Pensamientos de primer orden; First order thoughts Aguilera, Mariela Uno de los argumentos en favor de la dependencia entre lenguaje y conceptos descansa en la premisa de que la posesión de conceptos involucra pensamientos de segundo orden y éstos, a su vez, requieren lenguaje. Este trabajo se centra en una variante de este argumento formulada por José Luis Bermúdez. Sostendré que aun cuando el pensamiento de segundo orden suponga competencia lingüística, no es necesario aceptar esa premisa. Propondré, en cambio, dos condiciones alternativas para la posesión de conceptos, la identificación y la generalidad. Si bien ninguna de ellas conlleva el pensamiento de segundo orden, en forma conjunta reflejan importantes aspectos del pensamiento conceptual.; One argument for the interdependence of language and concepts relies on the assumption that concept possession involves second order thoughts, which in turn are language dependent. This paper focuses on a recent version of this argument formulated by José Luis Bermúdez. It claims that even though second order thought involves linguistic competence, the above assumption is not compelling. Instead, two different conditions for concept possession are proposed, identification and generality. Although none of them involves second order thought, together they highlight important features of conceptual thinking.

Epigenetics of Insulin Resistance: An Emerging Field in Translational Medicine Sookoian, Silvia Cristina; Pirola, Carlos Jose In this article, we review the current knowledge of and recent insights into the role of epigenetic factors in the development of insulin resistance (IR), with emphasis on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PPARGC1A or PGC1α) methylation on fetal programming and liver modulation of glucose-related phenotypes. We discuss the pathogenesis of IR beyond the integrity of β-cell function and illustrate the novel concept of mitochondrial epigenetics to explain the pathobiology of metabolic-syndrome-related phenotypes. Moreover, we discuss whether epigenetic marks in genes of the circadian rhythm system are able to modulate insulin/glucose-related metabolic functions and place hypoxia inducible factor 1 α (HIF1α) as a part of the master CLOCK gene/protein interaction network that might modulate IR. Finally, we highlight relevant information about epigenetic marks and IR so that clinicians practicing in the community may envision future areas of medical intervention and predict putative biomarkers for early disease detection.

Maritrema orensense and Maritrema bonaerense (Digenea: Microphallidae): descriptions, life cycles, and comparative morphometric analyses Alda, Maria del Pilar; Bonel, Nicolás; Hechinger, Ryan F.; Martorelli, Sergio Roberto We elucidate the life cycle of Maritrema orensense for the first time and experimentally confirm that of the sympatric Maritrema bonaerense. In Argentinean estuaries, both species parasitize the cochliopid snail Heleobia australis as first intermediate host, the grapsid crabs Neohelice granulata and Cyrtograpsus angulatus as second intermediate hosts, and gulls as definitive hosts. Here, we describe the daughter sporocysts and cercariae of M. orensense and redescribe these stages for M. bonaerense. Sporocysts of M. orensense are shorter, with fewer developed cercariae than M. bonaerense. The cercariae of M. orensense have longer, larger, and more undulating cephalic glands than M. bonaerense. We redescribe metacercariae and adults of both species and compare them with the previous descriptions. Intestinal ceca length, vitellaria shape and extension, and egg size are the most relevant characteristics in metacercariae and adults for differentiating the species. Hence, the detailed morphological description and comparative analyses of morphometrics obtained from natural and experimental infections permit clear differentiation of M. orensense and M. bonaerense at each life stage.

La democracia Argentina entre "el miedo" y "la esperanza". Apuntes sobre el lugar del cuerpo y las emociones en los procesos políticos. Lisdero, Pedro Matías Nos proponemos pensar la relación entre cuerpos-emociones e instituciones políticas. Para ello, exploramos brevemente un caso puntual (el terrorismo de estado en Argentina) como vía para comprender cómo operan ciertas emociones sociales (miedo-culpa-resignación), construidas históricamente, en tanto condiciones (posibles) de la experiencia política.

A Distinct Tetradentate N2O2-type Ligand: (o-Carboranyl)bis(2- hydroxymethyl)pyridine Di Salvo, Florencia; Teixidor, Francesc ; Viñas, Clara ; Giner Planas, José A new chiral racemic ligand (o-carboranyl)bis(2-hydroxymethyl) pyridine oCB(hmpH)2, that is composed of a central o-carborane unit where two arms radiate out of the cluster carbons each one containing a 2-pyridylmethylalcohol chelating arms, provides two potentially bidentate {NO} or one tetradentate {N2O2} binding pockets. An unprecedented octahedral CoII complex CoCl2(antioCB( hmpH)2] was obtained under aerobic conditions and characterized by X-ray crystallography as well as IR and NMR spectroscopy. anti-oCB(hmpH)2 acts as a tetradentate N2O2-ligand affording the complex as a racemic mixture of cis-alpha-DELTA-[CoCl2(RR-antioCB(hmpH)2)] and LAMBDA-[CoCl2(SS-anti-oCB(hmpH)2)]. The new ligand oCB(hmpH)2 appears to be suitable for producing a variety of new chiral-at-metal complexes.

Curcumin/Gd Loaded Apoferritin: A Novel "Theranostic" Agent To Prevent Hepatocellular Damage in Toxic Induced Acute Hepatitis Cutrin, Juan Carlos; Geninatti Crich, Simonetta; Burghelea, Diana; Dastrù, Walter; Aime, Silvio Apoferritin has been exploited to deliver simultaneously therapeutic and imaging agents (loaded into its internal cavity) to hepatocytes as this protein is efficiently taken up from blood by hepatocyte scavenger receptor class A type 5 via the ferritin transporting route. To this purpose the protein has been loaded with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent GdHPDO3A and curcumin, a polyphenolic substance endowed with multiple pharmacological actions, namely: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic. Curcumin and GdHPDO3A loaded apoferritin has been used with the aim to attenuate the thioacetamide-induced hepatitis together with the evaluation by MRI of drug delivery efficiency. Mice pretreated by intraperitoneal administration showed significantly attenuated hepatic injury as assessed by measuring alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in plasma and by histology assessment. The encapsulation of curcumin inside the apoferritin cavity significantly increases its stability and bioavailability while maintaining its therapeutic anti-inflammatory properties.

A re-evaluation of morphological characters of the invasive ascidian Corella eumyota reveals two different species at the tip of South America and in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica Alurralde, Roque Gastón; Torre, Luciana; Schwindt, Evangelina; Castilla, Juan C.; Tatian, Marcos The native solitary ascidian Corella eumyota Traustedt, 1882) is commonly found in the Southern Hemisphere in the cold-temperate waters of the Subantarctic and Antarctic regions. Its recent spread into the Northern Hemisphere throughout the NE Atlantic gave the species the status of invasive. Together with its widespread distribution, reports on its wide variability (several distinct morphological characters, genetic discontinuities and also possible misidentifications) cast doubt on the taxonomic status of different populations of this species. This work, based on the observation, quantification and analysis of specific morphological characters in specimens collected at five different localities of South America and Antarctica, strongly indicates that there are two different species: C. eumyota from South America and Corella antarctica Sluiter, 1905) from Antarctica, which has been till now considered a junior synonym of the former. The species clearly differ in the arrangement of the gonadal ducts, the size of the larvae and the shape of the anus, among other characters. Morphological variation displays a defined, discrete grouping supporting a clear differentiation into two species. This result shows the need for careful inspection of specimens to avoid wrong interpretations in a context of changes of marine biota due to biological invasions.

Biofilm Inhibition of Spoilage Bacteria by Argentinean Fruit Juices with Antihypertensive Activity Vallejo, Claudia Veronica; Aredes Fernández, Pedro Adrián; Farias, Marta Elena; Rodriguez Vaquero, Maria Jose Argentinean juices have been studied for their antihypertensive activity, the inhibition of bacteria biofilm formation and the effect on the viability of wine yeast. The influence of phenolic compounds on these activities was evaluated. These studies are the first step for the development of a new type of wine that includes grape must supplement with fruit juices with antihypertensive effect. All juices posses a high antihypertensive activity, higher than 50%. Strawberry juices and eureka lemon showed the highest activity, whereas clarified juices posses the lowest activity. All studied juices produce a high inhibition of bacteria biofilm formation, and the strawberry, orange and mandarin varieties not affect the growth or viability of yeast. Our results permit to conclude that it could be possible the use of these juices in a new type of wine or as a source of new antihypertensive agents for pharmaceutical industry.

First record of gastroliths associated with elasmosaur remains from La Colonia Formation (CampanianeMaastrichtian), Chubut, Patagonia Argentina, with comments on the probable depositional palaeoenvironment of the source of the gastroliths O'gorman, Jose Patricio; Salgado, Leonardo; Cerda, Ignacio Alejandro; Gasparini, Zulma A gastrolith set, comprising 197 elements, associated with an indeterminate elasmosaurid plesiosaur collected from the CampanianeMaastrichtian La Colonia Formation, Chubut, Argentina, is described. Most of the gastroliths are discoidal (41.9%) or spheroidal (34.8%), with a mean Maximum Projection Sphericity Index value of 0.69 and a mean OP Index value of 0.74. The values of these indices are compared with those recorded for gastroliths associated with other Upper Cretaceous elasmosaurids to see if patterns with palaeobiological relevance are evident. The mean values of the Maximum Projection Sphericity Index and the Oblate-Prolate Index allow us to infer a fluvial or estuarine origin for all the elasmosaurid gastroliths for which these indices have been calculated. This inference is palaeobiologically informative because it indicates that at least some Upper Cretaceous elasmosaurs entered into estuarine (or fluvial) environments. It also helps explain the interesting vertebrate assemblage of the Allen and La Colonia formations where a rich continental fauna is recorded but elasmosaurids and polycotylids are the only well represented vertebrates with marine affinities.

El Estatuto del Servicio Doméstico y sus antecedentes: debates en torno a la regulación del trabajo doméstico remunerado en la Argentina Tizziani, Ania Pese a ser una de las principales formas de empleo femenino urbano, el servicio doméstico representa, en Argentina, una de las actividades más relegadas, tanto en términos de las condiciones de trabajo como de su marco regulatorio. Las trabajadoras domésticas son una de las últimas categorías que se incorporan en las instituciones de protección social y al derecho laboral, a través del llamado "Estatuto del Servicio Doméstico", dictado en 1956, que es el que aún está en vigencia. Existen, sin embargo, algunos antecedentes de regulaciones referidas a esta ocupación. El antecedente más importante está constituido por un proyecto de ley elaborado por una legisladora del partido peronista, que fue debatido y aprobado en la cámara de diputados en septiembre de 1955. Nos interesa, en este artículo, analizar este proceso de incorporación del trabajo doméstico remunerado dentro del derecho laboral a través de la puesta en diálogo de estas dos iniciativas. El objetivo es estudiar algunas de las tensiones a las que dio lugar la regulación del servicio doméstico, que están atravesadas por problemáticas más globales que conciernen el trabajo de las mujeres, los roles femeninos tradicionales y las relaciones de género y clase.; Despite being one of the main female occupations, domestic service represents, in Argentina, one of the most neglected, both in terms of working conditions and its regulatory framework. Domestic workers are one of the last categories that are incorporated in the institutions of social protection and labor law, through the Estatuto del Servicio Doméstico, enacted in 1956. There are, however, some previous regulations related to this occupation. The most important antecedent consists of a project presented by a legislator of the Peronist party, in September 1955. In this paper, we analyze the process of incorporation of paid domestic work within the labor law through the comparison of these two initiatives. The aim is to study some of the tensions originated by this regulation, which are crossed by more global issues concerning women's work, traditional female roles and gender and class relations.

First description of natural Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys infections in dogs from Argentina Eiras, Diego Fernando; Craviotto, María Belén; Vezzani, Dario; Eyal, Osnat; Baneth, Gad Bacteria belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family are vector transmitted agents that affect a variety of vertebrate hosts including the tick-borne pathogens Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys, which cause canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and cyclic thrombocytopenia, respectively. These two infections, typically reported from tropical and sub-tropical regions, have not been previously reported in dogs from Argentina. A total of 86 blood samples from dogs with suspected rickettsial disease and 28 non-suspected dogs were studied. Analysis included evaluation of hematological findings, PCR for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species and sequencing of the positive PCR products. E. canis was detected in the blood of six dogs and A. platys in eighteen. All the dogs categorized as non-suspected were negative by PCR. Co-infection with Hepatozoon canis and Babesia vogeli was documented. This first report of E. canis and A. platys infections in dogs from Argentina indicates that these tick-borne infections have a considerably broader range than previously recognized in South America.

Silver deposition on polypyrrole films electrosynthesized in salicylate solutions González, Belén; Brugnoni, Lorena Inés; Vela, Maria Elena; Saidman, Silvana Beatriz This work is a study of the immobilization of silver species in polypyrrole films electrosynthesized in salicylate solutions. The obtained coatings were characterized by electrochemical and surface analysis techniques. It is proposed that the presence of salicylate in the polymer plays a crucial role in allowing the inmobilization of silver species. The modified electrode presents antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

Cerebellar Stroke Impairs Executive Functions But Not Theory of Mind Roca, María; Gleichgerrcht, Ezequiel; Ibáñez Barassi, Agustín Mariano; Torralva, Teresa; Manes, Facundo Francisco Even though cerebellar activation has been described during theory of mind (ToM) tasks in neuroimaging studies, no previous studies have investigated ToM in group of patients with cerebellar strokes. In the present study we assessed 11 patients with cerebellar infarction on a variety of executive tests and with the Faux Pas test of ToM. Even if cerebellar patients showed significant deficits on executive tasks relative to a control group, no significant differences were found between the groups on the Faux Pas test. This is the first group study to demonstrate that focal cerebellar lesions don't affect ToM.

Techniques for Measuring Aerosols using the Central Laser Facility at the Pierre Auger Observatory Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Ahlers, M.; Ahn, E. J.; Albuquerque, I. F. M.; Allekotte, Ingomar; Almela, Daniel Alejandro; Asorey, Hernán Gonzalo; Ávila, G.; Bertou, Xavier Pierre Louis; Dasso, Sergio Ricardo; de la Vega, Gonzalo Andrés; Dova, Maria Teresa; Etchegoyen, Alberto; Figueira, Juan Manuel; Filevich, Alberto; Gamarra, R. F.; Fuster, Alan Ezequiel; Garcia, Beatriz Elena; Gitto, J.; Golup, Geraldina Tamara; Gómez Albarracín, Flavia Alejandra; Gomez Berisso, Mariano; Gómez Vitale, P. F.; Guardincerri, Yann; Hampel, Matias Rolf; Hansen, Patricia Maria; Harari, Diego Dario; Jarne, Cecilia Gisele; Josebachuili Ogando, Mariela Gisele; Kleinfeller, J.; Mariazzi, Analisa Gabriela; Marin, J.; Masías Meza, Jimmy Joel; Melo, Diego Gabriel; Micheletti, Maria Isabel; Mollerach, Maria Silvia; Moreno, Juan Cruz; Pallotta, Juan Vicente; Piegaia, Ricardo Nestor; Pieroni, Pablo Emanuel; Platino, Manuel; Ponce, Victor Hugo; Quel, Eduardo Jaime; Ravignani Guerrero, Diego; Ristori, J.; Rodriguez Martino, Julio César; Rodriguez Rojo, J.; Roulet, Esteban; Rovero, Adrian Carlos; Sanchez, Federico Andrés; Sato, R.; Schröder, F. G.; Sciutto, Sergio Juan; Sidelnik, Iván Pedro; Suarez, Federico; Squartini, R.; Supanitsky, Alberto Daniel; Tapia Casanova, Alex Marcelo; Tiffenberg, Javier Sebastian; Wahlberg, Hernan Pablo; Wainberg, Oscar Isaac; Wundheiler, Brian; Zepeda, A.; Zhou, J.; Zhu, Y.; Zimbres Silva, M.; Ziolkowski, M. The Pierre Auger Observatory in Malargüe, Argentina, is designed to study the properties of ultra-high energy cosmic rays with energies above 1018eV. It is a hybrid facility that employs a Fluorescence Detector to perform nearly calorimetric measurements of Extensive Air Shower energies. To obtain reliable calorimetric information from the FD, the atmospheric conditions at the observatory need to be continuously monitored during data acquisition. In particular, light attenuation due to aerosols is an important atmospheric correction. The aerosol concentration is highly variable, so that the aerosol attenuation needs to be evaluated hourly. We use light from the Central Laser Facility, located near the center of the observatory site, having an optical signature comparable to that of the highest energy showers detected by the FD. This paper presents two procedures developed to retrieve the aerosol attenuation of fluorescence light from CLF laser shots. Cross checks between the two methods demonstrate that results from both analyses are compatible, and that the uncertainties are well understood. The measurements of the aerosol attenuation provided by the two procedures are currently used at the Pierre Auger Observatory to reconstruct air shower data.

Changing trends in the management of end-stage neuromuscular respiratory muscle failure: recommendations of an international consensus Bach, John R.; Gonçalves, Miguel R.; Hon, Alice; Ishikawa, Yuka; de Vito, Eduardo; Prado, Francisco; Dominguez, Maria Eugenia OBJECTIVE: Respiratory management of patients with end-stage respiratory muscle failure of neuromuscular disease has evolved from no treatment and inevitable respiratory failure to the use of up to continuous noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilatory support (CNVS) to avert respiratory failure and to permit the extubation of "unweanable" patients without tracheostomy. An international panel experienced in CNVS was charged by the 69th Congress of the Mexican Society of Pulmonologists and Thoracic Surgeons to analyze changing respiratory management trends and to make recommendations. DESIGN: Neuromuscular disease respiratory consensuses and reviews were identified from PubMed. Individual respiratory interventions were identified; their importance was established by assessing the quality of evidence-based literature for each one and their patterns of use over time. The panel then determined the evidence-based strength for the efficacy of each intervention and made recommendations for achieving prolonged survival by CNVS. RESULTS: Fifty publications since 1993 were identified. Continuous positive airway pressure, oxygen therapy, bilevel positive airway pressure used at both low and high spans, "air stacking," manually assisted coughing, low pressure (<35 cm H2O) and high pressure (≥40 cm H2O) mechanically assisted coughing, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation part time (<23 hrs per day) and full time (>23 hrs per day; CNVS), extubation and decannulation of ventilator-dependent patients to CNVS, and oximetry feedback for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and mechanically assisted coughing were identified. All noted interventions are being used with increasing frequency and were unanimously recommended to achieve prolonged survival by CNVS, with the exception of supplemental oxygen and continuous positive airway pressure, which are being used less and were not recommended for this population. CONCLUSIONS: CNVS and extubation of unweanable patients to CNVS are increasingly being used to prolong life while avoiding invasive interfaces.

Tim Ingold, neo-materialismo y pensamiento pos-relacional en antropología Silla, Rolando Jesús Introducción al Dossier "Materialidad y Agencia: un debate con la obra de Tim Ingold".

La conceptualización agambeniana de la historia: hacia una arqueología benjaminiana; The Agambenian conceptualization of history: towards a Benjaminian archaeology Taccetta, Natalia Roberta Giorgio Agamben intenta explorar las condiciones para alguna experiencia futura. Releyendo el ensayo Sobre el programa de la filosofía venidera (1917) de Walter Benjamin, identifica el núcleo de la relación entre experiencia y conocimiento. En ese breve texto, se explicitan las tareas principales del pensamiento y la necesidad de unificar la exigencia de la legitimación del conocimiento y la exigencia de la experiencia. A partir de esta premisa, en este artículo se intenta repensar la experiencia a partir de la noción de "juego" y vincular el planteo agambeniano con una suerte de arqueología benjaminiana de la historia. El artículo se inscribe en las discusiones sobre filosofía de la historia contemporánea y, de modo más específico, en el ámbito de la relación entre experiencia e historia, tan caro al último Benjamin y al Agamben de los ensayos de Experiencia y pobreza.; Giorgio Agamben tries to explore de conditions for some future experience. Rereading Walter Benjamin’s essay about the future philosophy (1917), Agamben identifies the core of the relationship between experience and knowledge. In that short text, Benjamin explicates the main tasks of thinking and the need to unify the requirement of knowledge and experience. From this premise, this article attempts to rethink the experience from the notion of «play» and link the Agambenian proposition with a sort of Benjaminian archeology of history.

Synthesis and thermal reactivity of 3-benzyl-7-trifluoromethyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazole-2,2-dioxide Peláez, Walter José; Pinho e Melo, Teresa M.V.D. The generation and reactivity of 1-benzyl-5-trifluoromethyl-azafulvenium methide are described. Under microwave induced pyrolysis this intermediate could be trapped by dipolarophiles acting as a 4π as well as 8π dipole. It was observed that with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate the 1,3-dipolar cycloadduct was the major product whereas with N-substituted maleimides the major product results from the addition across the 1,7-position. FMO analysis of the cycloadditions corroborated the rationalization of the observed reactivity. Quantum chemical calculations carried out at the DFT level of theory allowed the rationalization of the stereoselectivity observed in the cycloaddition of 1-benzyl-5-trifluoromethyl-azafulvenium methide with N-substituted maleimides. The study revealed that exo-cycloaddition is the main reaction path for the 1,7-cycloaddition, while the endo-approach is the main mode of reaction leading to 1,3-cycloadducts. In addition, under flash vacuum pyrolysis or conventional thermolysis, 1-benzyl-5-trifluoromethyl-azafulvenium methide undergoes an allowed suprafacial sigmatropic [1,8]H shift leading to the efficient formation of 2-methyl-1-styryl-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrrole.

Development Patterns of Executive Functions in Children Canet Juric, Lorena; Richard's, Maria Marta; Introzzi, Isabel Maria; Andrés, María Laura; Urquijo, Sebastian Executive Functions (EF) exercise control over an individual’s conduct and thinking through a set of functionally independent processes, among which are cognitive flexibility (reactive and spontaneous), working memory and planning. The development patterns of these components appear to have stages of acceleration and deceleration during childhood. Studies analyzing their development in Spanish-speaking children were not found in our area. Therefore, this study will analyze the development patterns of the cited executive functions with the objective of establishing relationships and comparisons, and identifying the stages of acceleration and stagnation for each component. The study’s sample consists of 274 schoolchildren between the ages of 6 and 8 (119 in first grade, 61 in second grade and 94 in third grade). Participants were evaluated using the following instruments from the Neuropsychological Assessment of Children test battery (known by the acronym ENI in Spanish): Verbal Fluency (semantic and phonemic); Cognitive Flexibility; Mexican Pyramid; and Backward Digit Span. Three different development patterns were detected, as well as different interactions between the executive components. Additionally, three empirical types were established based on the patterns and relationships between components.

The Structure, Energy, Confinement, and Enhancement of Hot Spots between Two Nanoparticles Perassi, Eduardo Marcelo; Coronado, Eduardo A. Hot spots (HSs) between two nanoparticles (NPs) can be considered the canonical example of plasmonic coupling effects and are able to achieve huge enhancements of signals from molecules in fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy. In this work, it is found that these HSs between two NPs can be modeled as a superposition of sub-HSs that are located on the surface of each NP of the pair, a fact that can be important to describe plasmon coupling effects. The analyzed HSs are almost fully characterized by means of their energy, degree of localization, and mean enhancement, quantities that are able to give a measure of their performance. It is demonstrated that the interplay between the energy and degree of localization is what actually determines the enhancement in a general way, that is, HSs with similar energy could have a large/small enhancement depending on their degree of localization.