An Autonomous Multi-Agent Approach to Supply Chain Event Management Bearzotti, Lorena; Salomone, Hector Enrique; Chiotti, Omar Juan Alfredo Organizations have made significant effort to implement software for planning and scheduling, but disruptive events management is still a problem to be solved. Because of a disruptive event can affect the overall performance of the supply chain, SCEM (Supply Chain Event Management) systems presenting different automation levels such as monitoring, alarm, and decision support have been proposed. However, the management of disruptive events, taking into account the distributed nature of the supply chain, the members´ autonomy, and the ability to exert corrective control actions, has been identified as a problem that requires further research. This work presents an agent-based approach for the SCEM problem, which can perform autonomous corrective control actions to minimize the effect of deviations in the plan that is currently being executed. These control actions consist of a distribution of the variation between supply chain members, using the plan?s slack in a collaborative way. An innovative feature of this approach is its focus on resources, which are affected by disruptive events in a direct way. Based on this approach, a SCEM system is designed as a net of control points defined on resources connected through supply process orders. Two novel aspects are the distributed collaborative inter-organizational architecture of the SCEM system and a Double Contract Net Protocol. This protocol allows a set of resource-representing agents to interact through an agent, representing a supply process order as a mediator. An application to a case study of the Multi-Agent SCEM system implemented with JADE is provided

DNA barcoding birds: From field collection to data analysis Lijtmaer, Dario Alejandro; Kerr, Kevin C. R.; Stoeckle, Mark Y.; Tubaro, Pablo Luis As of February 2011, COI barcode sequences (a 648 bp segment of the 5' end of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I, the standard DNA barcode for animals), have been collected from over 23,000 avian specimens representing 3,800 species, more than one third of the world's avifauna. Here we detail the methodology for obtaining DNA barcodes from birds, covering the entire process from field collection to data analysis. We emphasize key aspects of the process and describe in more detail those that are particularly relevant in the case of birds. We provide elemental information about collection of specimens, detailed protocols for DNA extraction and PCR, and basic aspects of sequencing methodology. In particular, we highlight the primer pairs and thermal cycling profiles associated with successful amplification and sequencing from a broad range of avian species. Finally, we succinctly review the methodology for data analysis, including the detection of errors (such as contamination, misidentifications or amplification of pseudogenes), assessment of species resolution, detection of divergent intraspecific lineages and identification of unknown specimens.

Pharmaceuticals photochemical reactions Peralta, Cecilia Mariana; Fernandez, Liliana Patricia Photolytic degradation can be a major limiting factor in the stability of pharmaceuticals. A drug may be chemically affected by the radiation of a particular wavelength only if it absorbs radiation at that wavelength and if the power exceeds a threshold. Ultraviolet radiation, which has a high energetic level, is the cause of many degradation reactions. If the molecule absorbs radiation, it produces excited states of itself and may react photochemically with other specie. When absorbing molecules are not directly involved in the reaction, but they transfer their energy to other reactive molecules, the absorbing substance is called photosensitizer. Due that many experimental variables may be involved in photochemical reaction, the kinetic may be very complex. The intensity and wavelength of light and the size, shape, composition and color of the container can affect the reaction rate. Photodegradation of some pharmaceuticals follows zero order kinetics; moreover others are degraded following a kinetic of first order. This chapter includes: a) The use of UV radiation for degradation of pharmaceuticals present in industrial waste. b) The use of UV radiation to catalyze the reaction of omeprazole degradation, and their determination based on the modification in the fluorescent properties.

Microtubule organization in normal cells and disease: The housekeeping role of heat-shock proteins and immunophilins Quintá, Héctor Ramiro; Galigniana, Natalia Maricel; Daneri Becerra, Cristina del Rosario; Lagadari, Mariana; Galigniana, Mario Daniel Cytoskeleton is the basic scaffold of the cell in which other subcellular components are spatially arranged, such that they are able to communicate efficiently between the internal and external environments of the cell. Cytoskeletal structure is continually remodeled to accommodate normal cell growth and to respond to pathophysiological cues. As a consequence, several cytoskeleton-interacting proteins become involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell growth and division, cell movement, vesicle transportation, cellular organelle location and function, localization and distribution of membrane receptors, and cell-cell communication. Molecular chaperones and immunophilins are counted among the most important proteins that interact closely with the cytoskeleton network, in particular with microtubules and microtubule-associated factors. In several situations, chaperones and immunophilins work together as a functionally active heterocomplex, although both types of proteins also show independent actions. In circumstances where homeostasis is affected by environmental stresses or due to genetic alterations, chaperone proteins help to stabilize the system. Molecular chaperones facilitate the assembly, disassembly and/or folding/refolding of cytoskeletal proteins, so they prevent aberrant protein aggregation. Nonetheless, the role of chaperones is not limited to solve abnormal situations. They also have an active participation during the normal differentiation process of the cell and are key factors for many structural and functional rearrangements during this course of action. A similar observation is also valid for immunophilins. Although the folding system for microtubules was discovered nearly two decades ago, our understanding of the complex quality control pathway of these filaments is still poorly understood and there are many unanswered questions that remain to be elucidated. Microtubule modifications leading to altered localization nuclear factors may result in loss- or gain-of-function of such factors, which affects the cell cycle and cell development. Therefore, microtubules are attractive therapeutic targets, particularly to prevent pathological situations such as rapidly dividing tumors or to favor the process of cell differentiation in other cases. In this chapter we will address some mechanistic aspects of the key regulatory functions of heat-shock proteins and immunophilins in the microtubule network of neurons and cancer cells.

Cell Interaction Analysis by Imaging Flow Cytometry Payés, Cristian; Rodríguez, José A.; Friend, Sherree; Helguera, Gustavo Fernando Many processes such as cell adhesion, tissue development, cellular communication, inflammation, tumor metastasis, and microbial infection require direct interactions between cells. Some cell-cell interactions are transient, as is the case of the contacts between cells ofthe immune system, the interactions of white blood cells to malignant cells or to sites oftissue inflammation. These events often entail structural alterations in the point of contact ofthe cells involved, and may involve the fusion, transfer or exchange of material between thecells; which occur in a scale that is suited for optical microscopy analysis. However, due toits low throughput nature, microscopy often suffers from acquisition bias and limitedstatistical power. Moreover, because the data is typically analyzed in a qualitative manner, itis difficult to obtain standardized results. Strong scientific conclusions demand objectivecollection of large amounts of relevant information that can be analyzed in a quantitative,standardized, and statistically robust manner. Flow cytometry overcomes these problemsbut reduces the rich information available via optical microscopy to a set of intensitymeasurements. By combining high speed automated image acquisition with quantitativeimage analysis, Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry (MIFC) provides all the elementsrequired for discriminating cells based on intensity and appearance in a standardized andstatistical manner. In recent years, the application of this technology for the analysis of cell-cell interaction has multiplied, in particular in the field of immunology, allowing theobservation and quantification of events in a way that could not be achieved before.

A mechanism for pattern formation in dynamic populations by the effect of gregarious instinct Mangioni, Sergio Enrique We introduced the gregarious instinct by means of a novel strategy that considers the average effect of the attractive forces between individuals within a given population. We watched how pattern formation can be explained by the effect of aggregation depending on conditions on food and / or mortality. We propose a model that describes the corresponding dynamic and by a linear stability analysis of homogeneous solutions and can identify and interpret the region of parameters where these patterns are stable. Then we test numerically these preliminary results and find stable patterns as solutions. Finally, we developed a simplified model allowing us to understand in greater detail the processes involved.

Continuidades y rupturas en la Política de Tierras en el Territorio Nacional del Chaco (1930-1943) Almiron, Adrian Alejandro El Territorio Nacional del Chaco fue desde la perspectiva oficial una zona de frontera, donde interactuaban diferentes actores: nativos, criollos e inmigrantes. La labor del Estado fue brindar garantías para estos tres tipos de agentes, que formaban parte de una estructura económica primaria, tendiente a la satisfacción del mercado interno, con la producción algodonera. El cultivo de algodón junto con otras producciones, determinaron la división chaqueña en regiones: hacia el sur del Chaco se establecieron importantes propiedades privadas dedicadas a la ganadería y a la industria del tanino. Hacia el este, se destacaban la presencia de las primeras colonias oficiales y de pueblos constituidos por concesiones privadas. Mientras que hacia el oeste, desde 1920 se fortaleció una región dedicada a diferentes cultivos, teniendo preeminencia el algodón, que tuvo su desarrollo a partir del fomento y estimulo llevado adelante por el gobierno nacional. De esta forma el mosaico chaqueño hacia 1930, se encontraba compuesto por tres regiones que se definían desde lo productivo y desde la organización de la tierra. Sin embargo, la última región descrita se encontraba definida desde lo productivo, pero presentaba serias deficiencias en cuanto a la organización de la tenencia de la tierra. Si bien desde 1916 se configuraron colonias que serán las que organizaran el espacio geográfico, las áreas disponibles y ofrecidas por el Estado eran ínfimas en relación a la población arribaba, la gran masa de personas que vendrán organizadas y en forma esporádica disputaran por un espacio en donde radicarse. Este comportamiento podemos sintetizarlo en lo que se conoce como hambre por la tierra. La figura del colono será la que aglutinara en el imaginario nacional, las características del Chaco, esta imagen será la que dará un relato fundacional de identidad para el gran conjunto de población que se radicara y estará relacionado directamente o indirecta con el cultivo algodonero. Teniendo en cuenta este contexto, nos proponemos analizar las acciones enmarcadas desde el Estado hacia el Territorio Nacional del Chaco, en materia de políticas de tierras atendiendo el papel que jugaron los funcionarios Nacionales y los objetivos que se manifestaron en las distintas políticas públicas, a partir de estas acciones podremos determinar si existió en las acciones realizadas continuidad o ruptura entre el periodo radical y el periodo conservador.

Rituales y símbolos de la muerte en la cultura popular del área de frontera argentino-paraguaya Giordano, Mariana Lilian El texto analiza los artefactos y prácticas insertos en la estructura familiar y en costumbres y creencias religiosas populares, en especial aquellos elementos "materiales" y/o "visibles" vinculados al tema de la muerte en la zona de frontera argentino-paraguaya. Entre ellos, los rituales, la santería, la simbología, imágenes objetuales y la fotografía mortuoria. El contexto en que se presentan estos elementos son los cementerios populares, atendiendo a su consideración de "teatros del alma", y por lo tanto, entendidos no sólo desde una visión abarcadora del urbanismo, la arquitectura y la escultura de las ciudades y pueblos, sino también como espacios de culto y de expresión social.

Tiempos de modernidad en el Chaco. El Fogón de los Arrieros y su proyecto moderno Giordano, Mariana Lilian En este trabajo pretendemos acercarnos a este concepto de modernidad no sólo aludiendo a una época y un contexto, sino principalmente a la visión cultural de un grupo minoritario de la capital chaqueña, Resistencia, que experimentó y valoró ciertos caracteres de la modernidad europea y de Buenos Aires, transformándolo en ideas, presupuestos, acciones e intercambios artísticos que pueden traducirse en un proyecto moderno. Nos referimos a El Fogón de los Arrieros, cuyo nombre sin embargo puede referir a lo telúrico y costumbrista, pero que sin embargo llevó adelante un proyecto no explícito, informal y dinámico, caracterizado por elementos identificables de una modernidad que pretendía contraponerse a una visión tradicionalista y aún a una identidad mercantilista que caracterizaba la sociedad y cultura chaqueñas. Se analiza el origen de El Fogón, las discusiones sobre lo regional y lo cosmopolita vinculado a la tradición y modernidad que surgían de las posturas de sus integrantes, y se analiza la impronta vanguardista a partir de tres proyectos modernos sostenidos en el tiempo: el Boletín de El Fogón, el Teatro Experimental y el Plan de embellecimiento de Resistencia.

Thyroglobulin structure, function, and biosynthesis. Targovnik, Hector Manuel Thyroglobulin (TG), a homodimeric glycoprotein of 660 kDa (TG 19S), functions as the highly specialized matrix for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and for the storage of the inactive form of thyroid hormones and iodine (1). TG is translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). During translation/translocation, newly synthesized TG immediately starts to fold and acquires its final glycoprotein structure as it passes through the Golgi complex. Correct folding is determined in large part by the sequence of the protein, but it is also assisted by interaction with enzymes and chaperones of the ER. TG is finally secreted and stored in the follicular lumen as colloid. The iodine content of TG under normal conditions varies widely depending on iodine intake and species. For normal human TG, values from 0.1% to 1.1% (from 5 to 55 atoms of iodine per mole of TG) have been reported (2). The iodine is covalently bound to amino acids within TG in the form of T3, T4, and their iodotyrosine inactive precursors, monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT) (1). TG contains even low amounts of 3,3´,5´-iodothyronine (rT3), 3,3´-diiodothyronine (T2), and monoiodohistidine (3¨C5). The thyroid cells produce free thyroid hormones by proteolytic cleavage of the TG (6), which are delivered to the blood circulation for action at their peripheral target tissues. Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones requires the integrity of a complex protein system, several sequential steps, and is critically dependent upon the native three-dimensional structure of TG. The general organization of the TG gene, its mRNA, and protein domains has been studied extensively (1). However, little is known about the structure function relationship of the TG because of our lack of knowledge about the three-dimensional structure of this protein. Unfortunately, there are no X-ray crystallographic data of any TG regions due to the numerous posttranslational modifications. The TG is also a possible regulator of thyroid follicle function (7¨C9) or could be involved in some unknown mechanisms that remain to be explored.

Educación entre pares, una estrategia para trabajar Chagas desde el aula Rodriguez, Claudia; Capdevilla, Valeria; Crocco, Liliana Beatriz; Duje, Norma; Lazarte, Cecilia Yanina; Lopez, Ana Graciela; Nattero, Julieta; Zulliger, Nora Este material, surge como producto de un proyecto de innovación y en el marco de la escuela promotora de salud. Tiene como finalidad contribuir con el desarrollo de un proyecto de educación integral, formando alumnos que sean portadores de mensajes sociales y con capacidad de difundir información, actitudes y pautas de conducta saludables dentro de la comunidad escolar. A partir de la situación problemática planteada en el aula ¿Hay Chagas en la ciudad? , se llevó a cabo una intervención de la currículo escolar. Partiendo de las ideas previas de los alumnos sobre esta temática se buscó aproximarlos a los conocimientos científicos, vincularlos y situarlos en su realidad (escuela, barrio); para luego generar un plan de acción educativo-informativo ideado por ellos mismos, con el principal objetivo de implementar la Educación Entre Pares (EEP) a alumnos del nivel primario o de otros cursos del ni vel medio. Las actividades que se sugieren han sido elaboradas partiendo de la concepción de Escuela, no sólo como un sitio donde se lleva a cabo el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, sino también como punto donde se promueven mensajes, hábitos y acciones relacionado s a la salud. Estas son sólo sugerencias que cada docente deberá adecuar a la situación áulica, disponibilidad y características de la escuela.

Fonología y morfosintaxis de la lengua hablada por grupos tobas en el oeste de Formosa (Argentina) Carpio, María Belén El presente estudio constituye una descripción de la fonología y la morfosintaxis de la lengua hablada por grupos tobas en el oeste de la provincia de Formosa (Argentina) o toba ñachilamole´k, es decir de la variedad más noroccidental dentro de la familia lingüística guaycurú de las descriptas hasta el momento. La investigación fue llevada a cabo a partir del marco teórico tipológico-funcional y el corpus estuvo compuesto, fundamentalmente, por relatos orales recolectados mediante trabajo de campo. El libro está estructurado en seis capítulos en los cuales se presentan rasgos etnográficos del grupo cuya lengua se estudia, se describe el sistema fonológico, se analizan los modificadores de nombres -demostrativos, género, número, colectivo, posesión, interacción de posesión y número, numerales, cuantificadores, derivación nominal, composición y relativización-, las cláusulas verbales simples, con especial atención a los índices pronominales en los verbos sobre todo cuando se trata de la primera persona no-singular, y a las alternancias de la transitividad, la modalidad proposicional, la complementación verbal y la coordinación. Este trabajo constituye un aporte para el avance de los estudios de las relaciones genéticas y areales entre las lenguas indígenas habladas en la región del Gran Chaco.

Orden Pilosa Superina, Mariella; Abba, Agustin Manuel; Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabián Describe el estado de conservación de los perezosos y osos hormigueros (Pilosa) a nivel nacional, siguiendo las categorías y criterios de la UICN.

Orden Cingulata Superina, Mariella; Abba, Agustin Manuel; Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabián Describe el estado de conservación de todos los armadillos (Cingulata) a nivel nacional, siguiendo las categorías y criterios de la UICN.

La escena trágica de la representación política: Sobre las relaciones entre teatro trágico y representación política en el siglo XVII inglés y francés Arbuet Osuna, Camila María Este escrito espiga las complejas relaciones entre teatro trágico y representación política que se dieron en Inglaterra y Francia durante el siglo XVII. Dichas relaciones develaran formaciones en la subjetividad y en la política moderna que trascienden hasta nuestros días. En medio una crisis absoluta (política, religiosa, cultural) estas sociedades tuvieron escritores que pensaron todo otra vez, poniendo bajo la lupa de la duda los supestos existenciales de siglos enteros. Entre sangrientas tensiones la literatura logró exhibir aquellos tópicos que atravesaban los conflictos de estas mentalidades. Allí la tragedia, con Shakespeare, Racine y Corneille, expuso las problemáticas de la escena política en su máxima expresión, capturando las modificaciones de yo; los antiguos mitos y su resignificaciones; la transformación maquiaveliana del vicio en virtud (y viceversa); el juego de espejos que supone la representación. Augurando de este modo una moral alternativa que emergerá en la nueva puja de poder entre Estado, Iglesia y Ciencia. Sintetizando, el trabajo explora tanto las repercusiones de la metáfora del teatro en la política como la formación de un nuevo imaginario social.

Conservación poscosecha de raíces de Pachyrhizus ahipa Mugridge, Alicia; Sisterna, Marina Noemí; Garcia, Maria Alejandra; Viña, Sonia Zulma La porción comestible de las denominadas hortalizas pesadas incluye varias estructuras botánicas: raíces y tallos modificados (tubérculos, bulbos, rizomas). Las raíces y tubérculos (R&T) comerciales incluyen: - Hortalizas cultivadas y utilizadas en casi todo el mundo: papa, cebolla. - Hortalizas de zonas tropicales y subtropicales: batata, mandioca. - Cultivos de relativamente menor difusión, entre los que se incluyen las raíces y tubérculos andinos (Oxalis tuberosa oca-, por ejemplo), y especies tales como Eleocharis dulcis (castaña de agua), entre otras. En términos generales, a excepción de la papa y algunas otras especies, las raíces y tubérculos se cultivan en zonas más cálidas y tienen un período de crecimiento relativamente largo. Son fuentes de carbohidratos en la ingesta; constituyen órganos de almacenamiento y por tal motivo, presentan, en general, baja tasa respiratoria. Pueden continuar su crecimiento luego de cosechados (ej.: brotado). Es frecuente que sean almacenados por períodos relativamente largos. Sin embargo, ciertas raíces y tubérculos son productos muy perecederos y, en consecuencia, las pérdidas poscosecha pueden ser considerables; por lo tanto requieren técnicas especializadas de manipulación, almacenamiento y conservación, para reducir al mínimo las pérdidas, prolongar la duración de los productos y mantener su calidad. Pueden sufrir deterioro rápido luego de ser cosechados, debiendo procesarse en un lapso breve después de su recolección. La ocurrencia del deterioro está directamente asociada a los daños mecánicos que se producen en los órganos vegetales durante la cosecha. En condiciones precarias de almacenamiento también es alta la incidencia de insectos y de enfermedades.

Biopolymers Used as Cryoprotectants in Food Freezing Zaritzky, Noemi Elisabet Living cells, biological materials (plant and animal tissues) and food derived from them contain a large proportion of water. Water is a very important component in foods affecting quality attributes and shelf-life stability. Freezing involves lowering the temperature of a system below its initial freezing point, converting water to ice by elimination of the latent heat associated to thechange of phase. During freezing water is removed from the food matrix by forming ice crystals. Consequently, the concentration of the dissolved substances in the unfrozen regions increases, lowering the water activity (aw) of the product. Freezing is considered a very efficient method for long-term food preservation not only because the effect of low temperatures on chemical reactions and microbial growth, but also due to the decrease of water activity (Fennema et al. 1973; Zaritzky 2000, 2006). Freezing inhibits the growth of deteriorative and pathogenic microorganisms, and retards biochemical and enzymatic reactions that would otherwise occur in unfrozen food. Although the physico-chemical reactions slow down at low temperatures, they continue during frozen storage conditions. In this chapter, the basic principles of freezing and the effect of hydrocolloids as cryoprotectants in frozen food systems are discussed.

The Group Life Cycle and Demography of Brown Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus [apella] nigritus) in Iguazú National Park, Argentina Janson, Charles H.; Baldovino, María Celia; Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago This study reports demographic and social changes across 20 years in a population of brown capuchin monkeys living in Iguazú National Park in northeastern Argentina.  Three sets of results emerge that are critical to understanding the evolution of social behavior in this population.  First, patterns of age-related mortality clearly highlight certain periods of increased mortality (post-natal 6 months, onset of reproduction, late senescence) and near-perfect survival (2-6 year-old juveniles, young adult females).  Second, tracking the migrations and rank-related reproductive strategies of males helps to uncover the causes and consequences of long male reproductive tenures that average 5 years.  Finally, observations of relatively rare male takeovers of the alpha breeding position reveal a predictable sequence of stages in a group’s life cycle that tie together female fecundity, infanticide, group size, and kinship-based group fissions.  These coordinated aspects of demography and kinship in different stages set the context for understanding differences between groups in social structure and organization.

Effect of Copper and Zinc Addition to Peat Casing on A. Blazei Murrill Production González Matute, Ramiro; Figlas, Norma Débora; Curvetto, Nestor Raul The use of peat, as a casing material, in the Agaricus spp. mushroom industry is a common practice. Sphagnum peat moss is the most employed, often mixed with other peat types or materials such as charcoal, and amended with calcium carbonate (pH adjustment) and water (ca. 75 %), and applied on top of the mushroom colonized substrate bed to retain water on the growing beds and to promote mushroom fruit body formation. Agaricus blazei Murrill is an edible mushroom highly appreciated in the medicinal worldwide market, mainly for its immune stimulating effects. It is also known as an efficient metal accumulator; particularly, copper and zinc can be absorbed by its mycelium and assimilated into metal organic compounds, which are accumulated into the mushroom carpophores, then resulting in a metal bioavailable source with a potential use as dietary supplements. Copper and zinc are essential to human health, based on their role in metalloenzymes and as cofactors of a large number of enzymes. Lack or deficiency of these metals may cause certain illnesses or physiological disorders, while the excess can be highly toxic. The aims of this study were to evaluate the possibility to obtain Agaricus blazei fruit bodies enriched with copper or zinc, following the addition of the salt solutions of these oligoelements into the peat moss during the casing preparation or when watering the casing bed, thus challenging their growing mycelia with different doses (100 ppm or 200 ppm Cu2+ or Zn2+), and to evaluate the mycelium growth, mushroom productivity and metal bioavailability from these enriched mushrooms.

Carboxymethylcellulose–montmorillonite nanocomposite films activated with murta (Ugni molinae Turcz) leaves extract Quilaqueo Gutiérrez, Marcela; Echeverría, Ignacio; Ihl, Mónica; Bifani, Valerio; Mauri, Adriana Noemi The functionality of nanocomposite films based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and montmorillonite (MMT) activated with murta (Ugni molinae Turcz) leaves extract was studied. Films were prepared by casting from film-forming dispersions containing CMC, glycerol (used as plasticizer) and different concentrations of MMT, using water or murta extract as solvent. The addition of MMT increased the tensile strength and the elasticity modulus of the films, and decreased their permeabilities to water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Besides the antioxidants properties provided to the films, the addition of murta leaves extract changed the gas permeability in different forms according to the MMT content, and plasticized the nanocomposite matrix.