Energy and carbon footprints of chicken and pork from intensive production systems in Argentina Arrieta, Ezequiel Martín; Gonzalez, Alejandro Daniel Due to the heterogeneity and complexity of food systems, there is a need to increase the knowledge on environmental impacts of regional productions by performing studies in a transparent manner, so that researchers could compare and accurately adapt such data to assess mitigation strategies. With the exception of beef, chicken and pork are the most consumed meats in Argentina and their consumption is expected to continuing increasing. However, despite the growing importance of chicken and pork industry, no studies on environmental impact of these products have been conducted to date in this country. Performing a life cycle inventory with data derived from government statistical publications, academia and communications with industry, the present study aims to investigate the energy and carbon footprints per ton of live weight (LW) of chickens and pigs from intensive production systems at farm gate in Argentina. In addition, we discussed in detail the effects on energy and carbon footprints of two animal diets which comprise different soybean by-products commonly used in animal husbandry, namely expeller-extruded soybean meal and solvent-extracted soybean meal and oil. We found that the energy and carbon footprint at farm gate for chicken was 13.6–15.1 GJ/ton LW and 2.03–2.22 ton CO 2 -eq/ton LW, for pigs in hoop systems 23.2–24.0 GJ/ton LW and 5.14–5.17 ton CO 2 -eq/ton LW, and for pigs in confinement systems 23.6–24.2 GJ/ton LW and 6.06–6.45 ton CO 2 -eq/ton LW, respectively. The choice of expeller-extruded soybean meal or solvent-extracted soybean meal and oil as feed ingredients showed small differences on the energy and carbon footprints of chickens and pigs.

Energy and carbon footprints of food: Investigating the effect of cooking Arrieta, Ezequiel Martín; Gonzalez, Alejandro Daniel Energy and carbon footprints of foods are of much concern, since food systems account for nearly one third of energy use and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. Due to the complexity of mass variations in food processing and the diversity of appliances used in household cooking, most studies on energy and carbon footprints were performed from cradle to farm gate or wholesale stages. However, life cycle studies considering food preparation are important to assess environmental impacts related to both consumer practices and food characteristics. In the present work, we performed an experimental study that involved cooking of 18 foods consumed in Argentina; we report the energy consumption, GHG emissions and mass changes associated with the process. We also defined a nutritional footprint indicator, which allowed us to obtain the energy use and GHG emissions per unit of nutrient content instead of per unit of weight (e.g. per kg of food). We studied the cases of beef, wheat-based bread and soybeans, which represent the three analyzed food groups, to assess the impact of cooking on the cradle-to-table energy and carbon footprint. Our results showed that the relative impact of including the cooking stage in the energy and carbon footprints depends on the analyzed food item, with the impact being more important for plant-based than for meat products. Thus, a reduction in the footprint gap between plant-based and animal-based foods was found.

A connection between reversible tyrosine phosphorylation and SNARE complex disassembly activity of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor unveiled by the phosphomimetic mutant N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-Y83E Ruete, María Celeste; Zarelli, Valeria Eugenia Paola; Masone, Diego Fernando; de Paola, Maria Matilde; Bustos, Diego Martin; Tomes, Claudia Nora N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) disassembles fusion-incompetent cis soluble-NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes making monomeric SNAREs available for subsequent trans pairing and fusion. In most cells the activity of NSF is constitutive, but in Jurkat cells and sperm it is repressed by tyrosine phosphorylation; the phosphomimetic mutant NSF-Y83E inhibits secretion in the former. The questions addressed here are if and how the NSF mutant influences the configuration of the SNARE complex. Our model is human sperm, where the initiation of exocytosis (acrosome reaction (AR)) de-represses the activity of NSF through protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)-mediated dephosphorylation. We developed a fluorescence microscopy-based method to show that capacitation increased, and challenging with an AR inducer decreased, the number of cells with tyrosine-phosphorylated PTP1B substrates in the acrosomal domain. Results from bioinformatic and biochemical approaches using purified recombinant proteins revealed that NSF-Y83E bound PTP1B and thereupon inhibited its catalytic activity. Mutant NSF introduced into streptolysin O-permeabilized sperm impaired cis SNARE complex disassembly, blocking the AR; subsequent addition of PTP1B rescued exocytosis. We propose that NSF-Y83E prevents endogenous PTP1B from dephosphorylating sperm NSF, thus maintaining NSF's activity in a repressed mode and the SNARE complex unable to dissociate. The contribution of this paper to the sperm biology field is the detection of PTP1B substrates, one of them likely being NSF, whose tyrosine phosphorylation status varies during capacitation and the AR. The contribution of this paper to the membrane traffic field is to have generated direct evidence that explains the dominant-negative role of the phosphomimetic mutant NSF-Y83E.

Subordination Tarski algebras Celani, Sergio Arturo In this work we will study Tarski algebras endowed with a subordination, called subordination Tarski algebras. We will define the notion of round filters, and we will study the class of irreducible round filters and the maximal round filters, called ends. We will prove that the poset of all round filters is a lattice isomorphic to the lattice of the congruences that are compatible with the subordination. We will prove that every end is an irreducible round filter, and that in a topological subordination Tarski algebra A, every irreducible round filter is an end iff A is a monadic subordination Tarski algebra. As corollary of this result we have that the variety of monadic Tarski algebra can be characterised as the topological Tarski algebras where every irreducible open filter is a maximal open filter.

A shift of ecosystem engineers during the succession of an intertidal benthic community associated with natural and anthropogenic disturbances Llanos, Elizabeth Noemi; Becherucci, Maria Eugenia; Garaffo, Griselda Valeria; Vallarino, Eduardo Alberto Temporal variation and sewage pollution were assessed on the recruitment of two benthic ecosystems engineer species during an experimental succession. The re-colonisation of the spionid polychaete Boccardia proboscidea and the mussel Brachidontes rodriguezii reached a maximum cover recruitment of 80 % after 12 and 20 weeks, respectively in plots cleared in spring. While in plots cleared in autumn B. proboscidea remained dominant from the initial re-colonisation to final successional stages. The settlement of the green algae Ulva hookeriana was facilitated by B. rodriguezii. The spionid polychaete had an abundance peak during spring, replacing B. rodriguezii and dominated the sewage-polluted area. However, the mussel returned to be the dominant species after a wind-wave–storm. An environmental disturbance like the documented storm was an important structuring factor of the studied community, with implications on the intertidal diversity, as it may change the dominance of the ecosystem engineers in the local sewage-impacted area.

La inclusión financiera en América Latina y Europa; Financial Inclusion in Latin America and Europe Orazi, Sofia; Martinez, Lisana Belén; Vigier, Hernan Pedro La inclusión financiera definida como el nivel de acceso y uso de servicios financieros constituye un tema incipiente en la literatura y de gran importancia para el desarrollo de sistemas económicos estables e inclusivos. El presente estudio propone analizar la forma en que se agrupan un conjunto de países de América Latina y Europa en cuanto a sus niveles de inclusión financiera y la trayectoria de estos grupos en los años 2011, 2014 y 2017, utilizando los datos de la base Global Findex. El método de análisis es de clúster jerárquicos. Se observa la persistencia de dos grandes conglomerados de países, de alta y baja inclusión financiera, y algunos grupos más dinámicos, con niveles intermedios de acceso y uso de servicios financieros. Mientras que el grupo de alta inclusión financiera, integrado por la mayoría de los países de Europa, se ha mostrado más homogéneo a través de los años, la agrupación de los países de América Latina ha sido más dinámica. Aquellos países que han implementado políticas públicas integradas, en cuanto a la promoción y financiación de la inclusión financiera, se han destacado por una mejor trayectoria en estos años.; Financial inclusion is defined as the level of access and use of financial services and is an incipient subject in literature. It is of major importance in the development of sustainable and inclusive economic systems. The present study aims to analyze the way in which a group of Latin American and European countries are clustered together in terms of their levels of financial inclusion and the performance of these groups between 2011, 2014 and 2017, using data from the Global Findex database. The analysis method is hierarchical clustering. It is observed that there are two large groups of countries, one of high and another of low financial inclusion, and some other more dynamic groups with intermediate levels of access and use of financial services. While the group with high financial inclusion, formed by most of the European countries, has been more homogeneous over the years, the clustering of Latin American countries has been more dynamic. Those countries that have implemented integrated public policies, in terms of the promotion and funding of financial inclusion, have had a remarkably better performance in these years.

Destruir para desarrollar: Ciencia natural y desigualdad en el ordenamiento patagónico; Destruction in the name of development: Natural science and inequality in patagonian territorial planning; Destruir para desenvolver: Ciência natural e desigualdade no ordenamento territorial patagônico Lema, Carolina; Nuñez, Paula Gabriela El artículo profundiza la crítica sobre el discurso científico que fundamentó el modelo de desarrollo patagónico desde fines del siglo XIX a principios del siglo XX. Se observa cómo la construcción de lo nacional se apoya en el conocimiento experto, interpelando el saber técnico desde la apropiación y significación política. Se discuten antecedentes historiográficos que vincularon este conocimiento con la lógica utilitarista, buscando evidenciar como la producción científica impactó fuertemente en el ordenamiento social y moral de un territorio que se incorporó de forma tardía y desigual a la organización del Estado. Esta hipótesis se sostendrá mediante la lectura cruzada de escritos de naturalistas y de figuras emblemáticas de la planificación de la apropiación y desarrollo patagónico del período.; The problem of unequal territorial integration in the Argentinean Patagonia has been widely studied. This article analyzes the interactions between national and scientific rhetorics in the understanding and design of the Patagonian territory, which allows for the interpellation of scientific technical knowledge from the perspective of its political significance. The paper seeks to broaden the academic register and further the critique of the scientific discourse that grounded the development model for the Argentinean Patagonia from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th. It discusses the historiographical background that linked knowledge to utilitarian logic, based on a cross-referenced analysis of writings by naturalists and emblematic figures of planning of the appropriation and Patagonian development during the analyzed period. It shows the strong impact of scientific production on the social and moral planning of a territory that was incorporated late and unequally into the organization of the State. In Patagonia, the national rhetoric describes its progress in terms of a future promise, defining everything that exists there, persons, plants, and animals, as obstacles to the fulfillment of that promise.; A desigual integração territorial na Patagônia argentina é um problema amplamente estudado. Neste artigo, analisa-se como as retóricas nacionais e científicas se fusionam na compreensão e no desenho do território patagônico, o que permite questionar o saber técnico-científico a partir de sua significação política. Procurase ampliar o registro acadêmico e aprofundar a crítica sobre o discurso científico que fundamentou o modelo de desenvolvimento na Patagônia argentina desde o final do século xix até o início do xx. São discutidos antecedentes historiográficos que vincularam o conhecimento com a lógica utilitarista, por meio de uma análise cruzada de textos naturalistas e figuras emblemáticas do planejamento da apropriação e do desenvolvimento patagônico do período analisado. Evidencia-se como a produção científica impactou com força o ordenamento social e moral de um território que foi incorporado de forma tardia e desigual à organização do Estado. A retórica nacional, na Patagônia, remete seu progresso a uma promessa futura, localizando tudo o que existe, pessoas, plantas e animais, como obstáculo a essa promessa.

No linealidades y efectos umbral en la relación capital humano-crecimiento económico; No linearities and threshold effects in the human capital-economic growth relationship; Não linearidades e efeitos de limiar na relação capital humano-crescimento econômico Rojas, Mara Leticia; Monterubbianesi, Pablo Daniel; Dabús, Carlos Darío El trabajo analiza la relación capital humano-crecimiento (considerado al primero mediante un enfoque amplio que involucra salud y educación) para 86 países en el periodo 1960-2010. El objetivo es evaluar la presencia de no linealidades y efectos umbral mediante técnicas de panel paramétricas y semi-paramétricas. Los resultados muestran: a) evidencia notoria de no linealidades en la educación, con un rango de valores medios de educación (e ingresos) para los cuáles la relación es negativa (efectos umbral); b) evidencia de no linealidades para la salud, aunque el efecto es más suave y c) gran dispersión en la relación educación - crecimiento a niveles medios y altos de ingresos.; This paper analyzes the relationship between human capital and growth (consider-ing the first through a broad approach involving health and education) for 86 coun-tries from 1960-2010. The objective is to evaluate the presence of nonlinearities and the threshold effects by using parametric and semiparametric panel techniques. The results show: a) well-known evidence of nonlinearities in education, with a range of average values of education (and income) for which the relation is negative (threshold effects); b) evidence of nonlinearities for health, although the effect is smoother; and c) great dispersion in the education–growth relationship at medium and high levels of income.; Este artigo analisa a relação capital humano-crescimento (considerando o pri-meiro com um enfoque amplo que involve saúde e educação) para 86 países no período de 1960 a 2010. O objetivo é avaliar a presença de não linearidades e efei-tos de limiar mediante técnicas de paineis paramétricos y semiparamétricos. Os resultados mostram a) evidência notória de não linearidades na educação, com um intervalo de valores médios de educação (e ingressos) para os quais a relação é negativa (efeitos de limiar); b) evidência de não linearidades para a saúde, ainda que o efeito seja mais suave; e c) grande dispersão na relação educação-cresci-mento a níveis médios e altos de ingressos.

Juventudes en plural, territorios en transformación. Hacia un estado del arte de los estudios sobre juventudes rurales en Argentina Schmuck, María Emilia El artículo se propone aportar al estado del arte de los estudios sobre juventudes rurales en Argentina. Se trata de un trabajo en estado preliminar que parte del señalamiento de la invisibilización social de las juventudes rurales y su marginalidad en los estudios sociales. A través de una revisión y análisis bibliográfico, identifica tres grandes líneas de investigaciones sobre juventudes rurales desarrolladas en el país en los últimos veinte años: los ?primeros estudios? de alcance nacional; los estudios ?por regiones? y los estudios ?de caso/en caso?, profundizando en los modos de construir el sujeto de estudio, sus aportes específicos y áreas de vacancia.

Immune status during postpartum, peri-implantation and early pregnancy in cattle: An updated view Velázquez, Melisa María del Luján; Peralta, María Belén; Angeli, Emmanuel; Stassi, Antonela Florencia; Gareis, Natalia Carolina; Durante, Leandro Ivan; Cainelli, Sofía; Salvetti, Natalia Raquel; Rey, Florencia; Ortega, Hugo Hector Throughout the estrous cycle the mammalian endometrium undergoes morphological and functional changes that are essential for the establishment of pregnancy and proper ovarian and uterine functions. Among these changes, the most important are alterations in both inter- and intracellular signalling molecules, many of which modulate immune processes. In the endometrial tissue there are local innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific/acquired) response mechanisms which vary because of the endocrine status during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and postpartum period. Endometrial cells have responses that support the immune system by producing pro-inflammatory factors such as cytokines, sensors, effector molecules and chemokines. This response is important during gestation, pregnancy, and fetal growth, as well as in preventing infection, and immuno-rejection of the semi-allogeneic embryo. In dairy cows, both before and immediately after calving, there are marked changes in the values for hormonal and metabolic variables and the immune status is impaired. Thus, in several studies there has been assessment of the physiological and/or abnormal maternal immune changes and possible effects on dairy cow reproductive performance. The objective with this review is to summarize the novel information about the immune mechanisms involved during the postpartum period, subsequent peri-implantation period and pregnancy in dairy cows, and the possible effects on reproductive performance. This information provides for an enhanced understanding of the local and systemic immune responses associated with the metabolic and hormonal status of dairy cows, and alterations in the immune system of high producing cows and the possible effects on subsequent fertility.

Spatial relationships among free-living cururos (Spalacopus cyanus) demonstrate burrow sharing and communal nesting Lacey, Eileen Anne; O´Brien, Shannon L.; Sobrero, Raul Eduardo; Ebensperger, Luis A. Spatial relationships among conspecifics can provide insights into numerous aspects of social behavior. Spatial data may be particularly important for characterizing the behavior of difficult-to-study species such as subterranean rodents, direct observations of which are challenging. To characterize the social organization of the cururo (Spalacopus cyanus), a subterranean species in the rodent family Octodontidae, we used radiotelemetry to quantify spatial relationships within populations of this species located in Parque Nacional Bosque Fray Jorge and Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca, Chile. Specifically, we sought to determine if adults in this diurnal species share burrows and subterranean nests, the two criteria typically used to identify subterranean rodents as social. Analyses of radio fixes collected during February?March 2003 revealed that cururos at both Fray Jorge and Yerba Loca shared nighttime nest sites; cluster analyses of these data identified multiple spatially distinct subsets of adults in each population. Overlap of minimum convex polygons constructed from radio fixes collected during daylight hours suggested burrow sharing by animals in both populations. Cluster analyses of overlap values revealed the same spatially distinct groups of individuals identified from analyses of nest sharing; in addition, these analyses revealed one cluster of animals in each population that was not evident from analyses of nighttime data. Collectively, these results confirm that cururos are social, with adults in both study populations sharing burrow systems and communal nests. Our findings add to the growing understanding of social organization in octodontid rodents and reveal a new system for comparative studies of the ecology and evolution of behavioral variation in burrow-dwelling mammals.

Reconstitution reveals how myosin-VI self- organises to generate a dynamic mechanism of membrane sculpting Rogez, Benoit; Würthner, Laeschkir; Petrova, Anastasiia B.; Zierhut, Felix B.; Saczko Brack, Dario; Huergo, María Ana Cristina; Batters, Christopher; Frey, Erwin; Veigel, Claudia One enigma in biology is the generation, sensing and maintenance of membrane curvature. Curvature-mediating proteins have been shown to induce specific membrane shapes by direct insertion and nanoscopic scaffolding, while the cytoskeletal motors exert forces indirectly through microtubule and actin networks. It remains unclear, whether the manifold direct motorprotein–lipid interactions themselves constitute another fundamental route to remodel the membrane shape. Here we show, combining super-resolution-fluorescence microscopy and membrane-reshaping nanoparticles, that curvature-dependent lipid interactions of myosin-VI on its own, remarkably remodel the membrane geometry into dynamic spatial patterns on the nano- to micrometer scale. We propose a quantitative theoretical model that explains this dynamic membrane sculpting mechanism. The emerging route of motorprotein–lipid interactions reshaping membrane morphology by a mechanism of feedback and instability opens up hitherto unexplored avenues of membrane remodelling and links cytoskeletal motors to early events in the sequence of membrane sculpting in eukaryotic cell biology.

A combinatorial analysis of the permutation and non-permutation flow shop scheduling problems Rossit, Daniel Alejandro; Vásquez, Óscar C.; Tohmé, Fernando; Frutos, Mariano; Safe, Martín D. In this paper we introduce a novel approach to the combinatorial analysis of flow shop scheduling problems for the case of two jobs, assuming that processing times are unknown. The goal is to determine the dominance properties between permutation flow shop (PFS) and non-permutation flow shop (NPFS) schedules. In order to address this issue we develop a graph-theoretical approach to describe the sets of operations that define the makespan of feasible PFS and NPFS schedules (critical paths). The cardinality of these sets is related to the number of switching machines at which the sequence of the previous operations of the two jobs becomes reversed. This, in turn, allows us to uncover structural and dominance properties between the PFS and NPFS versions of the scheduling problem. We also study the case in which the ratio between the shortest and longest processing times, denoted ρ, is the only information known about those processing times. A combinatorial argument based on ρ leads to the identification of the NPFS schedules that are dominated by PFS ones, restricting the space of feasible solutions to the NPFS problem. We also extend our analysis to the comparison of NPFS schedules (with different number of switching machines). Again, based on the value of ρ, we are able to identify NPFS schedules dominated by other NPFS schedules.

Oral administration of lipoteichoic acid from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG overcomes UVB-induced immunosuppression and impairs skin tumor growth in mice Friedrich, Adrián David; Campo, Valeria Evelyn; Cela, Eliana Maiten; Morelli, Adrian E.; Shufesky, William J.; Tckacheva, Olga A.; Leoni, Juliana; Paz, Mariela Laura; Larregina, Adriana T.; Gonzalez Maglio, Daniel Horacio There is increasing evidence of the relevant connection and regulation between the gut and skin immune axis. In fact, oral administration of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) prevents the development of UV‐induced skin tumors in chronically exposed mice. Here we aim to evaluate whether this LTA is able to revert UV‐induced immunosuppression as a mechanism involved in its anti‐tumor effect and whether it has an immunotherapeutic effect against cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Using a mouse model of contact hypersensitivity, we demonstrate that LTA overcomes UV‐induced skin immunosuppression. This effect was in part achieved by modulating the phenotype of lymph node resident dendritic cells (DC) and the homing of skin migratory DC. Importantly, oral LTA reduced significantly the growth of established skin tumors once UV radiation was discontinued, demonstrating that it has a therapeutic, besides the already demonstrated preventive antitumor effect. The data presented here strongly indicates that oral administration of LTA represents a promising immunotherapeutic approach for different conditions in which the skin immune system is compromised.

The Scope of Traditional and Geometric Morphometrics for Inferences of Diet in Carnivorous Fossil Mammals Tarquini, Sergio Daniel; Chemisquy, Maria Amelia; Ladeveze, Sandrine; Prevosti, Francisco Juan Molar morphology is one of the most used proxies for paleoecological inferences in mammals. Since the XIX century, several authors associated dental morphological traits with the diet of an animal by means of qualitative and descriptive analyses. More recently, different studies of tooth function have associated various quantitative traits of tooth shape (i.e., morphometric ratios or angles) with the different items consumed by the animal. However, because different inferences of diet for the same species can be found in the literature, it is crucial to study the power of different proxies. In this work, we compared the utility of classic morphometric indices (relative lower grinding area, lower angle and angle α) and three-dimensional landmarks configuration to infer diet. Based on a previously published dataset from our working group, we calculated the classic morphometric indices and performed three classification methods: linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, and weighted random forest. Our results demonstrate that when using the geometric morphometrics approach, the diet of species is better reclassified than when using morphometric indices. Furthermore, intraspecific variation appears fundamental when making paleoecological inferences. In inferring ecological characteristics of extinct animals, studying morphological variation in extant organisms is a safeguard to prevent misinterpretations when reconstructing past ecologies.

Distribution and diversity of leaf-cutting ants in Northeastern Argentina: species most associated with forest plantations Sánchez Restrepo, Andrés Fernando; Jiménez, Nadia Lis; Confalonieri, Viviana Andrea; Calcaterra, Luis Alberto Leaf-cutting ants (LCA) are considered one of the main herbivores and one of the most destructive pest insects of the Neotropics. Northeastern Argentina harbors the greatest species richness of these ants and in turn comprises the highest surface with forest plantations. Our aim was to establish which species of leaf-cutting ants are most commonly associated with forest plantations by analyzing their geographic distribution using published and unpublished species occurrence data. Also, estimate their potential areas of distribution along a latitudinal gradient that entirely encompasses northeastern Argentina using Ecological Niche Modeling. Only seven of the 20 species recorded were strongly associated with productive systems along the gradient, but only 2–3 species in each region could be considered high-risk species for forest plantations. High-risk species composition shows a turnover between regions. Our models show the potential distribution areas where LCA could become more abundant and dominant, and possibly causing a detrimental effect on the forest plantations in the studied region. We find that ecological niche models are useful tools to assess the environmental suitability of important LCA.

Analysis of a southern sub-polar short-term ozone variation event using a millimetre-wave radiometer Orte, Pablo Facundo; Wolfram, Elian Augusto; Salvador, Jacobo Omar; Mizuno, Akira; Bègue, Nelson; Bencherif, Hassan; Bali, Juan Lucas; D'Elia, Raul; Pazmiño, Andrea; Godin Beekmann, Sophie; Ohyama, Hirofumi; Quiroga, Jonathan Javier Subpolar regions in the Southern Hemisphere are influenced by the Antarctic polar vortex during austral spring, which induces high and short-term ozone variability at different altitudes, mainly into the stratosphere. This variation may affect considerably the total ozone column changing the harmful UV radiation that reaches the surface. With the aim of studying ozone with a high time resolution at different altitudes in subpolar regions, a millimetre-wave radiometer (MWR) was installed at the Observatorio Atmosférico de la Patagonia Austral (OAPA), Río Gallegos, Argentina (51.6∘ S, 69.3∘ W), in 2011. This instrument provides ozone profiles with a time resolution of ∼1 h, which enables studies of short-term ozone mixing ratio variability from 25 to ∼70 km in altitude. This work presents the MWR ozone observations between October 2014 and 2015, focusing on an atypical event of the polar vortex and Antarctic ozone hole influence over Río Gallegos detected from the MWR measurements at 27 and 37 km during November of 2014. During the event, the MWR observations at both altitudes show a decrease in ozone followed by a local peak of ozone amount of the order of hours. This local recovery is observed thanks to the high time resolution of the MWR mentioned. The advected potential vorticity (APV) calculated from the MIMOSA high-resolution advection model (Modélisation Isentrope du transport Méso-échelle de l'Ozone Stratosphérique par Advection) was also analysed at two isentropic levels (levels of constant potential temperature) of 675 and 950 K (∼27 and ∼37 km of altitude, respectively) to understand and explain the dynamics at both altitudes and correlate the ozone rapid recovery with the passage of a tongue with low PV values over Río Gallegos. In addition, the MWR dataset was compared for the first time with measurements obtained from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) at individual altitude levels (27, 37 and 65 km) and with the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) installed in the OAPA to analyse the correspondence between the MWR and independent instruments. The MWR–MLS comparison presents a reasonable correlation with mean bias errors of +5 %, −11 % and −7 % at 27, 37 and 65 km, respectively. The MWR–DIAL comparison at 27 km also presents good agreement, with a mean bias error of −1 %.

The use of 3-axial accelerometers to evaluate sound production in European spiny lobster, Palinurus elephas Zenone, Arturo; Ceraulo, Maria; Ciancio Blanc, Javier Ernesto; Buscaino, Giuseppa; D'Anna, Giovanni; Grammauta, Rosario; Mazzola, Salvatore; Giacalone, Vincenzo Maximiliano The European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas emits sound (“rasp”), moving the base of their antennas, as response to the presence of predator and for interspecific communication. During the last decade, three-axial accelerometers have been used to mainly describe diel activity patterns, circadian rhythms and rate of energy consumption of different lobster species, but these devices can also record sound emission in terms of mechanical vibration of carapace. In order to evaluate the efficiency of accelerometers in recording sound production (rasp events and number of pulses inside each rasp) and in discriminating of that from other behavioural events, accelerometers were used in combination with hydrophone and during mesocosm free ranging conditions. Three-axial accelerometers were able to detect sound production events in P. elephas. All the rasp events (n = 405) recorded with hydrophones were also detected by the accelerometers considering its data sampled at different frequency (from 800 Hz to 12 Hz). However, the detection of the number of pulses within each rasp sound decreased with sampling frequency of accelerometer data (median of predictive error for 800 Hz = 0.33; median of predictive error for 12 Hz = 0.65). During mesocosm free condition, three behavioural categories were identified: walk, tail flip, and rasp, the last with averaged (15.16 ± 3.52 m/s2 ) and maximum (29.49 ± 9.37 m/s2 ) values of acceleration significantly higher than the other two. Findings from this study prove that accelerometers register only lobster body vibrations providing a clear signal that is not distorted by other noises in the environment. They also allowed to identify rasps for each tagged lobster, something not possible using hydrophones in both, aquaria or natural habitat. Accelerometer resulted an useful tool to detect behaviours even with low mobility species. Moreover, the possibility to couple accelerometer and other biologging techniques would help to improve our understanding of the behaviour of a large range of free-living species.

Prognostic significance of tumor subtypes in women with breast cancer according to stage: A population-based study Leone, José P.; Leone, Julieta; Zwenger, Ariel; Vallejo, Carlos T.; Leone, Bernardo A. Objectives: The contribution of tumor subtypes (TS) in each stage of breast cancer with the use of contemporary therapies is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in overall survival (OS) by TS according to stage compared with other factors. Materials and Methods: We evaluated women with breast cancer diagnosed between 2010 and 2013 with known estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor (together hormone receptor [HR]) status and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status reported to the SEER program. Patient characteristics were compared between TS. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the effect of each variable on OS. Breast cancer–specific survival was a secondary endpoint. Results: We included 166,054 patients. TS distribution was: 72.5% HR-positive/HER2-negative, 10.8% HR-positive/HER2-positive, 4.8% HR-negative/HER2-positive, and 12% triple-negative (TN). Patients with HR-positive/HER2-negative tumors were older, had a lower grade and presented with the earlier stage (all P< 0.0001). OS was significantly different according to TS in each stage (Pinteraction<0.0001). HR-positive/HER2-negative had the best OS in stage I (3-year OS, 97.2%). In contrast, HR-positive/HER2-positive had the best 3-year OS in stage II (94.5%), stage III (87.8%), and stage IV (54.8%). There was a 40.1% difference in OS at 3 years in stage IV between TN and HRpositive/HER2-positive. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, race, grade, histology, and marital status confirmed these results. Conclusions: Although HR-positive/HER2-negative tumors had better clinicopathologic features, the HR-positive/HER2-positive group had the best OS in most stages. OS was significantly different by TS in each of the 4 stages and these results remained significant in the multivariate model.

Biología reproductiva de Boana pulchella y Boana punctata (Anura: Hylidae) en poblaciones simpátricas de humedales templados; Reproductive biology of Boana pulchella and Boana punctata (Anura: Hylidae) in sympatric populations of temperate wetlands Antoniazzi, Carolina Elizabet; López, Javier Alejandro; Ghirardi, Romina; Armando, Andrea Paola Boana pulchella habita principalmente climas templados y B. punctata principalmente climas tropicales, lo que permitiría suponer la presencia de estrategias reproductivas diferentes, aún en la región en la que sus poblaciones son simpátricas. En el presente estudio se analizaron y compararon los ciclos reproductivos, parámetros reproductivos y desarrollo de cuerpos grasos (CG) de Boana pulchella y B. punctata en humedales templados del río Paraná Medio. Boana pulchella presentó óvulos maduros de marzo a diciembre. En machos no hubo variación del volumen testicular a lo largo del año y el mayor desarrollo de CG de los machos se observó en invierno. Esta especie presentó un patrón reproductivo continuo. La vitelogénesis de B. punctata se inició en enero, alcanzando el mayor desarrollo ovárico en febrero (verano) y decreciendo hacia mayo (otoño). Los machos presentaron crecimiento testicular en verano, decreciendo hacia otoño y los CG presentaron su máximo desarrollo en enero para ambos sexos. Esta especie mostró un patrón reproductivo continuo. Ambas especies presentaron dimorfismo sexual con hembras que poseen una relación proporcional entre la talla y la inversión reproductiva. Boana pulchella presentó un mayor esfuerzo reproductivo (ER = 20,48 ± 12,9) y factor de tamaño ovárico (FTO = 25,73) que B. punctata (ER = 10,06 ± 4,45; FTO = 8,99). También se encontraron diferencias interespecíficas en la masa ovárica, complemento ovárico y volúmen testicular, siendo estas variables proporcionalmente mayores en B. pulchella. Las diferencias observadas en las poblaciones simpátricas podrían relacionarse con el desarrollo de estrategias reproductivas bajo diferentes presiones evolutivas; Boana pulchella mainly inhabits temperate climates while B. punctata mainly inhabits tropical climates, which would allow assuming the presence of different reproductive strategies, even in the region in which their populations are sympatric. In the present study, we analyzed and compared the reproductive cycles, reproductive parameters, and fat bodies development of Boana pulchella and B. punctata inhabiting in sympatry in temperate wetlands of the Middle Paraná River. Boana pulchella presented mature ovaries from March to December. There was no seasonal variation in testicular size of males, and their fat bodies development was greater during winter. This species exhibited a continuous breeding pattern. The vitellogenesis of B. punctata began in January (summer), reaching higher ovarian development in February (summer) and decreasing to May (autumn). Testicles of males grew in summer and decline in autumn. Fat bodies presented their developmental peak in January for both sexes. This species exhibited a prolonged breeding season. Both species showed sexual dimorphism with larger females having a greater inversion in reproduction. Boana pulchella showed greater reproductive effort (RE = 20.48 ± 12.9) and ovarian size factor (OSF = 25.73) than B. punctata (RE = 10.06 ± 4.45; OSF = 8.99). We also found interspecific differences in ovarian mass, ovarian complement, and testicular volume, these variables being proportionally greater in B. pulchella. Observed differences in sympatric populations could reside in the development of reproductive strategies under different evolutionary pressures.