Reflexiones sobre los materiales didácticos virtuales en pandemia Peschiutta, María Laura; Brito, Vanessa Daniela; Licera, Cecilia; Achimón, Fernanda Los docentes debimos adaptarnos rápidamente a esta nueva modalidad virtual, modificando las actividades cotidianas del aula y perfeccionando sobre la marcha las clases virtuales (De Vincenzi, 2020). En la mayoría de los casos fue una “prueba y error”, los trabajos en formato digital (PDF y Word) se fueron corrigiendo durante el transcurso del ciclo lectivo. Al inicio resultó complicado lograr un nexo entre la abrupta ruptura de la presencialidad y el inicio de la virtualidad. Durante los primeros encuentros virtuales, los trabajos entregados a los alumnos fueron más extensos y contenían actividades a realizar utilizando Internet como principal fuente de información. Estas actividades más complejas, que exigían un mayor tiempo en su realización y donde el acceso a Internet por parte de los alumnos no era continuo, no pudieron ser resueltas en muchos casos y muy pocos alumnos pudieron entregar sus producciones. A medida que se avanzó con las actividades virtuales se fueron transformando, resultando más amenas, más concisas y mucho más cortas. Se eliminó o se redujo al mínimo las actividades de búsquedas en Internet, ofreciéndole al alumno los conceptos directamente en el PDF enviado; además se introdujo el recurso de videos como un instrumento para proporcionar una mejor comprensión de información al alumno y se incluyeron más actividades lúdicas. La adaptación de actividades a la nueva realidad virtual mejoró la respuesta por parte de los alumnos, tanto en su cantidad, como en su calidad (Fardoun et al. 2020). Estas nuevas estrategias desarrolladas durante este periodo de confinamiento deben seguir adaptándose para lograr despertar la motivación y crear interés en los estudiantes (Reimers y Schleicher 2020).

Monseñor Jaime de Nevares: "Don Jaime", Pastor de Neuquén (1915-1995) Nicoletti, Maria Andrea Estudia la figura del salesiano “Monseñor Jaime Francisco de Nevares: "Don Jaime", Pastor de Neuquén (1915- 1995)”. Se trata de una figura singular y polifacética como lo demuestran las imágenes con las que se lo presenta en diversos ámbitos "pastor”, “líder”, “político”, “luchador” y las denominaciones con que se lo conoce “Monseñor”, “El 12 Cultura, Sociedad e Iglesia Obispo rojo”, “el cura pituquito”, “el Obispo de Nevares”, “Peñí Jaime de Nevares”, “Padrecito Monseñor”, “El Pastor de Neuquén”, “el hermano Jaime”, entre otras. Su sensibilidad social en el ministerio episcopal (1961-1991) y su liderazgo al tomar algunas decisiones políticas han conferido a “Don Jaime” especial relevancia pública, de ahí la necesidad y el desafío de presentar a de Nevares en su peculiar contexto histórico, como un “hombre de su tiempo”, una persona que ha podido dar respuestas a la sociedad de su época. La Dra. Nicoletti selecciona pues cuatro acciones que cree más signifcativas al respecto: el comunicado, junto con el presbiterio, de abandonar los palcos ofciales en los actos públicos (1971); el apoyo a los reclamos justos de los trabajadores en Neuquén, especialmente en las huelgas de El Chocón (1969 y 1971), la Asamblea Permanente por los Derechos Humanos (1975), y su participación política como constituyente en la reforma de 1994.

Ecosystem services provided by armadillos Rodrigues, Thiago F.; Meira Bonfim Mantellatto, Aline; Superina, Mariella; Chiarello, Adriano G. Awareness of the natural ecological processes provided by organisms that benefit human well‐being has significantly progressed towards the goal of making conservation a mainstream value. Identifying different services and the species that provide them is a vital first step for the management and maintenance of these so‐called ecosystem services. Herein, we specifically address the armadillos, which play key functional roles in terrestrial ecosystems, including as ecosystem engineers, predators, and vectors of invertebrates and nutrients, although these roles have often been overlooked. Armadillos can control pests, disperse seeds, and be effective sentinels of potential disease outbreaks or bioindicators of environmental contaminants. They also supply important material (meat, medicines) and non‐material (learning, inspiration) contributions all over the Americas. We identify key gaps in the understanding of ecosystem services provided by armadillos and areas for future research required to clarify their functional role in terrestrial ecosystems and the services they supply. Such information will produce powerful arguments for armadillo conservation.

Rapid actions of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone on ovarian and hypothalamic steroidogenesis: Central and peripheral modulation Cáceres Gimenez, Antonella Rosario Ramona; Vega Orozco, Adriana Soledad; Cabrera Kreiker, Ricardo Jorge; Laconi, Myriam Raquel The present study aimed to determine whether an i.c.v. administration of allopregnanolone (ALLO) rapidly modifies the hypothalamic and ovarian 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) enzymatic activity and gene expression in in vivo and ex vivo systems in pro‐oestrus (PE) and dioestrus I (DI) rats. Animals were injected with vehicle, ALLO, bicuculline or bicuculline plus ALLO and were then killed. In the in vivo experiment, the hypothalamus, ovaries and serum were extracted and analysed. In the ex vivo experiment, the superior mesenteric ganglion ‐ ovarian nerve plexus ‐ ovary system was extracted and incubated during 120 minutes at 37 ºC. The serum and ovarian compartment fluids were used to determine progesterone by radioimmunoanalysis. In the in vivo experiments, ALLO caused a decrease in hypothalamic and ovarian 3β‐HSD enzymatic activity during PE. During DI, ALLO increased hypothalamic and ovarian 3β‐HSD activity and gene expression. The ovarian 3β‐HSD activity increased in both stages in the ex vivo system; gene expression increased only during DI. ALLO induced an increase in serum progesterone only in D1 and in the ovarian incubation liquids in both stages. All findings were reversed by an injection of bicuculline before ALLO. Ovarian steroidogenic changes could be attributed to signals coming from ganglion neurones, which are affected by the acute central neurosteroid stimulation. The i.c.v. administration of ALLO via the GABAergic system altered 3β‐HSD activity and gene expression, modulating the neuroendocrine axis. The present study reveals the action that ALLO exerts on the GABAA receptor in both the central and peripheral nervous system and its relationship with hormonal variations. ALLO is involved in the “fine tuning” of neurosecretory functions as a potent modulator of reproductive processes in female rats.

Insight into the factors controlling the equilibrium of allylic azides Vallejos, Margarita; Labadie, Guillermo Roberto Several allylic azides with different double bond substitutions were studied to understand the factors, governing their equilibrium using density functional theory along with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, non-covalent interactions and natural bond orbital approaches. The results showed that the hydroxyl group or heteroatoms in allylic azides interact with the molecule through an electrostatic weak interaction in each pair of regioisomers. The equilibrium shifts of substituted allylic azides, compared to non-substituted allylic azides, were not attributed to the presence of specific interactions, such as hydrogen bonds. The observed equilibrium shifts stemmed mainly from the strengthening and weakening of negative hyperconjugative interactions, which were affected by the weak interaction involving the proximal substituent in each regioisomer. A good linear correlation was obtained between the hyperconjugative energies of πC[double bond, length as m-dash]C→σ*Zb interactions and the calculated percentages of the secondary azide and tertiary azide in the equilibrium mixture. Also, the effect of the aromatic ring substituent was analysed using such approaches. This study not only provides insights into the factors controlling the stabilities of the substituted allylic azides, but also settles the basis to predict the regioisomer predominance in the equilibrium mixture.

The therapeutic revolution of conjugated polymer nanoparticles in Photodynamic therapy and photodynamic inactivation Ibarra, Luis Exequiel; Martinez, Sol Romina; Ponzio, Rodrigo Andrés; Palacios, Rodrigo Emiliano Compared to traditional anticancer and antimicrobial therapies, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodynamic inactivation (PDI) arise as improved treatment tools due to their highly effective, non-invasive and localized therapeutic action. These therapies simultaneously combine three elements: i) photosensitizer (PS), ii) light and iii) molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). These oxygen species can produce biomolecular damage that leads to eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell death. Moreover, nanotechnology has been used for light-mediated anticancer and antibacterial strategies to overcome inherent limitations of small molecule PSs, such as poor solubility in biological media, nontargeted delivery, and inefficient photoinduced generation of ROS. In this sense, conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) have emerged as advanced PSs used in PDT and PDI treatments. Conjugated polymers (CP) are organic macromolecules formed by a series of repetitive monomers concatenated together by a succession of single and double (or triple) bonds alternated along the chain. The polymer main chain has segments of variable length where the delocalization of the π electrons is preserved acting as “quasi-chromophores.” CPNs are formed by folding/collapsing of CP hydrophobic chains in a poor solvent (water) to form nanoaggregates. These nanoaggregates act as densely packed multichromophoric systems with exceptional light harvesting and (intraparticle) energy transfer capabilities which can lead to efficient photosensitized formation of ROS when effectively exploited. Additionally, CPNs have a number of properties which are highly desirable for PDT, PDI and theranostics applications, such as small size (10-50 nm) with narrow distribution, nearly null cytotoxicity, high fluorescence brightness, large absorption coefficients of one and twophotons, and easily tuned optical and photochemical properties by the incorporation of molecular dopants. A brief review of the literature shows that CPNs have been increasingly used as advanced PSs for cell labeling, anticancer treatment (PDT), and bacterial inactivation (PDI). This chapter aims to summarize recent advances, mainly from our laboratory, on the development of CPNs as advanced PSs for PDT and PDI applications.

Development of oil-in-water emulsions based on rice bran oil and soybean meal as the basis of food products able to be included in ketogenic diets Benitez, Lucas Osvaldo; Castagnini, Juan Manuel; Añon, Maria Cristina; Salgado, Pablo Rodrigo The aim of this work was to develop rice bran oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with proteins and polysaccharides from soybean meal as the basis of food products able to be included in ketogenic diet. The effect of the formulation (ketogenic ratios and oil mass fractions) and the high-pressure homogenization conditions (number of homogenization cycles) on the properties of the resulting O/W emulsions was evaluated. All freshly prepared emulsions showed multimodal particle size distributions and shear-thinning behaviour. At a fixed ketogenic ratio, all emulsions had the same oil to emulsifiers + stabilizers proportion, but increasing their oil mass fraction resulted in systems composed by smaller particles with greater interfacial area, and apparent viscosity. The same effect was observed by increasing the number of homogenization cycles. Meanwhile, increasing the ketogenic ratio (at a fixed oil mass fraction) diminished its apparent viscosity. Most of the studied emulsions were stable for seven days of quiescent refrigerated storage, although some changes in its particle size distributions were observed. Only, the stored emulsions with the highest ketogenic ratio and the lowest oil mass fraction presented gravitational separation but no phase separation. Emulsions prepared after five homogenization cycles presented greater stability to the coalescence than those prepared in one cycle.

Estrategias de afrontamiento en tiempo de coronavirus Villagra, Gabriela Soledad; Rodriguez, Ana Cristina El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo posibilitar la reflexión y algunas posibles conclusiones sobre el rol de la educación para la salud en tiempo de pandemia a partir del aislamiento físico, preventivo y obligatorio (OMS, 2020) que estamos viviendo en la provincia de Jujuy, en dónde nuestras vidas cotidianas han sido trasformadas en su totalidad, un stop ha producido un gran impacto en nuestros ámbitos familiares, educativos, económicos, laborales, etc., lo que impacta en nuestra salud mental. Por ello, este trabajo tiene el propósito de generar aportes al campo de las ciencias sociales que contribuyan a promocionar la salud mental, a prevenir desajustes a largo plazo y fortalecer las estrategias de afrontamiento comunitarias a través del desarrollo e implementación de estrategias oportunas en comunicación con perspectiva, sanitaria preventiva y de promoción del bienestar humano relativas a COVID-19 en el contexto local.

Aportes desde la frontera y los actores subnacionales a la gestión de la pandemia Juste, Stella Maris La crisis generada por el impacto del coronavirus ha puesto en evidencia la cara negativa de interdependencia mundial, revelando las debilidades de los Estados en la gestión de la crisis y la protección de su población. ¿Qué significa vivir en un mundo interdependiente? significa la existencia de un entramado de vinculaciones que trascienden las fronteras estatales y que, en muchos casos, están fuera del control del Estado. Ejemplo de ello son los múltiples canales que conectan las sociedades en una variedad de ámbitos: la forma en la que trabajamos, compartimos, viajamos, nos comunicamos, lo que consumimos, las prácticas que realizamos a diario.Con este marco, América Latina observó atenta el avance del COVID-19 en Asia, Europa y Norteamérica, que sirvieron de antecedente para una mirada introspectiva de la situación local y una valoración las capacidades reales de los países de la región. La conducción de la gestión de la crisis ha sido encabezada por los líderes políticos y, entre ellos, hay quienes ponderan los efectos económicos por sobre la salud de la población. Esto obedece no sólo a que el contexto global es menos bélico, sino que el mundo actual enfrenta problemáticas de diversa naturaleza y se requieren nuevas herramientas científicas, educativas, culturales, para enfrentarlas. Con este marco, la propuesta en analizar el rol de las undiades subnacionales fronterizas en la gestión de la crisis del Covid-19.

El ASPO en primera persona: relatos de estudiantes universitarixs viviendo la cuarentena en el nordeste argentino Gandulfo, Carolina; Alegre, Tamara Daiana; Domínguez, Martín Ariel En este libro se responde a la pregunta ¿cómo viven los estudiantes universitarios la cuarentena en el nordeste argentino?. Recopila relatos de 51 estudiantes que se realizaron en el marco del desarrollo de la materia Antropología Social de la carrera de Ciencias de la Educación de la Facultad de Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. En los escritos cada estudiante cuenta en primera persona sus experiencias en la vivencia del aislamiento social,preventivo y obligatorio que se dispuso en el país por la pandemia por Covid-19.Las vivencias son muy diversas y exponen el modo en que el aislamiento alteró la vida del estudiante señalando tanto las dificultades como las oportunidades y los desafíos surgidos en medio de la inédita experiencia de vivir en cuarentena.

Cuando organizar el trabajo es organizar la comunidad: Cooperativismo rural en la estepa de Río Negro Conti, Santiago; Sanchez, Suzette Melisa La historia productiva de la estepa patagónica desde la incorporación genocida perpetrada por el Estado Argentino a través de la Campaña del Desierto acompaña la lógica de concentración de tierras a partir de la configuración del latifundio. Tanto en la "línea sur" (o Región Sur) de Río Negro como en otros territorios estepáreos patagónicos, el modelo estancia, sumado a la incorporación del ferrocarril, y la producción ovina, dieron forma a un modelo productivo hegemónico y de gran escala basado en la extracción de fibra/pelo y su posterior venta, sin procesamiento o agregado de valor, a empresas metropolitanas (Buenos Aires o el exterior).Las condiciones de vida de la población rural, tanto aglomerada como dispersa, se han caracterizado desde los imaginarios locales-regionales a partir de la falta e la incapacidad propia para conducir su destino, incluso folclorizadamente, y acompañadas por la precariedad estatal en términos de infraestructura, servicios, comunicaciones; y también de derechos, considerando que recién en 1955 ocurrió la provincialización y, por ende, el fin de la etapa territorial.La organización cooperativa en esta región no puede disociarse de la historicidad del modelo de desarrollo y societal hegemónico, como una forma alternativa para la pequeña escala agropecuaria y artesanal, que aún en la actualidad se resignifica desde la salida de la dependencia del mercachifle.Nos proponemos describir y caracterizar aquellos aspectos sociales y productivos orientados al bienestar rural que fueron dinamizados a partir de la conformación de las cooperativas agropecuarias en parte de la línea sur rionegrina. A partir de aquí rastrearemos e identificaremos prácticas, valores y formas de socialización que se promueven desde dichas experiencias a la luz de un proceso histórico estructurante y en movimiento, y de múltiples coyunturas o acontecimientos (crisis políticas, crisis ambientales, migraciones, entre otros), tomando como referencia las distintas oleadas de conformación de cooperativas agropecuarias en la región (sus antecedentes, los 70s, los 80s y post-2000).El interés de la temática se centra en comprender de qué forma la conformación y el sostenimiento de las dinámicas cooperativas de organización del trabajo han incidido en las formas de socialización y vida comunitaria en la estepa de Río Negro, y poder comprender la historicidad de dicho proceso en el tiempo.Para abordar los objetivos presentados realizaremos entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad a referentes e integrantes de distintas cooperativas de la línea sur, así como a distintos informantes clave (técnicos de agencias de desarrollo, referentes sociales, por ejemplo), y al análisis de documentos (publicaciones técnicas, noticias periodísticas, digestos y legislación provincial, entre otros). Para poder corroborar la exactitud o ampliar aspectos que surgieron en las entrevistas, en tanto carácter subjetivo de la memoria oral, que generalmente se presenta de modo fragmentario o parcializado, hemos consultado y generado cruces con fuentes bibliográficas primarias y secundarias.

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Segmentation in Annelida: An Open Question Zattara, Eduardo Enrique; Weisblat, David Annelida is one of the three phyla presenting a segmented body plan, composed of repeated morphological units, and the only lophotrochozoan group with this type of organization. Furthermore, while arthropods and vertebrates also show segmental organization, annelids are the only phylum where segment formation continues well beyond embryonic development and into adult stages, either in normal posterior growth, axial regeneration or asexual reproduction. Annelids are also unique in that they can form segments through two quite different mechanisms: boundary-driven and lineage-driven segmentation. Boundary-driven segmentation, in which segments are defined by formation of molecular and fate boundaries between groups of cells, occurs broadly in embryonic development of arthropods and vertebrates, and during post-embryonic growth and regeneration of annelids. Lineage-driven segmentation, in which the components of each segment arise as the clonal descendants of individual cells generated from teloblastic growth, is known only from annelids and malacostracan crustaceans. Despite these outstanding features of annelid segmentation, very little is known about its developmental genetics or how much it varies across the phylum; however, the last decades have seen significant progress thanks to the emergence of new molecular techniques amenable for use in annelids. In this chapter, we introduce the annelid body plan, summarize early embryonic development and segment formation in four species spanning the diversity of the phylum, and discuss what little is known about the molecular basis of annelid segmentation.

Genetic assessment of the invasion history of Drosophila suzukii in Argentina de la Vega, Gerardo José; Corley, Juan Carlos; Soliani, Carolina Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a highly polyphagous fruit pest native to eastern Asia, which in the last decade had widely expanded its range and become a serious pest in the Americas and Europe. Invasion routes and the genetic diversity in populations of South America are poorly studied. Here, we compared the patterns of genetic variation of native populations and previously invaded regions (in America and Europe) with the genetic diversity of the recent invasion in Argentina. In addition, we explored the regional trade routes and volume of host fruits (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay) to understand propagule pressure. We report for the first time a genetic assessment of the invasion history of D. suzukii in Argentina, noting genetic diversity at Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene fragment comparable with other recently colonized countries. In the years prior to the invasion into South America, Brazil imported large quantities of potential host fruits from different countries that had been previously invaded; likely Brazil might be the main source of D. suzukii in Argentina. This is emphasized by the fact that Argentina and Brazil share haplotypes; however, direct commercial pathway with the USA cannot be discarded, and additional sources of species arrivals are also possible. Our results suggest at least two invasion events could have occurred in Argentina, originating both from previously invaded areas (i.e., North America and Brazil). Our study provides information to improve our understanding of the routes and factors affecting the invasion of this economically significant pest in South America.

Acrylic-Casein Latexes with Potential Application as Adhesives Aguzin, Ana; Jerkovich, José Ignacio; Trucone, Julieta; Ronco, Ludmila Irene; Roque Javier Minari; Gugliotta, Luis Marcelino The replacement of monomers derived from petrochemical sources by biopolymers like proteins, together with the development of new materials with improved properties, have an increasing importance in industrial applications. In this context, the synthesis of acrylic-casein hybrid latexes was investigated through a low environmental impact strategy, such as the surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, with the aim of producing new industrial adhesives. Different aspects of the synthesis of hybrid latexes were addressed, such us i) the use of variable content of protein; ii) the control of grafting degree between polymers, using native casein (without chemical modification) or functionalized casein, and iii) the employment of a chain transfer agent to reduce molecular weights of the acrylic polymer. The effect of the analyzed variables on the polymerization kinetics, the degree of compatibility between polymers, and the application properties of the produced latexes as adhesives were investigated.

"Siempre nos miran a los del fondo": Zonificación del espacio y producción de identidades en la escuela secundaria.; They Always Look to the Back Row’: Zoning of Space and Identity Production in Secondary School; “Eles sempre olham para os que estão no fundo.”: Zoneamento espacial e produção de identidade no ensino médio García Bastán, Guido; Tomasini, Marina Edith En este artículo de investigación analizaremos la segregación hacia un grupo de jóvenes en el interior de un curso escolar en Córdoba (Argentina), a quienes sus compañeros nombraban despectivamente mediante el modismo local de brasas. Se estructura en dos partes: en la primera, explicitamos las principales referencias teóricas y consecuentes decisiones metodológicas empleadas para abordar los procesos de socialización, sociabilidad y construcción de identidades juveniles en la escuela desde una perspectiva cultural y dialógica. En la segunda, presentamos los principales hallazgos de la investigación. Comenzaremos aproximando al lector al fenómeno de la zonificación del espacio escolar para llegar a plantear dos cuestiones nodales: por un lado, la relevancia de dicha zonificación como artefacto identitario, y por otro, cómo en nuestro caso de estudio esta dimensión se yuxtapuso a otros recursos culturales, contribuyendo a la estabilización de la identidad devaluada del grupo estudiado, pero también dando márgenes a la emergencia de agenciamientos singulares en sus posicionamientos identitarios. Nuestros hallazgos abonan la necesidad de ampliar la mirada investigativa para entender el espacio escolar en su imbricación con otros entornos y mundos figurados.; In this research paper, we analyze the segregation of a group of youngsters within a school year in Córdoba, Argentina, whom their classmates disparagingly named “brasas”, an adjective from the local slang. The article is structured in two parts. In the first one, we explain the main theoretical references and consequent methodological decisions used to address the processes of socialization, sociability and construction of youth identities at school from a cultural and dialogic perspective. In the second part, we present our main findings. We will begin by approaching the reader to the phenomenon of the zoning of school space to reach two nodal statements. On the one hand, the relevance of such zoning as an identity device. On the other hand, how in our case study this dimension was combined with other cultural resources, contributing to stabilize the devalued identity of this group, but also allowing agency in their identity positions. Our findings suggest the need to broaden the investigative perspective to understand the school space in its imbrication with other spaces and figured worlds.; Neste artigo de pesquisa, analisaremos a segregação de um grupo de jovens dentro de uma aula em Córdoba (Argentina), a quem seus colegas de classe nomearam depreciativamente através da palavra local “brasas”. Está estruturado em duas partes: na primeira, explicamos os principais referenciais teóricos e consequentes decisões metodológicas utilizadas para abordar os processos de socialização, sociabilidade e construção de identidades juvenis na escola, sob uma perspectiva cultural e dialógica. Na segunda, apresentamos os principais achados da investigação. Começaremos aproximando o leitor ao fenômeno do zoneamento do espaço escolar para levantar duas questões nodais: por um lado, a relevância desse zoneamento como dispositivo de identidade e, por outro lado, como em nosso estudo de caso essa dimensão foi justaposta a outros recursos culturais, contribuindo para a estabilização da identidade desvalorizada do grupo estudado, mas também dando margem ao surgimento de agências singulares em suas posições identitárias. Nossas descobertas apoiam a necessidade de ampliar a perspectiva da pesquisa para entender o espaço escolar em sua sobreposição com outros ambientes e mundos figurativos.

Application of a methodology to design a municipal waste pre-collection network in real scenarios Cavallin, Antonella; Rossit, Diego Gabriel; Herrán Symonds, Victoria; Rossit, Daniel Alejandro; Frutos, Mariano The design of efficient municipal solid waste (MSW) pre-collection networks can contribute to the global efficiency and sustainability of the reverse logistic chain of MSW in modern cities. With this aim, in this paper a comprehensive methodology that involves making decisions in several stages, from waste fraction classification to the final optimization of waste bins? location, was applied in two real cases of the city of Bahía Blanca, Argentina. This city, does not have much available data about waste generation and, therefore, an important fieldwork had to be performed for applying this methodology, involving estimating population density per block and waste generation rate per inhabitant, identifying the location of commercial and institutional buildings and also estimating its generation rate, as well as performing a characterization of the MSW from similar studies in the literature and surveys performed to make decisions. The modelling of the urban characteristics was performed in a geographic information system. In the bins? location problem, a mixed-integer optimization model was applied, seeking to minimize the investment costs, given the maximum area available and the capacity of the bins. Different scenarios were analysed, considering different collection frequencies and the maximum distance to be travelled by the user.

Comparative study of equatorial and high-latitude over-the-horizon radar parameters using ray-tracing simulations Fagre, Mariano; Zossi, Bruno Santiago; Chum, Jaroslav; Yigit, Erdal; Elias, Ana Georgina Certain parameters of over-the-horizon radars (OTHRs) need regular adjustment to keep constant illumination of a target due to ionospheric variability. Feasible values of these parameters for an OTHR operation, namely, the ranges of operating frequencies and elevation angles can be assessed using ray-tracing simulations, together with the reflection height in the ionosphere and absorption along the path. In this letter, a comparative study of these parameters is presented considering an equatorial and a high-latitude OTHR location using a 3-D ray-tracing code interfacing IRI-2016, IGRF, and absorption models. These geographic latitudinal regions present markedly different F2 region seasonal variation, E region ionization sources, and magnetic field conditions. Only the ionization characteristics have noticeable effects in our analysis. The main differences are observed in the lowest usable frequency during nighttime and in the seasonal variability of the maximum usable frequency due to E and F2 layers differences at the corresponding locations. Absorption is quite similar in both low- and high-latitude locations

Glucocorticoid and progesterone mechanisms in photoreceptor survival Marquioni Ramella, Melisa Daniela; Cubilla, Marisa Angelica; Bermudez, Vicente; Tate, Pablo Sebastián; Marazita, Mariela Claudia; Suburo, Angela Maria Death of retinal photoreceptors is the basis of prevalent blinding diseases. Since steroids might have a therapeutic role in retinal degenerations, we compared the protective effects of dexamethasone and progesterone on photoreceptor death induced by mifepristone and light exposure. Therefore, we studied the effective protection doses for each steroid in the two models. In addition, we analyzed changes in the levels of pro- and antiapoptotic molecules, glucocorticoid receptors α and β (GRα and GRβ), and rhodopsin under conditions of successful protection and photoreceptor survival. Mifepristone and light exposure selectively damaged photoreceptors. In light exposed retinas, photoreceptors mainly disappeared in the dorsotemporal region, while mifepristone produced a uniform damage. Dexamethasone and progesterone, at the same dose of 4 mg/kg/day for 2 days, preserved over 88% photoreceptor nuclei in both models. Assessment of cell death regulators showed that, in control retinas, both steroids activated BCL-XL, a prosurvival molecule, and decreased BID, a proapoptotic regulator. After steroid treatment of damaged retinas, BCL-XL, BCL2 and BAX showed characteristic patterns depending on the use of dexamethasone or progesterone on mifepristone or light exposed retinas. By contrast, BID decreased with any injury-steroid combination. Changes in GRα or GRβ levels did not correlate with survival but were consistent with a mechanism of ligand induced downregulation of receptor expression. GRβ might be upregulated by progesterone. Both dexamethasone and progesterone increased retinal rhodopsin stores, suggesting a link between photoreceptor protection and transduction pathways. Results show that dexamethasone and progesterone induced comparable but not identical protection responses in each model.

A baseline study of microplastics in the burrowing crab (Neohelice granulata) from a temperate southwestern Atlantic estuary Villagran, Diana Mariel; Truchet, Daniela María; Buzzi, Natalia Sol; Forero Lopez, Ana Deisy; Fernandez Severini, Melisa Daiana Growing evidence has demonstrated that microplastics (MPs) are available for a wide range of marine organisms, with filter-feeding bivalves and crabs being especially vulnerable. The crab Neohelice granulata is considered a key and structuring species in the Bahía Blanca Estuary (BBE) (SW Atlantic) and its ecological role makes this species especially vulnerable to several pollutants. In this study, male specimens of N. granulata and water samples were collected at three sites in the BBE for the presence of MPs. Different types of MPs were found in all the crabs and the water column samples, although the most frequent were fibers <500–1500 μm, mainly blue. This is the first study to identify MPs in the gills and digestive tract of N. granulata. Moreover, gills presented higher total abundances of MPs than the digestive tract, which suggests that in this case the main uptake of MPs would be by adherence to the gills.

Puma and livestock in central Patagonia (Argentina): from ranchers’ perceptions to predator management Llanos, Romina Paola; Andrade, Analia; Travaini, Alejandro We analyzed surveys from 383 ranchers to determine their perceptions of puma damage in Chubut province (Central Patagonia). Thirty-two percent of respondents had a negative perception, while 65% were neutral. Negative perceptions increased: (a) with the breeding of mixed livestock, (b) with the presence of neighboring inactive, and (c) in small and medium ranches. Our results showed that ranchers use both lethal control and non-lethal methods (regular patrol of the ranch areas, night and seasonal enclosures, guardian dogs) to reduce livestock predation. Lethal control has great acceptance among ranchers, but there is a general lack of evidence about its effectiveness. Considering that our results indicated that the puma may not be the major problem in livestock areas, it is necessary to review the current management policy. We suggest focusing efforts to reduce livestock depredation only on affected ranches, prioritizing the development of non-lethal methods.