAB isolated from chicha, a traditional Andean beverage. These two LAB, and also their isogenic strains M5MA1-B2[pRCR12] and M9MG6-B2[pRCR12], expressing the mCherry protein from the pRCR12 plasmid, were evaluated in vitro under simulated GIT conditions. Among other, specifically developed protein fluorescence assays were used. The four LAB showed similar levels of adhesion (>6.0%) to Caco-2 cells, higher than that of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG strain (4.51%). Thus, LAB biofilm formation was assessed in the labeled cells by intracellular mCherry fluorescence and in the unlabeled parental strains by crystal violet staining. Both methods detected the formation of consistent biofilms by the L. plantarum strains. The quantification of mCherry fluorescence was also used to analyze LAB auto-aggregation properties. High levels of auto-aggregation were detected for both M5MA1-B2[pRCR12] and M9MG6-B2[pRCR12]. Survival of LAB included in a commercial cereal-based food matrix (Incaparina) under GIT conditions was also evaluated. The four LAB were resistant in vitro to the stomach and intestinal stresses, and proliferated in this environment, indicating a protective and nutritional effect of the Incaparina on the bacteria. Also, M9MG6-B2 survival in the presence or absence of Incaparina was evaluated in vivo in a BALB/c mouse model. The administration of the M9MG6-B2 strain alone or together with Incaparina had no adverse effect on the health, growth and/or well-being of the rodents. In addition, an increment in the villus length/crypt depth ratio was observed. The overall results obtained indicate that the LAB studied have probiotic characteristics of interest for the development of functional foods.

Length and biomass data for Atlantic and Pacific seaweeds from both hemispheres Scrosati, Ricardo Augusto; MacDonald, Heather L.; Córdova, César A.; Casas, Graciela Noemi As the length of an organism is a unidimensional measure but its biomass is distributed across three dimensions, length and biomass are allometrically related in plants and animals. Due to the high interspecific morphological variation in nature (e.g., long, thin, and narrow flatworms vs. short and globose snails), the biomass–length relationship differs among species. Interest in the principles governing biomass–length allometry has sparked research about the drivers of biological form (West et al., 1999; Niklas and Enquist, 2001; Makarieva et al., 2005; Kleyer et al., 2019). Biomass–length allometry can ultimately be of practical value, such as for the non-destructive estimation of stand biomass (Scrosati, 2006a; Yuen et al., 2016) and productivity (Martin et al., 2014), the determination of body condition (Brodeur et al., 2020), or the unintrusive estimation of body mass (Turnbull et al., 2014; Coulis and Joly, 2017; Sohlström et al., 2018), which is in turn allometrically related to various biological processes (Brown et al., 2004; Marquet et al., 2005).

Confirming the Explosive Outflow in G5.89 with ALMA Zapata, Luis A.; Ho, Paul T. P.; Fernandez Lopez, Manuel; Guzmán Ccolque, Estrella; Rodríguez, Luis F.; Reyes Valdés, José; Bally, John; Palau, Aina; Saito, Masao; Sanhueza, Patricio; Rivera Ortiz, P. R.; Rodríguez González, A. The explosive molecular outflow detected decades ago in the Orion BN/KL region of massive star formation was considered to be a bizarre event. This belief was strengthened by the nondetection of similar cases over the years with the only exception of the marginal case of DR21. Here, we confirm a similar explosive outflow associated with the UCHII region G5.89-0.39 that indicates that this phenomenon is not unique to Orion or DR21. Sensitive and high angular resolution (∼0.″1) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) CO(2-1) and SiO(5-4) observations show that the molecular outflow in the massive star-forming region G5.89-0.39 is indeed an explosive outflow with an age of about 1000 yr and a liberated kinetic energy of 1046-49 erg. Our new CO(2-1) ALMA observations revealed over 30 molecular filaments, with Hubble-like expansion motions, pointing to the center of UCHII region. In addition, the SiO(5-4) observations reveal warmer and strong shocks very close to the origin of the explosion, confirming the true nature of the flow. A simple estimation for the occurrence of these explosive events during the formation of the massive stars indicates an event rate of once every ∼100 yr, which is close to the supernovae rate.

Rheological behavior, antimicrobial and quorum sensig inhibition study of an argentinean oregano essential oil nanoemulsion Asensio, Claudia Mariana; Quiroga, Patricia Raquel; Al-Gburi, Ammar; Huang, Quingron; Grosso, Nelson Rubén In this study, Argentinean oregano essential oil (OEO) nanoemulsions (NEs) were developed. Four NEs were prepared: a control (CNE), EONE1 (10.6 mg EO/g NE), EONE2 (106 mg EO/ g NE), and EONE3 (160 mg EO/g NE) and tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 14213, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 using a broth microdilution assay and quorum sensing inhibition in a model using Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, where the production of violacein was quantified. The chemical composition of the EO was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The average particle size (nm) and polydispersity index were monitored over 14 days at two different storage temperatures (4 and 23°C). A rheological behavior study was carried out using a dynamic shear rheometer, and flow curves, as well as viscoelastic properties, were determined. E. coli and L. monocytogenes were the most sensitive microorganisms to EONE (MIC of 2 and 5 mg/ml for EOEN3). Sub-MICs for NE were found at lower concentrations than those for pure EO. A significant reduction in violet pigment intensity and colorless coloration (p < 0.05) were observed at different NE concentrations concerning the control sample. The flow behavior index (n) decreased, and the consistency index (k) increased when the EO concentration was increased. CNE, EONE1, and EONE2 showed liquid-like behavior (G′ < G″) in the low-frequency region, whereas a solid-like behavior (G′ > G″) was observed in the high-frequency region, presenting a viscoelastic behavior, appearing as a wormlike micellar solution. For EONE3, a strong increase in both moduli was observed with increasing OEO concentration. The G′ was about one order of magnitude higher than the G″ over the whole frequency range, indicating the presence of a gel-like structure. The incorporation of EOs into an NE increased their stability, lowering the particle size, leading to a wormlike micelle with higher viscosity. Moreover, this NE had good antimicrobial activity and novel quorum-sensing inhibition activity. The results of this study indicated that Argentinean OEO NE could be used in a food system as a natural and stable antimicrobial agent.

¿“Trabajo infantil” o “tradición cultural”?: Complejizando las representaciones adultas sobre la inserción de niños/as y adolescentes de familias bolivianas en contextos laborales del interior de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; “Trabalho infantil” ou “tradição cultural”?: Aprofundando a análise das representações dos adultos sobre a inserção de crianças de famílias bolivianas em contextos de trabalho no interior da província de Buenos Aires Nicolao, Julieta; Tevez, Emilio José Este artículo busca reconstruir y complejizar las representaciones que desde el ámbito escolar y la propia comunidad boliviana, se generan sobre las experiencias de niños, niñas y adolescentes incorporados/as a prácticas productivas/laborales en el cinturón fruti-hortícola del partido de General Pueyrredón (Buenos Aires, Argentina). El trabajo pone en tensión los componentes socio-culturales que se registraron en torno a los posicionamientos ante situaciones de trabajo infantil y adolescente, respecto de las condiciones de desigualdad estructural asociadas, entre otros, al contexto de organización del trabajo y las condiciones de empleo que predominan en la actividad. Sustentado en un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, con entrevistas y observación pasiva desarrolladas en cuatro escuelas y organizaciones vinculados a la población migrante, tiene como desafío subyacente contribuir a derribar las miradas estigmatizantes sobre las familias bolivianas involucradas en estas prácticas, así como exponer las limitaciones que los actores del sistema educativo encuentran para su abordaje.; Este artigo procura reconstruir e aprofundar a análise sobre as representações geradas desde o ambiente escolar e desde a própria comunidade boliviana sobre as experiências de crianças e adolescentes incorporados/as às práticas produtivas/laborais no cinturão hortifrutícola do partido de General Pueyrredón (Buenos Aires, Argentina). O trabalho confronta os componentes socioculturais registrados em torno dos posicionamentos sobre situações de trabalho infantil e adolescente, em relação às condições de desigualdade estrutural associadas, entre outras, ao contexto da organização do trabalho e às condições de emprego que predominam na atividade. Sustentado numa abordagem metodológica qualitativa, com entrevistas e observação passiva realizadas em quatro escolas e organizações ligadas à população migrante, seu desafio subjacente é ajudar a quebrar as visões estigmatizantes sobre as famílias bolivianas envolvidas nessas práticas, bem como expor as limitações que os atores do sistema educacional encontram para sua abordagem.

El copo y la avalancha: Los estudios sobre Prilidiano Pueyrredón; The Flake and the Avalanche: The Studies About Prilidiano Pueyrredón Masán, Lucas Andrés El siguiente estado de la cuestión se inscribe como parte de una investigación doctoral en curso en la cual abordamos las formas que asumió la sensibilidad visual en el Buenos Aires de 1860 a través de las pinturas de temática rural de Prilidiano Pueyrredón. Por tal motivo, aquí presentamos el rastreo de la literatura referida a sus trabajos pictóricos y la dividimos en dos partes según sus formas de abordaje: los estudios clásicos y los enfoques más recientes.; The following state of affairs is inscribed as part of an ongoing doctoral research in which we address the forms that visual sensitivity assumed in Buenos Aires in 1860 through the rural paintings of Prilidiano Pueyrredón. For this reason we present here the tracing of the literature referring to his pictorial works and we divide it into two parts according to his approaches: the classic studies and the most recent approaches.

Relative expression of genes associated with adhesion to bovine mammary epithelial cells by Streptococcus uberis Fessia, Alumine Soledad; Dieser, Silvana Andrea; Renna, Maria Sol; Raspanti, Claudia Gabriela; Odierno, Liliana Mónica Streptococcus uberis is one of the most prevalent environmental pathogens of bovine mastitis. Biofilm growth ability by S. uberis looks to depend first upon the adherence of cells to a surface. The S. uberis ability to adhere to mammary gland epithelia might provide an advantage to colonize the lactating mammary gland. The objectives of this study were (a) to select S.uberis strains according to their ability to form biofilm, (b) to determine adherence to and internalization into MAC-T cells and (c) to investigate the expression profile adherence genes in these S. uberis strains. For the assays, the MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cell line was used. Relative expression of genes acdA, lmb, scpA, sua, fbp and lbp was quantified by RT-qPCR. We observed that the RC38 strain from clinical bovine mastitis showed in the six genes higher values than control in both conditions. While the strain with greater ability to adhere, from clinical mastitis and biofilm producer (RC29) evidenced higher values in group 1 (G1) (bacteria after the initial contact with MAC-T cells) and decrease in group 2 (G2) (both adhered and internalized bacteria) than control. Strains with a moderate or strong capacity for biofilm production showed significantly lower relative expression values in the G2. In all adherence associated genes, strain RC19 showed relative expression values incremented in G1, while in G2 decreased expression. In conclusion, we did not find a single profile of relative expression because the relative expression levels of each gene differed depending on the strain and the co-culture stage of S. uberis cells from which RNA was obtained.

Giardia spp., the most ubiquitous protozoan parasite in Argentina: Human, animal and environmental surveys reported in the last 40 years Rivero, Maria Romina; Feliziani, Constanza; de Angelo, Carlos Daniel; Tiranti, Karina Ivana; Salomón, Oscar Daniel; Touz, Maria Carolina Giardia is a parasite distributed worldwide and one of the most prevalent intestinal protozoa in Argentina. We analysed all the national information regarding the prevalence of Giardia infections in humans, animals and environmental surveys over the last 40 years. In this work, we used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines and the period between 1980 and 2019 was defined as time lapse for inclusion of the studies. The analysis was conducted using the LILACS, PubMed, Scopus and Argentina SciELO databases employing as keywords ‘Giardia’ AND ‘Argentina’. We also carried out a manual review of papers. Of 304 articles, 92 fitted the eligibility criteria. Giardia was reported in 15 of the 23 Argentine provinces; human prevalence was between 3.4 and 64.8%. Indigenous children and residents in peri-urban areas had the higher infection rates. In animals, Giardia was identified mainly in dogs with a prevalence of 8.9 ± 7.0%, and studies of wild animals and cattle were notably scarce. Environmental studies showed that Giardia was detected in the soil and water which may act as reservoirs for this parasite revealing the need to modify the national water treatment legislation. The identification of Giardia genetic assemblages in the studies analysed was limited and showed that genotypes AII and B were found in humans while assemblage B was mainly detected in animals. This report provides useful information on epidemiological aspects of giardiasis in Argentina that may help to define future research priorities and provides useful tools for professionals regarding actual information on the prevalence of this infection.