Nombres de lugares y personas con f en la provincia de los diaguitas (Gobernación de Tucumán, siglos XVI-XVIII) Gentile, Margarita Elvira A partir de observaciones de Samuel Lafone Quevedo (1898), María Rostworowski (1985, 1992), y el propio registro etnoarqueológico, se presenta y estudia la posibilidad de la presencia de poblaciones yungas en la provincia de los diaguitas, y que los mismos fueron transterrados desde la costa norte del Perú luego que Topa Inca Yupanqui conquistara ambas regiones para el Cusco.; From observations of Samuel Lafone Quevedo (1898), María Rostworowski (1985, 1992) and ethnoarchaeological record itself is presented and considering the possibility of the presence of Yungas in the provincia de los diaguitas, and that they were deported from the north coast of Perú after Topa Inca Yupanqui conquered both regions to Cusco.

Modelo dinámico de batería de sodio sulfuro para su aplicación en microredes; Dynamic model of sodium sulphur battery for application in microgrids Sarasua, Antonio Ernesto; Molina, Marcelo Gustavo; Mercado, Pedro Enrique Hoy en día, además de la tendencia a utilizar fuentes renovables de energía, existe también una tendencia a operar estas unidades en una forma descentralizada de modo que sean capaces, si es necesario, de trabajar independientemente o en forma aislada del resto del sistema de potencia. Estos sistemas se denominan microredes (MGs). Cuando se utilizan fuentes de energías renovables, basadas principalmente en la radiación solar o el viento, el problema que normalmente se enfrenta son las fluctuaciones y la naturaleza intermitente de estos recursos. En el caso de las MGs este problema es particularmente crítico dada la capacidad que deben tener de trabajar en forma aislada. Para operar con seguridad la MG normalmente se utiliza una combinación de varios tipos de generadores y también se hace uso de almacenamiento de energía para mantener el equilibrio de la potencia activa. Entre los nuevos sistemas de almacenamiento, las baterías de sodio-sulfuro (NAS) se consideran adecuadas para llevar a cabo diversas tareas de seguridad en las MGs. Las baterías del tipo NAS tienen son capaces de almacenar gran cantidad de energía y densidad de potencia por unidad de volumen y también pueden proporcionar energía tanto en el corto como en el largo alcance. Sin embargo, el inconveniente que estas baterías tienen es que hay pocos modelos que representan fielmente su comportamiento dinámico. Para un estudio adecuado de la seguridad de MGs usando baterías tipo NAS, es necesario identificar el comportamiento dinámico de estas baterías con un modelo preciso. Este artículo presenta el modelado detallado y simulación dinámica de un dispositivo de almacenamiento tipo NAS para su uso en microredes. También se describe el sistema de acondicionamiento de potencia (DSTATCOM) que se utiliza para conectar la batería NAS con la MG y la estrategia de control. Por último, el modelo de la batería NAS se implementa en el entorno de MATLAB / Simulink, poniéndolo a prueba en una microred.; Nowadays, in addition to a tendency to the use of renewable energy sources, there is also the tendency to operate these units in a decentralized manner so that they are able, if necessary, to work independently or in isolation from the rest of the power system. These systems are called microgrids (MGs). When using renewable energy sources, mainly based on solar radiation or wind, the problem is mainly the fluctuating and intermittent nature of these resources. In the case of MGs, this problem is particularly critical given the need of the ability to work in isolation. To operate MGs safely, a combination of several types of generators and also energy storage should be used to maintain the balance of active power. Among the new storage systems, sodium sulphur batteries (NAS) are considered suitable to perform various security tasks in MG. NAS batteries have a high energy and power density per unit volume and they can also provide energy in both the short and long range. However, the disadvantage of these batteries is that there are few models that genuinely represent their dynamic behavior. For a proper study of the security of MGs using NAS battery, it is necessary to identify their dynamic performance with an accurate model. This paper presents the detailed modeling and dynamic simulation of a NAS battery storage for use in MGs. It also describes the power conditioning system (DSTATCOM) used to connect the NAS battery with the MG and the control strategy. Finally, a NAS battery model was implemented in the environment of MATLAB/Simulink, and then tested in a microgrid system.

Relationship between energy allocation and gametogenesis in Aulacomya atra (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in a sub-Antarctic environment; Relación entre reproducción y asignación de energía en Aulacomya atra (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) en un ambiente sub-antártico Pérez, Analía Fernanda; Boy, Claudia Clementina; Curelovich, Jessica Natalia; Pérez Barros, Patricia; Calcagno, Javier Ángel Gametogenesis and temporal variation in energy allocation to different organs were analyzed in Aulacomya atra from the Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). Our results show that A. atra presents an extended spawning period from late winter to spring when the lowest value of mantle-gonad index (MGI) and maximum number of spawned individuals were observed. The MGI in mature males increased as the energy density of the mantle-gonad (EDMG) decreased, indicating an increase in mass of lower energy values. In contrast, the MGI in mature females increased as EDMG increased, indicating an increase in mass of higher energy values. Consequently, males and females reached a similar energy content of the mantle-gonad (ECMG) by means of different strategies: males have gonads of larger size but with lower energy by unit of mass than females. Besides, we observed a decrease in the digestive gland index (DGI) in concordance with an increase in the MGI of mature individuals, and a trend towards the depletion of ED and EC in the digestive gland during gonadal maturation. Our results evidence the role of the digestive gland as an energy reservoir and a different energy allocation strategy between sexes during gonadal maturation.; Se analizó la gametogénesis y la variación temporal en la asignación de energía a diferentes órganos de Aulacomya atra del Canal Beagle (Tierra del Fuego). El periodo de desove de A. atra se extendió desde el final del invierno hasta la primavera, cuando el MGI (Índice gónada-manto) resultó mínimo y el número de individuos desovados, máximo. En los machos maduros el incremento del MGI coincidió con un descenso en la densidad energética del manto-gónada (EDMG), lo que está relacionado con un aumento de masa con menor energía. En hembras maduras el incremento de MGI se relaciona con un aumento de masa con valores más altos de energía, que determina el aumento de la EDMG. Durante la maduración gonadal existen diferentes estrategias de asignación de energía en ambos sexos, aunque se alcanza similar contenido de energía en el manto-gónada; los machos mantienen gónadas más grandes, pero con menos energía por unidad de masa que las hembras. Además, en los individuos maduros desciende el valor del índice de la glándula digestiva (DGI), incrementa el MGI, y tiende a la depleción de la ED y del contenido energético, sugiriendo que este órgano actuaría como reservorio de energía.

La producción política del espacio: el problema de la praxis; The political production of space: the problem of praxis Velázquez Ramírez, Adrián El artículo tiene un doble objetivo: por un lado, dar cuenta del estatuto teórico de la relación entre orden social, poder y espacio. Por el otro, preguntarse sobre cómo se piensa la praxis desde esta relación. Para ello, partiremos de la definición de espacio que propone la geógrafa inglesa Doreen Massey, centrándonos en el concepto de “geometría del poder”. Esta revisión nos permitirá especificar los problemas teóricos a los que uno llega si se piensa la práctica política desde el punto de vista del espacio. Si asumimos que el espacio político está compuesto por múltiples relaciones de poder, toda praxis debe pensarse como una transformación del espacio, lo cual nos conduce a ciertas aporías que enfrentan a la práctica con sus propios límites. El artículo reflexiona sobre estos argumentos e intenta abonar a líneas interpretativas que permitan pensar el efecto que la práctica política tiene dentro del espacio en el que surge.; The article has a dual objective: on the one hand, to be aware of the theoretical statute of the relation between social order, power and space, and on the other, to ask how to conceive praxis from this perspective. The study will begin with the definition of space proposed by the English geographer, Doreen Massey, which centers on the concept of the “geometry of power.” This review will make it possible to specify the theoretical problems reached when one thinks of political practice from the viewpoint of space. If it is assumed that political space is composed of multiple relationships of power, all praxis should be considered as a transformation of space, which leads to certain puzzles that confront practice with its own limits. The article reflects on these arguments and tries to offer some interpretative lines that permit thinking about the effect political practice has within the space where it arises.

Modelos determinísticos y probabilísticos para la estimación de la carga de nitratos en una cuenca rural; Deterministic and probabilistic models for the estimation of nitrate loads in a rural basin Gelmi, Mónica Edith; Seoane, Rafael Santiago En este trabajo se desarrolló un modelo probabilístico que utiliza la teoría de la función de densidad de probabilidades derivada para estimar la carga media anual de nitratos transportada por el escurrimiento superficial, utilizando una relación funcional entre el escurrimiento y la carga de nitratos. El modelo determinístico hidrológico y de calidad de agua denominado Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins - Water Quality (SWRRB-WQ) fue utilizado para estimar la carga de nitratos en el escurrimiento superficial. Este modelo emplea como variable de entrada la precipitación diaria observada en la Estación del Aeropuerto de Olavarría durante el período 1988 a 2002. Para la calibración del modelo se aplicó una nueva metodología que estima la incertidumbre en los valores observados. Ambos modelos probabilístico y determinístico se aplican en una subcuenca rural del arroyo Tapalqué (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina) y finalmente se comparan los valores de la carga de nitratos estimados con los dos modelos con las observaciones realizadas en la sección del arroyo motivo de este estudio. Los resultados muestran que la carga media de nitratos obtenida con el modelo probabilístico es del mismo orden de magnitud que los valores medios observados y estimados con el modelo hidrológico y de calidad de agua SWRRB-WQ.; In this work a new probabilistic model was developed. The new model applies the derived density function theory to estimate nitrate mean annual load transported by surface runoff. A functional relationship between runoff and nitrate load was used. The deterministic hydrologic and water quality model Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins - Water Quality (SWRRB-WQ) was used to estimate nitrate load in surface runoff. This model uses, as input variable, daily precipitation observed at Olavarría Airport Meteorological Station, for the 1988-2002 period. For model calibration a new method that estimates uncertainty in observed values is applied. Both probabilistic and deterministic hydrologic models are applied in a rural subbasin of Tapalqué River (province of Buenos Aires, Argentina). Finally, estimated and observed nitrate loads are compared at the outlet section of the subbasin under study. The results of applying the selected probabilistic model show that the mean nitrate loads obtained, are of the same order of magnitude that the mean nitrate loads observed and estimated with he SWRRB-WQ hydrologic and water quality model.

Arqueología del chaco meridional: nuevos aportes a la comprensión de la dinámica cultural chaqueña prehispánica Lamenza, Guillermo Nicolás; Santini, Mariano El Chaco meridional encierra una notable diversidad biológica cultural la cual ha configurado una estrecha vinculación del hombre con su ambiente. En este trabajo se aborda la relación hombre-ambiente desde un enfoque antropológico integral, considerando un rango temporal que incluye al Holoceno tardío con una circunscripción espacial que remite al ámbito del Chaco argentino. Se presenta una síntesis arqueológica regional y se integra nueva información producto del análisis de los materiales recuperados en las últimas investigaciones con el objetivo de contribuir a la comprensión de la dinámica cultural chaqueña en tiempos prehispánicos.

Patrones tonales, generalización por clases, y representación de la tonalidad: un modelo de cognición tonal dependiente del contexto y del aprendizaje; Tonal patterns, class generalization, and tonality representation: a model of tonal cognition based on context and learning Anta, Juan Fernando En el presente artículo se revisan dos modelos de cognición tonal ampliamente difundidos en la literatura psicomusicológica: el de la acumulación de clases de eventos y el de los vectores de clases de intervalos. Se argumenta luego que tales modelos presentan aspectos críticos sustanciales, particularmente en lo que se refiere a cómo proponen que se infiere y se representa la tonalidad. El mayor problema estribaría en que asumen que la tonalidad es representada en términos de clases de elementos musicales, clases de eventos o de intervalos, respectivamente; este es un aspecto problemático porque dichas clases de elementos pueden no tener realidad cognitiva en la mente musical de los oyentes. Atendiendo a esto, se formula aquí un nuevo modelo de cognición tonal, fundado no en la idea de ?clases de elementos? sino en la idea de una inferencia y generalización progresiva del sentido tonal. Según el modelo propuesto, la tonalidad sería inferida a partir de los elementos contenidos en los contextos musicales considerados, y luego representada en términos de áreas tonalmente activas cuyo tamaño y perfil interno de activación dependen tanto del contexto musical de referencia como del nivel de formación musical del oyente.; In this paper, two well-known models of tonal cognition are reviewed: the distributional model and the interval classes’ vectors (or functional) model. It is argued that these models have some intrinsic problems, particularly about how they propose that tonality is induced and mentally represented. The main problem would be that both of them assume that tonality is represented in terms of classes of musical elements, classes of pitches or classes of pitch intervals, respectively; this is a problem because these classes of elements may not have cognitive reality in listeners’ musical mind. Hence, a model of tonal cognition is proposed that is not based on the idea of ‘class of elements’, but on the idea of inference and progressive generalization of tonal sense. According to this model, tonality would be inferred from the actual elements contained in the musical context being perceived and, finally, it would be represented in terms of tonally active areas whose size and internal profile depend on both musical context and listener’s musical training.

Nuevos registros de Proconiini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) de la Argentina; New records of Proconiini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Argentina Dellapé, Gimena; Paradell, Susana Liria Acrogonia citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Molomea confluens (Melichar), Tretogonia dentalis Emmrich, and Propetes schmidti Melichar are recorded for the first time from Argentina, being the first mention of the genus Propetes Walker in the country. Diagnosis, geographical distribution, and aspects of the biology or phytosanitary importance for each species are provided. In addition, geographical distribution in Argentina of another 16 species of the tribe Proconiini is here included.; Acrogonia citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Molomea confluens (Melichar), Tretogonia dentalis Emmrich y Propetes schmidti Melichar, son registradas por primera vez en la Argentina. Esta es la primera mención del género Propetes Walker para el país. Para cada especie se brinda una diagnosis, su distribución geográfica y aspectos de su biología o importancia fitosanitaria. Adicionalmente se amplía la distribución en la Argentina de otras 16 especies de la tribu Proconiini.

Boundaries in the Moyal plane Falomir, Horacio Alberto; Franchino Viñas, Sebastián Alberto; González Pisani, Pablo Andrés; Vega, Federico Gaspar We study the oscillations of a scalar field on a noncommutative disc implementing the boundary as the limit case of an interaction with an appropriately chosen confining background. The space of quantum fluctuations of the field is finite dimensional and displays the rotational and parity symmetry of the disc. We perform a numerical evaluation of the (finite) Casimir energy and obtain similar results as for the fuzzy sphere and torus.

Estrategias en la elevación del agua en la Pampa Chivilcoyana: La Noria de “San Bernardo”; Strategies in water lift in Pampa Chivilcoyana: La Noria of “San Bernardo” Caggiano, Maria Amanda; Dubarbier, Virginia Este trabajo constituye un aporte al rescate del patrimonio rural del partido de Chivilcoy (Argentina). A través del relevamiento de campo efectuado en la estancia “San Bernardo”, de las investigaciones arqueológicas emprendidas y del análisis de documentos históricos (mensuras, inventarios y sucesiones) vinculados a esas tierras, ofrecemos un acercamiento al estudio de los mecanismos de obtención de agua del siglo XIX. Esta investigación la iniciamos a partir del hallazgo de elementos deteriorados que formaron parte de una noria de tracción a sangre, localizados en el casco de la centenaria estancia que perteneció, hacia la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, al Dr. José Benjamín Gorostiaga. El objetivo de esta indagación se centró en reseñar los instrumentos relacionados con la extracción y almacenamiento de agua y dilucidar el funcionamiento de la noria, testimonios de una pretérita tecnología hidráulica.; This paper constitutes a contribution to rescue the rural heritage of the Chivilcoy district (Argentina). By means of the field survey made in “San Bernardo” ranch, the archaeological research undertaken and the analysis of historical documents related to these fields (measurements, inventories and successions), we present an approach to the study of the mechanisms for water withdrawal during the 19th Century. This investigation started with the finding of deteriorated elements which form part of the animal-drawn waterwheel, which were placed in the farmhouse and the surrounding areas of the centenary ranch, which belonged to Dr. José Benjamín Gorostiaga during the second half of the 19th Century. The purpose of this investigation was focused on the description of the instruments related to the extraction and storage of water, as well as on elucidating the functioning of the waterwheel; all these instruments are testimonies of an ancient hydraulic technology.; Este trabalho constitui uma colaboração ao resgate do patrimonio rural do partido de Chivilcoy (Argentina). Através do relevamento de campo efetuado na fazenda “San Bernardo”, das investigações arqueológicas lançadas e da análise dos documentos históricos (medições, inventarios, sucessões) ligados à destas terras, oferecemos uma aproximação ao estudo dos mecanismos de obtenção de água do século XIX. Esta investigação a iniciámos a partir do achado de elementos deteriorados que fizeram parte de uma roda de água de tração para sangue, localizados no capacete de uma fazenda centenária que pertenceu, até a segunda metade do século XIX, ao Dr. José Benjamín Gorostiaga. O objetivo desta pesquisa centrou-se em de resenhar os instrumentos relacionados com a captação e armazenagem de agua e elucidar o funcionamento da nora, testemunho de uma pretérita tecnología hidráulica.

Digital pulse processing in Mössbauer spectroscopy Veiga, Alejandro Luis; Grunfeld, C. M. In this work we present some advances towards full digitization of the detection subsystem of a Mössbauer transmission spectrometer. We show how, using adequate instrumentation, preamplifier output of a proportional counter can be digitized with no deterioration in spectrum quality, avoiding the need of a shaping amplifier. A pipelined architecture is proposed for a digital processor, which constitutes a versatile platform for the development of pulse processing techniques. Requirements for minimization of the analog processing are considered and experimental results are presented.

Exact predictions from the Edwards ensemble versus realistic simulations of tapped narrow two-dimensional granular columns Irastorza, Ramiro Miguel; Carlevaro, Carlos Manuel; Pugnaloni, Luis Ariel We simulate, via a discrete element method, the tapping of a narrow column of disks under gravity. For frictionless disks, this system has a simple analytical expression for the density of states in the Edwards volume ensemble. We compare the predictions of the ensemble at constant compactivity against the results for the steady states obtained in the simulations. We show that the steady states cannot be properly described since the microstates sampled are not in correspondence with the predicted distributions, suggesting that the postulates of flat measure and ergodicity are, either or both, invalid for this simple realization of a static granular system. However, we show that certain qualitative features of the volume fluctuations which are difficult to predict from simple arguments are captured by the theory.

Discrete second order constrained Lagrangian systems: first results Borda, Nicolás; Fernández, Javier; Grillo, Sergio Daniel We briefly review the notion of second order constrained (continuous) system (SOCS) and then propose a discrete time counterpart of it, which we naturally call discrete second order constrained system (DSOCS). To illustrate and test numerically our model, we construct certain integrators that simulate the evolution of two mechanical systems: a particle moving in the plane with prescribed signed curvature, and the inertia wheel pendulum with a Lyapunov constraint. In addition, we prove a local existence and uniqueness result for trajectories of DSOCSs. As a first comparison of the underlying geometric structures, we study the symplectic behavior of both SOCSs and DSOCSs.

Insects found on Araujia species (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) in Argentina; Insectos hallados en especies de Araujia (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) en Argentina Carpintero, Diego Leonardo; Testoni, Daniel The results of a survey of the natural enemies of moth plant or “tasi”, species of Araujia (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), present in Argentina are shown in this paper. 57 species of insects were recorded of which 17 are cited as natural enemies of these species for the first time. Their specificity was determined and their potential use as biological control agents for Araujia hortorum Fourn. was hypothesized. Pseudosphex noverca Schaus (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae), is recorded for the first time in the Buenos Aires province, Argentina.; Los resultados de un estudio de los enemigos naturales de las "planta polilla" o "tasi", especies del género Araujia (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), que se encontraron en Argentina se presentan en este documento. Se registraron 57 especies de insectos, 17 de las cuales son citadas como enemigos naturales de estas plantas por primera vez. Se determinó su especificidad y se planteó la hipótesis de su uso potencial como agentes de control biológico para Araujia hortorum Fourn. La especie Pseudosphex noverca Schaus, (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae), se cita por primera vez para la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Comparative dissolution studies of albendazole oral suspensions for veterinary use González Vidal, Noelia Luján; Starkloff, Walter Javier; Bentancor, Silvia; Castro, Silvina Gabriela; Suárez, Gonzalo Pablo; Palma, Santiago Daniel Helminth infections are a major health problem mainly in developing countries, and the evidence of emerging resistance to all the major antihelminthics has been recognized in the field of animal husbandry. Albendazole (ABZ) is the most effective broad-spectrum antihelminthic agent. The biggest problem with this drug is its low aqueous solubility, which leads to an erratic availability and great intraindividual variation in the levels reached in different tissues. As with other poorly soluble compounds, the dissolution rate is likely to be contingent on the formulation and may lead to differences in performance among different products available in the market. In previous studies, drastic pharmacokinetic differences were observed among ABZ formulations (oral suspensions) in the Uruguayan market. These samples were evaluated in vitro in terms of ABZ content and dissolution profiles, as well as the effect of increasing agitation speeds on the dissolution rate. The in vitro dissolution rate of formulation A was seriously affected by the increase in agitation speed, and in the case of formulation B, it did not fulfill both essential quality requirements (drug content and dissolution profile). Further studies may be carried out to correlate the suspension quality with its therapeutic effectiveness.

Plant heat shock protein 90 as carrier-adjuvant for immunization against a reporter antigen Corigliano, Mariana Georgina; Fenoy, Ignacio Martín; Sander, Valeria Analía; Maglioco, Andrea Florencia; Goldman, Alejandra; Clemente, Marina Here, we evaluated the modulation of the immune response induced by Hsp90 of Nicotiana benthami-ana (NbHsp90.3) against the Maltose Binding Protein (MBP) as a reporter antigen. Equimolar quantitiesof recombinant proteins were administered in mice as follows: MBP alone (MBP group), a mixture ofMBP and rNbHsp90.3 (MBP + rNbHsp90.3 group) and the fusion of MBP to rNbHsp90.3 (MBP-rNbHsp90.3group). The covalent linkage between NbHsp90.3 and MBP to bring a fusion protein was essential toinduce the strong specific antibody response with predominance of IgG2a. Eighty-four days after the firstimmunization, splenocyte proliferation from MBP-rNbHsp90.3-immunized mice was consistently higherthan that from MBP and MBP + rNbHsp90.3 groups. In addition, splenocytes from MBP-rNbHsp90.3 immu-nized mice produced higher levels of IFN- than controls. Finally, both formulations with rNbHsp90.3significantly enhanced the MHC class I expression levels, but only rNbHsp90.3 covalent bound to MBPinduced a specific cellular immune response against MBP measured as increased percentage of CD8+Tcells. Taken together, these results suggest that plant HSP90s could be incorporated as adjuvants in vac-cines that require the generation of a Th1 response along with a CD8 cytotoxic cell response to conferimmunity.

Spatial analysis of Aedes aegypti immatures in Northern Argentina: Clusters and temporal instability Garelli, Fernando Miguel; Espinoza, Manuel O.; Gurtler, Ricardo Esteban The objective of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of Aedes aegypti immatures based on four entomological surveys that inspected over 6000 households in a large neighborhood of the city of Clorinda between 2007 and 2008. Global and local spatial point pattern analyses of immature presence or absence, habitat quality (estimated using a previously obtained statistical model) and pupal production were performed. Global analyses showed aggregation of both infestation and habitat quality up to 10 times bigger than previously described, ranging from 150 to 400 m between surveys. Pupal production was also clustered but at smaller scales than infestation presence/absence. The location ofthe clusters was temporally unstable between surveys. There was no spatial structure related to the control strategy; lots treated with temephos and lots uninspected (i.e., closed or refusing) were randomly distributed. These results suggest a combination of exogenous (the aggregation of better quality habitats) and endogenous (dispersal) processes explaining the observed patterns of larger-scale infestation. A spatial targeting strategy at the neighborhood scale would not be as cost-effective in Clorinda as in other sites where stable smaller-scale clusters permit the identification of key premises.

Mercado de trabajo y condicionamiento por color de piel en grandes centros urbanos de la Argentina de Grande, Pablo Ernesto; Salvia, Hector Agustin La discriminación por aspecto físico, y más en particular, el trato diferenciado hacia personas cuyos rasgos remiten a un origen entendido como indígena o no-europeo, constituye un problema escasamente tratado en los estudios de la desigualdad en la Argentina. Esta carencia, sumada a la falta de una articulación en las explicaciones de estos mecanismos relacionados con las desigualdades derivadas de las condiciones de clase, con frecuencia opacan el estudio del fenómeno profundizando sus efectos de invisibilidad. En este sentido, se mantienen ocultas las dificultades que afrontan quienes poseen estos rasgos para sobreponerse a prejuicios que reeditan cotidianamente principios racistas que asocian los rasgos nativos con la delincuencia, la falta de capacidades y saberes y, en términos generales, con la inferioridad socialmente entendida. En este artículo se investiga la incidencia del trato desigual basado en el aspecto físico –en particular, en el color de piel– sobre los logros laborales en una muestra de 2.500 personas de grandes centros urbanos de la Argentina en el año 2007. La discriminación por rasgos físicos, como efecto de la persistencia de principios operativos basados en la racialización de las interacciones sociales, pone de manifiesto la continuidad de principios jerárquicos, simbó- licos y materiales que obstruyen la posibilidad de una mayor igualdad en el desarrollo cotidiano de las condiciones de vida de las personas.; Discrimination by aspect, and more particularly, differential treatment for people whose appearance is classified as indigenous or non-European, is a problem rarely addressed in studies of inequality in Argentina. Moreover, the explanation of these mechanisms is often not related to inequalities derived from class conditions. As a consequence, discrimination by physical aspect (skin color) in Argentina remains unnoticed for most academic and public knowledge, “invisible”. Therefore, all the troubles faced by people who possess these traits stay unseen or overlook. Such unequal treatment, it is worth noting, is rooted in racist principles toward native people (indigenous) associating them with crime, lack of personal capacities and knowledge, and in general, socially inferior. This article investigates the impact of unequal treatment based on physical appearance –in particular skin color– in labor achievements in a sample of 2.500 people in large urban centers of Argentina in 2007. The discrimination based on physical aspect, as an effect of mechanisms based in the racialization of social interactions, shows the continuity of symbolic and material hierarchizing principles that obstruct the possibility of greater equality in the daily development of the conditions of people's lives.

Redes personales y locus de control en centros urbanos de la Argentina; Personal networks and locus of control in large urban centers of Argentina de Grande, Pablo Ernesto El presente estudio se propone analizar la relación entre la representación del locus de control y las estructuras de vínculos interpersonales en la Argentina. A partir de una muestra (n=1500) de hogares representativa de siete grandes centros urbanos (>200 mil habitantes) se examina la relación entre la externalidad del locus de control y diferentes aspectos de las redes personales de cada participante. Los resultados muestran que a mayor cantidad de relaciones disponibles se encuentran niveles inferiores de externalidad del locus de control, así como también menores niveles de externalidad al disponerse de lazos interpersonales fuera del barrio y con vínculos de nivel socioeducativo alto. En este sentido, se verifican asociaciones significativas entre representación de control del entorno y estructuras vinculares.; This study analyzes the relationship between locus of control and interpersonal relations structures in Argentina. After a representative sample (n = 1500) of households in seven major urban centers (>200,000 inhabitants), it examines the relationship between the externality of locus of control and different aspects of personal networks of each respondent. The results show that people having more relations experiment lower levels of externality of locus of control. Likewise, lower levels of externality are informed when personal ties outside the neighborhood are available, as well as ties high educational level. In this regard, significant associations are verified between control and personal relations structures.

On the multi-Koszul property for connected algebras Herscovich Ramoneda, Estanislao Benito In this article we introduce the notion of multi-Koszul algebra for the case of a locally finite dimensional nonnegatively graded connected algebra, as a generalization of the notion of (generalized) Koszul algebras defined by R. Berger for homogeneous algebras, which were in turn an extension of Koszul algebras introduced by S. Priddy. It also extends and generalizes the definition recently introduced by the author and A. Rey. In order to simplify the exposition we consider the minimal graded projective resolution of the algebra A as a bimodule, which may be used to compute the corresponding Hochschild (co)homology groups. This new definition includes several new interesting examples, e.g. the super Yang-Mills algebras introduced by M. Movshev and A. Schwarz, which are not generalized Koszul or even multi-Koszul for the previous definition given by the author and Rey. On the other hand, we provide an equivalent description of the new definition in terms of the Tor (or Ext) groups, and we show that several of the typical homological computations performed for the generalized Koszul algebras are also possible in this more general setting. In particular, we give an explicit description of the A_infinity-algebra structure of the Yoneda algebra of a multi-Koszul algebra. We also show that a finitely generated multi-Koszul algebra with a finite dimensional space of relations is a K_2 algebra in the sense of T. Cassidy and B. Shelton.