A phylum-wide survey reveals multiple independent gains of head regeneration in nemertea Zattara, Eduardo Enrique; Fernández Álvarez, Fernando Ángel; Hiebert, Terra; Bely, Alexandra; Norenburg, Jon L. Animals vary widely in their ability to regenerate, suggesting that regenerative ability has a rich evolutionary history. However, our understanding of this history remains limited because regenerative ability has only been evaluated in a tiny fraction of species. Available comparative regeneration studies have identified losses of regenerative ability, yet clear documentation of gains is lacking. We assessed ability to regenerate heads and tails either through our own experiments or from literature reports for 35 species of Nemertea spanning the diversity of the phylum, including representatives of 10 families and all three orders. We generated a phylogenetic framework using sequence data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of head and tail regenerative ability across the phylum and found that all evaluated species can remake a posterior end but surprisingly few could regenerate a complete head. Our analysis reconstructs a nemertean ancestor unable to regenerate a head and indicates independent gains of head regenerative ability in at least four separate lineages, with one of these gains taking place as recently as the last 10-15 Myr. Our study highlights nemerteans as a valuable group for studying evolution of regeneration and identifying mechanisms associated with repeated gains of regenerative ability.

Phytochemical investigation and biological activities of Fusarium SP. An entomogenous fungus Marcinkevicius, Karenina; Salvatore, Silvana Analia; Murúa, María Gabriela; Arena, Mario Eduardo; Vera, Nancy Entomopathogenic fungi have an incredible capacity to produce biologically active metabolites. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts, fractions and pure compounds from Fusarium sp. ARSEF 3300 entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera) and Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera). Additionally, antimicrobial activity was determined against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The culture media developed in the absence and presence of remains of the S. frugiperda insect were called fungus (H) and fungus-insect (HI), respectively. Volatile compounds in the extracts obtained with ethyl acetate were identified by GC-MS. Seven compounds of known chemical structure were isolated: cholesterol (1), campesterol (2), palmitic acid (3), cis-Oleic acid (4), stearic acid (5), ester propyl myristate (6) and cis-9, cis-12 Linoleic acid (7). The ethyl acetate extract of the HI supernatant of Fusarium sp., showed the highest ingestion dissuading activity in S. frugiperda (83% at 300 μg/g of diet) and the highest oviposition deterrence in C. capitata (50% at 50 μg/cm 2 ). Extracts of H and HI supernatants from Fusarium sp. inhibited the growth of the P. aeruginosa (53.64% and 45.39%) and S. aureus (76.08% and 79.61%) at 400 μg/mL. Palmitic acid (46.23% and 38.59%), cis-Oleic acid (49.95% and 42.33%) and stearic acid (50.44% and 39.72%) showed the highest inhibition of growth and biofilm production in S. aureus at 100 μg/mL. Our results suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites in the control of insect pests and human health.

Agrohydrological analysis of groundwater recharge and land use changes in the Pampas of Argentina Kroes, Joop; van Dam, Jos; Supit, Iwan; de Abelleyra, Diego; Verón, Santiago Ramón; de Wit, Allard; Boogaard, Hendrik; Angelini, Marcos Esteban; Damiano, Francisco; Groenendijk, Piet; Wesseling, Jan; Veldhuizen, Ab This paper studies the changes of groundwater, climate and land use in the Pampas of Argentina. These changes offer opportunities and threats. Lowering groundwater without irrigation causes drought and successive crop and yield damage. Rising groundwater may alleviate drought as capillary rise supports root water uptake and crop growth, thus narrowing the difference between potential and actual yields. However, rising groundwater may also limit soil water storage, cause flooding in metropolitan areas and have a negative impact on crop yields. Changing land use from continuous soy bean into crop rotations or natural vegetation may decrease groundwater recharge and thus decrease groundwater levels. In case of crop rotation however, leaching of nutrients like nitrate may increase. We quantified these impacts using integrated dynamic crop growth and soil hydrology modelling. The models were tested at field scale using a local dataset from Argentina. We applied distributed modelling at regional scale to evaluate the impacts on groundwater recharge and crop yields using long term weather data. The experiments showed that threats arise from continuous monotone land use. Opportunities are created when a proper balance is found between supply and demand of soil water using a larger differentiation of land use. Increasing the areas of land use types with higher evapotranspiration, like permanent grassland and trees, will contribute to a more stable hydrologic system with more water storage capacities in the soil system and lower groundwater levels. Modelling tools clearly support the evaluation of the impact of land use and climate change on groundwater levels and crop yields.

Reconstitution of the steroid receptor heterocomplex Mazaira, Gisela Ileana; Galigniana, Mario Daniel Steroid receptors are members of a subfamily of the nuclear receptor superfamily. They play a dual role of steroid hormone receptors and transcription factors. Actually, these receptors are steroid-activated transcription factors. Classical soluble receptors exist as oligomeric complexes with the Hsp90-based chaperone machinery. The steroid receptor field was born and developed along with the molecular chaperone field. Chaperones are not exclusive partners associated to these receptors, but also comprise a large variety of heterocomplexes with other proteins involved in signal transduction. By using the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as a standard model for most Hsp90-client proteins, in this chapter we describe the functional GR·Hsp90 heterocomplex assembly system from reticulocyte lysate or purified proteins.

Synthetic anionic surfaces can replace microparticles in stimulating burst coagulation of blood plasma Contreras García, Angel; D'elía, Noelia Laura; Desgagné, Maxime; Lafantaisie Favreau, Charles Hubert; Rivard, Georges Étienne; Ruiz, Juan Carlos; Wertheimer, Michael Robert; Messina, Paula Verónica; Hoemann, Caroline Dieckmann Biomaterials are frequently evaluated for pro-coagulant activity but usually in the presence of microparticles (MPs), cell-derived vesicles in blood plasma whose phospholipid surfaces allow coagulation factors to set up as functional assemblies. We tested the hypothesis that synthetic anionic surfaces can catalyze burst thrombin activation in human blood plasma in the absence of MPs. In a thromboelastography (TEG) assay with plastic sample cups and pins, recalcified human citrated platelet-poor plasma spontaneously burst-coagulated but with an unpredictable clotting time whereas plasma depleted of MPs by ultracentrifugation failed to coagulate. Coagulation of MP-depleted plasma was restored in a dose-dependent manner by glass microbeads, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA NPs), and carboxylic acid-containing anionic nanocoatings of TEG cups and pins (coated by glow-discharge plasma-polymerized ethylene containing oxygen, L-PPE:O with 4.4 and 6.8 atomic % [COOH]). Glass beads lost their pro-coagulant activity in MP-depleted plasma after their surfaces were nanocoated with hydrophobic plasma-polymerized hexamethyl disiloxane (PP-HMDSO). In FXII-depleted MP-depleted plasma, glass microbeads failed to induce coagulation, however, FXIa was sufficient to induce coagulation in a dose-dependent manner, with no effect of glass beads. These data suggest that anionic surfaces of crystalline, organic, and amorphous solid synthetic materials catalyze explosive thrombin generation in MP-depleted plasma by activating the FXII-dependent intrinsic contact pathway. The data also show that microparticles are pro-coagulant surfaces whose activity has been largely overlooked in many coagulation studies to-date. These results suggest a possible mechanism by which anionic biomaterial surfaces induce bone healing by contact osteogenesis, through fibrin clot formation in the absence of platelet activation.

A formação do Estado e a Igreja no Rio da Prata: Uma combinação de escalas de análise Martinez, Ignacio Manuel Este artículo combina diferentes escalas de análisis para estudiar procesos de secularización en contextos de desarticulación y rearticulación de jurisdicciones políticas y eclesiásticas, asociados a la consolidación de soberanías e instituciones modernas durante el siglo XIX. Se reflexiona a partir de dos problemas investigados en el espacio rioplatense: A) los inconvenientes que presentaron los experimentos republicanos para construir una soberanía que incluyera facultades eclesiásticas similares a las de la monarquía hispana, englobadas en el patronato regio, y B) los actores e intereses involucrados en el proceso de romanización de la Iglesia católica en ese espacio. La combinación de escalas permitió, en A), repensar los límites de las soberanías provinciales durante la etapa confederada y la importancia de la variable eclesiástica en el proceso de constitución nacional y, en B), incorporar los intereses, actores y dinámicas locales como factores efectivos de la romanización, que dejó de verse así como un proceso conducido exclusivamente desde Roma y cobró, en cambio, una dimensión regional.; Este artigo combina diferentes escalas de análise para estudar processos de secularização em contextos de desarticulação e rearticulação de jurisdições políticas e eclesiásticas, associados à consolidação de soberanias e instituições modernas durante o século XIX. Reflete-se a partir de dois problemas pesquisados no espaço rio-platense: a) os inconvenientes que os experimentos republicanos apresentaram para construir uma soberania que incluísse faculdades eclesiásticas similares às da monarquia hispânica, englobadas no patronato régio e b) os atores e interesses envolvidos no processo de romanização da Igreja Católica nesse espaço.; In this paper, different scales of analysis are combined to study processes of disarticulation and re-articulation of political and ecclesiastical jurisdictions during the building of nation-states in the 19th century. The combination of scales allowed, on one hand, to rethink the limits of the provincial sovereignties during the confederate stage and the importance of the ecclesiastical variable during the process of national constitution, and on the other, to incorporate the interests, actors and local dynamics as factors of Romanization, which is no longer seen as a process conducted exclusively from Rome, but as a multilateral and regionally-defined phenomenon.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of sphingosine kinase 2 inhibitors with anti‐inflammatory activity Vettorazzi, Marcela Cristina; Vila, Laura; Lima, Santiago; Acosta, Lina; Yépes, Felipe; Palma, Alirio; Cobo, Justo; Tengler, Jan; Malik, Ivan; Alvarez, Sergio Eduardo; Marqués, Patrice; Cabedo, Nuria; Sanz, María J.; Jampilek, Josef; Spiegel, Sarah; Enriz, Ricardo Daniel The synthesis of inhibitors of SphK2 with novel structural scaffolds is reported. These compounds were designed from a molecular modeling study, in which the molecular interactions stabilizing the different complexes were taken into account. Particularly interesting is that 7‐bromo‐2‐(2‐phenylethyl)‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1,4‐epoxynaphtho[1,2‐b]azepine, which is a selective inhibitor of SphK2, does not exert any cytotoxic effects and has a potent anti‐inflammatory effect. It was found to inhibit mononuclear cell adhesion to the dysfunctional endothelium with minimal impact on neutrophil–endothelial cell interactions. The information obtained from our theoretical and experimental study can be useful in the search for inhibitors of SphK2 that play a prominent role in different diseases, especially in inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders.

Sexual size dimorphism, allometry and fecundity in a lineage of South American viviparous lizards (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus) Valdecantos, Maria Soledad; Lobo Gaviola, Fernando Jose; Perotti, Maria Gabriela; Moreno Azócar, Débora Lina; Cruz, Felix Benjamin In living organisms with sexual reproduction, the presence of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is common. The main explanations for this phenomenon are based on sexual selection or the fecundity advantage hypothesis (natural selection). Here, we tested Rensch´s rule in species of the viviparous lizard genus Phymaturus; additionally, we tested if there is a pattern of sexual size dimorphism or if it depends upon other morphological traits. We found no evidence for Rensch´s rule in these lizards. After testing for multiple or single regime evolutionary models, we found that body size most likely evolved under multi-regime Ornstein-Uhlenbeck evolutionary model; the same was observed for abdomen width in females, a fecundity advantage hypothesis trait. For species with female biased SSD there is a positive relationship between snout-vent length and width of the belly, supporting the fecundity advantage hypothesis. Additionally, the relationship between brood size and brood mass with body size and body mass (respectively) were positive giving strength to the fecundity advantage hypothesis. Finally, our results show males did not show a clear pattern in relation to the sexual selection hypothesis, probably because sexual selection is a complex aspect that involves behavior and color. On the other hand, female body size and reproductive output are related to mean seasonal air temperature and its combination with mean annual air temperature in an evolutionary fashion framework, such as fecundity advantage hypothesis in these lizards.

Ablation of phospholamban rescues reperfusion arrhythmias but exacerbates myocardium infarction in hearts with Ca2+ /calmodulin kinase II constitutive phosphorylation of ryanodine receptors Valverde, Carlos Alfredo; Mazzocchi, Gabriela; Di Carlo, Mariano Nahuel; Ciocci Pardo, Alejandro; Salas, Nehuen; Ragone, María Inés; Felice, Juan Ignacio; Cely Ortiz, Diana Cataloina Alejandra; Consolini, Alicia Elvira; Portiansky, Enrique Leo; Mosca, Susana Maria; Kranias, Evangelia G.; Wehrens, Xander H. T.; Mattiazzi, Ramona Alicia Aims Abnormal Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), associated with Ca2+ -calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)-dependent phosphorylation of RyR2 at Ser2814, has consistently been linked to arrhythmogenesis and ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell death. In contrast, the role played by SR Ca2+ uptake under these stress conditions remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in SR Ca2+ uptake is able to attenuate reperfusion arrhythmias and cardiac injury elicited by increased RyR2-Ser2814 phosphorylation. Methods and results We used WT mice, which have been previously shown to exhibit a transient increase in RyR2-Ser2814 phosphorylation at the onset of reperfusion; mice with constitutive pseudo-phosphorylation of RyR2 at Ser2814 (S2814D) to exacerbate CaMKII-dependent reperfusion arrhythmias and cardiac damage, and phospholamban (PLN)-deficient-S2814D knock-in (SDKO) mice resulting from crossbreeding S2814D with phospholamban knockout deficient (PLNKO) mice. At baseline, S2814D and SDKO mice had structurally normal hearts. Moreover none of the strains were arrhythmic before ischaemia. Upon cardiac I/R, WT, and S2814D hearts exhibited abundant arrhythmias that were prevented by PLN ablation. In contrast, PLN ablation increased infarct size compared with WT and S2814D hearts. Mechanistically, the enhanced SR Ca2+ sequestration evoked by PLN ablation in SDKO hearts prevented arrhythmogenic events upon reperfusion by fragmenting SR Ca2+ waves into non-propagated and non-arrhythmogenic events (mini-waves). Conversely, the increase in SR Ca2+ sequestration did not reduce but rather exacerbated I/R-induced SR Ca2+ leak, as well as mitochondrial alterations, which were greatly avoided by inhibition of RyR2. These results indicate that the increase in SR Ca2+ uptake is ineffective in preventing the enhanced SR Ca2+ leak of PLN ablated myocytes from either entering into nearby mitochondria and/or activating additional CaMKII pathways, contributing to cardiac damage. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that increasing SR Ca2+ uptake by PLN ablation can prevent the arrhythmic events triggered by CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of RyR2-induced SR Ca2+ leak. These findings underscore the benefits of increasing SERCA2a activity in the face of SR Ca2+ triggered arrhythmias. However, enhanced SERCA2a cannot prevent but rather exacerbates I/R cardiac injury.

Robust sieve estimators for functional canonical correlation analysis Alvarez, Agustin; Boente Boente, Graciela Lina; Kudraszow, Nadia Laura In this paper, we propose robust estimators for the first canonical correlation and directions of random elements on Hilbert separable spaces by combining sieves and robust association measures, leading to Fisher-consistent estimators for appropriate choices of the association measure. Under regularity conditions, the resulting estimators are consistent. The robust procedure allows us to construct detection rules to identify possible influential observations. The finite sample performance is illustrated through a simulation study in which contaminated data is included. The benefits of considering robust estimators are also illustrated on a real data set where the detection methods reveal the presence of influential observations for the first canonical directions that would be missed otherwise.

A bacterial endophyte from apoplast fluids protects canola plants from different phytopathogens via antibiosis and induction of host resistance Romero, Fernando Matias; Rossi, Franco Rubén; Gárriz, Andrés; Carrasco, Pedro; Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo Endophytic bacteria colonize inner plant tissues and thrive at the apoplast, which is considered its main reservoir. Because this niche is the place where the main molecular events take place between beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms, the aim of this work was to characterize culturable endophytic bacteria from apoplastic fluids obtained from field-grown canola leaves and analyze their potential for biological control of diseases caused by Xanthomonas campestris, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Leptosphaeria maculans. Dual-culture analysis indicated that three isolates (Apo8, Apo11, and Apo12) were able to inhibit the growth of all three phytopathogens. Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA and rpoD genes of these isolates revealed that they are closely related to Pseudomonas viridiflava. One of the isolates, Apo11, was able to diminish the propagation of X. campestris in whole-plant assays. At the same time, Apo11 inoculation reduced the necrotic lesions provoked by S. sclerotiorum on canola leaves. This protective effect might be due to the induction of resistance in the host mediated by salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling pathways or the production of compounds with antimicrobial activity. At the same time, Apo11 inoculation promoted canola plant growth. Thus, the isolate characterized in this work has several desirable characteristics, which make it a potential candidate for the formulation of biotechnological products to control plant diseases or promote plant growth.

Root phenotypes of dwarf and “overgrowth” SLN1 barley mutants, and implications for hypoxic stress tolerance Moriconi, Jorge Ignacio; Kotula, Lukasz; Santa Maria, Guillermo Esteban; Colmer, Timothy David Gibberellins are central to the regulation of plant development and growth. Action of gibberellins involves the degradation of DELLA proteins, which are negative regulators of growth. In barley (Hordeum vulgare), certain mutations affecting genes involved in gibberellin synthesis or coding for the barley DELLA protein (Sln1) confer dwarfism. Recent studies have identified new alleles of Sln1 with the capacity to revert the dwarf phenotype back to the taller phenotypes. While the effect of these overgrowth alleles on shoot phenotypes has been explored, no information is available for roots. Here, we examined aspects of the root phenotypes displayed by plants with various Sln1 gene alleles, and tested responses to growth in an O 2 -deficient root-zone as occurs during soil waterlogging. One overgrowth line, bearing the Sln1d.8 allele carrying two amino acid substitutions (one in the amino terminus and one in the GRAS domain of the encoded DELLA protein), displays profound and opposite effects on shoot height and root length. While it stimulates shoot height, it severely compromises root length by a reduction of cell size in zones distal to the root apex. In addition, Sln1d.8 plants counteract the negative effect of the original mutation on the formation of adventitious roots. Interestingly, plants bearing this allele display enhanced resistance to flooding stress in a way non-related with increased root porosity. Thus, various Sln1 gene alleles contribute to root phenotypes and can also influence plant responses to root-zone O 2 -deficiency stress.

El Pleistoceno de la provincia de Buenos Aires y sus mamíferos; The Pleistocene of the Buenos Aires Province and their mammals Soibelzon, Esteban; Soibelzon, Leopoldo Héctor; Gasparini, Germán Mariano; Tonni, Eduardo Pedro En el actual territorio de la provincia de Buenos Aires se encuentran secuencias sedimentarias con abundante contenido fósil, que constituyen la base de la escala cronológica sudamericana para el Neógeno y Cuaternario. Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y especialmente a partir del aporte de Florentino Ameghino, comenzó a desarrollarse un esquema estratigráfico con base en el contenido paleontológico. Los sedimentos portadores fueron denominados de diferentes maneras: “pampean formation”, “limo pampa”, “terreno pampa”, o “formación pampeana”, entre otras. Es Ameghino quien divide y denomina “pisos” u “horizontes” pampeanos (ej. “piso pampeano lacustre o lujanense”, “piso pampeano medio o belgranense”). Estos nombres posteriormente se utilizaron como base de las secuencias de “Edades Mamífero” y, más recientemente y de acuerdo al Código Argentino de Estratigrafía, para designar Pisos/Edades. Así, el Pleistoceno incluye el Subpiso Sanandresense (del Piso Marplatense) y los Pisos Ensenadense, Bonaerense y Lujanense, portadores de una mastofauna que caracteriza y define a las biozonas que los sustentan (Ctenomys chapalmalensis, Mesotherium cristatum, Megatherium americanum, Equus (Amerhippus) neogaeus). A través de este esquema, se pueden establecer adecuadas relaciones de superposición, de primeros y últimos registros, así como de abundancia de fósiles y establecer cronologías acertadas para procesos tales como el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano. Asimismo, se registran numerosos eventos glaciales e interglaciales que provocaron desplazamientos de la fauna. Varios de los perfiles tipo o localidades clásicas estudiadas durante más de 150 años han desaparecido (como “toscas del Río de La Plata”, Punta Hermengo o el puerto de La Plata en Ensenada) en virtud de la actividad humana.; Buenos Aires province contains sedimentary sequences with abundant fossil records, which constitute the basis of the chronological scale of South America for the Neogene and Quaternary. Since the second half of the nineteenth century and especially from the contribution of Florentino Ameghino, a stratigraphic scheme began to be developed based on the paleontological content. The outcropping sediments were named in different ways e.g. “Pampean formation”, “limo pampa”, “terra pampa”, or “pampean formation”, among others. Ameghino divided and named them as “stages” or “horizon” (e.g. “piso pampeano lacustre o lujanense”, “piso pampeano medio o belgranense”). These names were subsequently used for sequences of “Land Mammals Ages”; more recently and according to the Argentine Code of Stratigraphy, were used to designate Stages/Ages. Thus, the Pleistocene includes the Sanandresian Substage (from Marplatan Stage) and the Ensenadan, Bonaerian and Lujanian Stages, containing mammals that characterizes and defines the biozones that support them (Ctenomys chapalmalensis, Mesotherium cristatum, Megatherium americanum, Equus (Amerhippus) neogaeus). Through this scheme, suitable relationships of superposition, first and last records, as well as abundance of fossils can be recognized. Besides that, certain chronologies can be established for processes such as the Great American Biotic Interchange. Also, numerous glacial and interglacial events that caused displacement of fauna are registered. Several type profiles or classic paleontological localities studied during more than 150 years have disappeared (e.g. “toscas del Río de La Plata”, Punta Hermengo or the harbor of La Plata in Ensenada) as a result of human activity.

PET-adapted therapy after three cycles of ABVD for all stages of Hodgkin lymphoma: results of the GATLA LH-05 trial Pavlovsky, Astrid; Fernández, Isolda; Kurgansky, Nicolas; Prates, Virginia; Zoppegno, Lucia; Negri, Pedro; Milone, Gustavo; Cerutti, Ider; Zabaljauregui, Soledad; Mariano, Romina; Grecco, Horacio F.; Basquiera, Ana Lisa; Saba, Silvia; Rudoy, Silvia; Sackmann, Federico; Castano, Vanesa; Remaggi, Guillermina; Cabrejo, María del Rosario; Roveri, Eriberto; Casale, María Florencia; Cabane, Vanina; Taus, Rossana; Venturini, Claudia; Sakamoto, Francisco; Varela, Ana I.; Riddick, Maximiliano Luis; Pavlovsky, Santiago The role of Ann Arbor staging in determining treatment intensity after achieving a negative positron emission tomography (PET) has not been established in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Patients with stage I–IV cHL, received three cycles of ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) and an interim PET scan (PET3). PET3-negative patients received no further therapy. PET3-positive patients received three additional cycles of ABVD plus involved-field radiation therapy or salvage chemotherapy, if refractory to ABVD, and were re-evaluated by PET scan (PET6). Study endpoints were 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. Two hundred and thirty-nine patients with early-stage and 138 with advanced-stage were evaluable. Overall, 260 patients (70%) were PET3-negative and had higher 3-year PFS (90% vs. 65%; P < 0 0001) and OS (98% vs. 92%; P = 0 007) rates than PET3-positive patients. All PET3-negative patients, regardless of disease stage at diagnosis, achieved similarly good PFS (90–91%; P = 0 76) and OS (97–99%). The only independent prognostic factor for PFS was PET3-negativity (Hazard ratio 3 8; 95% confidence interval 2 4–6 3; P < 0 0001). This study suggests that cHL patients who achieve a negative PET3 following ABVD have an excellent outcome, regardless of stage at diagnosis. An appropriately powered, phase III trial will be necessary to confirm these findings.

Deformed Weitzenböck Connections and Double Field Theory Penas, Victor Alejandro We revisit the generalized connection of Double Field Theory. We implement a procedure that allow us to re-write the Double Field Theory equations of motion in terms of geometric quantities (like generalized torsion and non-metricity tensors) based on other connections rather than the usual generalized Levi-Civita connection and the generalized Riemann curvature. We define a generalized contorsion tensor and obtain, as a particular case, the Teleparallel equivalent of Double Field Theory. To do this, we first need to revisit generic connections in standard geometry written in terms of first-order derivatives of the vielbein in order to obtain equivalent theories to Einstein Gravity (like for instance the Teleparallel gravity case). The results are then easily extrapolated to DFT.

Heat transfer enhancement in panel type radiators using delta-wing vortex generators Garelli, Luciano; Rios Rodriguez, Gustavo Adolfo; Dorella, Jonathan Jesus; Storti, Mario Alberto In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical simulation is used to analyze the performance of delta-wing vortex generators for enhancing the heat exchange in panel type radiators, which are widely used in electric power transformers. The study is focused on natural convection and buoyancy-driven flows, which are common working conditions for this type of heat exchanger. First, the performance of a single delta wing between parallel vertical plates is analyzed to establish the best combination of characteristic parameters to obtain the highest thermal enhancement factor. It is found that separating the vortex generator from the surface of the panel has positive effects in this sense. Then, with the selected configuration, a set of delta-wing arrays is placed on the surface of the heat exchanger, and the resulting thermo-fluid dynamic is analyzed. The total heat flux and local/global heat exchange coefficients are reported. Using these passive devices, the overall heat transfer improves by 12%.

Bacterial nano cellullose as non-active pharmaceutical ingredient production optimization, quality control development and prototype design González, Exequiel Elías; Cerúsico, Nicolás Abel; Moreno, María Julieta; Sesto Cabral, María Eugenia Materials from bio-based resources have attracted immense research interest in recent years as a result of their very high potentials for fabricating several high-value products with low impact on the environment. Cellulose produced by some bacteria has received great attention. Bacterial Nano Cellulose (BNC) imparts attractive combinations of biophysicochemical characteristics and improved mechanical properties. The aims of this work was to develop growth media for increase BNC production, characterize a non-active pharmaceutical ingredient (NAPI), design an efficient quality control method by FTIR and SEM by compared that NAPI with commercial ones and present a first prototype of a pharmaceutical product. LB and KB media were modified and BNC obtained had better quality respect its crystallinity and/or polymerization degree than the BNC from commercial media. Different extraction processes were proposed, in no case microbiological material remnants has been found. Films for controlled drugs release prototype were made and its physical properties such as water solubility, moisture content, swelling property, UV barrier capacity were evaluated. BNC films present an additional advantage, having lower UV permeability than films with cellulose of vegetal origin, adding potentialities to a patch design that protects the tissue and the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.

Plasticity in root symbioses following shifts in soil nutrient availability during long-term ecosystem development Teste, Francois; Laliberté, Etienne The vast majority of terrestrial plants form root symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to enhance nutrient (particularly phosphorus, P) acquisition. However, some plant species also form dual symbioses involving ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, with a subset of those also forming triple symbioses also involving dinitrogen (N 2 )-fixing bacteria. It has been suggested that these plants show plasticity in root symbioses to optimise nutrient acquisition depending on the type and strength of soil nutrient limitation (e.g., N vs. P), yet empirical evidence remains limited. Alternatively, the degree of investment or “preference” in particular root symbioses might simply reflect differences in inoculum potential among soils of contrasting nutrient availability, reflecting adaptations of root symbionts to different edaphic conditions. Here, we grew two co-occurring plant species forming triple (AM/ECM/N 2 -fixing; Acacia rostellifera) or dual (AM/ECM; Melaleuca systena) symbioses in soils of increasing age and contrasting nutrient availability from an Australian long-term soil chronosequence to disentangle the relative importance of abiotic factors (e.g., soil nutrient availability and stoichiometry) and biotic factors (e.g., soil inoculum potential) in determining root colonisation patterns and functional outcomes of these multiple root symbioses. For both plant species, we found clear hump-shaped plant growth patterns along the pedogenesis-driven gradient in soil nutrient availability, with peak growth in intermediate-aged soils, while high levels of mycorrhizal colonisation by the “preferred” root symbionts were maintained across all soils. We found large increases (540%) in foliar manganese concentrations with increasing soil age and declining P availability, suggesting that plants may be relying on the release of carboxylates to help acquire P in the most P-impoverished soils. Finally, we found that soil abiotic properties, such as strong differences in soil nutrient availability, are generally more important than soil inoculum potential in explaining these shifts in our plant and root responses. Synthesis. Our study suggests that plants capable of forming multiple root symbioses show plasticity in their nutrient-acquisition strategies following shifts in soil nutrients during long-term ecosystem development, yet maintain a preference for certain root symbionts despite changes in soil microbial inoculum.

Familias capitulares y poder político en el Cabildo de Buenos Aires, 1776-1810; Capitular Families and Political Power in the Cabildo of Buenos Aires, 1776-1810 del Valle, Laura Cristina; Larrosa, Juan Manuel Ceferino Este trabajo analiza la relación existente entre las nominaciones que se hicieron para acceder a cargos en el cabildo de Buenos Aires, entre 1776 y 1810 y la posición relativa de las familias concejiles en la red social capitular. Encontramos evidencia estadística que corrobora ese vínculo entre el poder político y el lugar que ocupan las familias capitulares en la red utilizando análisis de redes sociales. De este modo, podemos localizar las más influyentes y su probabilidad de acceso a los cargos más destacados.; This article analyzes the relationship between the nominations made for seats in the Cabildo of Buenos Aires between 1776 and 1810, and the relative position of political families in the capitular socialnetwork. We found statistical evidence that corroborates the relationship between political power and theposition of capitular families using social network analysis.

12α-hydroxy- N -demethyl-sauroxine, a lycodane type alkaloid from Phlegmariurus saururus Vallejo, Mariana Guadalupe; Corzo, Marcos E.; Ortega, María Gabriela; Agnese, Alicia Mariel 12α-hydroxy-N-demethyl-sauroxine (1), another new Lycopodium alkaloid from the Lycodane group, was isolated from Phlegmariurus saururus (Lam.) B. Øllg. (Lycopodiaceae). Elucidation of the chemical structure and relative stereochemistry were stated by spectroscopic data and chemical correlation. In addition, the inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase for 1 was determined as well as for N-methyllycodine (2), a derivative with the same nucleus, previously identified in P. saururus (IC50 = 33.8 ± 0.8 μM and 547.5 ± 0.5 μM, respectively) and N-demethylsauroxine (3) whose inhibition in the actual conditions was better than the previously informed.