Evaluation of the MOD16A2 evapotranspiration product in an agricultural area of Argentina, the Pampas region Degano, María Florencia; Rivas, Raúl Eduardo; Carmona, Facundo; Niclòs, Raquel; Sánchez, Juan Manuel The Pampas Region is a big plain of approximately 520,000 km2 in Argentina. It is essential to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) in this region since the primary productivity is directly linked to water availability. Information provided by satellite missions allows monitoring the spatial and temporal variability of ET. In the current study, we evaluated the version 006 of MOD16A2 product (MOD16A2.006) of Potential Evapotranspiration (ETp) and Actual Evapotranspiration (ETa) in Argentinian Pampas Region (APR). MOD16A2.006 product was compared with Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc), calculated with local measurements from the Oficina de Riesgo Agropecuario (ORA), and Crop Coefficient (Kc) data (function of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) in seven stations in the APR from 2009 to 2018. We evaluated ETa at two temporal scales: accumulated values (mm) per growth stages (soybean crop), and 8-day accumulated values (mm8d−1). The results showed a systematic overestimation around 65% for ETp(MOD16A2.006) (found and eliminated by means of a linear function) and underestimation (in most stations) for ETa(MOD16A2.006) in accumulated values per growth stages. Respect to mm8d−1, no systematic error was observed, but the relationship ETa(ORA) − ETa(MOD16A2.006) for soybean crop behaves similarly throughout APR.

Do frugivores exert selection on fruiting phenology? Potential scenarios across three plant populations of a Neotropical vine, Passiflora caerulea Palacio, Facundo Xavier; Cataudela, Juan Francisco; Montalti, Diego; Ordano, Mariano Andrés Fruiting phenology is a critical aspect of plant fitness, as it is directly linked to the next-generation offspring delivery. Both abiotic and biotic factors presumably exert natural selection on plant phenology. Despite the role of climate in shaping fruiting phenology is well established, whether frugivores exert phenotypic selection on fruiting phenology has not yet been tested. We estimated the regime and magnitude of frugivore-mediated selection on fruiting phenology in three distant (> 500 km) populations of the Blue Passionflower (Passiflora caerulea) along one year. We measured phenological fruit traits (fruiting onset, fruiting peak, length of the fruiting season) and fruit crop size, and used animal fruit removal as a fitness component. We found highly variable fruiting phenologies between populations, yet phenological stages in lower latitudes were longer than in higher latitudes. One population showed a positive relationship between fruiting onset and fruiting peak among individuals, indicating that fruiting later in the season delayed the fruiting peak. Frugivores favored large fruit crop sizes in the three populations and early fruiting onsets in two populations. In two populations, frugivores selected favorable combinations of fruit crop size and fruiting peak (favoring plants with large crops and early fruiting peaks), as well as favorable combinations of fruiting peak and the length of the fruiting season (favoring plants with early fruiting peaks and extended fruiting seasons). Some degree of similarity in selection patterns among populations suggests that, despite strong geographic variation in climate and animal assemblage composition, some level of functional redundancy occurs in terms of phenotypic trait selection. Overall, our results show that fruiting phenology may be a highly variable life-history trait of plant populations, and support the idea that biotic interactors, conditional on heritable traits and selection pressures sustained over time, could potentially shape phenological fruiting characteristics.

Late cenozoic geology and geomorphology of the Laguna de Agnia Area, Argentina Reato, Agustina; Martínez, Oscar Alfredo; Beilinson, Elisa; Cottescu Szeraws, Alexander Nicolas Christian; Barendregt, René W.; Clague, John J. Laguna de Agnia is located within an endorheic basin in arid extra-Andean Patagonia. A variety of erosional and depositional landforms, most of which are relict, are well preserved in the basin. Geological, geomorphological, and sedimentological studies, 14C and 40Ar/39Ar ages, and paleomagnetic data allow us to modify the published interpretation of the late Cenozoic stratigraphy of the area and provide an improved understanding of local landscape evolution, and paleoenvironments and paleoclimates in the region. The basin formed during or before the late Oligocene. Miocene pyroclastic deposits, which are widely distributed in this part of Patagonia, were not found within the basin. However, a bajada sloping down toward the east side of the lake likely dates to the Miocene. Basalt lava flows reached the west margin of the Laguna de Agnia depression 3.39 ± 0.02 Ma. A lacustrine phase is manifest in numerous shorelines and related features east of and above the modern lake. This shoreline system, one of the most extensive in Patagonia, provides evidence for high paleo-lake levels associated with cooler and wetter conditions during the late Pleistocene and even in some periods during the Holocene, when Southern Hemisphere Westerlies were more intense than today.

Unraveling the impact on agronomic traits of the genetic architecture underlying plant-density responses in canola Menendez, Yesica Cristina; Sanchez, Diego Hernan; Snowdon, Rod J.; Rondanini, Deborah Paola; Botto, Javier Francisco Plant density defines vegetative architecture and the competition for light between individuals. Brassica napus (canola, rapeseed) presents a radically different plant architecture compared to traditional crops commonly cultivated at high density, and can act as a model system of indeterminate growth. Using a panel of 152 spring-type accessions and a double-haploid population of 99 lines from a cross between the cultivars Lynx and Monty, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for 12 growth and yield traits at two contrasting plant densities of 15 and 60 plants m-2. The most significant associations were found for time to flowering, biomass at harvest, plant height, silique and seed numbers, and seed yield. These were generally independent of plant density, but some density-dependent associations were found in low-density populations. RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis revealed distinctive latent gene-regulatory responses to simulated shade between Lynx and Monty. Having identified candidate genes within the canola QTLs, we further examined their influence on density responses in Arabidopsis lines mutated in certain homologous genes. The results suggested that TCP1 might promote growth independently of plant density, while HY5 could increase biomass and seed yield specifically at high plant density. For flowering time, the results suggested that PIN genes might accelerate flowering in plant a density-dependent manner whilst FT, HY5, and TCP1 might accelerate it in a density-independent. This work highlights the advantages of using agronomic field experiments together with genetic and transcriptomic approaches to decipher quantitative complex traits that potentially mediate improved crop productivity.

Surface water extent dynamics from three periods of continuous Landsat time series; subregional differences across Argentine plains; Dinámica de aguas superficiales de tres períodos continuos de Landsat; diferencias subregionales en llanunas argentinas Aliaga, Vanina Solange; Piccolo, Maria Cintia; Perillo, Gerardo Miguel E. La Región Pampeana en Argentina es una extensa planicie caracterizada por abundantes lagunas que cumplen numerosas funciones ambientales, ecológicas y sociales. Este estudio tiene como objetivo detectar los cambios plurianuales del área lagunar en esta región durante el período 2001-2009 utilizando la teledetección, incluidos lagos tan pequeños como ≥ 10.000 m2 o 1 ha. Se obtuvieron escenas Landsat de las estaciones húmeda (2008-2009), normal (2006) y seca (2008-2009) y, mediante técnicas de teledetección, se calculó el número y el área de las lagunas. Se estudió su variación espacio-temporal en diferentes períodos climáticos en ocho subregiones singulares. Se analizaron las correlaciones espaciales entre la precipitación anual y el número y el área de los lagos mediante el desarrollo de un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). Durante el período de estudio el área total de lagos en la región pampeana disminuyó en 5.257,39 km2 (62 %), pero cada subregión mostró diferentes respuestas a los eventos climáticos. En siete de ellos, las diferencias entre periodos climáticos resultan estadísticamente significativas (P>0,01). La relación entre la precipitación con el número y área de las lagunas reveló el dominio de asociaciones positivas. Si bien el clima juega un papel dominante en los cambios en las lagunas de planicie, otros factores, como el origen, las características topográficas y edáficas, intensifican o mitigan los cambios en la hidrología superficial.; The Pampean region in Argentina is an extensive plain characterized by abundant shallow lakes that fulfill many environmental, ecological, and social functions. This study aims to detect the multiannual lake area changes in this region during 2001-2009 using remote sensing, including lakes as small as ≥10,000 m2 or 1 ha. Landsat scenes of the wet (2008-2009), normal (2006), and dry (2008-2009) seasons were obtained, and using remote sensing techniques, the number and area of shallow lakes were calculated. The spatiotemporal variation of shallow lakes was studied in different climate periods in eight singular subregions. Spatial associations between annual precipitation and lake number and area were analyzed through the development of a Geographic Information System (GIS) at a subregional scale. During the study period the total lake area in the Pampean region decreased by 5257.39 km2 (62"?%), but each subregion showed different responses to climatic events. In seven of them, the differences between climate periods prove to be statistically significant (P>0.01). The relationship between precipitation and lake number and area revealed the domain of positive association. We conclude that climate factors play a dominant role in lake changes across the Pampean plains. However, other factors such as origin, topographic and edaphic characteristics intensify or mitigate changes in surface hydrology.

Structural and magnetic characterization of BaTiO3–BaFe12O19 bilayer thin films: Interface effects on the magnetic properties of barium hexaferrite layer Zandalazini, Carlos Ivan; Oliva, Marcos Iván; Ferrero, Juan Carlos We report the successful growth of BaFe12O19–BaTiO3 (BaM-BTO) bilayer thin films using pulsed laser deposition, considering different crystallographic textures; BTO on (0001)-BaM and BaM on (100)-BTO. Our study involved the bilayers, the individual ferrite and titanate films, and the targets used in their growth. Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction were used to examine the structure of BaM-BTO thin films, indicating that there is no formation of impurity phases. The morphological characterization was made by scanning electron microscopy, and the magnetic behaviour was studied using SQUID magnetometry. The spontaneous magnetization, magnetic anisotropy constant, and anisotropy field were determined simultaneously from the magnetic hysteresis loop. In addition, we also studied the influence of different annealing temperatures over the magnetic behaviour of bare BaM and covered with BTO thin film. This allows to discern between the different magnetization reversal processes in bilayer systems, indicating a strong correlation between the anisotropy field and the coercive field, and an unusual linear relation of the anisotropy constant with the spontaneous magnetization. Our results indicate a direct influence of the BTO on the magnetic properties of the BaM phase, which places these composite bilayers as excellent candidates for the development of multifunctional devices.

Sindicatos y acción política en Argentina durante la era ''Cambiemos'' (2015-2019); Trade unions and political action in Argentina during the ''Cambiemos'' era (2015-2019); Sindicatos e ação política na Argentina durante a era ''Cambiemos'' (2015-2019) Senen Gonzalez, Cecilia Irene En este artículo se analizan los recursos movilizados por las organizaciones sindicales y sus posibilidades de revitalización en Argentina desde la asunción del presidente Macri, líder de una alianza de derecha a fines del 2015. El artículo se estructura en tres secciones: la primera desarrolla el enfoque de recursos de poder, la segunda describe el modelo sindical, y la tercera, las movilizaciones e interacciones entre sindicatos, movimientos sociales y partidos políticos durante 2015-2019. Se identifican dos subperíodos, uno de predominio de poder social y el otro de poder asociativo. Concluimos que las movilizaciones y trayectorias de acción colectiva mostraron unidad de acción entre partidos, sindicatos tradicionales como la Confederación General del Trabajo de la República de Argentina (CGT) y la Central de Trabajadores de la Argentina (CTA), y otro colectivo más reciente como la Confederación de Trabajadores de la Economía Popular (CTEP), abriendo el plano político.; This article analyses the resources deployed by trade union organizations and their potential to be revitalized in Argentina since the election of President Macri, the leader of a right-wing alliance at the end of 2015. The article is structured in three sections: the first develops the power resources approach, the second describes the trade union model, and the third, the mobilizations and interactions between trade unions, social movements and political parties during 2015-2019. Two sub-periods are identified, one of social power predominance and the other of associative power. We conclude that the mobilizations and trajectories of collective action showed unity of action between parties, traditional trade unions such as the General Confederation of Labor of the Republic of Argentina (CGT) and the Central de Trabajadores de la Argentina (CTA), and another more recent group such as the Confederation of Workers of the Popular Economy (CTEP). This opened up the political plane.; Este artigo analisa os recursos mobilizados pelas organizações sindicais e suas possibilidades de revitalização na Argentina desde a posse do Presidente Macri, líder de uma aliança de direita no final de 2015. O artigo está estruturado em três seções: a primeira desenvolve a perspectiva de recursos de poder, a segunda descreve o modelo sindical e a terceira, as mobilizações e interações entre sindicatos, movimentos sociais e partidos políticos entre 2015 e 2019. São identificados dois subperíodos, um de predominância do poder social e outro do poder associativo. Concluímos que as mobilizações e trajetórias da ação coletiva mostraram unidade de ação entre partidos, sindicatos tradicionais como a Confederação Geral do Trabalho da República Argentina (CGT) e a Central de Trabalhadores da Argentina (CTA), e outro coletivo mais recente como a Confederação de Trabalhadores da Economia Popular (CTEP), abrindo o plano político.

Las configuraciones emergentes del consumo: Transformaciones del comercio minorista y restructuración de la centralidad en la región metropolitana de Buenos Aires; Emerging configurations of consumption: Transformations of retail trade and restructuring of centrality in the metropolitan region of Buenos Aires Vecslir, Lorena; Sciutto, Florencia Elisa En una región urbana tan compleja como la de Buenos Aires, los espacios de consumo no pueden reducirse a solo dos formatos (shopping vs. calle comercial) o emplazamientos (centro vs. periferia). Este trabajo busca explicar la estructura y transformaciones del comercio minorista en el contexto metropolitano. Específicamente, se orienta a la construcción de cartografías ilustrativas de las múltiples configuraciones que este segmento económico adquiere en los distintos corredores y coronas metropolitanas, más allá de los modelos jerárquicos y del peso de la centralidad tradicional. En base a datos de Google Maps y otras fuentes complementarias, se generan mapas de diversidad e intensidad comercial que muestran una estructuración lineal de esta actividad a lo largo de antiguas rutas y avenidas supramunicipales, y una concentración nodal en torno a las estaciones ferroviarias, con infiltración en las mallas residenciales e industriales preexistentes. Simultáneamente, se identifican algunas tendencias recientes de transformación o revitalización comercial que suman a los centros, corredores y shoppings tradicionales, nuevos productos tales como shoppings de cercanía, polos gastronómicos y operaciones de renovación de centros comerciales "a cielo abierto". Se parte de la base de que la lectura interpretativa de estas configuraciones emergentes puede servir para identificar dinámicas más amplias de reestructuración de la centralidad metropolitana y especificidades de cada contexto que han tendido a ser soslayadas por estudios urbanos enfocados en los efectos territoriales de la globalización.; In an urban region as complex as it is Buenos Aires, consumption spaces cannot be reduced to only two formats (shopping centers vs. shopping streets) or locations (downtown vs. periphery). This paper seeks to explain the structure and transformations of the retail commerce in the metropolitan context. Specifically, it is oriented towards the construction of illustrative cartographies of the multiple configurations that this economic segment acquires in the different metropolitan corridors and rings, in addition to the hierarchical models and weight of the traditional centrality. Based on data from Google Maps and other complementary sources, maps of diversity and commercial intensity are generated showing a linear structure of this activity along ancient routes and supramunicipal avenues, along with a nodal concentration around railway stations, with infiltration in the pre-existing residential and industrial fabric. Simultaneously, some recent trends of commercial transformation or revitalization have been identified, that join to the centers, corridors and traditional shopping malls, new products such as neighborhood shopping malls, gastronomic centers, and renovation operations of open-air shopping centers. It is assumed that the interpretative lecture of these emerging configurations can serve to identify broader dynamics of the restructuring of metropolitan centrality and specificities of each context that have tended to be avoided by urban studies focused on the territorial effects of globalization.

Evaluating the mapping particle filter in high-dimensional state spaces Pulido, Manuel Arturo; Van Leeuwen, Peter Jan The use of Monte Carlo techniques to represent sequentially the state of a system given a set of noisy observations are a challenge for high-dimensional systems with nongaussian statistics. A novel particle filter is introduced which aims to an efficient sampling of high-dimensional state spaces considering a limited number of particles. The filter is based on variational importance sampling and optimal transport.

Medicinal plants of ethnopharmacological relevance in Sierra de Ancasti, Catamarca, Argentina Martínez, Gustavo Javier The aim of this work is to document the knowledge, significance, and uses of medicinal plants in the rural population of Ancasti, Catamarca, Argentina, considered an area of great biodiversity. The community defines itself as criollos-serranos and its subsistence economy is associated with traditional livestock production systems and small-scale agriculture. The techniques used in ethnobiology were adopted as a methodological framework. Informants were selected intentionally based on their expertise or by snowball sampling. The specific information about the topic was gathered by records and documentation of species, open interviews and specific semi-structured surveys, participant observation and records of a rapid rural diagnosis. For quantitative analysis, two indices were applied, including: Relative Importance (RI), and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). A total of 209 medicinal plant and 5 species of fungi belonging to 70 families were recorded. Asteraceae was dominating with 25 species. Herbs were leading with a 45% contribution, followed by shrubs. The RI index highlights species like Rosmarinus officinalis, Vachellia caven and Cestrum parqui, also others rarely referred to in previous studies, as in the case of Lithraea molleoides. The medicinal flora in Ancasti, Catamarca is highly diverse and remained scarcely explored so far. Its composition accounts for a set of species and applications that are shared with those of other regions of central and northwestern Argentina, highlighting the presence of intercultural contacts.

Interactions of equatorial winds in super-Eddington stellar sources Abaroa, Leandro; Sotomayor Checa, Pablo Omar; Romero, Gustavo Esteban Compact objects accreting at super-Eddington rates launch powerful winds and jets. The jet interacts with the wind of the disk. A powerful jet pushes the wind sidewards producing a supersonic equatorial outflow. Such a situation might be the case in the well-known super-accreting Galactic microquasar SS433, where theexistence of an equatorial wind has been revealed by high-resolution radio observations. In this work, we present preliminary results of quantitative estimates of the expected radiation from the interaction between a jet-induced equatorial wind and a very luminous donor star with weak or null winds (e.g. a PopIII star). The results are of interest for understanding ultraluminous X-ray sources and other super-Eddington accretors in the early universe.

Sulfur fertilization in soybean: A meta-analysis on yield and seed composition Fróes de Borja Reis, André; Moro Rosso, Luiz H.; Davidson, Dan; Kovács, Péter; Purcell, Larry C.; Below, Frederick E.; Casteel, Shaun N.; Knott, Carrie; Kandel, Hans; Naeve, Seth L.; Carciochi, Walter Daniel; Ross, Willian J.; Rampazzo Favoretto, Vitor; Archontoulis, Sotirios; Ciampitti, Ignacio Antonio Sulfur (S) deficiency has been recently reported in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producing regions across the United States. However, field studies have often failed to demonstrate a strong relationship between yield and S fertilization and generally attributing the lack of yield response to unfavorable weather and high soil S supply. In addition, only a few reports described seed composition changes due to S availability under contrasting field conditions. Therefore, our goals were (i) to implement a meta-analytic model to quantify the effect of S application at different growth stages on yield and seed concentration of protein, oil, essential non-S amino acids, and S amino acids (SAA, cysteine and methionine); ii) identify environmental factors underpinning the response of S to these plant traits. Field experiments were carried out from 2017 to 2019 growing seasons with a total of 44 unique site-years conditions across 18 locations in 8 states. Mineral S fertilizer (sulfate/ elemental S) was supplied depending on the study at sowing, vegetative and/or reproductive stages. A random-effects multilevel meta-analysis was conducted. The effect sizes compared yield and seed composition responses relative to the unfertilized control. A principal component analysis (PCA) separated distinctive environmental conditions and a sub-grouped meta-analysis with the main environmental factors was later executed to understand the response of the plant traits with those factors. Seed protein concentration increased by 0.3 % when S was applied at sowing. The concentration of SAA increased by ca. 1% regardless of the fertilization timing. Sites exposed to drought stress (18–29% reduction of potential transpiration) neither presented changes in yield nor seed composition due to S fertilization. Soils with organic matter between 25 and 32 g kg-1 (medium cluster) displayed significant responses to S application. This research brings extensive data and provides a comprehensive analysis of weather and soil attributes influencing soybean yield and seed composition responses to S availability.

Long-term survival analysis of masitinib in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Mora, Jesus S.; Bradley, Walter G.; Chaverri, Delia; Hernández Barral, María; Mascias, Javier; Gamez, Josep; Gargiulo Monachelli, Gisella Mariana; Moussy, Alain; Mansfield, Colin D.; Hermine, Olivier; Ludolph, Albert C. Background: A randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study (AB10015) previously demonstrated that orally administered masitinib (4.5 mg/kg/day) slowed rate of functional decline, with acceptable safety, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients having an ALS Functional Rating Scale-revised (ALSFRS-R) progression rate from disease onset to baseline of <1.1 points/month. Here we assess long-term overall survival (OS) data of all participants from study AB10015 and test whether a signal in OS is evident in an enriched patient population similar to that prospectively defined for confirmatory study AB19001. Methods: Survival status of all patients originally randomized in AB10015 was collected from participating investigational sites. Survival analysis (using the multivariate log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model, with stratification factors as covariates) was performed on the intention-to-treat population and enriched subgroups, which were defined according to initial randomization, baseline ALSFRS-R progression rate and baseline disease severity. Results: A significant survival benefit of 25 months (p = 0.037) and 47% reduced risk of death (p = 0.025) was observed for patients receiving 4.5 mg/kg/day masitinib (n = 45) versus placebo (n = 62) in an enriched cohort with ⩾2 on each baseline ALSFRS-R individual component score (i.e. prior to any complete loss or severe impairment of functionality) and post-onset ALSFRS-R progression rate <1.1 (i.e. exclusion of very fast progressors) [median OS of 69 versus 44 months, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.53 [95% CI (0.31–0.92)]]. This corresponds to the population enrolled in confirmatory phase III study, AB19001. Conclusions: Analysis of long-term OS (75 months average follow-up from diagnosis) indicates that oral masitinib (4.5 mg/kg/day) could prolong survival by over 2 years as compared with placebo, provided that treatment starts prior to severe impairment of functionality.

Supervisión y Gestión de Datos de Código Abierto de una Microrred Aislada en una Escuela Rural; Open Source Data Management and Supervision System of an Isolated Microgrid in a Rural School Catuogno, Guillermo Ricardo; Acosta, Guillermo; Catuogno, Carlos Gustavo En este trabajo se presenta la implementación de un sistema de gestión de datos recolectados de una microrred eólica-solar instalado en una escuela rural de ubicación remota. Este sistema fue realizado utilizando software libre, y consiste en la adquisición de los datos del sistema eólico-solar, el almacenamiento de la información en una base de datos relacional y la visualización de la información procesada a través del servidor y visualizada por medio de un navegador web. El sistema desarrollado fue instalado en el paraje Puerta del Sol, ubicado al norte de la provincia de San Luis y consta de un controlador lógico programable (PLC) que recolecta la información del proceso, una pantalla interface hombre-máquina (HMI) para visualización local de los datos procesados, y una computadora que contiene un servidor web y un gestor de base de datos (ubicada en las instalaciones de la Universidad). La computadora ejecuta una aplicación programada en Python que periódicamente consulta al PLC vía internet sobre la información del proceso y guarda esta información en una base de datos MariaDB (compatible MySQL). Paralelamente el servidor web responde mediante aplicaciones programadas en lenguaje PHP a las consultas que, desde un cliente externo remoto, sean solicitadas mediante una página HTML. El comportamiento del sistema de gestión propuesto se ha validado con los resultados experimentales obtenidos.; This paper presents the implementation of a data management system. The data is colleted from a wind-solar microgrid installed in a remote rural school. This system was made using free software, and consists of the acquisition of data from the wind-solar generator, the storage of the information in a relational database and the visualization of the information processed through the internet by means of a web browser. The developed system was installed in the Puerta del Sol area, located in the north of the province of San Luis and consists of a programmable logic controller (PLC) that collects the information of the process, a human-machine interface (HMI) screen for local visualization process data, and a computer that contains a web server and a database manager (located at the University facilities). An application programmed in Python runs in the computer and periodically queries the PLC via the internet about the process information and saves this information in a MariaDB database (MySQL compatible). At the same time, the web server responds through applications programmed in PHP language to the queries that, from a remote external client, are requested through an HTML page. The behavior of the proposed management system has been validated with the experimental results obtained.

Post-transcriptional regulation of seed dormancy and germination: Current understanding and future directions Tognacca, Rocío Soledad; Botto, Javier Francisco Seed dormancy is a developmental checkpoint that prevents mature seeds from germinating under conditions that are otherwise favorable for germination. Temperature and light are the most relevant environmental factors that regulate seed dormancy and germination. These environmental cues can trigger molecular and physiological responses including hormone signaling, particularly that of abscisic acid and gibberellin. The balance between the content and sensitivity of these hormones is the key to the regulation of seed dormancy. Temperature and light tightly regulate the transcription of thousands of genes, as well as other aspects of gene expression such as mRNA splicing, translation, and stability. Chromatin remodeling determines specific transcriptional outputs, and alternative splicing leads to different outcomes and produces transcripts that encode proteins with altered or lost functions. Proper regulation of chromatin remodeling and alternative splicing may be highly relevant to seed germination. Moreover, microRNAs are also critical for the control of gene expression in seeds. This review aims to discuss recent updates on post-transcriptional regulation during seed maturation, dormancy, germination, and post-germination events. We propose future prospects for understanding how different post-transcriptional processes in crop seeds can contribute to the design of genotypes with better performance and higher productivity.

QSAR-3D como herramienta abstracción en la enseñanza de la Química Medicinal; QSAR-3D as an abstraction tool in the education of medical chemistry Torres, Dimas Ignacio Este trabajo busca analizar los beneficios y dificultades de la implementación del QSAR-3D en la enseñanza de la química medicinal. Se tratará el contexto teórico tanto del método de QSAR-3D como de las bases pedagógicas que fundamentan esta intervención educativa. Los ejes más importantes son las limitaciones actuales en la capacidad de abstracción de los alumnos y las nuevas tecnologías que habilitan plantear un enfoque novedoso en un área de suma relevancia en la química medicinal. En particular se evalúa la factibilidad de realizar un experimento computacional de forma remota. También se revelan conexiones con otras subdisciplinas de la química para remarcar su valor como contenido transversal.; This work seeks to analyze the benefits and difficulties of implementing QSAR-3D in the teaching of medicinal chemistry. The theoretical context of both the QSAR-3D method and the pedagogical bases that underlie this educational intervention will be discussed. The most important axes are the current limitations in the students' capacity for abstraction and the new technologies that make it possible to propose a novel approach in an area of great relevance in medicinal chemistry. In particular, the feasibility of conducting a computational experiment remotely is evaluated. Connections with other chemistry sub-disciplines are also revealed to highlight their value as cross-sectional content.

Exports "brother-boost": the trade-creation and skill-upgrading effect of Venezuelan forced migration on Colombian manufacturing firms Lombardo, Carlo Ignazio; Peñaloza Pacheco, Leonardo José This paper studies the impact of a massive skilled labor supply shock on Colombian manufacturing firms’ exports, the Venezuelan exodus. We exploit crosssectional and time variability of Venezuelan forced migrants’ settlements in Colombian sub-national areas through an enclave instrumental variables approach to account for the selection of immigrants’ location. Using yearly customs data from 2013 to 2019, we find that the Venezuelan migration improved Colombian manufacturing firms’ export performance, particularly to high-income countries of the OECD located in North America and low-income countries. This effect was stronger for firms that exported less prior to the exodus (2012). Furthermore, using a detailed yearly panel of manufacturing firms from 2013 to 2019 we identify the potential labor market driving mechanism of the trade-creation effect: immigrants lowered exporting firms’ blue-collar wages, and allowed them to upgrade their labor force skill composition, namely firms were able to hire workers more compatible with exports to developed destinations.

Mercado relevante: Un concepto jurídico con fundamento económico. Desafíos y divergencias en la economía digital; Relevant market: A legal concept with an economic rationale. Challenges and divergences in the digital economy Greco, Esteban Manuel; Viecens, María Fernanda El funcionamiento de la economía digital está sometiendo a revisión tanto los instrumentos como los objetivos de las políticas de competencia. La definición de mercado relevante, como herramienta analítica clave en el derecho de la competencia, no escapa a esta tendencia. En este artículo se presentan los principales desafíos que los antecedentes en las agencias de competencia y la literatura muestran al respecto. También se analizan las definiciones de mercado relevante adoptadas por agencias de competencia en dos fusiones recientes que involucran actores de la economía digital: Walmart-Cornershop y Visa-Plaid. La comparativa sobre estas decisiones evidencia la falta de convergencia en los resultados, explicada, en parte, por diferencias en las definiciones de mercado.; The functioning of the digital economy is subjecting both the instruments and the objectives of competition policies to review. The definition of the relevant market, as a key analytical tool in competition law, does not escape this trend. This article presents the main challenges that the antecedents in competition agencies and the literature show in this regard. It also analyses the relevant market definitions adopted by competition agencies in two recent mergers involving players in the digital economy: Walmart-Cornershop and Visa-Plaid. The comparative analysis of these decisions shows a lack of convergence in the results, partly explained by differences in market definitions.

La tercera misión de la universidad y sus múltiples sentidos en debate: extensión, transferencia, vinculación, compromiso, coproducción e impacto social de las prácticas académicas y los modos de producción de conocimiento; The third mission of the university and its multiple meanings in debate: transfer, “extension”, community engagement, coproduction and social impact of academic practices Alonso, Mauro Ricardo; Cuschnir, Melisa Sol; Napoli, Mariángela Este trabajo revisa algunas de las conceptualizaciones que dan cuenta de los mecanismos por los que, en sentido amplio, la universidad como institución productora de conocimiento ha interactuado con la sociedad a lo largo de su historia reciente: cuáles son los sentidos posibles de esa interacción, qué tipo de conceptualizaciones teóricas se han consolidado para comprender estas dinámicas y cuáles son las dimensiones en las que cada una pone el acento. El trabajo se divide en cuatro secciones, en las que presentamos una revisión de conceptos y modelos teórico-analíticos y aborda, desde múltiples sentidos, “la cuestión de la tercera misión” de la universidad en dos niveles de análisis. Las primeras dos secciones se centran en un recorrido histórico de su surgimiento, desarrollo y gobernanza. La tercera sección se ocupa de un segundo nivel en el que revisitamos más en detalle las posibles dimensiones y componentes de la tercera misión de la universidad, con foco en las conceptualizaciones respecto de la noción de conocimiento como parte del proceso clásico de producción, transferencia y uso desde la universidad hacia la sociedad. Finalmente, en la cuarta sección, se presentamos cinco enfoques sistematizados, agrupados a partir de una elaboración propia, que analizan la relación universidad-sociedad y de los que se derivan enfoques analíticos. Discutimos el concepto de extensión universitaria para el contexto latinoamericano, la noción de compromiso social (community engagement en el inglés original) de la universidad, la noción de apropiación social del conocimiento e hibridación de las actividades de extensión recuperando la literatura que observa la relación expertos-legos; y las consideraciones teórico-prácticas del “idioma de la coproducción”. Finalmente, nos detenemos en una conceptualización reciente que observa la cuestión de la tercera misión: la noción de impacto social del conocimiento.; Our work displays a review of some of the conceptualizations that account for the mechanisms by which, in a broad sense, the university as an institution that produces knowledge has interacted with society throughout its recent history: what are the possible meanings of this interaction, what kind of theoretical conceptualizations have been consolidated to understand these dynamics and what are the dimensions in which each one emphasizes. The work is divided into five sections, in which we present a literature review that we consider relevant and addresses, from multiple senses, “the question of the third mission” of the university at two levels of analysis. The first two sections focus on a first level linked to a historical journey of its emergence, development and governance. The third section deals with a second level in which we revisit in more detail the possible dimensions and components of the third mission of the university, focusing on the conceptualizations regarding the notion of knowledge as part of the classical process of production, transfer and use from the university to society. Finally, the fourth section presents a review that we propose from five approaches, grouped from our own elaboration, which deal with analyzing the university-society relationship and from which analytical approaches are derived. We discuss the concept of university extension for the Latin American context, secondly the notion of social commitment (community engagement in the original English) of the university, thirdly, the notion of social appropriation of knowledge and hybridization of outreach activities recovering the literature that observes the expert-lay relationship; fourth, we present the theoretical-practical considerations of the “language of co-production” and finally, we will stop at one of the most recent conceptualizations that propose to observe the question of the third mission: the notion of the social impact of knowledge.

Tendencias en la percepción de los consumidores y adquirientes sobre los aditivos alimentarios López, Paloma Lucía; Reinante, Rocío Denisse; Grosso, Nelson; Olmedo, Rubén Horacio Una multiplicidad de factores influencia la percepción sobre los alimentos por parte de los consumidores y adquirientes siendo el conocimiento o información un factor clave en su percepción. Actualmente, la mayoría de los alimentos que encontramos en el mercado contienen aditivos en su composición y se utilizan con el objetivo de mejorar las características del alimento, ya sean organolépticas, de procesamiento o de conservación. El Laboratorio de Tecnología de Alimentos de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (LabTA-FCA-UNC) se encuentra abocado a la tarea de evaluar la percepción de los consumidores sobre los aditivos por medio de la realización de encuestas. Las respuestas apuntaron a que los consumidores prefieren alimentos con aditivos de origen natural en lugar de los aditivos sintéticos, esto es debido a que perciben a los sintéticos como más tóxicos. Es decir, relacionan lo natural con lo saludable, y lo sintético con daños a la salud sin tener un criterio basado en información al respecto. Es por esta razón, que se torna fundamental la necesidad de brindar educación alimentaria con el fin de mejorar el conocimiento en la sociedad.; A multiplicity of factors influences the perception of food by consumers and acquirers, knowledge or information being a key factor in their perception. Currently, most of the foods that we find on the market contain additives in their composition and are used with the aim of improving the characteristics of the food, whether they are organoleptic, processing or preservation. The Laboratorio de Tecnologia de Alimentos at the Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias of the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (LabTA-FCA-UNC) is dedicated to the task of evaluating the perception of consumers about additives by conducting surveys. The responses pointed out that consumers prefer foods with additives of natural origin instead of synthetic additives, this is because they perceive synthetics as more toxic. That is, they relate the natural with the healthy, and the synthetic with damage to health without having a criterion based on information in this regard. It is for this reason that the need to provide food education in order to improve knowledge in society becomes fundamental.