Assessment of the sustainable potential of parking lots in Bahía Blanca City, Argentina Gentili, Jorge Osvaldo; Fernández, María Eugenia; Ortuño Cano, María de Los Ángeles; Campo, Alicia María The aim of this study is to characterize the site, location, and morphology of parking lots in downtown Bahía Blanca; to determinetheir contribution to environmental urban problems; and to suggest strategies to turn them into spaces in which to apply newurban principles. Strategies related to sustainable urban development, with comprehensive solutions for energy efficiency,sustainable construction, biomass conservation, and resource optimization were considered. The results show that parking lotshave increased as urban land use typology within the city downtown. It was observed that parking lots are concentrated in someareas of the city downtown, and that concrete and sheet metal are the main construction materials. The lack of vegetation is also amajor characteristic. Their location in urban areas implies vehicle circulation on downtown streets and avenues, which is directlyassociated to atmospheric pollution. Finally, each parking lot potential was analyzed in order to implement sustainabledevelopment measures, related to green policies, design, and construction.

El mapa social de la Aglomeración Gran Buenos Aires como evidencia empírica de modelos urbanos Buzai, Gustavo Daniel; Marcos, Mariana El trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis del mapa social de la Aglomeración Gran Buenos Aires a partir de la aplicación técnica de procedimientos de análisis multivariado -la asociación espacial por superposición temática- y teniendo como marco conceptual aspectos modelísticos de la estructura socioespacial de las grandes ciudades de América Latina. Para lograr este objetivo, además del análisis de modelos urbanos, se seleccionan variables de entre los datos más recientes disponibles -Censo 2001-, que claramente presentan una dicotomía entre situaciones favorables y desfavorables, y se aplica una metodología de estandarización que lleva a la obtención de puntajes de clasificación espacial como síntesis de las relaciones. De esta manera, se obtienen resultados parciales que presentan situaciones contrastantes, las cuales se combinan en un resultado final en el que, a su vez, se incorporan entidades geográficas puntuales como las urbanizaciones cerradas y los asentamientos precarios, ambos representantes de niveles socioeconómicos claramente opuestos.

Video summarisation by deep visual and categorical diversity Atencio, Pedro; Sanchez Torres, German; Branch, John; Delrieux, Claudio Augusto The authors propose a video-summarisation method based on visual and categorical diversities using pre-trained deep visual and categorical models. Their method extracts visual and categorical features from a pre-trained deep convolutional network (DCN) and a pre-trained word-embedding matrix. Using visual and categorical information they obtain a video diversity estimation, which is used as an importance score to select segments from the input video that best describes it. Their method also allows performing queries during the search process, in this way personalising the resulting video summaries according to the particular intended purposes. The performance of the method is evaluated using different pre-trained DCN models in order to select the architecture with the best throughput. They then compare it with other state-of-the-art proposals in video summarisation using a data-driven approach with the public dataset SumMe, which contains annotated videos with per-fragment importance. The results show that their method outperforms other proposals in most of the examples. As an additional advantage, their method requires a simple and direct implementation that does not require a training stage.

Evidence of developmental escape from transcriptional gene silencing in MESSI retrotransposons Sanchez, Diego Hernan; Gaubert, Hervé; Yang, Weibing Transposable elements (TEs) are ubiquitous genomic features. ‘Copy-and-paste’ long-terminal-repeat (LTR) retrotransposons have been particularly successful during evolution of the plant kingdom, representing a substantial proportion of genomes. For survival in copious numbers, these TEs may have evolved replicative mobilization strategies that circumvented hosts’ epigenetic silencing. Stressful circumstances are known to trigger the majority of known mobilizing plant retrotransposons, leading to the idea that most are activated by environmental signals. However, previous research revealed that plant developmental programs include steps of silencing relaxation, suggesting that developmental signals may also be of importance for thriving parasitic elements. Here, we uncover an unusual family of giant LTR retrotransposons from the Solanum clade, named MESSI, with transcriptional competence in shoot apical meristems of tomato. Despite being recognized and targeted by the host epigenetic surveillance, this family is activated in specific meristematic areas fundamental for plant shoot development, which are involved in meristem formation and maintenance. Our work provides initial evidence that some retrotransposons may evolve developmentally associated escape strategies to overcome transcriptional gene silencing in vegetative tissues contributing to the host's next generation. This implies that not only environmental but also developmental signals could be exploited by selfish elements for survival within the plant kingdom

Superresolution method for a single wide-field image deconvolution by superposition of point sources Martinez, Sandra Rita; Toscani, Micaela; Martinez, Oscar Eduardo In this work, we present a new algorithm for wide‐field fluorescent micrsocopy deconvolution from a single acquisition without a sparsity prior, which allows the retrieval of the target function with superresolution, with a simple approach that the measured data are fit by the convolution of a superposition of virtual point sources (SUPPOSe) of equal intensity with the point spread function. The cloud of virtual point sources approximates the actual distribution of sources that can be discrete or continuous. In this manner, only the positions of the sources need to be determined. An upper bound for the uncertainty in the position of the sources was derived, which provides a criteria to distinguish real facts from eventual artefacts and distortions. Two very different experimental situations were used for the test (an artificially synthesized image and fluorescent microscopy images), showing excellent reconstructions and agreement with the predicted uncertainties, achieving up to a fivefold improvement in the resolution for the microscope. The method also provides the optimum number of sources to be used for the fit.

Problemas públicos y configuración de colectivos. Una reflexión analítica sobre el pasaje al espacio público y sus condiciones de mediatización; Public problems and constitution of collectives. An analytical reflection on the passage to public space and its mediatization conditions Fernández, Mariano Néstor El siguiente artículo es una reflexión conceptual y analítica sobre la problemática —sociológica y comunicacional— de la constitución de colectivos y su pasaje al espacio público. El texto propone una hipótesis teórica con consecuencias metodológicas: que la estructura de configuración de los colectivos es triádica y no binaria, tal y como las teorías de la identidad colectiva suelen postular. Los colectivos, entonces, se constituyen, primero, en un proceso de colectivización interna, luego a través de la configuración de un campo de relaciones intercolectivas (el momento identitario) y, una vez que ingresan en el espacio público, necesitan de los discursos que les proveen una certificación pública de existencia. Sobre esta base, se sugieren algunas ideas de proceder metodológico para la indagación empírica a partir de estudios de caso.; The following article is a conceptual and analytical reflection on the problematic —sociological and communicational— of the constitution of collectives and their passage to the public space. The text proposes a theoretical hypothesis with methodological consequences: that the configuration structure of collectives is triadic and not binary, as theories of collective identity usually postulate. Collectives, then, are constituted, first, in a process of internal collectivization, then through the configuration of a field of intercollective relations (the identitary moment) and, once they enter the public space, they need the discourses that provide them a public certification of existence. On this basis, some ideas are suggested to proceed methodologically for empirical inquiry from case studies.

Una investigación teatral y fílmica sobre el trabajo: Algunas obras de Gerardo Naumann Contreras, Sandra Claudia This paper is a reading of Gerardo Naumann’s plays and films shown as a theatrical and performative investigation into the world of labor (his plays Los trabajos improductivos andFábrica,and his films El trabajo industrial and Ricardo Bar). Our approach is based on three hypotheses: 1) Naumann's nonproductive labors (stealing, acting) explore and exhibit virtuosity—i.e. the articulation between memory, repetition and the use of words--as a field of experimentation; 2) by displacing performers from their social location (their status of workers, indistrial or nonproductive workers), Nauman’s theatrical experimentation with the worker-performers’ voices is both a political experimentation as well as an inquiry into new forms of community and subjectivation; 3) Naumann's vital involvement in his own performances playing a worker establishes a frame of reference so that the exploration of the world of labor becomes the (ambivalent) register of the “bargaining” position of artists with non-actors, nonproductive workers, and worker actors.

Erratum: Rotating planar gravity currents at moderate Rossby numbers: Fully resolved simulations and shallow-water modelling (Journal of Fluid Mechanics (2019) DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2019.152) Salinas, Jorge Sebastián; Bonometti, Thomas; Ungarish, Marius; Cantero, Mariano Ignacio First, we wish to clarify that in equations (3.14)-(3.15) of Salinas et al. (2019) all variables are dimensional except for the angular velocity ω and the coefficient k. After (3.15), we switch to dimensionless variables for the streamwise direction x, the front location xN, the Ekman layer δ E, the local height h (scaled by the initial height h0) and time t (scaled by 1/Ω=, with Ω the angular velocity of the rotating system). (Formula Presented). During spin-up the estimated Ri increases because decreases, and for the values of Re, Sc and C of our DNS the typical Ri is larger than 0.25. We also note that a sharp density transition layer enhances stability, and indeed the spin-up model without mixing shows better agreement for DNS with large Sc.

El territorio, la comunidad y la autonomía: ¿Discursos mitológicos en los programas sociales destinados a jóvenes "en riesgo"? Medan, Marina Desde inicios del 2000 en la Argentina se implementan programas de inclusión social y prevención social del delito destinados a jóvenes “en riesgo”, en los cuales el abordaje territorial y comunitario es distintivo. Este artículo describe y analiza los sentidos y prácticas que tal enfoque supone, tanto desde la perspectiva de los agentes institucionales como desde la de los jóvenes. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de la literatura que aborda las relaciones entre el Estado, el territorio y la comunidad, y se resalta el potencial analítico de la noción de “margen” (Das y Poole, 2008) para problematizar el funcionamiento estatal. Finalmente, se coloca una nueva hipótesis a partir de los hallazgos: las definiciones institucionales sobre el territorio y la comunidad como epicentro de los riesgos que aquejan a los jóvenes, en articulación con la reivindicación de la autonomía juvenil para lidiar con ellos, podría generar un discurso mitológico (Haney, 2010) que provocara más desempoderamiento que emancipación. Los datos analizados provienen de investigaciones cualitativas desarrolladas entre 2008 y 2018, cuyas técnicas principales han sido la observación participante, entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales. La referencia empírica está conformada por programas de prevención social del delito y programas de inclusión social juvenil implementados en barrios populares del AMBA.; Since 2000 in Argentina, social inclusion and crime prevention programs have been implemented for youth “at risk”, in which the community approach is distinctive. This article describes and analyses the senses and practices implied in such an approach, both from institutional agents and youth perspectives. Results are discussed through literature that deals with the relations between State, territory and community. Within that framework, the notion of “margin” (Das and Poole, 2004) is used to problematize the state practices. Finally, a new hypothesis emerged from the findings: the institutional definitions of territory and community as the centre of the risks that affect young people, in articulation with the demand for youth autonomy to deal with them, could generate a mythological discourse (Haney, 2010) that would cause more disempowerment than emancipation. The analysed data come from qualitative research developed between 2008 and 2018. Participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus groups have been the main techniques. The empirical references are social inclusion and crime prevention programs implemented in popular neighborhoods of the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires.

A relational account of communication on the basis of slips of the tongue Gil, Jose Maria They are a good deal more than amusing (or embarrassing) errors of speech. The collection and analysis of such errors provides important clues to how speech is organized in the nervous system. Victoria A. Fromkin (1973: 110) Also, most current linguistics fails to consider various kinds of anomalous data which actually reveal very important information about the structure of the mental system which underlies our linguistic abilities, including slips of the tongue and unintentional puns. Sydney M. Lamb (1999: 9) Abstract The socio-cognitive approach to pragmatics [SCA] is based on two fundamental hypotheses: (1) speaker and hearer are equal participants in the communicative process, (2) communication is the result of the interplay of intention and attention, as this interplay is motivated by the individuals' private socio-cultural backgrounds. In this paper, I aim at showing that relational network theory (which has been mainly developed by the American neurolinguist Sydney M. Lamb) allow us to account not only for aspects corresponding to intention or attention, but also for "smooth communication" and "bumpy communication" (being the latter the dimension which includes unintended meanings). Four actual slips of the tongue will be relevant examples thanks to which it can be recognized how cooperation and intention are in a highly complex interaction together with the substantial elements of the individual traits: attention, private experience, egocentrism, and salience. Within this context, the relational account is epistemologically crucial. Firstly, it allows us to represent the neurocognitive structures that enable a person to produce or understand utterances. Secondly, it helps us to suggest that canonical pragmatics (like Speech Acts Theory, Gricean Pragmatics, Relevance Theory) cannot even consider actual and relevant phenomena like slips of the tongue, because they focus on cooperative intention and they neglect (or discard) egocentric attention.

Las derrotas de Alberto Méndez: memoria y duelo en Los girasoles ciegos (2004); Alberto Méndez´s derrotas: memory and grief in Los girasoles ciegos (2004) Giménez, Facundo Ezequiel El libro de Alberto Méndez, Los girasoles ciegos (2004), se publica en el contexto de un boom memorístico que, en España, tuvo como centro a los sucesos de la guerra civil y la posguerra franquista. El siguiente trabajo se propone analizar, en principio, la polisemia de la palabra «derrota» con que Méndez titula los cuatro relatos del libro, para luego, observar los alcances de este término en la construcción de una memoria colectiva. El volumen en cuestión, en este sentido, será abordado menos como una reconstrucción histórica, que como una intervención en la memoria traumática de la derrota. De este modo, se observará cómo Los girasoles ciegos propone la necesidad de un trabajo de duelo y de una escena de perdón.; Los girasoles ciegos (2004) written by Alberto Méndez, was published in the context of a memorial boom in Spain, characterized by the events of the civil war and its aftermath. The purpose of this paper is to analyze, at first, the polysemic word «derrota», which Méndez uses to name the four short stories of the book, and later, to examine the role played by this word in the construction of collective memory. This volume will not be approached as a historical reconstruction, but rather as an intervention in the traumatic memory of defeat. This paper will thus develop how Los girasoles ciegos illustrates the need of a grieving process and a forgiveness scene.

Metabolic labeling of surface neo-sialylglyconjugates catalyzed by trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase Carlevaro, Giannina Alejandra; Lantos, Andrés Bernardo Gabriel; Canepa, Gaspar Exequiel; Camara, Maria de Los Milagros; Somoza, Martín; Buscaglia, Carlos Andres; Campetella, Oscar Eduardo; Mucci, Juan Sebastián Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan agent of Chagas disease, has evolved an innovative metabolic pathway by which protective sialic acid (SA) residues are scavenged from host sialylglycoconjugates and transferred onto parasite surface mucin-like molecules (or surface glycoconjugates from host target cells) by means of a unique trans-sialidase (TS) enzyme. TS-induced changes in the glycoprotein sialylation profile of both parasite and host cells are crucial for the establishment of a persistent T. cruzi infection and for the development of Chagas disease-associated pathogenesis. In this chapter, we describe a novel metabolic labeling method developed in our labs that enables straightforward identification and molecular characterization of SA acceptors of the TS-catalyzed reaction.

Teología y ley natural en la concepción de la soberanía de Jean Bodin; Theology and Natural Law in the Conception of the Sovereignty of Jean bodin; Teologia e lei natural na concepção da soberania de Jean Bodin Juri, Yamila Eliana El artículo propone el análisis del pensamiento del autor francés Jean Bodin en lo que respecta a la naturaleza de la ley natural, ya que este la sitúa como un límite al poder en su célebre teoría de la soberanía, que marca los inicios de la teoría política de la modernidad. Se aborda también el tema religioso que atraviesa todas sus obras y la impronta voluntarista reflejada en su doctrina, en lo referente a la noción de potencia absoluta y relativa.; The article proposes the analysis of the thought of the French author Jean Bodin with regard to the nature of natural law, since he places it as a limit to power in his famous theory of sovereignty that marks the beginnings of the political theory of modernity. It also addresses the religious theme that permeates all his works and the voluntarist imprint reflected in his doctrine, in relation to the notion of absolute and relative power; O artigo propõe a análise do pensamento do autor francês Jean Bodin em relação à natureza da lei natural, uma vez que a coloca como limite do poder em sua famosa teo- ria da soberania que marca os primórdios da teoria política do direito a modernidade Aborda também o tema religioso que atravessa toda as suas obras e a impressão vo- luntarista refletida em sua doutrina, em relação à noção de poder absoluto e relativo.

Multi-scale analysis of functional plankton diversity in floodplain wetlands: Effects of river regulation Chaparro, Griselda Noemí; O'farrell, Ines; Hein, Thomas Riverine floodplains are among the most diverse and dynamic ecosystems, but river regulation measures have altered the natural hydrological regime threatening their ecological integrity. We compared spatial patterns of phyto- and zooplankton functional diversity and of environmental heterogeneity between floodplain wetlands located in free-flowing and impounded stretches of the Danube River (Austria). We included two nested spatial scales (different habitats and water sections within wetland areas) and two contrasting hydrological conditions (post-flood, no flood). Environmental heterogeneity was lower in the wetland in the impounded stretch than in the free-flowing ones. At post-flood conditions, increased alpha diversity of rotifers and microcrustaceans and decreased beta diversity of phytoplankton and rotifers occurred in the impounded stretch as compared to the wetlands in free-flowing one. Beta diversity was higher between water sections than between habitats in free-flowing wetlands and similar across scales in the wetland in the impounded stretch. Regarding functional composition, the wetland in the impounded stretch hosted more homogeneous communities, as some ecological traits were nearly absent. Our results indicate that patterns of functional diversity in floodplain wetlands affected by river regulation are altered, highlighting the major role of the gradient of lateral connectivity and dynamic water level fluctuations as drivers for planktic diversity in river floodplains. This study contributes with essential knowledge to optimize restoration and diversity conservation measures in riverine ecosystems.

Creation of heterogeneous microstructures in copper using high-pressure torsion to enhance mechanical properties Jamalian, Maryam; Hamid, Mehdi; de Vincentis, Natalia Soledad; Buck, Quentin; Field, David P.; Zbib, Hussein M. This paper studies the effects of high-pressure torsion (HPT) at ambient temperature on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties enhancement in pure copper. The aim is to introduce gradient microstructure, with various statistical distributions of grain size and grain orientations to examine their effect on strength and ductility. To this end, extruded cylindrical pure copper subjected to HPT for 1, 2, and 3-turns resulted in grain refinement down to the grain size of 500 nm. Combination of microhardness test and EBSD scans through the radial direction confirm the creation of a heterogeneous structure through the thickness and radial directions. The results demonstrate that increasing the shear strain leads to (1) ultra-fine grain (UFG) generation at deformed coarse-grain boundaries, (2) an increase in the fraction of recrystallized grains and high angle grain boundaries, and (3) a homogenous structure in the last step. A unique mixture has been obtained due to the particular shape of the anvils. The mixture included a chain of UFGs and coarse grains contain dislocations and subgrains. The highest level of gradient structure through the thickness was observed after 1-turn, which leads to the best combination of strength and ductility.

Estadísticas, estereotipos y grupos desfavorecidos. Algunos límites del apoyo estadístico a los estereotipos Arena, Federico José Existe una visión ilustrada de los estereotipos que, a diferencia de la visión tradicional, sostiene que los estereotipos (enunciados que asocian a un grupo de personas -identificado mediante un rasgo X- un rasgo Y), funcionan de manera similar a las generalizaciones y, por lo tanto, pueden ser contrastados con los hechos, determinando si poseen base estadística. En este trabajo intentaré mostrar, primero, que hay algunos estereotipos, como los que incluyen conceptos interpretativos, que no pueden ser directamente contrastados con los hechos y, segundo, que aun cuando un estereotipo posea base estadística, no siempre justifica la creación una norma general. Bajo ciertas condiciones, cuando el estereotipo se refiere a grupos desfavorecidos, la decisión debe ajustarse a las características del caso individual.

Aportes conceptuales y epistemológicos en la producción escrita de Evelyn Levy al campo psicopedagógico: Interpelación interdisciplinaria y viscosidad del pensamiento; Evelyn Levy’s conceptual and epistemological contributions to the psychopedagogical field: Interdisciplinary interpellation and viscosity of thought Ventura, Ana Clara; Bertoldi, Sandra Indagar en la producción de conceptos psicopedagógicos es altamente necesario para contribuir a una sólida relación entre episteme y profesión. A pesar de su notable importancia, hallamos escasos acuerdos internacionales en torno a cuáles son los conocimientos específicamente psicopedagógicos. En el marco de una investigación epistemológica más amplia, analizamos los aportes conceptuales y epistemológicos de la producción de Evelyn Levy al campo psicopedagógico. Construimos una técnica de análisis de contenido del discurso basada en cinco etapas: (1) Lectura cronológica; (2) Detección de conceptos teóricos/instrumentales y distinción entre denominación, definición y función interpretación; (3) Descripción del encuadre cultural de emergencia; (4) Análisis epistemológico de la presencia de desplazamientos teóricos, dinámica de continuidad (origen) y transformación (comienzo) conceptual; (5) Grado de rigurosidad epistemológica. Analizamos ocho artículos publicados entre los años 1982-2008, en revistas especializadas de Buenos Aires, y tres capítulos de libros, editados entre los años 1988-2001. Hallamos dos conceptos teóricos propios del campo psicopedagógico: interpelación interdisciplinaria y viscosidad del pensamiento, que muestran una actitud de vigilancia epistemológica al distanciarse de visiones normativas prescriptivas, pero que conservan el carácter constructivo de los conceptos de origen. Se discute la relevancia teórica y metodológica de este estudio para la construcción de un marco epistemológico específicamente psicopedagógico.; Inquiring the production of psychopedagogical concepts is highly necessary to contribute to a solid relationship between academic and professional field. Despite its remarkable importance, we find few international agreements on what specifically is psychopedagogical knowledge. Within the framework of a broader epistemological research, we analyze the conceptual and epistemological contributions of Evelyn Levy's production to the psychopedagogical field. We build a technique for the analysis of discourse content based on five steps: (1) Chronological reading; (2) Detection of theoretical / instrumental concepts and distinction between denomination, definition and function interpretation; (3) Description of the emergency cultural setting; (4) Epistemological analysis of the presence of theoretical displacements, continuity dynamics (origin) and conceptual transformation (beginning); (5) Degree of epistemological rigorousness. We analyzed eight articles published, between the years 1982-2008, in specialized journals of Buenos Aires and three book chapters, edited between the years 1988-2001. We found two theoretical concepts of the psychopedagogical field: interdisciplinary interpellation and viscosity of thought showing an attitude of epistemological vigilance by distancing themselves from prescriptive normative views, while preserving the constructive nature of the concepts of origin. The theoretical and methodological relevance of this study for the construction of a specifically psychopedagogical epistemological framework is discussed.

A multiple peak adaptive landscape based on feeding strategies and roosting ecology shaped the evolution of cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation in phyllostomid bats Rossoni, Daniela M.; Costa, Bárbara M. A.; Giannini, Norberto Pedro; Marroig, Gabriel We explored the evolution of morphological integration in the most noteworthy example of adaptive radiation in mammals, the New World leaf-nosed bats, using a massive dataset and by combining phylogenetic comparative methods and quantitative genetic approaches. We demonstrated that the phenotypic covariance structure remained conserved on a broader phylogenetic scale but also showed a substantial divergence between interclade comparisons. Most of the phylogenetic structure in the integration space can be explained by splits at the beginning of the diversification of major clades. Our results provide evidence for a multiple peak adaptive landscape in the evolution of cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation, based upon diet and roosting ecology. In this scenario, the successful radiation of phyllostomid bats was triggered by the diversification of dietary and roosting strategies, and the invasion of these new adaptive zones lead to changes in phenotypic covariance structure and average morphology. Our results suggest that intense natural selection preceded the invasion of these new adaptive zones and played a fundamental role in shaping cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation in this hyperdiverse clade of mammals. Finally, our study demonstrates the power of combining comparative methods and quantitative genetic approaches when investigating the evolution of complex morphologies.

Structural properties and vibrational analysis of Potassium 5-Br-2-isonicotinoyltrifluoroborate salt. Effect of Br on the isonicotinoyl ring Iramain, Maximiliano Alberto; Ledesma, Ana Estela; Brandan, Silvia Antonia In this work, the potassium 5-Br-2-isonicotinoyltrifluoroborate salt (B-ITFB) have been experimentally characterized by using FT-IR, FT-Raman and ultravioleta-visible spectra while Ab-initio calculations in gas and in aqueous solution phases were employed to predict their structural and vibrational properties.Here, the results were compared with those reported for the potassium 2-isonicotinoyltrifluorborate salt (ITFB) in order to know the impact of Br on the 2-isonicotinoyl ring and its effects on the properties of B-ITFB. Potential energy surface using B3LYP/6-311þþG** calculations has revealed two conformers for B-ITFB with C1 symmetries where only one of them presents the minimum energy. The incorporation of Br in the 5 position of isonicotinoyl ring generates: (i) a change in the symmetry from CS in ITFB to C1 in B-ITFB, (ii) a decreasing in the solvation energy due to higher size of Br, (iii) notable reduction in the Mulliken charges on all the C atoms of ring and, especially, on the C11 atom of trifluoroborate group in both media, (v) smaller bond order values, (vi) an important inductive acceptor effect, (vii) a decreasingin the electron density distribution, specifically in solution and (viii) a smaller reactivity and low electrophilicity and nucleophilicity indexes, as compared with ITFB. On the other hand, for B-ITFB the force fields in both media, the complete assignments of 45 normal vibration modes and the force constants are reported for first time

Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism Salonia, Andrea; Rastrelli, Giulia; Hackett, Geoffrey; Seminara, Stephanie B.; Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T.; Rey, Rodolfo Alberto; Hellstrom, Wayne J. G.; Palmert, Mark R.; Corona, Giovanni; Dohle, Gert R.; Khera, Mohit; Chan, Yee-Ming; Maggi, Mario The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis is of relevance in many processes related to the development, maturation and ageing of the male. Through this axis, a cascade of coordinated activities is carried out leading to sustained testicular endocrine function, with gonadal testosterone production, as well as exocrine function, with spermatogenesis. Conditions impairing the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis during paediatric or pubertal life may result in delayed puberty. Late-onset hypogonadism is a clinical condition in the ageing male combining low concentrations of circulating testosterone and specific symptoms associated with impaired hormone production. Testosterone therapy for congenital forms of hypogonadism must be lifelong, whereas testosterone treatment of late-onset hypogonadism remains a matter of debate because of unclear indications for replacement, uncertain efficacy and potential risks. This Primer focuses on a reappraisal of the physiological role of testosterone, with emphasis on the critical interpretation of the hypogonadal conditions throughout the lifespan of the male individual, with the exception of hypogonadal states resulting from congenital disorders of sex development.