Conflict and Violence in Times of Crisis: Salta (Argentina) in the Early Decades of the 19th Century; Conflicto y violencia en tiempos de crisis. Salta (Argentina) en las primeras décadas del siglo XIX Mata, Sara Emilia Following the death of Martín Miguel de Güemes in June 1821 and the signing of an armistice between the royalist forces led by Antonio de Olañeta and the members of the elite opposing Güemes, a process of extreme conflict began in the Province of Salta, whose main players were the men mobilized in the region in the protracted struggle against the royalist forces from 1814 onwards. Those difficult years will be analyzed from a double perspective that addresses both the political and power relations with Buenos Aires and the neighboring provinces and states, and the motivations of the subaltern sectors and political aspirations of the political leaders who acted as intermediaries for the power relations between themselves and the Salta elite.

Pollution, habitat loss, fishing and climate change as critical threats to penguins Trathan, Phil N.; Garcia Borboroglu, Jorge Pablo; Boersma, P. Dee; Bost, Charles André; Crawford, Robert J. M.; Crossin, Glenn T.; Cuthbert, Richard; Dann, Peter; Davis, Lloyd Spencer; de la Puente, Santiago; Ellenberg, Ursula; Lynch, Heather J.; Mattern, Thomas; Pütz, Klemens; Seddon, Philip J.; Trivelpiece, Wayne; Wienecke, Bárbara Cumulative human impacts across the world’s oceans are considerable. We therefore examined a single model taxonomic group, the penguins (Spheniscidae), to explore how marine species and communities might be at risk of decline or extinction in the southern hemisphere. We sought to determine the most important threats to penguins and to suggest means to mitigate these threats. Our review has relevance to other taxonomic groups in the southern hemisphere and in northern latitudes, where human impacts are greater. Our review was based on an expert assessment and literature review of all 18 penguin species; 49 scientists contributed to the process. For each penguin species, we considered their range and distribution, population trends, and main anthropogenic threats over the past approximately 250 years. These threats were harvesting adults for oil, skin, and feathers and as bait for crab and rock lobster fisheries; harvesting of eggs; terrestrial habitat degradation; marine pollution; fisheries bycatch and resource competition; environmental variability and climate change; and toxic algal poisoning and disease. Habitat loss, pollution, and fishing, all factors humans can readily mitigate, remain the primary threats for penguin species. Their future resilience to further climate change impacts will almost certainly depend on addressing current threats to existing habitat degradation on land and at sea. We suggest protection of breeding habitat, linked to the designation of appropriately scaled marine reserves, including in the High Seas, will be critical for the future conservation of penguins. However, large-scale conservation zones are not always practical or politically feasible and other ecosystem-based management methods that include spatial zoning, bycatch mitigation, and robust harvest control must be developed to maintain marine biodiversity and ensure that ecosystem functioning is maintained across a variety of scales.; Los impactos humanos acumulativos a lo largo de los océanos del planeta son considerables. Por eso examinamos un solo modelo de grupo taxonómico, los pingüinos (Sphenischidae), para explorar cómo las especies y las comunidades marinas pueden estar en riesgo de disminuir o de extinguirse en el hemisferio sur. Buscamos determinar la amenaza más importante para los pingüinos y sugerir métodos para mitigar estas amenazas. Nuestra revisión tiene relevancia para otros grupos taxonómicos en el hemisferio sur y en las latitudes norteñas, donde los impactos humanos son mayores. Nuestra revisión se basó en una evaluación experta y una revisión de literaratura de las 18 especies de pingüinos; 49 científicos contribuyeron al proceso. Para cada especie de pingüino, consideramos su rango y distribución, tendencias poblacionales y las principales amenazas antropogénicas en aproximadamente los últimos 250 años. Estas amenazas fueron la captura de adultos para obtener aceite, piel y plumas y el uso como carnada para la pesca de cangrejos y langostas: la recolección de huevos; la degradación del hábitat terrestre; la contaminación marina; la pesca accesoria y la competencia por recursos; la variabilidad ambiental y el cambio climático; y el envenenamiento por algas tóxicas y enfermedades. La pérdida de hábitat, la contaminación y la pesca, todos factores que los humanos pueden mitigar, siguen siendo las amenazas principales para las especies de pingüinos. Su resiliencia futura a más impactos por cambio climático dependerá certeramente de que nos enfoquemos en las amenazas actuales a la degradación de hábitats existentes en tierra y en el mar. Sugerimos que la protección de hábitats de reproducción, en conjunto con la designación de reservas marinas de escala apropiada, incluyendo alta mar, será crítica para la conservación futura de los pingüinos. Sin embargo, las zonas de conservación a gran escala no son siempre prácticas o políticamente viables, y otros métodos de manejo basados en ecosistemas que incluyen la zonificación espacial, la mitigación de captura accesoria, y el control fuerte de captura deben desarrollarse para mantener la biodiversidad marina y asegurar que el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas se mantenga a lo largo de una variedad de escalas.

El placer en Poggio Bracciolini; Pleasure in Poggio Bracciolini’s work Ciordia, Martin Jose Raul Kristeller, Garin, Fubini, Goodhart Gordan, Sozzi, Harth y, más recientemente, Montalto, Canfora y Greenblatt –por nombrar sólo algunos autores- han estudiado la obra de Poggio Bracciolini desde diversos puntos de vista. Sin embargo, sus producciones no han recibido la misma atención que las de otros humanistas del Renacimiento, y queda todavía mucho por explorar en ellas. En este texto, se analizan algunas obras de Poggio con el objetivo de estudiar el placer como prá/ica cultural.; K risteller, Garin, Fubini, Goodhart Gordan, Sozzi, Harth and, more recently, Montalto, Canfora and Greenblatt -to name just a few specialists-, have studied Poggio Bracciolini’s work from different points of view. Yet it has not received the attention that other Renaissance humanists have, and there’s still a lot to deal with in his work. In this presentation, the author analyzes some of Poggio’s works with the aim of studying the pleasure as cultural pra*ice.

Bacteriocinogenic Lactic Acid Bacteria of Caprine Products from Chaco-Argentina Rivas, Franco Paolo; Castro, Marcela Paola; Cayré, María E.; Campos, Carmen Adriana The microbiota of artisanal caprine products is essential for the manufacture of fermented products, such as cheeses and dry sausages, conferring them particular and distinctive flavors and generating high value-added products. Many of the bacteria comprising this microbiota are able to produce bacteriocins and antimicrobial substances. The finding of bacteriocinogenic strains within this microbiota could be the first step to introduce biopreservation into these products. Hence, ten lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (6 Lactobacillus paracasei, 2 Lactococcus lactis, 1 Leuconostoc mesenteroides and 1 Lactobacillus rhamnosus) isolated from artisanal caprine products from Chaco (Argentina) were screened for antagonistic activity against other LAB and some spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, such as Listeria innocua (in lieu of Listeria monocytogenes), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The final goal was to investigate LAB antibacterial activity within this unexplored ecological niche and to select interesting strains for the role of bio-preservatives. Bacteriocin-like substances (BLIS) produced by the isolated strains inhibited three species of S.aureus, L. innocua and Brochothrix thermosphacta. Titles of these antibacterial substances were within the range 100- 200 AU.mL-1. BLIS produced by the isolated strains were heat stable and effective after refrigerated storage and freeze/thaw cycles. Moreover, BLIS activity was higher at acidic pH values, showing a decrease when these values were closer to neutrality or they become alkaline. BLIS did not adsorb to the producer cells which is expected for future production and application on food systems. The results presented in this study could contribute to characterize the antimicrobial activity of the indigenous flora of artisanal caprine products manufactured in the province of Chaco,Argentina. The isolated bacteriocinogenic strains showed a regular production of BLIS in culture broth, which offers promising applications for the biopreservation of these products.

Discussion of “Dynamic treatment regimes: Technical challenges and applications” Robins, James; Rotnitzky, Andrea Gloria We thank the editor for organizing this discussion of the article by Laber et al. (2014) (throughout referred to as LLQPM). The authors offer an elegant solution to the inferential problem caused by nonregularity. Our discussion will to a large extent focus on conceptual rather than technical issues, in part because the authors handled the technical matters so decisively and well. In so doing, we recognize that discussion of conceptual issues was not the authors’ goal and that the authors have written elsewhere about many of the issues we raise. Indeed, in our own writing, we have often either ignored the issues we raise or were unable to offer coherent solutions to them. We hope our discussion makes for an interesting and lively interchange.

Morfological indicators of initial reproductive commitment in Mustelus schmitti (Chondrichthyes, Triakidae): folliculogenesis and ovarian structure along the life cycle; Indicadores morfológicos de compromisso reprodutivo inicial em Mustelus schmitti (Springer 1939) (Chondrichthyes, Triakidae): folliculogenesis e estrutura ovariana ao longo do ciclo de vida Galíndez, Elena Juana; Díaz Andrade, María Constanza; Estecondo, Silvia This work provides information about the sexual commitment and the folliculogenesis of the gatuzo, Mustelus schmitti. A total of 112 females of all maturity stages were fished in the Bahía Blanca estuary, between 2009 and 2010. The oogonia were present all along the life cycle of the animals. The folliculogenesis follows a pattern similar to other elasmobranchs. The granulosa layer keeps monolayered throughout the folliculogenesis, but with two cell types in the vitellogenic follicle. The zona pellucida forms in the primordial follicles. The thecal system shows a connective inner layer and a glandular outer sheath. The microscopic beginning of the sexual commitment, indicated by the vitello hoarding, takes place in follicles from 500 micrometers, while the macroscopic evidence appears in follicles of 2500-3000 micrometers. The results presented in this study suggest that the fishery pressure may affect a susceptible range of sizes of the species, not previously considered and provides a biological framework for the development of fisheries police.; Este trabalho provê informações sobre o compromisso sexual e da foliculogênese do gatuzo, Mustelus schmitti. Um total de 112 fêmeas de todas as fases de maturidade foram pescados no estuário Bahía Blanca, entre 2009 e 2010. O oogônias foi presentes durante todo do ciclo de vida dos animais. A foliculogênese segue um padrão semelhante a outros elasmobrânquios. A capa granulosa mantém-se simples durante toda a foliculogénese, mas com dois tipos de células no folículo vitelogênico. A zona pelúcida forma-se nos folículos primordiais. O sistema mostra uma capa tecal interior de tecido conjuntivo e uma bainha exterior glandular. O início microscópico do compromisso sexual, indicado pela acumulação do vitello, realiza-se em folículos de 500 micrómetros, enquanto que a evidência macroscópica aparece em folículos de 2500-3000 micrómetros. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo sugerem que a pressão da pesca pode afetar um amplo intervalo de tamanho das espécies não considerado anteriormente, e fornece uma base biológica para o desenvolvimento de política comum da pesca.

Informational efficiency in distressed markets: The case of European corporate bonds Fernández, Aurelio; Guercio, María Belén; Martinez, Lisana Belén This paper investigates the effect of the 2008 financial crisis on informational efficiency by carrying out a long-memory analysis of European corporate bond markets. We compute the Hurst exponent for fifteen sectorial indices to scrutinise the time-varying behaviour of long-range memory, applying a shuffling technique to avoid short-term correlation. We find that the financial crisis has uneven effects on the informational efficiency of all corporate bond sectors, especially those related to financial services. However, their vulnerability is not homogeneous and some nonfinancial sectors suffer only a transitory effect.

"Buenos Aires beat": A topography of rock culture in Buenos Aires, 1965-1970 Sanchez Trolliet, Ana Belen In this article, I examine the rise of 'countercultural rock' in the city of Buenos Aires between 1965 and 1970. Through the identification, mapping and analysis of real and imaginary spaces, I analyse how rock occupied the city both materially and symbolically. This dual approach to the study of the production, circulation and consumption of rock music enables us to understand a paradox which spanned those formative years: although it was postulated as the genre of modern Buenos Aires, its aesthetic was geared towards constructing an anti-urban account that favoured escape towards idealized natural environments.

Geometric Interpretation of a Non-linear Beam Finite Element on the Lie Group SE(3) Sonneville, Valentín; Cardona, Alberto; Brüls, Olivier Recently, the authors proposed a geometrically exact beam finite element formulation on the Lie group SE(3). Some important numerical and theoretical aspects leading to a computationally efficient strategy were obtained. For instance, the formulation leads to invariant equilibrium equations under rigid body motions and a locking free element. In this paper we discuss some important aspects of this formulation. The invariance property of the equilibrium equations under rigid body motions is discussed and brought out in simple analytical examples. The discretization method based on the exponential map is recalled and a geometric interpretation is given. Special attention is also dedicated to the consistent interpolation of the velocities.

Specters of Frye Lavagnino, Nicolás Alejo The influence of Northrop Frye’s Anatomy of Criticism in White’s work is evident from the very moment that the reader begins to read the Introduction to Metahistory. Frye appears there as providing a kind of vocabulary for the analysis of historical narratives, focusing on the concept of emplotment. But it can be said that in the face of the plurality of critical theories contained in Frye’s Anatomy, White has proceeded, from Metahistory onwards, in a cautious, even restrictive fashion, generating an artificial division between the vocabulary of ideological implication and that of emplotment. This caution, I argue, has restricted much of the potential and utility of Frye’s critical specters for a historical narratology. The exclusive focus on emplotment in White’s work has an important role, which is to reinforce the distinction between the tropological deep base and the surface strategies of which plots and implications are two of the dimensions surveyed. Yet, as a result of the commitment to the idea of a tropologically informed depth, we get a curious amputation of Frye’s theory of muthos in order to make space for this artificial distinction. But narrativism should not generate these false dilemmas. White’s philosophy of history and Frye’s literary theory tend to converge on a view of language that places it in a continuous social praxis within the variable spectrum of human behavior. It is for this reason that in the end I suggest to adopt the framework of “radical interpretation”, present in the philosophy of language of Donald Davidson, as a way to enrich this perspective and deepen what I call broad muthos theory.

Fichte y Deleuze: potencias y paradojas del afinismo radical Ferreyra, Diego Julián The presence of Fichte's thought in the work of Deleuze is scarce, but nonetheless quiet suggestive, to the extent that in a recent paper Jean-Cristophe Goddard attempts a quest of an extreme affinity between both authors. In this paper I describe, firstly, the main appearances of Fichte in the work of Deleuze, and then I focus, trough the notes that the French philosopher attributes in general to “post-Kantianism”, on a reconstruction of a Deleuzian interpretation of Fichte's ontology, with its merits and flaws. On this basis, I explore the advantages offered by the perspective of affinity, but also the controversial consequences of such a deleuzianisation of the Fichtean legacy.

San José de Flores de pueblo rural a barrio porteño Camino, Ulises Adrián Presentamos una síntesis de los trabajos arqueológicos realizados en el barrio porteño de Flores. Los mismos se vienen desarrollando de forma sistemática desde el año 2003 y han permitido efectuar la tesis doctoral del autor en el año 2012. Se exponen algunos resultados de los distintos sitios excavados y de las fuentes documentales analizadas durante los últimos diez años. Se postula que la ubicación de San José de Flores era estratégica desde el punto de vista geo-económico por su cercanía a Buenos Aires y por encontrarse a la vera del Camino Real. Esta situación espacial habría facilitado la integración del poblado al entramado comercial de la metrópoli y su inclusión dentro del Sistema Mundial.; Este artigo consiste numa síntese das pesquisas arqueológicas realizadas no bairro portenho de Flores, desenvolvidas de forma sistemática desde 2003, e que resultaram na tese de doutorado do autor concluída en 2012. Apresentam-se os resultados obtidos dos vários sítios escavados y das fontes discutidas durante os últimos dez anos. Esta investigação propoe que a localização do povoado de San José de Flores era estratégica, por estar nas proximidades de Buenos Aires e ao lado do Caminho Real, o que lhe permitiu ingressar na rede comercial da metrópole e possibilitando assim a sua inclusão no Sistema-Mundo; This paper is a synthesis of an extended archaeological research carried out in the neighborhood of Flores, Buenos Aires, which has been developing systematically since 2003 and has led to the author’s doctoral thesis completed in 2012. Here are presented the results obtained from excavations in different sites and from documental sources’ analysis, during the past ten years. This investigation suggests that San José de Flores was located strategically, both for its nearness to Buenos Aires and for being beside the Royal Way, all of which enable the village to be integrated into the trade network of the metropolis and therefore into the World System.

Remedios para un cuerpo político que declina. El arbitrismo de Manuel Gaytán de Torres y el estrechamiento de los vínculos transatlánticos de la monarquía hispánica (siglo XVII); Remedies for a Body Politic in Decline. Manuel Gaytánde Torres’ Arbitrism and the Strengthening of TransatlanticTies in the Spanish Monarchy (17th century) Amadori, Arrigo Este artículo analiza los memoriales del jerezano Manuel Gaytán de Torres, quien elaboró un arbitrismo de gran envergadura, heterogeneidad y originalidad de síntesis que articula problemáticas y espacios geográficos diversos en una propuesta funcional del mundo ibérico. Su obra permite contemplar la construcción intelectual de la monarquía policéntrica desde la óptica de un arbitrismo en el que los virreinatos americanos se relacionan de forma sistémica con el mundo europeo, reproduciendo las percepciones contemporáneas acerca de las dificultades y de las soluciones para los disfuncionamientos de las posesiones de los Austrias.; This article analyses the memorials of Manuel Gaytán de Torres, a native of Jerezwho developed an arbitrism of great scope, heterogeneity and originality of synthesis thatarticulates various issues and geographic spaces into a functional proposition of the Iberianworld. His work facilitates an understanding of the intellectual construction of the polycen-tric monarchy from the perspective of an arbitrism in which the American viceroyalties aresystematically related to the European world, and reproduces contemporary perceptions ofthe difficulties posed by the different dysfunctions of the Austrian possessions and their solu-tions.

Equidad y politicas universitarias: perspectivas desde latinoamerica Yuni, Jose Alberto; Melendez, Cecilia Evangelina; Diaz, Ana Griselda En este artículo nos proponemos abordar algunas cuestiones de la equidad en la Educación Superior, desde la singular perspectiva de la realidad latinoamericana. Nuestro interés radica en dar cuenta de los modos y posiciones teóricas a través de las cuales se definen políticas de equidad en el campo de la Educación Superior y se establecen sentidos y significados sociales en torno a ellas. En la primera parte se realiza una breve caracterización de los escenarios de la Educación Superior en Latinoamérica, tanto en lo que se refiere a los procesos socio-políticos de carácter estructural, como a la dinámica de los sistemas de Educación Superior. En la segunda parte, se efectúa una reconstrucción conceptual que nos permita mostrar los desplazamientos operados en las políticas universitarias de las últimas décadas y que han desembocado en la implementación de las llamadas políticas de equidad. En la tercera parte del artículo, se analizan diferentes niveles de especificación del concepto de equidad en las dinámicas universitarias, las que dan cuenta de su potencial productivo de prácticas. Finalmente, se describen algunas de las iniciativas más importantes desplegadas en los últimos años por algunos países de la región, enmarcadas en políticas de equidad, señalando sus efectos y alcances.

Consumo Compensatorio: ¿Una nueva forma de construir sensibilidades desde el Estado? de Sena, Angélica; Scribano, Adrián Oscar La motivación central del presente trabajo es explorar la emergencia de un fenómeno social que, al menos, se viene consolidando en los últimos catorce años en Latinoamérica en general y en Argentina en particular: el consumo compensatorio. El artículo sintetiza un conjunto de indagaciones que venimos realizando en el cruce entre una sociología de las políticas sociales y una manera de entender la sociología de los cuerpos/emociones. La estrategia argumentativa que hemos seleccionado es la siguiente: a) se bosqueja el punto de partida conceptual sobre los cruces entre políticas sociales y sensibilidades, b) se presenta un esquema de las conexiones consumo y disfrute en la actualidad, c) se muestran algunos resultados de las indagaciones que se han utilizado como base del análisis y d) se conceptualiza de modo sintético una noción de consumo compensatorio como resultado de la argumentación. Se finaliza proponiendo la posibilidad de que el consumo compensatorio es hoy, tal vez, “una política social” retomada desde y para el mercado.; The main motivation of this paper is to explore the emergence of a social phenomenon that, at least, has been con-solidating in the last fourteen years in Latin America in general and Argentina in particular, the compensatory con-sumption. The article summarizes a number of inquiries we have done in the cross between a sociology of socialpolicies and a way to understand the sociology of the body / emotions. The argumentative strategy we have chosenis the following: a) we stand the conceptual starting point on crossings between social policies and sensitivities, b)we outline a pattern of consumption and enjoyment connections at present, c) we shown the results of some inquirieswhich has been used as the basis of analysis and d) we conceptualize synthetically a notion of compensatory con-sumption as a result of this argument. Our essay concludes by proposing the possibility that compensatory con-sumption is today perhaps, the "social policy" taken up from and to the market.

Argentina Tercer Mundo: Nueva izquierda, emociones y política revolucionaria en las décadas de 1960 y 1970 Manzano, Adriana Valeria This article analyzes the emergence and spread of an assimilation of Argentina with the Third World. It contends that “thirdworldism” was a key component of the ideas and practices of Argentina’s New Left. The political and cultural actors that coalesced into that New Left focused on the contrasts between “modernizing” spaces and phenomena, and the grievous living and working conditions in the provinces of the Northeast and the Northwest. These latter helped question the modernizing narratives at the same time that they contributed to approach Argentina to the usual images of the “geography of rebellion” of the Third World. The focus on the contrasts also allowed for the shaping of a collective emotion, indignation, which in turn heightened ideological beliefs and politico-cultural practices. The first segment explores the making of the parameters of “indignation” in its linkages with the emphasis on social, geographical, and economic contrasts. The second segment reconstructs the travel practices and cultural consumptions of a cohort of young people who experienced their political socialization in the intersection of the 1960s and 1970s. Many of the youths involved in those initiatives believed that Peronism represented the best way to a national and social “liberation” that they thought was impending. The last segment analyzes the juncture of 1973 as a “Thirdworliest spring”.; Este artículo analiza la emergencia y expansión de una asimilación de la Argentina con el Tercer Mundo. Sostiene que el tercermundismo fue un componente clave de las ideas y las prácticas de la Nueva Izquierda. Los actores políticos y culturales que convergieron en esa Nueva Izquierda focalizaron en los contrastes entre los espacios y fenómenos “modernizadores” y las condiciones de vida y trabajo en las provincias del noreste y del noroeste. Estas últimas permitían poner en entredicho las narrativas de modernización, a la vez que acercaban a la Argentina a las imágenes paradigmáticas de la “geografía de la rebelión” tercermundista. El foco puesto en los contrastes abonaba la configuración de una emoción colectiva, la indignación, que a su vez potenciaba creencias ideológicas y prácticas político-culturales. El primer segmento analiza cómo se delinearon los parámetros de la indignación en consonancia con el énfasis en los contrastes sociales, geográficos y económicos. El segundo segmento reconstruye prácticas de viajes y consumos culturales de jóvenes en su proceso de socialización política en la intersección de las décadas de 1960 y 1970. Muchos de quienes participaron de esos emprendimientos encontraron en el peronismo una vía para una “liberación” nacional y social que veían en marcha. En el último segmento el artículo se detiene a analizar la “primavera” tercermundista de 1973.

NF-κB transcriptional activity is modulated by FK506-binding proteins FKBP51 and FKBP52: a role for peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity Erlejman, Alejandra Giselle; de Leo, Sonia Alejandra; Mazaira, Gisela Ileana; Molinari, Alejandro Martín; Camisay, Maria Fernanda; Fontana, Vanina Andrea; Cox, Mark; Piwien Pilipuk, Graciela; Galigniana, Mario Daniel Hsp90 binding immunophilins FKBP51 and FKBP52 modulate steroid receptor trafficking and hormone-dependent biological responses. With the purpose to expand this model to other nuclear factors that are also subject to nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, we analyzed whether these immunophilins modulate NF-κB signaling. It is demonstrated that FKBP51 impairs both the nuclear translocation rate of NF-κB and its transcriptional activity. The inhibitory action of FKBP51 requires neither the peptidylprolyl-isomerase activity of the immunophilin nor its association with Hsp90. The TPR domain of FKBP51 is essential. On the other hand, FKBP52 favors the nuclear retention time of RelA, its association to a DNA consensus binding sequence, and NF-κB transcriptional activity, the latter effect being strongly dependent on the peptidylprolyl-isomerase activity and also on the TPR domain of FKBP52, but its interaction with Hsp90 is not required. In unstimulated cells, FKBP51 forms endogenous complexes with cytoplasmic RelA. Upon cell stimulation with phorbol ester, the NF-κB soluble complex exchanges FKBP51 for FKBP52, and the NF-κB biological effect is triggered. Importantly, FKBP52 is functionally recruited to the promoter region of NF-κB target genes, whereas FKBP51 is released. Competition assays demonstrated that both immunophilins antagonize one another, and binding assays with purified proteins suggest that the association of RelA and immunophilins could be direct. These observations suggest that the biological action of NF-κB in different cell types could be positively regulated by a high FKBP52/FKBP51 expression ratio by favoring NF-κB nuclear retention, recruitment to the promoter regions of target genes, and transcriptional activity.

Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Leaf Senescence in Cultivated Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Moschen, Sebastián Nicolás; Bengoa Luoni, Sofia Ailin; Paniego, Norma Beatriz; Hopp, Horacio Esteban; Dosio, Guillermo Aníbal Adrián; Fernández, Paula del Carmen; Heinz, Ruth Amelia Cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), an important source of edible vegetable oil, shows rapid onset of senescence, which limits production by reducing photosynthetic capacity under specific growing conditions. Carbon for grain filling depends strongly on light interception by green leaf area, which diminishes during grain filling due to leaf senescence. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate the progression of leaf senescence in plants and have been well explored in model systems, but information for many agronomic crops remains limited. Here, we characterize the expression profiles of a set of putative senescence associated genes (SAGs) identified by a candidate gene approach and sunflower microarray expression studies. We examined a time course of sunflower leaves undergoing natural senescence and used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to measure the expression of 11 candidate genes representing the NAC, WRKY, MYB and NF-Y TF families. In addition, we measured physiological parameters such as chlorophyll, total soluble sugars and nitrogen content. The expression of Ha-NAC01, Ha-NAC03, Ha-NAC04, Ha-NAC05 and Ha-MYB01 TFs increased before the remobilization rate increased and therefore, before the appearance of the first physiological symptoms of senescence, whereas Ha-NAC02 expression decreased. In addition, we also examined the trifurcate feed-forward pathway (involving ORE1, miR164, and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2) previously reported for Arabidopsis. We measured transcription of Ha-NAC01 (the sunflower homolog of ORE1) and Ha-EIN2, along with the levels of miR164, in two leaves from different stem positions, and identified differences in transcription between basal and upper leaves. Interestingly, Ha-NAC01 and Ha-EIN2 transcription profiles showed an earlier up-regulation in upper leaves of plants close to maturity, compared with basal leaves of plants at pre-anthesis stages. These results suggest that the H. annuus TFs characterized in this work could play important roles as potential triggers of leaf senescence and thus can be considered putative candidate genes for senescence in sunflower.

Are Local Filters Blind to Provenance? Ant Seed Predation Suppresses Exotic Plants More than Natives Pearson, Dean E.; Icasatti, Nadia Soledad; Hierro, Jose Luis; Bird, Benjamin B. The question of whether species’ origins influence invasion outcomes has been a point of substantial debate in invasion ecology. Theoretically, colonization outcomes can be predicted based on how species’ traits interact with community filters, a process presumably blind to species’ origins. Yet, exotic plant introductions commonly result in monospecific plant densities not commonly seen in native assemblages, suggesting that exotic species may respond to community filters differently than natives. Here, we tested whether exotic and native species differed in their responses to a local community filter by examining how ant seed predation affected recruitment of eighteen native and exotic plant species in central Argentina. Ant seed predation proved to be an important local filter that strongly suppressed plant recruitment, but ants suppressed exotic recruitment far more than natives (89% of exotic species vs. 22% of natives). Seed size predicted ant impacts on recruitment independent of origins, with ant preference for smaller seeds resulting in smaller seeded plant species being heavily suppressed. The disproportionate effects of provenance arose because exotics had generally smaller seeds than natives. Exotics also exhibited greater emergence and earlier peak emergence than natives in the absence of ants. However, when ants had access to seeds, these potential advantages of exotics were negated due to the filtering bias against exotics. The differences in traits we observed between exotics and natives suggest that higher-order introduction filters or regional processes preselected for certain exotic traits that then interacted with the local seed predation filter. Our results suggest that the interactions between local filters and species traits can predict invasion outcomes, but understanding the role of provenance will require quantifying filtering processes at multiple hierarchical scales and evaluating interactions between filters.

Efficacy of albendazole in combination with thymol against Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces and metacestodes Albani, Clara Maria; Elissondo, María Celina The larval (metacestode) stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a mainly hepatic disease characterized by continuous asexual proliferation of metacestodes by exogenous budding, resulting in the tumor-like, infiltrative growth of the parasite lesion. Current chemotherapeutical treatment of AE relies on the use of benzimidazoles, albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole, but these drugs act parasitostatic rather than parasitocidal, and due to their low success rate they imply a lifelong application causing severe side effects. Thymol is one of the major components of the essential oils of Thymus and is a widely known anti-microbial agent. The aim of the present work was to compare the efficacy of albendazole (ABZ) and thymol separately or combined on E. multilocularis protoscoleces and metacestodes. For this purpose, microscopical examinations at different time points were carried out. Moreover the tegumentary enzyme gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) was measured to quantify the damage in metacestodes. Even though treatments of in vitro cultured E. multilocularis protoscoleces or metacestodes with ABZ or/and thymol showed that the drugs have an adverse effect on parasite viability, the combination of the two compounds at the concentration of 10 μg/ml showed the maximum anti-parasitic effect. Three days postincubation the first effects of the treatment were detected on protoscoleces and a marked reduction in viability (33%) was registered at day 18. Incubation of E. multilocularis metacestodes in the presence of ABZ 10 μg/ml + thymol 10 μg/ml during 10 days resulted in dramatic alterations such as strongly irregular and fissured surface and markedly disrupted vesicles. Scanning electron microscopy showed that protoscoleces as well as the germinal layer of E. multilocularis metacestodes were dramatically damaged following ABZ or/and thymol treatment. Also an important increase of tegumentary enzyme GGT was registered after 72 h postincubation with both drugs. The data reported in this article demonstrate a clear in vitro effect of ABZ + thymol against E. multilocularis protoscoleces and metacestodes.