Análisis Exploratorio de Datos Espaciales de los Condicionantes Sociales de la Salud en la cuenca del río Luján, Argentina; Exploratory spatial data analysis of socio-spatials conditioners of health in Lujan river basin, Argentina Buzai, Gustavo Daniel Las actuales tecnologías digitales y particularmente el vínculo entre los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y Sistemas de Ayuda a la Decisión Espacial (ESDA) brindan importantes posibilidades para el tratamiento de la información espacial. Centrado en el Análisis Exploratorio de Datos Espaciales, el presente trabajo aborda el descubrimiento de patrones espaciales de los Condicionantes Socioespaciales de la Salud (CSS) en la cuenca del río Luján, Argentina. Las definiciones conceptuales del marco teórico, las metodologías aplicadas, las representaciones gráficas y los resultados cartográficos obtenidos muestran un hilo conductor de abordajes sucesivos hacia la modelización de las estructuras espaciales subyacentes como componente fundamental de la planificación territorial.; Current digital technologies and, particularly, the relatioship between Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS) provide important possibilities for the treatment of spatial information. Focused on the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, the present work addresses the discovery of spatial patterns of SocioSpatial Conditioners of Health (SCH) in the Luján river basin, Argentina. The conceptual definitions of the theoretical framework, the applied methodologies, the graphic representations and the cartographic results obtained, show a thread of successive approaches towards the modeling of the underlying spatial structures as a fundamental component of territorial planning.

“Cada vez más rápido, cada vez más cerca”. Variaciones de la noción de distancia según la publicidad gráfica de viajes y turismo; "The faster, the closer". Variations of the notion of distance according to graphic advertising on travel and tourism Lois, Carla Mariana; Troncoso, Claudia Aunque la distancia –entendida como el espacio (en general, lineal) que media entre dos puntosno ha variado, la percepción de las distancias se ha visto fuertemente afectada debido a las innovaciones tecnológicas aplicadas a los medios de transporte que ha reducido notablemente los tiempos y los modos de desplazamiento. En este trabajo no analizaremos cómo se redujeron las distancias en función del tiempo necesario para recorrerlas sino cómo ese proceso histórico fue percibido socialmente. Esa dimensión social y cultural del problema en cuestión está asociada a prácticas cotidianas que se manifestaron de muchas maneras diferentes. Una vía de entrada posible a este tema es el análisis de los materiales que registraron aspectos de esa percepción de las distancias y formaron parte de la cultura visual popular de su tiempo. En este caso, se analizan posters publicitarios de empresas de transporte, viajes y turismo, elaborados durante el siglo XX, en tanto éstos abordaron el problema de la distancia explícitamente.; Although distances - understood as the space (in general, linear) between two points - have not changed, the perception of distances has been strongly affected by the technological innovations applied to the means of transport that has notably reduced the times and travel modes. In this paper we will not analyze how distances were reduced in terms of the time needed to travel, but how that historical process was perceived socially. This social and cultural dimension of the problem in question is associated with everyday practices that manifested themselves in many different ways. We will analyze the materials that recorded aspects of that perception of distances and were part of the popular visual culture of their time. In this case, XX Century advertising posters of transport, travel and tourism companies are analyzed as they addressed the distance problem explicitly.

Memes ante el conflicto bélico: El montaje como relación visual de la guerra Winckler, Greta El siguiente trabajo propone pensar la relación entre la experiencia vital/mortal que implica un conflicto bélico y una visualidad propia de la guerra. Para eso se trabaja con una manera particular de vincularse con el campo de lo visible: la técnica del montaje. Es a partir de ésta última que podemos pensar a las imágenes que se abordarán en el presente artículo como una colisión de tiempos heterogéneos. Pensar la experiencia de la guerra es pensar una experiencia del desorden, por lo tanto el campo visual que la instituye y que a la vez ésta ayuda a configurar no puede ser lineal sino fragmentado, ensamblado, estallado. Esto no ocurre en una guerra en particular sino en la experiencia bélica per se. En nuestra cultura visual contemporánea sin embargo encontramos un tipo de imagen que fue utilizada para pensar estos conflictos y contestarlos: el meme, que aquí será puesto en diálogo con otras imágenes aparentemente inconexas pero que forman parte de la genealogía de estas imágenes pobres (H Steyerl) que circulan por las redes sociales y se vuelven virales. Es decir, se abordarán grabados del siglo XIX de Francisco de Goya, los montajes brechtianos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y los memes que circularon durante el conflicto armado en Siria en el cual intervinieron los Estados Unidos, para pensar no sólo el montaje como forma de conocer sino también como parte de una cultura visual de la guerra que nos permite entender que nuestras imágenes están cargadas de tiempo y en esa genealogía y temporalidad compleja además ganan potencia.; The present article intends to explore the relation between war, as a life-and-death experience, as well as the visuality related to it. The latter can be achieved by articulating the visual culture of war with a special technique: the montage. This will allow us to think of the analysed pictures as collisions of heterogeneous temporalities. If the experience war brings about must be thought of as disordered, therefore the visuality that comes with it cannot be a lineal one, but fragmented, shattered and (re)assembled. We are not talking about one particular war, but about the war experience as a whole. However, it is possible to find a special kind of picture within our contemporary visual culture which is often used to reflect on war –as well as to respond against it-: the Internet meme. In this paper, the meme will be put in dialogue with other seemingly unconnected images that are nonetheless part of the genealogy of these poor images (H Steyerl) that circulate through social networks and become viral. This is to say, memes belonging to the ongoing conflict in Syria will be part of a constellation that includes engravings by Francisco de Goya (19th Century) and the collages by Bertolt Brecht during the Second World War, so as to think of the montage as a way of knowing but also as a part of a visual culture of the war. This will help us understand how our images are filled with time and their genealogies, as well as their complex temporality, make them gain power.

El 'se' en español: un caso de gramaticalización del léxico a la forma fonética Carranza, Fernando Martín En este trabajo se discute en qué consiste la gramaticalización del pronombre se del latín al español a la luz de la teoría del se en español moderno como estrategia de reparación en Forma Fonética (Pujalte & Saab 2012 y trabajos posteriores). Para ello, en primer lugar demostramos que la evolución de este pronombre desde el latín clásico al español actual constituye un caso de gramaticalización tal como es definida en el marco de la Teoría de la Gramaticalización esbozada por Lehmann (1985, 2004, 2015). Esto se apoya en evidencia morfo-fonológica –la gradual pérdida de material fonológico, la homogeneización silábica del paradigma pronominal–, sintáctica –su progresiva falta de libertad sintáctica, i.e. su obligatoriedad y aumento de restricciones combinatorias y posicionales– y semántica –su pérdida de significado específico–. Luego de establecer el modo en que esos cambios se producen a lo largo de un recorrido que va del latín clásico al español actual pasando por el latín vulgar y el español medieval, se revisan las clasificaciones de tipos de gramaticalización de Roberts & Roussou (2003) y Kornfeld (2004). Se propone finalmente que, si el análisis del se de Pujalte & Saab (2012) está en lo correcto, debe agregarse a estas tipologías una variante que consiste en la reinterpretación de un elemento que es la manifestación fonológica de un determinado nodo presente en la sintaxis como un elemento de rescate introducido en Forma Fonética.; In this paper I discuss the grammaticalization of the pronoun se from Latin to Spanish considering the Phonetic Form repair strategy theory of se in modern Spanish (Pujalte & Saab 2012). First, I demonstrate that the evolution of this pronoun from Classical Latin to current Spanish has suffered a grammaticalization process, as far as this is conceived in Grammaticalization Theory (Lehmann 1985, 2004, 2015). This conclusion is supported by different kinds of evidence, such as morpho-phonological – gradual loss of phonological material, syllabic homogenization of the pronominal paradigm-, syntactic –progressive lack of syntactic freedom, rising of combinatorial and positional restrictions- and semantic –loss of specific meaning-. After establishing the way in which these changes took place from Classical Latin to current Spanish via Vulgar Latin and Medieval Spanish, the discussion focus on the classifications of grammaticalization kinds proposed by Roberts & Roussou (2003) and Kornfeld (2004). Finally, it is proposed that, if Pujalte & Saab (2012) approach is on the right track, an alternative grammaticalization type should be added to these typologies, which consists in the reinterpretation of an element that is the phonological manifestation of a syntactically visible node as a repair element introduced by Phonetic Form.

The lung microbiome, vitamin D, and the tuberculous granuloma: A balance triangle Balcells, María Elvira; Yokobori, Noemí; Hong, Bo young; Corbett, John; Cervantes, Jorge Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has the extraordinary ability to persist for decades within granulomas in the human host. These histopathological structures involved in both protection and pathogenesis, are subject to various influences from the host systemically and through micro-niche environments. Despite the fact that vitamin D (VD) has a key role in macrophage activation and mycobacterial clearance in the early stages of Mtb infection, the overall role of VD in granuloma maintenance or functionality has been scarcely studied. VD deficiency has long time been known to influence on gut microbiota composition, and recent studies have shown that it can also impact on respiratory microbiome. The human microbiota plays an important role in pathogen colonization resistance, and it has been proposed to play a potential role in TB pathogenesis. In this article, we have reviewed current knowledge on the interaction between VD, the lung microbiome and TB, and propose mechanisms by which the tuberculous granuloma's outcome could be modulated by these two factors. The determinants of the final fate of lung granulomas are still unclear, and deciphering the underlying drivers of Mtb infection outcome within those structures is of critical importance.

El cine de la anti-razón: El debate entre Glauber Rocha y Jean-Luc Godard Oubiña, David Leonardo Para Glauber, el cinema novo era el intento por crear una cultura revolucionaria en un país subdesarrollado, y eso implicaba «crear una especie de anti-Hollywood, en el sentido de que los realizadores pudiesen transformarse en los productores de sus propias películas y que esa industria no tuviese las características represivas o esquemáticas de la industria tradicional». Para Godard, eso era pensar con mentalidad de productor; pero lo cierto es que el cinema novo (que nunca fue un fenómeno masivo) siempre había buscado los puentes que pudieran conectarlo con el gran público. Desde el manifiesto «Eztetyka da fome» (1965), la relación de Rocha con la cultura europea se apoya en la confrontación: los países desarrollados no entienden qué es Latinoamérica.Rocha considera que las películas sólo pueden intervenir sobre la sociedad en tanto que películas, mediante un discurso audiovisual que es intransferible e inalienable. El arte es invención. Y en este sentido, la ficción anti-realista que parece abstraerse de la situación concreta (de la represión que impone la situación concreta) puede expresar ese inconciente colectivo tal como permanece condensado en los mitos de cada cultura. En esa línea de argumentación, el manifiesto Eztétyka do sonho (1971) recupera ciertas ideas sobre la violencia y el arte revolucionario para proyectarlas en una nueva dirección. Ya no se trata de combatir la razón opresora (la razón burguesa) con la razón revolucionaria: La revolución es la anti-razón, lo imprevisto que explota en el centro de la razón dominante. Por eso el arma más poderosa del revolucionario es ese «irracionalismo liberador».

Teachings of our translational studies on boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT): thinking “outside the box” Schwint, Amanda Elena; Garabalino, Marcela Alejandra; Monti Hughes, Andrea; Pozzi, Emiliano César Cayetano; Heber, Elisa Mercedes; Palmieri, Mónica Alejandra; Trivillin, Verónica Andrea BNCT is a technique for the treatment of solid tumors. BNCT is considered a binary technique because it involves two components that exert little or no action individually but induce a significant effect when they combine. BNCT is based on the combination of neutron irradiation and the administration of 10B compounds that are incorporated selectively by tumor tissue via different mechanisms, depending on the boron carrier.

Innovation in emerging markets: the case of Latin América Casanova, Lourdes; Cahen, Fernanda; Miroux, Anne; Finchelstein, Diego; Davila, Anabella; García, Juana; Andonova, Veneta; de Oliveira Jr, Moacir Miranda In the past 15 years, emerging markets have come to represent about half of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Ledby China, they have made gains in economic development aswell as political influence; in turn, their companies have taken on a new level of importance in driving innovation, localdevelopment, and global competition (Casanova & Miroux,2018). Thus, we discuss the drivers, types and outcomes of innovation in emerging markets, with a focus on Latin America. The Emerging Multinationals Research Network (EMRN)has undertaken a number of case studies, collaborations withthe Emerging Markets Institute (EMI), and a survey-based research study on this issue, building on discussions at AIB-LATconferences in Santiago de Chile (2015), São Paulo (2016),Lima (2017) and Buenos Aires (2018). This work on innovation is being compiled in a forthcoming book by CambridgeUniversity Press entitled From Copycat to Leaders: Innovationfrom Emerging Markets. This article sets out some of the issuesto be dealt with in the forthcoming book (Cahen, Casanova,& Miroux, 2019).

Lo que invocar la figura del Rey y la justicia regia significaba (y lo que no) Monarquismo popular en Charcas tardocolonial; What invoking the king´s name and royal justice meant (and what it did not) popular royalism in late colonial charcas Serulnikov, Sergio El artículo explora las expresiones de monarquismo popular entre sectores indígenas y plebeyos urbanos en Charcas a fines del siglo XVIII. Analiza los fundamentos ideológicos de acciones colectivas, representaciones simbólicas y prácticas políticas que invocaban la imagen del rey. Se basa en eventos tales como las grandes rebeliones tupamaristas y kataristas, varias protestas en La Plata (hoy Sucre) en la década de 1780 y el levantamiento de la ciudad en 25 de Mayo de 1809. El argumento central es que en Hispanoamérica colonial el Rey era un significante vacío. En la medida que carecía de todos los atributos materiales asociados a magistrados y organismos de gobierno, podía ser evocado para transmitir aquiescencia al orden establecido tanto como para subvertir radicalmente las relaciones de poder en el que ese orden su fundaba. Por consiguiente, las implicancias profundas del legitimismo monárquico no debieran ser inferidas de los pronunciamientos formales y las declaraciones de principios sino del contexto político de las acciones colectivas y su inscripción en la esfera pública.; The article addresses expressions of popular monarchism among Indians and urban groups in late colonial Charcas. It explores the ideological underpinnings of collective actions, symbolic representations, and political practices that invoked the King´s image. It draws from various historical events such as the Tupac Amaru and Katarista indigenous rebellions, popular protests in the city of La Plata (present-day Sucre) in the 1780s, and the Charcas uprising of May 25, 1809. The central argument is that in Spanish America the king was an empty signifier. As the King's image lacked all the material and symbolic attributes associated with government officials and bodies, it could be deployed to convey compliance to the existing political order as well as to subvert in radical ways the relations of power on which that order was predicted. Therefore, the profound implications of monarchical legitimacy cannot be inferred exclusively from formal statements, programs, and declarations of principles but from the political nature of the collective practices and their inscription into the public sphere. Keywords popular monarchism, colonialism, Charcas, political history

Visiones políticas. El sistema imaginario de Cambiemos (Argentina, 2015-2018); Political visions. The imaginary system of Cambiemos (Argentina, 2015-2018); Visões políticas. O sistema imaginário de Cambiemos (Argentina, 2015-2018) Dagatti, Mariano Jesús; Onofrio, María Paula A partir de un método sincrónico, este artículo comunica los resultados preliminares de una indagación en progreso acerca de la imaginación política desplegada por la coalición argentina gobernante, Cambiemos (2015-2018). Se relevan de manera exhaustiva piezas (audio)visuales de comunicación política y se identifica, en función de las regularidades percibidas, una gramática de imaginación política organizada en torno a múltiples fines de mediano y corto plazo. Las conclusiones permiten comprender cómo la comunicación política de dicha fuerza trabaja de manera original con el nuevo paisaje mediático, signado por la cultura de la conectividad y la convivencia de diferentes sistemas de medios.; Based on a synchronic method, this article shows the preliminary results of an ongoing research about the political imagination deployed by the ruling Argentine coalition, Cambiemos (2015-2018). We exhaustively take into consideration the (audio)visual pieces of its political communication. Then, we identify regularities to organize a grammar of political imagination around multiple medium and short-term goals. The conclusions allow to understand how the political communication of Cambiemos works in an original way with the new media landscape, marked by the culture of connectivity and the coexistence of different media systems; Baseado em um método sincrônico, este artigo apresenta resultados preliminares de uma pesquisa em andamento sobre a imaginação política empregada pela colisão argentina dominante Cambiemos (2015-2018). As partes (áudio)-visuais da comunicação política são exaustivamente analizadas. Uma gramática da imaginação política organizada em torno de múltiplos objetivos de médio e curto prazo é identificada com base nas regularidades percebidas. As conclusões nos permitem compreender como a comunicação política da colisão funciona de maneira original com o novo cenário midiático, marcado pela cultura da conectividade e pela coexistência de diferentes sistemas midiáticos

(Des)clasificando la cultura escrita guaraní.Un enigmático documento trilingüe de las misiones jesuíticas del Paraguay; (De)classifying Guarani Written Culture.An Enigmatic Trilingual Document from the Jesuit Missions of Paraguay Vega, Fabián Roberto; Wilde, Guillermo Luis Este artículo analiza un enigmático documento encontrado en el Archivo General de la Nación de Buenos Aires. Se trata de un pequeño folio escrito en recto y verso que contiene fragmentos de texto en tres lenguas: guaraní, español y latín. Tratamos de entender sus posibles usos en la cultura escrita de la provincia jesuítica del Paraguay y más ampliamente en la praxis político-religiosa de los pueblos de misión, compartida por los misioneros jesuitas y los miembros de la elite indígena. Argumentamos que este documento señala una imbricación entre la dimensión espiritual y temporal de la vida misional y da indicios de lo que pudo ser el desenvolvimiento de la performance verbal en esos espacios, íntimamente ligada a las prácticas devocionales. Al tiempo que indagamos en las características singulares de este enigmático papel, buscamos encontrarle sentido dentro de un corpus más amplio. La primera parte del artículo aborda las características materiales específicas del documento. La segunda se centra en el análisis del contenido de cada uno de los fragmentos en las tres lenguas. Las tercera y cuarta partes sitúan el escrito respectivamente en sus posibles contextos de uso y su trama intertextual.; This article analyses an enigmatic document found at Buenos Aires National Archive. It is a small folio written on recto and verso containing text excerpts in three languages: Guarani, Spanish and Latin. We try to understand possible uses of this document in the context of missionary written culture of the Jesuit province of Paraguay shared both by the Jesuit missionaries and the members of the Indigenous elite, while broadly exploring the political and religious praxis of the Guarani mission towns. We argue that this document points to an imbrication between the spiritual and temporal dimensions of mission´s daily life. It also provides evidence of what could have been the development of verbal performance in these spaces, closely linked to devotional practices. While we inquire into the singular characteristics of this enigmatic paper, we try to find its meaning in the framework of the broader corpus. The first part of the article studies specific material characteristics of the document. The second focuses on the analysis of the content of each excerpt in the three languages. The third and fourth parts situate the document respectively in its possible contexts of use and its intertextual weave

Programmatic human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer prevention in the Jujuy Demonstration Project in Argentina: a population-based, before-and-after retrospective cohort study Arrossi, Silvina; Paolino, Melisa Delia; Laudi, Rosa; Gago, Juan Ezequiel; Campanera, Alicia; Marín, Oscar; Falcón, Cristina; Serra, Verónica; Herrero, Rolando; Thouyaret, Laura Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for cervical cancer prevention was introduced in Argentina through the Jujuy Demonstration Project (2011-14). The programme tested women aged 30 years and older attending the public health system with clinician-collected HPV tests. HPV self-collection was introduced as a programmatic strategy in 2014. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of programmatic HPV testing to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) in comparison with cytology-based screening. Methods: We did a population-based, before-and-after retrospective cohort study using data from the National Cervical Cancer Prevention Program for the Jujuy province in northwest Argentina. We obtained data for the cytology-based screening period from Jan 1, 2010, until Dec 31, 2011, and for the HPV-based screening period from Jan 1, 2012, until Dec 31, 2014. The primary outcome was detection of histologically diagnosed CIN2+ among women aged 30 years and older. To assess the outcomes in all individuals included in the study, we used multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matching. The reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework was used for the before-and-after analysis of programmatic dimensions. Findings: Of the 29 631 women who underwent cytology-based screening in 2010?11, CIN2+ was detected in 236 (0·8%) individuals. Of the 49 565 women HPV tested in 2012?14 (clinician-collected tests, n=44 700; self-collection tests, n=4865), 693 (1·4%; 658 clinician-collected tests; 35 self-collection tests) were found to have CIN2+ after the first round of screening. Compared with cytology-based screening, the odds ratio of being diagnosed with a CIN2+ lesion was 2·34 (95% CI 2·01?2·73; p<0·0010) with clinician-collected tests, and 1·08 (0·74?1·52; p=0·68) when screened with self-collection tests, after controlling for age and health insurance status. Screening coverage was similar in both periods (52·7% vs 53·2%); improvements of programmatic indicators were observed in the HPV testing period in relation to laboratory centralisation, lower overscreening (6·6% vs 0·0%), higher adherance to age recommendations (79·3% vs 98·8%), and a decrease of inadequate samples (3·6% vs 0·2%). Interpretation: HPV testing in middle-income settings increases detection of CIN2+ lesions and allows for improvement of programmatic indicators. Evidence suggests that the introduction of HPV testing will accelerate the reduction of cervical cancer burden. Funding: Argentinian National Cancer Institute and National Council of Scientific and Technologic Research.

International Ties at Peripheral Sites: Co-producing Social Processes and Scientific Knowledge in Latin America Rodrígez Medina, Leandro; Ferpozzi, Hugo Pablo; Layna, Juan Agustín; Martin Valdez, Emiliano; Kreimer, Pablo Rafael In recent decades, scientific knowledge has been increasingly expected to contribute to the resolution of public and controversial issues in Latin America. However, in peripheral sites of knowledge and economic production, the dynamics of both science and society have been complicated by tensions between the demands of local stakeholders and the ties with the global centers of technical and scientific expertise. First, local public issues are often addressed in merely discursive ways, rather than effectively, in research and expert advice; second, local scientific elites often establish links with experts and the global centers of science in order to legitimate their stance against competing approaches. An analysis of four case studies (neglected diseases, mining pollution, wildlife conservation and migration studies) involving the production of scientific knowledge intended to address public issues in Latin America reveals, first, that material and symbolic asymmetries determine the outcomes of these engagements and, second, that international ties with peripheral sites affect the cognitive definition of the issues at stake and the range of public interventions devised to address them. Yet, in these four case studies, the key actors that mediate links between local stakeholders and international counterparts–or, ‘drivers’–mobilize the bodies of knowledge that, ultimately, shape the cognitive and political contours of the social issues at stake.

Las memorias de la Resistencia peronista en los orígenes de Montoneros Otero, Rocio Soledad El artículo analiza las representaciones sobre la Resistencia Peronista (1955-1960) elaboradas por la organización guerrillera Montoneros en los primeros años de su existencia. Se pone de relieve la configuración de memorias en clave mitológica sobre los principales hitos de esa experiencia histórica, y la recepción y resignificación de las mismas por parte de Montoneros. Se describen formas en que esta organización representó la historia de la Resistencia Peronista en los primeros años de su existencia y se las analiza a la luz de los contextos políticos. Se sugiere la inscripción de estas representaciones en marcos de sentido caracterizados por la glorificación de las luchas políticas, y se las vincula con las inclinaciones vanguardistas de esta organización y su elección por la lucha armada.; The paper analyzes the representations of the Peronist Resistance (1955-1960) produced by Montoneros guerrilla organization in the first years of its existence (1970-1973). It highlights the mythological key in the memory of the main milestones of historical experience, and their reception and resignification by the Montoneros. It describes ways in which this organization represented the history of the Peronist Resistance in the first years of its existence and it is analyzed in the light of political contexts. It is suggested that these representations be viewed within frames of meaning characterized by the glorification of political struggles, linked to the avantgarde inclinations of this organization and their choice of armed struggle.

Ciencia versus violencia. La figura de Francisco José de Caldas en Los derrotados de Pablo Montoya; Science versus violence. The figure of Francisco José de Caldas in Pablo Montoya’s novel Los derrotados Sancholuz, Carolina Nuestro trabajo propone una aproximación a la novela Los derrotados (2012) del escritor colombiano Pablo Montoya, con el objetivo de trazar algunas líneas de interpretación sobre los usos del pasado, la tradición y la memoria, teniendo en cuenta cómo operan simbólicamente en el texto la naturaleza, el paisaje, los desplazamientos espaciales y temporales, la violencia política del pasado y la del presente colombianos. La construcción literaria de la figura histórica del sabio naturalista José Francisco de Caldas le permite a Montoya trazar un arco temporal donde las derrotas del siglo XIX se resignifican en el escenario político del presente en Colombia.; Our work proposes a brief approach to the novel Los derrotados (2012) by the Colombian writer Pablo Montoya, with the aim of drawing some lines of interpretation on the uses of the past, tradition and memory, considering how nature, landscape, temporal and spatial displacements and past and present Colombian political violence operate symbolically in the text. The literary construction of the historical figure of the naturalist sage José Francisco de Caldas allows Montoya to draw a temporary arc where the defeats of the nineteenth century are given new meaning in the present political scenario in Colombia.

Identification of llama KRTAP7-1 and KRTAP8-1 fiber genes and polymorphism screening Daverio, Maria Silvana; Anello, Melina; Alcolea Ersinger, Victoria Florencia; Alvarez, Solange Vanesa; Frank, Eduardo Narciso; Vidal Rioja, Lidia A.; Di Rocco, Florencia Keratin-associated proteins (KAP)are one of the main structural components of hair fiber. Within this protein group, high glycine tyrosine (HGT)-KAP play a crucial role in the definition of their physical-mechanical properties. Polymorphisms in HGT genes have been associated with the variation of different wool traits in sheeps and goats. The Argentine llama is a fiber-producing animal which is valued by the textile industry. However, the genes encoding for fiber proteins have not yet been identified in this species. Here, we focus on studying the HGT-KRTAP7-1 and KRTAP8-1 genes and their variation using the High Resolution Melting (HRM)technique in a sample of 117 llamas. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)were detected in KRTAP7-1, two of which were non-synonymous substitutions leading to amino acid changes in the protein. Of the 5 polymorphisms identified in KRTAP8-1, c.1-5A > G was located in the Kozak sequence, known to regulate protein synthesis level. The other four, two SNPs and one double nucleotide polymorphism (DNP), were found in the coding region and produced three amino acid replacement: c.43 T > C and c.45C > A (p.Y15Q), c.46 G > T (p.G16W)and c.173 A > G (p.Y58C). In summary, most of the polymorphisms found in both KRTAP7-1 and KRTAP8-1 genes produce non-conservative amino acid changes involving tyrosine and glycine residues, which are essential to maintain HGT protein properties. Therefore, these mutations as well as the regulatory SNP here identified could modify the fiber characteristics. We discuss the possible impact of these polymorphisms on KAP7-1 and KAP8-1 structure and/or interaction with other fiber proteins.

Lipasas de especies Candida: Una revisión sobre aspectos bioquímicos, moleculares y patogénicos Castillo, Graciela del Valle; Azcurra, Ana Isabel; Sotomayor, Claudia Elena En el último medio siglo se produjo un aumento significativo en la incidencia de infecciones fúngicas siendo probable que se conviertan en una prioridad de salud global. El sofisticado grado de interacción hospedador-Candida es producto de diferentes estrategias de virulencia que utiliza el hongo para invadir los tejidos y de los diversos mecanismos de defensa que este último desarrolla para controlarlo. Existe bibliografía que indica que este hongo comensal oportunista posee componentes que pueden ser considerados factores de virulencia asociados a la etapa del proceso infeccioso. Dentro de los factores de virulencia de este hongo pueden mencionarse la adherencia a las superficies celulares, la formación de biofilms y la producción de enzimas hidrolíticas. Las hidrolasas secretadas por C. albicans más estudiadas son las aspartil proteinasas, las fosfolipasas y las esterasas, mientras que las lipasas han sido las menos exploradas. Estas enzimas tendrían como función facilitar la penetración activa en las células, participar en la digestión y síntesis de ésteres de lípidos para su nutrición y contribuir a la invasión del tejido al hidrolizar los componentes lipídicos de las membranas celulares del hospedador. También hay evidencia bibliográfica que indica que estas enzimas son capaces de dañar células y moléculas del sistema inmune para evitar la actividad antimicrobiana. Teniendo en cuenta lo precedente, esta revisión, proporciona una actualizada descripción de las características bioquímicas y moleculares de las lipasas secretadas por el hongo Candida, su rol como factor de virulencia y su potencial para el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos antifúngicos.; In the last half century there was a significant increase in the incidence of fungal infections being likely to become a global health priority. The sophisticated degree of host-Candida interaction is the product of different virulence strategies used by the fungus to invade the tissues and the various defense mechanisms that it develops to control it. There is a significant amount of literature that indicates that this opportunistic commensal fungus has components that can be considered virulence factors related to the stage of the infectious process. Among the virulence factors of this fungus can be mentioned the adherence to cell surfaces, the formation of biofilms and the production of hydrolytic enzymes. The most studied hydrolases secreted by C. albicans are aspartyl proteinases, phospholipases and esterases, while lipases have been the least studied. These enzymes would have the function to facilitate active penetration into the cells, participating in the digestion and synthesis of lipid esters for their nutrition and contributing to the invasion of the tissue by hydrolyzing the lipid components of the host cell membranes. There is also bibliographic evidence that these enzymes are capable to damage cells and molecules of the immune system to avoid the antimicrobial activity.Taking into account the foregoing, this review provides an updated description of biochemical and molecular characteristics of the lipases secreted by Candida, its role as a virulence factor and its potential for the development of new antifungal drugs.

Wwox seletion in mouse B cells leads to genomic instability, neoplastic transformation, and monoclonal gammopathies McBride, Kevin M.; Kil, Hyunsuk; Mu, Yunxiang; Plummer, Joshua B.; Lee, Jaeho; Zelazowski, Maciej J.; Sebastian, Manu; Abba, Martín Carlos; Aldaz, Claudio Marcelo WWOX (WW domain containing oxidoreductase) expression loss is common in various cancers and characteristic of poor prognosis. Deletions, translocations, and loss of expression affecting the WWOX gene are a common feature of various B cell neoplasms such as certain B cell lymphomas and multiple myeloma. However, the role of this common abnormality in B cell tumor initiation and/or progression has not been defined. In this study, we conditionally deleted Wwox early in B cell development by means of breeding Cd19-Cre transgenic mice crossed to Wwox floxed mice (Cd19 Wwox KO). We observed a significant reduced survival in Cd19 Wwox KO mice and the development of B cell neoplasms including B cell lymphomas, plasma cell neoplasias characterized by increased numbers of CD138+ populations as well as monoclonal gammopathies detected by serum protein electrophoresis. To investigate whether Wwox loss could play a role in genomic instability, we analyzed DNA repair functions during immunoglobulin class switch joining between DNA segments in antibody genes. While class switch recombination (CSR) was only slightly impaired, Wwox deficiency resulted in a dramatic shift of double strand break (DSB) repair from normal classical-NHEJ toward the microhomology-mediated alternative-NHEJ pathway, a pathway associated with chromosome translocations and genome instability. Consistent with this, Wwox deficiency resulted in a marked increase of spontaneous translocations during CSR. This work defines for the first time a role for Wwox for maintaining B cell genome stability during a process that can promote neoplastic transformation and monoclonal gammopathies.

Osteohistological correlates of muscular attachment in terrestrial and freshwater Testudines Pereyra, Maria Eugenia; Bona, Paula; Cerda, Ignacio Alejandro; Desántolo, Bárbara Sharpey's fibers are considered the anatomical structures integrated to the muscles. Since these fibers leave marks at the microscopic level, their presence and distribution are used as evidence of muscle attachment in extinct and extant forms. In recent years, studies have been focusing on muscle–bone and tendon–bone interaction mostly on mammals. The main objective of this work is to contribute to the morphological and histological knowledge of muscle attachment in other amniotes, such as reptiles, and their variation related to different locomotor habits. In this way, a study was performed on terrestrial and aquatic turtles. The musculature related to the movement of the humerus, and pectoral girdle in Chelonoidis chilensis, Phrynops hilarii and Hydromedusa tectifera was analyzed. Dissections were performed mapping the origins and insertions of each muscle and undecalcified thin sections were performed in specific muscular attachment sites. We found some differences which were not previously reported, related to the insertion of the m. pectoralis, the m. coracobrachialis magnus and the origin of the m. tractor radii. The osteohistology revealed the presence of Sharpey's fibers in the cortex of all the bone elements analyzed. Patterns were established in relation to the orientation and density of Sharpey's fibers, which were used for the categorization of each muscle attachment site. The comparative micro-anatomical study of these areas did not reveal any important differences between terrestrial and freshwater turtles in muscles involved with the rotation, abduction and adduction of the humerus. In this way, the preliminary results suggest an absence of correlation between the distribution and density of Sharpey's fibers between different habitat forms, at least in the bones and species analyzed.

Neofavolus subpurpurascens comb. nov., with new records from the Neotropics Palacio, Melissa; Silveira, Rosa Mara Borges Da; Robledo, Gerardo Lucio Polyporus subpurpurascens is a rare Neotropical species characterized by deep purplish pilear surface and radially elongated pores. This study analyzed Neotropical specimens from Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil by applying detailed morphological examination and phylogenetic analyses. We conclude that P. subpurpurascens is a species of Neofavolus, and N. subpurpurascens is proposed as a new combination. New records from Argentina and Bolivia, a detailed description, and photographs of the species are included.