Defining photometric peculiar type Ia Supernovae González Gaitán, S.; Hsiao, E. Y.; Pignata, G.; Förster, F.; Gutiérrez, C. P.; Bufano, F.; Galbany, L.; Folatelli, Gaston; Phillips, M. M.; Hamuy, M.; Anderson, J. P.; de Jaeger, T. We present a new photometric identification technique for SN 1991bg-like type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), i.e., objects with light curve characteristics such as later primary maxima and the absence of a secondary peak in redder filters. This method is capable of selecting this sub-group from the normal type Ia population. Furthermore, we find that recently identified peculiar sub-types such as SNe Iax and super-Chandrasekhar SNe Ia have photometric characteristics similar to 91bg-like SNe Ia, namely, the absence of secondary maxima and shoulders at longer wavelengths, and can also be classified with our technique. The similarity of these different SN Ia sub-groups perhaps suggests common physical conditions. This typing methodology permits the photometric identification of peculiar SNe Ia in large upcoming wide-field surveys either to study them further or to obtain a pure sample of normal SNe Ia for cosmological studies.

Planar Normal Sections on Isoparametric Hypersurfaces and the infinity laplacian Barros, Julio; Sanchez, Cristian Urbano The present article is devoted to present a new characterization of the Cartan isoparametric hypersurfaces in terms of properties of the polynomial, that determines the algebraic set of planar normal sections on the homogeneous isoparametric hypersurfaces in spheres. We show that Cartan isoparametric hypersurfaces are the only homo- geneous isoparametric hypersurfaces in spheres for which the Innity Laplacian of the polynomial that denes the algebraic set of planar normal sections is the polynomial multiplied by the squared norm of the tangent vector. Since it is required for our work, we also give these polynomials for all homogeneous isoparametric hypersurfaces in spheres.

Inflation as a White Hole explosion from a 5D vacuum Bellini, Mauricio; Anabitarte, Mariano Using a new kind of 5D Ricci-flat canonical metric, we obtain by a static foliation an effective 4D Schwarzschild – de Sitter hypersurface. We examine some particular initial conditions that could be responsible for the inflationary expansion of the early universe, which could be driven by the explosion of a white hole (WH). The zeroth-order spectrum outside the WH describes quantum fluctuations, which for a scale invariant power spectrum, can be expressed in terms of the cosmological constant, or the square mass of the WH.

Screening concentration of E1, E2 and EE2 in sewage effluent and surface waters of the "Pampas" region and the "Río de la Plata" estuary (Argentina) Valdés, María Eugenia; Marino, Damian Jose Gabriel; Wunderlin, Daniel Alberto; Somoza, Gustavo Manuel; Ronco, Alicia Estela; Carriquiriborde, Pedro Concentrations of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were investigated for the first time in sewage effluents and receiving waters of the “Río de la Plata” estuary and neighboring areas by means of LC–MS/MS. E2 and EE2 were ubiquitous in the evaluated sewage effluent samples showing concentrations ranging between 122–631 and 65–187 ng/L, respectively. In surface waters, these estrogens were only detected in the “Girado” stream (Chascomús) at 369 and 43 ng/L, respectively. No significant relationship was found among the size of the served population and the concentration of the estrogens in the sewage effluent. The detection of these estrogens in receiving waters was dependent on the dilution capacity of the system. The studied estrogens were undetectable at the La Plata City water supply station. Conversely, concentrations found at the “Girado” stream indicate a potential ecotoxicological risk of these estrogens to the local aquatic biota.

Indole acetic acid is responsible for protection against oxidative stress caused by drought in soybean plants: the role of heme oxygenase induction López Lecube, Manuel; Noriega, Guillermo Osvaldo; Santa Cruz, Diego Mario; Tomaro, Maria Lujan; Batlle, Alcira Maria del C.; Balestrasse, Karina Beatriz Objectives This study was focused on the role of indole acetic acid (IAA) in the defense against oxidative stress damage caused by drought in soybean plants and to elucidate whether heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in this mechanism. IAA is an auxin that participates in many plant processes including oxidative stress defense, but to the best of our knowledge no information is yet available about its possible action in drought stress. Methods To this end, soybean plants were treated with 8% polyethylene glycol (PEG) or 100 µM IAA. To evaluate the behavior of IAA, plants were pretreated with this compound previous to PEG addition. Lipid peroxidation levels (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)), glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (AS) contents, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) activities were determined to evaluate oxidative damage. Results Drought treatment (8% PEG) caused a significant increase in TBARS levels as well as a marked decrease in the non-enzymatic (GSH and AS) and enzymatic (CAT, SOD, and POD) antioxidant defense systems. Pre-treatment with IAA prevented the alterations of stress parameters caused by drought, while treatment with IAA alone did not produce changes in TBARS levels, or GSH and AS contents. Moreover, the activities of the classical enzymes involved in the enzymatic defense system (SOD, CAT, and POD) remained similar to control values. Furthermore, this hormone could enhance HO-1 activity (75% with respect to controls), and this increase was positively correlated with protein content as well as gene expression. The direct participation of HO-1 as an antioxidant enzyme was established by performing experiments in the presence of Zn-protoporphyrin IX, a well-known irreversible inhibitor of this enzyme. It was also demonstrated that HO-1 is modulated by NO, as shown by experiments performed in the presence of an NO donor (sodium nitroprusside), an NO scavenger (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide), or an NO synthesis inhibitor (N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, NAME). Discussion It is concluded that IAA is responsible, at least in part, for the protection against oxidative stress caused by drought in soybean plants through the modulation of NO levels which, in turn, enhances HO-1 synthesis and activity.

Sistema biorremediador para tratamiento de suelos y/o aguas contaminadas Scotti, Adalgisa; Godeas, Alicia Margarita; Silvani, Vanesa Analia La presente se refiere a un sistema biorremediador para tratamiento de suelos y/o aguas contaminadas. El sistema está formado por una planta hiperacumuladora, un hongo formador de micorrizas arbusculares y la coenzima metálica Cinc (Zn), desarrollados en un sustrato compuesto con cenizas volcánicas, absorbiendo metales pesados y radiosótopos en suelos y aguas contaminadas. A causa de la contaminación de suelos y aguas por metales pesados resulta de interés disponer de mecanismos de simbiosis, sinergia de metales, estimulación enzimática etc. que permitan aumentar la capacidad de biorremediación del sistema para disponer como herramientas de captación de metales en la fitorremediación. Las ventajas de la presente sobre otros sistemas consisten en: la obtención de mayores coeficientes de bioacumulación y una mayor eficiencia del sistema

Engineered chimeras reveal the structural basis of hexacoordination in globins: A case study of neuroglobin and myoglobin Boron, Carlos Ignacio; Capece, Luciana; Pennacchietti, Francesca; Wetzler, Diana Elena; Bruno, Stefano; Abbruzzetti, Stefania; Chisari, Lucía; Luque, F. Javier; Viappiani, Cristiano; Marti, Marcelo Adrian; Estrin, Dario Ariel; Nadra, Alejandro Daniel Background Myoglobin (Mb) and neuroglobin (Ngb) are representative members of pentacoordinated and bis-histidyl, hexacoordinated globins. In spite of their low sequence identity, they show surprisingly similar three-dimensional folds. The ability of Ngb to form a hexacoordinated bis-histidyl complex with the distal HisE7 has a strong impact on ligand affinity. The factors governing such different behaviors have not been completely understood yet, even though they are extremely relevant to establish structure-function relationships within the globin superfamily.

Impact of upstream and downstream constraints on a signaling module's ultrasensitivity Altszyler Lemcovich, Edgar Jaim; Ventura, Alejandra; Colman Lerner, Alejandro Ariel; Chernomoretz, Ariel Much work has been done on the study of the biochemical mechanisms that result in ultrasensitive behavior of simple biochemical modules. However, in a living cell, such modules are embedded in a bigger network that constrains the range of inputs that the module will receive as well as the range of the module’s outputs that network will be able to detect. Here, we studied how the effective ultrasensitivity of a modular system is affected by these restrictions. We use a simple setup to explore to what extent the dynamic range spanned by upstream and downstream components of an ultrasensitive module impact on the effective sensitivity of the system. Interestingly, we found for some ultrasensitive motifs that dynamic range limitations imposed by downstream components can produce effective sensitivities much larger than that of the original module when considered in isolation.

Una estrategia didáctica para la formación de educadores de salud en Brasil: la indagación dialógica problematizadora; A teaching strategy for education in health in Brazil: dialogic problematizing inquiry; Uma estratégia didática para a formação de educadores em saúde no Brasil: a indagação dialógica problematizadora de Longhi, Ana Lia Teresita; Bermudez, Gonzalo Miguel Angel; Dubeux Abensur, Patricia Lima; Ruiz Moreno, Lidia El trabajo presenta una propuesta didáctica para la formación docente de profesionales del área de la salud denominada “Indagación Dialógica Problematizadora” (IDP) y probada en el espacio curricular “Formación didáctico-pedagógica en salud” del Centro de Desarrollo de la Enseñanza Superior en Salud (CEDESS), Universidad Federal de San Pablo. La misma se diseñó en el marco de un proyecto binacional entre Brasil y Argentina, y se desarrolló en formato presencial y virtual. La implementación de IDP permitió generar una dinámica comunicacional coherente con el posicionamiento constructivista y posibilitar un cambio en las formas comunicativas del docente y de los alumnos, guiadas desde la problematización de situaciones cercanas a las experiencias de los mismos. La implementación de esta innovación educativa fue coherente con los cambios curriculares derivados de las actuales políticas de salud para Brasil.; O trabalho apresenta uma proposta didática para a formação docente de profissionais da área da saúde denominada “Indagação Dialógica Problematizadora” (IDP), que foi avaliada no espaço curricular “Formação didático-pedagógica em saúde”, formato presencial e virtual, oferecida pelo Centro de Desenvolvimento do Ensino Superior em Saúde (Cedess), Universidade Federal de São Paulo. A experiência realizou-se no contexto de um projeto binacional entre Brasil e Argentina. A implementação da IDP permitiu gerar uma dinâmica comunicativa coerente com o posicionamento construtivista e possibilitou uma mudança nas formas comunicativas, do docente e dos alunos, guiadas a partir da problematização de situações relacionadas às experiências dos pós-graduandos. A implementação desta inovação educativa foi coerente com as mudanças curriculares derivadas das atuais políticas de saúde e educação no Brasil.; This paper presents a teaching strategy for education of health professionals called “Dialogic Problematizing Inquiry” (DPI), which was evaluated in the course “Teaching Methodology in Health Education”, promoted by the Development of Higher Education in Health Center, at Federal University of Sao Paulo. It was designed in the framework of a bilateral project between Brazil and Argentina, and was developed in presencial and virtual format. The implementation of DPI generated a communication dynamic that was coherent with a constructivist perspective and enabled a change in teacher and students communication manners, which were guided by close-to-student-problematizing situations. The implementation of this teaching innovation was consistent with the curriculum changes stemming from current health policies in Brazil.

Triptan partition in model membranes Wood, Irene; Pickholz, Mónica Andrea In this work, we report a molecular dynamics simulations study of protonated triptans, sumatriptan and naratriptan, in a fully hydrated bilayer of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl-choline (POPC). The simulations were carried out at two concentrations for each drug. Our results show partition between the lipid head-water interphase and water phase for both triptans, with increasing access to the water phase with increasing concentrations. The triptans were stabilized at the interphase through different specific interactions with the POPC bilayer such as hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and cation-π. Besides, sumatriptan and naratriptan protonated molecules have no access to the hydrophobic region of the bilayer at the studied conditions. Similar results were found for both drugs, however protonated naratriptan shows slightly higher affinity for the water phase. This behavior was attributed to the bulky lateral amino group in its structure under the studied conditions (drugs were originally placed at the water phase). This work represents a first insight to the comprehensive understanding of triptan partition in model membranes.

“En cada pueblo un nombre” : Trayectorias, prácticas y saberes de migrantes africanos de la región subsahariana en Argentina; “In every village a name” : Paths, practices and knowledge of African migrants from the Sub-Saharan region in Argentina; “Em cada vila, um nome” : Trajetórias, práticas e conhecimento dos migrantes africanos da região sub-saariana, na Argentina Morales, Orlando Gabriel Este artículo se basa en resultados de una aproximación etnográfica a migrantes africanos de la región subsahariana -en su mayoría senegaleses- radicados en las ciudades de La Plata y Buenos Aires (Argentina). En particular, delibero sobre experiencias de circulación migratoria en un espacio transnacional, de inserción en redes sociales y de producción-puesta en juego de saberes específicos atinentes a la situación de migración. En este marco, sostengo que los migrantes deben ser concebidos como agentes con competencias para (re)elaborar concepciones acerca del espacio, la movilidad y la sociabilidad, pese a su condición de vulnerabilidad social.; This article is based on results of an ethnographic approach to sub-Saharan African migrants – where most Senegalese – living in the cities of La Plata and Buenos Aires (Argentina). It presents reflections on experiences of transnational migratory circulation, social networking integration, and production and execution of specific knowledge on the situation of migration. In this context, I argue that migrants should be conceived as agents with competencies to develop and rework the conceptions of space, mobility and sociability, despite their social vulnerability.; Este artigo é baseado em resultados de uma abordagem etnográfica de migrantes da África Subsaariana – especialmente Senegal – com sede nas cidades de La Plata e Buenos Aires (Argentina). Ele apresenta reflexões sobre experiências de migração transnacional, integração de redes sociais, produção e execução de conhecimento específico sobre a situação da migração. Neste contexto, defendo que os migrantes devem ser pensados como agentes que têm competência para desenvolver e reformular concepções de espaço, mobilidade e sociabilidade, apesar de sua vulnerabilidade social.

Autonomía y descentralización en la construcción del Estado argentino (1860-1940): Por una historia política de los conceptos jurídico-administrativos Casagrande, Agustín Elías Taking as a starting point a critical position against the uses of the words autonomy and autarchy in Altamira´s works in 1950, this essay focuses on the semantic that the administrative law poured into them during the XX century and the problems and political implications which that involved. Nevertheless, that methodological suggestion called for a deeper reconstruction based on the question of how the displacement of the semantics of those two concepts occurred and which was the bond between that change and the building of the National State. To do that, in this work it was taken as a prolific example the experience of the State-nation building in Argentina during 1860-1940, to witness the role the Administrative Law played in it. That task required not only a contextualization but, at the same time, a consideration about the way in which discourses and political power were related. Therefore this work undertakes a parallel study on the education of lawyers ?the creation of the Administrative Law chair at the University of Buenos Aires; the link between the State and the social question that allowed the consolidation of the first; and finally, a textual study of the concept of autonomy and autarchy in the administrative and constitutional literature written at that time.

Los usos de la red social Facebook en las bibliotecas de institutos y centros de investigación en Argentina; The use of Facebook social network in libraries from research centers and institutions in Argentina Laudano, Claudia Nora; Corda, María Cecilia; Planas, Javier Armando; Kessler, María Inés El presente artículo analiza la adopción y los principales usos de la plataforma Facebook por parte de las bibliotecas de los centros e institutos de investigación en Argentina. Luego de una revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática, se exponen los procedimientos metodológicos empleados para identificar, en primer lugar, las instituciones que cuentan con esta herramienta de comunicación en la actualidad y, en segundo término, los usos que se hace de ella a partir de una serie de variables, entre las que caben consignar: el momento de inicio, los vínculos con otros medios de comunicación administrados por la institución (webs y redes sociales), el número de seguidores, el empleo de las imágenes, la frecuencia y el tipo de posteos y, por último, la cantidad y la calidad de los comentarios. En los resultados se trabaja la información recabada procurando un análisis cuantitativo y otro cualitativo en la construcción de un panorama global. En las conclusiones se destaca que el escaso número de bibliotecas que adoptaron Facebook impide proyectar las afirmaciones más allá de los casos. No obstante, se detectaron aspectos vinculados con las dinámicas de apropiación que pueden ser utilizados para pensar otras circunstancias. Entre ellos se distingue, de un lado, la diversidad de situaciones en relación a la construcción de una estrategia comunicacional definida por la periodicidad y calidad de las publicaciones; de otro, la funcionalidad que en general adquiere Facebook como medio de difusión, en lugar de explotarse como un espacio de intercambio y construcción colectiva; This paper analyzes the adoption and main use of the Facebook platform by libraries from research centers and institutes in Argentina. After a bibliographic review on the subject, the methodological procedures employed are discussed in order to identify, firstly, the institutions that presently has this communication tool, and secondly, the use of it according to a series of variables, among which the following may be mentioned: the initial moment, the links with other communication media managed by the institution (websites and social networks), the number of followers, the use of images, the frequency and type of posts, and finally, the quantity and quality of the comments. In the results, the information gathered is studied to obtain a quantitative and qualitative analysis, in order to construct a global scene. In the conclusions, the little number of libraries that has adopted Facebook prevents the projection of any statement beyond the cases. However, those detected aspects related to the appropriation dynamics can be used to think other circumstances. Among them are, on one hand, the diversity of situations related to the construction of a communication strategy defined by the frequency and quality of the publications; on the other hand, the functionality that usually acquires Facebook as a dissemination media, rather than exploits it as a space for exchange and collective construction.

Apuntes sobre imágenes de la Edad Media y nuestros modos de encararla Magnavacca, Silvia Alicia Sobre la base de lo escrito en diversas obras por medievalistas de la talla de Le Goff y de Umberto Eco, esta exposición se propone, en primer lugar, asumir esos tratamientos sobre las diversas imágenes y/o nociones que se tienen de la Edad Media releyéndolas, sobre todo, en la realidad de nuestro contexto inmediato. Así, por ejemplo, se diseñan a grandes trazos la imagen romántica de la Edad Media, la heroica, etc. En una segunda parte, se esboza una apreciación personal acerca de los distintos modos o estilos de abordar, desde la Filosofía, los períodos medievales según la imagen o noción de Medioevo que se sustente.

Afrodescendientes en la Argentina: Enigmas, cegueras y mitos nacionales Annecchiarico, Milena El censo nacional de población de 2010 incluyó la categoría ‘afrodescendiente’, en coincidencia con modernas tendencias mundiales que reconocen la complejidad de las sociedades multiétnicas. Ante las 150.000 personas que se reconocieron en esa categoría según los datos oficiales, ¿es cierto que en la Argentina no hay negros? ¿O solo no se los ve?

Language dispute and social change in new multilingual institutions in Chaco (Argentina) Unamuno, Virginia Intercultural bilingual education (IBE) programmes in Latin America pose interesting questions for sociolinguistics, since their implementation interrogates the link between language and the nation resulting from the emergence of nation-states, but also from processes of decolonization. In the case of Argentina, a new legal framework and the recent implementation of new public policies at national and provincial levels have caused key social and linguistic transformations in educational institutions in indigenous contexts. This paper aims to show some current transformations in multilingual management in Chaco?s educational institutions. To do this, I consider the case of public schools, traditionally monolingual in Spanish, to which new actors are incorporated, i.e. Wichi bilingual teachers. Their presence at school and their linguistic practices illustrate the tensions between different language ideologies that coexist today in the Argentinean educational system. As I try to show, bilingualism -as an ideological sign and as symbolic capital- and bilingual practices constitute a contested terrain that can be explored through an ethnographic sociolinguistic approach.

Las nociones de Estado y acumulación en el estructuralismo y el neoestructuralismo latinoamericanos: elementos para una crítica Grigera, Juan Francisco En el contexto de crisis del pensamiento liberal resulta de interés y relevancia revisar algunas de las concepciones de las corrientes de pensamiento que se proponen como sus alternativas, particularmente en América Latina el estructuralismo y el neoestructuralismo. La primera parte de este artículo resume las propuestas del estructuralismo, identificando sus principales contribuciones y contextualizando la crítica posterior. La segunda parte establece que en el estructuralismo latinoamericano subyace una concepción instrumentalista (implícita) del Estado. En la tercera parte, se abordan las similitudes y diferencias entre estructuralismo y neoestructuralismo, para demostrar que ambas corrientes presentan un concepto similar de"Estado fuerte" que reafirma la visión neoliberal en lugar de criticarla. La cuarta parte aborda un análisis de la (más explícita) teorización estructuralista sobre la acumulación de capital, en otras palabras el modelo de desarrollo de la escuela. Por último, se aborda la noción actualizada de los neoestructuralistas sobre la acumulación de capital, bajo el concepto de"transformaciones productivas con equidad".; The current context of crisis in neoliberal thought and policies calls for a revision of theoretical basis of the different schools of economic thought that present themselves as alternatives. In this competition for the hearts and minds of economists in Latin America, the structuralist and neo-structuralist tradition are particularly relevant. Thus, the first section of this paper summarises structuralist proposals, identifying their main contributions and contextualizing the criticism that followed. The second section establishes that ECLAC’s structuralism is underpinned by an (implicit) instrumentalist conception of the state. The third section compares neo-structuralism to structuralism, arguing that they put forward a similar concept of a ‘strong state,’ which reinforces rather than criticizes the neoliberal view. The fourth section deals with the assessment of the structuralists’ (more explicit) theorising of capital accumulation, which can be traced to the school’s model of development.

Descripción externa e introspección subjetiva en la Vida de Nicias de Plutarco Sapere, Analía Verónica El presente trabajo tiene como objeto el análisis de la Vida de Nicias escrita por Plutarco. El biógrafo parece seguir de cerca el texto de Tucídides y otorgarle a Nicias las características de un héroe menor, débil y aferrado a vanas supersticiones. Sin embargo, resulta llamativo este planteo tan desvaforecedor para el general ateniense dentro de un corpus que reúne personalidades destacadas del mundo griego y romano que pretenden ser erigidas como modelos de conducta. Para poder entender el planteo del biógrafo, nos proponemos analizar por un lado los rasgos externos que se le atribuyen y, por otro, aspectos de su subjetividad, con el propósito de dar cuenta en última instancia de la complejidad de la descripción, basada en una superposición de discursos y opiniones.; This paper aims to analyse Plutarch's Life o f Nicias. The biographer seems to follow closely Thucydides and he describes Nicias as a minor hero, weak and superstitious. This characterization is rather misleading, however, since the biography belongs to a corpus full of distinguished figures of Greece and Rome, which are models of virtue. In order to understand Plutarch’s view, we will investígate, on one side, the extemal features attributed to Nicias and, on the other side, the elements of his subjectivity, intending to show the complexity of the description, based on a superposition of speeches and opinions.

El seguro de desempleo en la Argentina. Reflexiones preliminares en torno de una ausencia (1890-1989); Unemployment Benefits in Argentina. Reflections Upon an Absence (1890-1989); O seguro desemprego na Argentina. Reflexões preliminares em torno a uma ausência (1890-1989) Grondona, Ana Lucía El presente artículo propone, a partir del análisis de diversos materiales de archivo, una agenda de investigación sobre la historia del seguro de desempleo en la Argentina. Para ello, presenta una periodización preliminar en virtud de los diversos motivos por los cuales esta forma de regulación se vio obturada entre 1890 y 1989. Se analizan cinco coyunturas relevantes para nuestro problema: a) 1913-1915; b) 1930-1939; c) 1940-1949; d) 1962-1970; e) 1975-1989. Aunque los motivos de esta obturación variaron, se señalan algunos aspectos clave en las diversas coyunturas: las relaciones de fuerza entre sindicatos y patronales, la incidencia de los expertos en el Estado y la configuración del mercado de trabajo (en su relación con la división internacional del trabajo).; This article -based on the study of different documents of the archives- proposes a research agenda on the history of unemployment insurance in Argentina. We will discuss different periods that should help grasp the different reasons for which this form of regulation was blocked at different stages of the development of labor markets in Argentina between 1890 and 1989. We analyze five conjunctures relevant for our problem: a) 1913-1915; b) 1930-1939; c) 1940-1949; d) 1962-1970; e) 1975-1989. Although the reasons for this absence varied, we point out some relevant issues throughout the different periods: the power balance between labor unions and employers, the impact experts have over the State and the general labor market regulations (in relationship with the international division of labor).; O presente artigo propõe, a partir da análise de diversos arquivos, uma agenda de pesquisa sobre a história do seguro desemprego na Argentina. Assim sendo, se apresenta uma periodização preliminar tendo em vista os diversos motivos pelos quais essa forma de regulação viu-se obturada entre 18890 e 1989. Analisam-se cinco conjunturas importantes para nosso problema: a) 1913-1915; b) 1930-1939; c) 1940-1949; d) 1962-1970; e) 1975-1989. Embora os motivos de dita obturação mudaram, salientam-se alguns aspetos chaves nas diversas conjunturas: as relações de força entre sindicatos e setores patronais, a incidência dos expertos no Estado e a configuração do mercado de trabalho (na sua relação com a divisão. internacional do trabalho).

Geografía y cartografía: vínculos actuales en apoyo a la toma de decisiones en el ordenamiento territorial Buzai, Gustavo Daniel Los vínculos actuales entre Geografía y Cartografía están generados principalmente a través de las tecnologías digitales, de las cuales los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) ocupan un lugar central al ser considerados el núcleo de la Geoinformática. Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica han producido una innegable revolución tecnológica, pero principalmente han producido una notable revolución intelectual al trasladar conceptos del análisis espacial hacia un contexto de mayor amplitud que el de la Geografía, considerada la ciencia que le dio origen. La revolución tecnológica se encuentra estrechamente ligada con los métodos y técnicas que se han estandarizado para entender los modos de organización del espacio geográfico, en esta línea, los estudios de focalización espacial se vinculan a la cartografía como lenguaje privilegiado que supera ampliamente la condición tradicional del inventario.Por su parte, la revolución intelectual se encuentra relacionada a la forma en que se puede pensar la realidad, es decir, lograr un conocimiento preciso de la base empírica en la cual el ser humano desarrolla sus diversas actividades en el planeta. La vinculación actual entre Geografía y Cartografía supera la manifestación tecnológica para adentrarse en las relaciones teórico-metodológicas que surgen en el marco de la Geografía Aplicable/Aplicada. Sus resultados están claramente dirigidos a la búsqueda de respuestas concretas a problemáticas socioespaciales de diferente naturaleza, pero enmarcadas en un similar contexto: la dimensión espacial. En su interior, las respuestas estarán dirigidas a aspectos que puedan ser comprendidos a través de los conceptos de localización, distribución, asociación, interacción y evolución espacial. Desde esta perspectiva la Geografía es considerada como ciencia de la organización del territorio, la cual enmarcada en acciones voluntarias da lugar al ordenamiento territorial, el cual, realizado por la administración pública incluye dos grandes fases: planificación y gestión. En ambas los SIG y la Cartografía tienen incidencia, aunque desde el ámbito académico su mayor participación estaría dada en la fase de planificación realizando el diagnóstico y generando propuesta en apoyo a la toma de decisiones. La exposición se basará principalmente en la presentación de diferentes procedimientos que ejemplifican lo anteriormente expuesto, como el análisis exploratorio de datos espaciales, modelado cartográfico, evaluación multicriterio y modelos de localización-asignación, entre otros. En síntesis, la relación actual entre Geografía y Cartografía, sintetiza la confluencia entre desarrollos teórico-metodológicos como aportes fundamentales para la resolución de problemáticas socioespaciales concretas en la práctica del ordenamiento territorial.