Dra. Eugenia Sacerdote de Lustig: la inagotable pasión de una investigadora ejemplar Su historia, al igual que la de millones de inmigrantes europeos que llegaron a Argentina durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, estuvo marcada por el esfuerzo, la lucha y la esperanza de encontrar, en estas tierras, una vida mejor, lejos de las persecuciones y barbaries ocasionadas por dos devastadoras guerras mundiales. A cuatro meses de su fallecimiento, su legado científico y su experiencia de vida se han transformado en una fuente de inspiración para cientos de médicos e investigadores del país que ven en ella un ejemplo para seguir.

Synthesis of the unique angular tricyclic chromone structure proposed for aspergillitine, and its relationship with alkaloid TMC-120B Simonetti, Sebastián Osvaldo; Larghi, Enrique Leandro; Bracca, Andrea Beatriz Juana; Kaufman, Teodoro Saul The synthesis of the tricyclic angular chromone structure originally assigned to aspergillitine is reported. The synthesis was achieved in 11 steps and 15% overall yield from 2,4-dihydroxypropiophenone, through the intermediacy of 2,3-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromen-4-one. Construction of the nitrogen-bearing heterocyclic ring entailed a Stille cross-coupling reaction with n-Bu3SnCH2CHCH2, followed by double bond isomerization, oximation of the chromone carbonyl, and a final microwave-assisted electrocyclization of the thus formed 6π-electron aza-triene system.

First Century of Chagas' Disease: An Overview on Novel Approaches to Nifurtimox and Benznidazole Delivery Systems Salomon, Claudio Javier Hundred years after the discovery of Chagas' disease, there is a lack of effective treatment to control this neglected disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The transmission is primarily through vector-borne blood transfusion or during pregnancy, producing high mortality and morbidity among poor people in many countries of Latin America. In the last decades, the efforts have been focused mainly on the elimination of vectors. At the same time, screening of blood donors in order to avoid transfusional transmission has been improved all over the world. However, Chagas' disease is still a major public health problem, with estimates of nearly 90 million people at risk of infection and more than eight million infected in 18 endemic countries. Despite the high incidence in endemic regions and the dissemination of neglected diseases in North America and Europe, to date, there are only two drugs developedn and prescribed for the treatment of Chagas' disease, nifurtimox (tablets of 120 mg) and benznidazole (tablets of 100 mg). In this review, different approaches carried out in the last decades for developing novel pharmaceutical formulations for the delivery of nifurtimox and benznidazole are discussed.

ROS enhancement by silicon nanoparticles in X-ray irradiated aqueous suspensions and in glioma C6 cells David Gara, Pedro Maximiliano; Garabano, Natalia Ines; Llansola Portolés, Manuel Jose; Moreno, Mario Sergio Jesus; Dodat, Diego; Casas, Oscar; Gonzalez, Monica Cristina; Kotler, Monica Lidia The capability of silicon nanoparticles to increase the yield of reactive species upon 4 MeV X-ray irradiation of aqueous suspensions and C6 glioma cell cultures was investigated. ROS generation was detected and quantified using several specific probes. The particles were characterized by FTIR, XPS, TEM, DLS, luminescence, and adsorption spectroscopy before and after irradiation to evaluate the effect of high energy radiation on their structure. The total concentration of O 2 ·-/HO 2 ·, HO ·, and H 2O 2 generated upon 4-MeV X-ray irradiation of 6.4 μM silicon nanoparticle aqueous suspensions were on the order of 10 μM per Gy, ten times higher than that obtained in similar experiments but in the absence of particles. Cytotoxic 1O 2 was generated only in irradiation experiments containing the particles. The particle surface became oxidized to SiO 2 and the luminescence yield reduced with the irradiation dose. Changes in the surface morphology did not affect, within the experimental error, the yields ofROSgenerated per Gy. X-ray irradiation of glioma C6 cell cultures with incorporated silicon nanoparticles showed a marked production of ROS proportional to the radiation dose received. In the absence of nanoparticles, the cells showed no irradiation- enhanced ROS generation. The obtained results indicate that silicon nanoparticles of <5 nm size have the potential to be used as radiosensitizers for improving the outcomes of cancer radiotherapy. Their capability of producing 1O 2 upon X-ray irradiation opens novel approaches in the design of therapy strategies.

Establishment and development of intestinal microbiota in preterm neonates Arboleya, Silvia; Binetti, Ana Griselda; Salazar, Nuria; Fernández, Nuria; Solís, Gonzalo; Hernández Barranco, Ana; Margolles, Abelardo; de los Reyes Gavilán, Clara G.; Gueimonde, Miguel Microbial colonization of the infant gut is essential for the development of the intestine and the immune system. The profile of intestinal microbiota in the full-term, vaginally delivered, breast-fed infant is considered as ideally healthy. However, in preterm infants this process is challenging, mainly because of organ immaturity, antibiotics use, and hospital stay. To assist in a proper microbiota development in these infants, a detailed knowledge of the colonization process, and the differences from that of full-term breast-fed infants, is needed. We assessed the establishment of the gut microbiota and its metabolic activity in preterm neonates (n = 21) during the first 3 months of life and compared it with that of vaginally delivered, exclusively breast-fed full-term infants (n = 20) using qualitative and quantitative culture-independent methods. Differences in the gut microbiota composition between both groups were observed. Preterm infants showed higher levels of facultative anaerobic microorganisms and reduced levels of strict anaerobes such as Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Atopobium. Short-chain fatty acids concentrations were lower in preterm infants during the first days of life. Alterations occur in the process of microbiota establishment in preterm infants, indicating the need for intervention strategies to counteract them.

Life history schedule and periodic recruitment of female snow crab (Chionoecetes Opilio) in the eastern Bering sea Ernst, Billy; Armstrong, David A.; Burgos, Julián; Orensanz, Jose Maria Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) populations have fluctuated cyclically in eastern Canada and the eastern Bering Sea, where recruitment to the mature female pool has occurred over a period of three decades (1978-2007) in pulses with a mean period of 7 years. It has been hypothesized that this was the result of a parent-offspring relation between sequentially linked strong cohorts of mature primiparous females, which requires that periodicity matches the time lapsed between egg extrusion by the maternal broodstock and the offspring reaching maturity. We show that female age at maturity (post-settlement) varies between 4.5 and 7.5 years, with most females maturing at 5.5-6.5 years (7-8 years after egg extrusion). Pulses of female recruitment to the mature population do not show a latitudinal trend, consistent with uniformity in age-at-maturity. Results of tracking crab abundance and size-frequency distributions in cod stomach and trawl samples between successive pulses of the cycle are consistent with the hypothesis of serial linkage among pulses. Periodicity is reflected in trends of clutch fullness and average shell condition and in the negative correlation between the strength of primiparous female cohorts and the mean size of their members.

Assembly of Pampia to the SW Gondwana margin: A case of strike-slip docking? Spagnuolo, Cecilia Mariel; Rapalini, Augusto Ernesto; Astini, Ricardo Alfredo Different hypotheses have been proposed to account for the geologic evolution of the southwestern margin of Gondwana in the Early Paleozoic, involving accretion and displacement of different terranes in a protracted convergent margin. In order to constrain and understand the kinematic and paleogeographic evolution of the Pampia terrane a paleomagnetic study was carried out in different Cambrian to Devonian units of the Eastern Cordillera (Cordillera Oriental) and the Interandean Zone (Interandino) of NW Argentina. Paleomagnetic poles from the Campanario Formation (Middle to Upper Cambrian): 1.5°N 1.9°E A 95=9.2° K=37.46N=8; and Santa Rosita Formation (Lower Ordovician): 8.6°N 355.3°E A 95=10.1° K=26.78 n=9, representative of the Pampia terrane, are interpreted to indicate a Late Cambrian significant displacement with respect to the Río de la Plata and other Gondwana cratons. A model, compatible with several geological evidences that explains this displacement in the framework of the final stages of Gondwana assembly is presented. We propose a simple dextral strike-slip kinematic model in which Pampia and Antofalla (-Arequipa?) blocks moved during Late Cambrian times from a position at the present southern border of the Kalahari craton into its final position next to the Rio de la Plata craton by the Early Ordovician.

The Impact of Seed Dispersal by Black and Gold Howler Monkeys on Forest Regeneration Bravo, Susana Patricia In Neotropical humid forest, the majority of tree species have seeds dispersed by vertebrates. Seed deposition by vertebrates is often spatially aggregated and a low per capita survival for seeds and seedlings is predicted. However, mortality factors could be saturated by high densities. I evaluated whether recruitment of saplings of species dispersed by black and gold howlers (Alouatta caraya) in latrines is higher than at control sites: (1) below parent trees, (2) in trees not used by monkeys to sleep, (3) randomly chosen sites within the forest, and determined whether howlers may influence current floristic composition of the Paraná River flooded forest. I recorded saplings several years old in the territories of five monkey groups. In total, I found four times more saplings in latrines than in the other areas, and results suggest that latrines are recruitment foci for most species, though larger samples would be required to assess this for every species. Frequency distribution of the diameter of tallest saplings of more abundant species reflected recruitment over time. I found saplings of more species growing in latrines than outside of them. Saplings higher than 1 m of two species of laurels (Ocotea diospyrifolia and Nectandra megapotamica) and one species of Myrtaceae (Eugenia punicifolia) had higher densities in latrines than below parent trees. Results suggest that mortality factors were saturated in latrines and that sapling may grow at a higher rate in latrines. In relation to the influence on floristic composition E. burkartiana, an uncommon species in the forest, could increase in abundance as consequence of seed dispersal by howlers.

Kinetic study of the partial hydrogenation of 1-heptyne on tungsten oxide supported on alumina Maccarrone, María Juliana; Torres, Gerardo; Lederhos, Cecilia Rosa; Badano, Juan Manuel; Vera, Carlos Roman; Quiroga, Monica Esther; Yori, Juan Carlos BACKGROUND: Partial hydrogenation of alkynes have industrial and academic relevance on a large scale; industries such as petrochemical, pharmacology and agrochemical use these compounds as raw material. Typical commercial catalysts contains palladium. Finding an economic, active and selective catalyst for the production of alkenes via partial hydrogenation of alkynes is thus an important challenge. On the other hand, the literature on kinetic studies of partial hydrogenation of heavy alkynes is scarce. So the main objectives of this work were to prepare a cheaper catalyst based on low W loading, and study the kinetic of the partial hydrogenation of 1-heptyne. A pseudo-homogeneous and six heterogeneous kinetic models were analyzed. The catalyst was characterized by ICP, XPS, DRX, TPR and hydrogen chemisorption techniques. RESULTS: The characterization results indicate that only WO x species are present on the alumina surface. The WO x/Al 2O 3 catalyst was active and selective for producing 1-heptene even at low reaction temperatures, the partial hydrogenation of 1-heptyne proceeds via two irreversible reactions in parallel. CONCLUSION: The best fit of the experimental data was achieved with a heterogeneous Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson model in which the rate controlling step is the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen. The activation energy was estimated as E H2 = 34.8 kJ mol -1.

Impacto de las prácticas de crianza sobre el desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas durante la infancia: Una revisión de la literatura; Parenting influences on executive functions development during childhood: A review Stelzer, Florencia; Cervigni, Mauricio Alejandro; Martino, P. El término prácticas de crianza (PC) hace referencia a una serie de comportamientos y manifestaciones afectivas de los progenitores y/o responsables del menor, que se caracterizan por estar orientados principalmente a la socialización y al cuidado del infante. Diversas investigaciones han hallado un vínculo entre las PC y el desarrollo de ciertas habilidades cognitivas y emocionales del niño. Entre ellas destacan las funciones ejecutivas (FE), que conforman un conjunto de procesos cognitivos de orden superior, cuyo desarrollo está fuertemente asociado a la plasticidad cerebral dependiente de la experiencia. El presente artículo constituye una revisión del vínculo hallado entre las PC y el desarrollo de las FE durante la infancia. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los diferentes diseños utilizados para el estudio de la relación entre ambos constructos, confrontando los resultados de las distintas investigaciones. Se concluye señalando que la diversidad metodológica y operativa de los estudios analizados no permite efectuar una afirmación definitiva respecto del vínculo entre las PC y el desarrollo de FE. Por tal motivo, se plasmarán algunas consideraciones metodológicas que podrían clarificar el vínculo entre ambos constructos.; Parenting practices refer to a set of behavioral and emotional manifestations aimed at the socialization and care of children. Several investigations have found relationships between quality of parenting and children’s cognitive and affective development. Among those cognitive processes, the executive functions are strongly associated with brain plasticity which, in turn, is affected by experience. This article is a review of the main links found between parenting practices and the development of executive processes during childhood. The objective of this work is to present different designs used for the study of the relationship between executive functions and parenting practices and to confront their results. It is concluded that the methodological and operational diversity of the analyzed studies does not support a definitive relationship between parenting practices and the development of executive functions. For this reason, some methodological considerations will be made to clarify the relationships between both constructs.

Spatiotemporal Variations in Abundance and Biomass of Planktonic Ciliates Related to Environmental Variables in a Temporal Pond, Argentina Kuppers, Gabriela Cristina; Claps, Maria Cristina This report describes the structure and seasonal dynamics of ciliated protozoa associated with variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the environment in a temporary pond in the Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Plankton samples were obtained and physicochemical variables measured monthly for two years. A total of 50 planktonic ciliates were recorded. The highest species richness occurred during the pond´s filling and stable-hydric phases. Upon the pond´s desiccation, the number of ciliate species decreased, with the lowest values being recorded in spring; while the highest abundance and biomass were observed before the droughts. Ciliate diversity tended to be higher after droughts but decreased with pond desiccation. Most of the ciliate species were rare and found during the filling periods. Vorticella convallaria, Pelagostrobilidium wilberti, and Coleps hirtus were dominant; Cyclidium glaucoma, Strobilidium caudatum, Pseudochilodonopsis piscatoris, Limnostrombidium viride, L. pelagicum, and Chilodonella sp. were common; and Pelagostrombidium mirabile along with Rhabdostyla sp.?an epibiont on cladocerans?were occasional. The first and the sum of all axes in canonical correspondence analysis explained a significant portion of the ciliate-data variance. The autumn and winter samples grouped together corresponding to the highest conductivities, high precipitations, and low temperatures?properties characterizing the filling and stable-hydric periods. The species were distributed mainly according to conductivity and temperature gradients along the first canonical axis. The structure and temporal dynamics of planktonic ciliates from this temporary pond varied with the changes in physicochemical characteristics of the environment determined by flooding and desiccation.

Gestión del multilingüismo y docencia indígena para una educación intercultural bilingüe en la Argentina; Gestão do multilinguismo e docência indígena para uma educação intercultural na Argentina; Management of multilingualism and indigene teaching for an intercultural bilingual education in Argentina Unamuno, Virginia El presente trabajo muestra los primeros resultados de una investigación sociolingüística en curso sobre la de educación intercultural bilingüe (EIB) en Argentina. El interés final de este trabajo es identificar algunos elementos que permitan dar cuenta del rol de las lenguas en los procesos sociales que involucran a la población indígena, poniendo en evidencia las formas en que los usos lingüísticos participan en la lucha por recursos materiales así como las representaciones sociales e ideologías lingüísticas que participan en la distribución desigual de dichos recursos entre grupos y al mantenimiento de desigualdades sociales. Para ello, se analiza el caso de una población – que llamamos El Algarrobo – en donde se forman docentes indígenas, los cuales son incorporados paulatinamente en las escuelas de la zona. En esta incorporación las instituciones educativas definen los roles de los docentes indígenas, así como el lugar de las lenguas en las mismas. Según muestra este trabajo, esta gestión de las lenguas está ligada a procesos de lucha social en los cuales las lenguas tienen un rol clave. La concepción del bilingüismo, las evaluaciones sobre las competencias lingüísticas de estudiantes y docentes indígenas, y las prácticas lingüísticas en las aulas ponen en evidencia la distancia entre los significados que circulan en los discursos oficiales sobre la EIB en Argentina y el sentido que obtienen éstos en las prácticas concretas en las aulas.; O presente trabalho expõe os primeiros resultados de uma pesquisa sociolinguística a respeito da Educação Intercultural bilíngue (EIB) na Argentina. O interesse final deste trabalho é identificar alguns elementos que permitem compreender o papel das línguas nos processos sociais que envolvem a população indígena, pondo em evidencia as formas pelas quais os usos linguísticos participam na luta por recursos materiais e as representações sociais e ideologias linguísticas funcionais, em uma distribuição desigual desses recursos entre os grupos, colaborando para a manutenção de desigualdades sociais. Para tanto, se analisa o caso de uma população – que chamamos El Algarrobo – onde se formam docentes indígenas, os quais são incorporados paulatinamente nas escolas da região. Nesta incorporação, as instituições educativas, definem os papeis dos docentes indígenas, assim como o lugar das línguas nessas mesmas instituições. Assim, este trabalho mostra que a gestão das línguas está ligada a processos de luta social nos quais as línguas têm um papel chave. A concepção de bilinguismo, as avaliações acerca das competências linguísticas dos estudantes e docentes indígenas, assim como as práticas linguísticas nas aulas, revelam a distância entre os significados que circulam nos discursos sociais a respeito da IEB na Argentina e o sentido que estes ganham nas práticas concretas em sala de aula.; Current paper presents the first outcome of an ongoing sociolinguistic research on bilingual intercultural education (EIB) in Argentina. The aim of this study is to identify some elements for an account of the role of language in the social process that involves native people by highlighting the manner in which language usage participate in the struggle for material resources and how social representations and linguistic ideologies are involved in the unequal distribution of resources among indigene groups and in the maintenance of social inequalities. The case of a population that called El Algarrobo has been analyzed. Native young people are trained as teachers and gradually incorporated in schools of the region. In such a process the educational institutions define the roles for native teachers and the place of languages. Results show that the management of languages is linked to the process of social struggle where languages have a key role. The conception of bilingualism, the assessments of native teachers with a competence of Spanish and classroom language practices evidence the distance between meanings in official discourses on EIB in Argentina and the meaning EIB has in day-to-day practice in the classroom and in the school.

Le "mouvement chalcédonien": opposition ecclésiastique et aristocratique sous le règne d'Alexis Ier Comnène (1081-1094) Casamiquela Gerhold, Victoria Errain Le « mouvement chalcédonien » fut un mouvement de contestation ecclésiastique dirigé par Léon, évêque de Chalcédoine, sous le règne d´Alexis Ier Comnène. Les revendications des ecclésiastiques rebelles étaient surtout de caractère ecclésiologique, mais ils établirent une alliance circonstancielle avec la haute aristocratie mécontente du régime d´Alexis Ier. Nous analyserons dans cet article les caractéristiques de cette alliance et son rôle politique dans la consolidation de la dynastie comnénienne.; The «Chalcedonian movement» was a movement of ecclesiastical opposition led by Leo, bishop of Chalcedon, during the reign of Alexios I Komnenos. Even if the demands of the bishops were mainly ecclesiological, they established a circumstantial alliance with the dissatisfied aristocracy of Alexios’ reign. We shall examine in this article the characteristics of that alliance, as well as its political role in the consolidation of the Comnenian dynasty.

Review of the Genus Andropogon (Poaceae: Andropogoneae) in America Based on Cytogenetic Studies Nagahama, Nicolas; Norrmann, Guillermo Alberto Andropogon is a pantropical grass genus comprising 100–120 species and found mainly in the grasslands of Africa and the Americas. In the new world the genus is represented by approximately sixty (diploids or hexaploids) species grouped in three sections. The hexaploid condition occurs only in the Americas and the full process of this origin is still uncertain, although cytogenetic analysis coupled with taxonomic evidence have provided strong support for new hypothesis. Stebbins proposed the first hypothesis suggesting that the origin of polyploidy in species of Andropogon in North America resulted from duplication of the genome of some diploid species, and then by intergeneric crosses with species of a related genus. Since then, numerous studies were performed to clarify the evolutionary history of the genus in America. In this paper, we present a review of cytogenetic studies in the American Andropogon species during the last four decades.

A DR4:tBID axis drives the p53 apoptotic response by promoting oligomerization of poised BAX Henry, Ryan E; Andrysik, Zdenek; Paris, Ramiro; Galbraith, Matthew D.; Espinosa, Joaquín M. The cellular response to p53 activation varies greatly in a stimulus‐ and cell type‐specific manner. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms defining these cell fate choices will assist the development of effective p53‐based cancer therapies and also illuminate fundamental processes by which gene networks control cellular behaviour. Using an experimental system wherein stimulus‐specific p53 responses are elicited by non‐genotoxic versus genotoxic agents, we discovered a novel mechanism that determines whether cells undergo proliferation arrest or cell death. Strikingly, we observe that key mediators of cell‐cycle arrest (p21, 14‐3‐3σ) and apoptosis (PUMA, BAX) are equally activated regardless of outcome. In fact, arresting cells display strong translocation of PUMA and BAX to the mitochondria, yet fail to release cytochrome C or activate caspases. Surprisingly, the key differential events in apoptotic cells are p53‐dependent activation of the DR4 death receptor pathway, caspase 8‐mediated cleavage of BID, and BID‐dependent activation of poised BAX at the mitochondria. These results reveal a previously unappreciated role for DR4 and the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in cell fate choice following p53 activation.

Energy dissipation channels in the adsorption of N on Ag(111) Martin Gondre, L.; Bocan, Gisela Anahí; Alducin, M.; Juaristi, J. I.; Díez Muiño, R. We theoretically study the competition between different energy dissipation channels in the adsorption of N atoms on Ag(1 1 1) surfaces. The three-dimensional potential energy surface that describes the interaction between the N atoms and the metal surface is built from density functional theory calculations. Classical dynamics simulations are subsequently performed to evaluate the adsorption probabilities. The contribution of electron?hole pairs excited in the surface during the adsorption process is included in the simulation by an electronic friction coefficient. Phonon excitations are also considered through the Generalized Langevin Oscillator model. We show that the role of the two channels during the adsorption dynamics is very different: phonons are responsible for determining the adsorption probability but electronic excitations are relevant at a later stage to fix the N atoms to the adsorption positions. We conclude that a theoretical model that intrinsically combines both energy dissipation channels is necessary to properly describe the full dynamics of the process.

Catolicismos, nacionalismos y comunitarismos en política social. Redes católicas en la creación del Ministerio de Bienestar Social de Argentina (1966-1970) Giorgi, Guido Ignacio; Mallimaci, Fortunato Horacio El presente artículo se propone estudiar los vínculos entre religión y política en general, y entre diversos grupos católicos y el Estado en particular, analizando la convergencia de distintas corrientes católicas, nacionalistas y comunitaristas durante el gobierno cívico-militar-religioso del Gral. Onganía en la Argentina (1966-1970). Veremos cómo la innovación institucional que constituye la creación del Ministerio de Bienestar Social dio lugar no solo a disputas por el control de los cargos de gobierno, sino también por la definición del rumbo de las políticas sociales. Recurriremos a la perspectiva de redes para identificar los distintos grupos socio-religiosos en los que estaban insertos los altos funcionarios de dicho gobierno; así como al análisis de documentos oficiales para dar cuenta de las concepciones comunitaristas de los actores. Esto nos permitirá probar la hipótesis de que el proyecto corporativista de la dictadura de Onganía habría tenido en el Ministerio de Bienestar Social uno de los intentos más claros de crear una sociedad comunitarista.

Tarsal Organ Morphology and the Phylogeny of Goblin Spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae), with Notes on Basal Genera Platnick, Norman I.; Abrahim, Naiara; Álvarez Padilla, Fernando; Andriamalala, Daniela; Baehr, Barbara; Baert, Léon; Bonaldo, Alexandre; Brescovit, Antonio; Chousou Polydouri, Natalia; Dupérré, Nadine; Eichenberger, Beata; Fannes, Wouter; Gaublomme, Eva; Gillespie, Rosemary; Grismado, Cristian José; Griswold, Charles; Harvey, Mark; Henrard, Arnaud; Hormiga, Gustavo; Izquierdo, Matías Andres; Jocqué, Rudy; Kranz Baltensperger, Yvonne; Kropf, Christian; Ott, Ricardo; Ramirez, Martin Javier; Raven, Robert; Rheims, Cristina; Ruiz, Gustavo; Santos, Adalberto; Saucedo, Alma; Sierwald, Petra; Szuts, Tamás; Ubick, Darrell; Wang, Xin Ping Based on a survey of a wide variety of oonopid genera and outgroups, we hypothesize new synapomorphies uniting the Oonopidae (minus the South African genus Calculus Purcell, which is transferred to the Orsolobidae). The groundplan of the tarsal organ in Oonopidae is hypothe- sized to be an exposed organ with a distinctive, longitudinal ridge originating from the proximal end of the organ, and a serially dimorphic pattern of 4-4-3-3 raised receptors on legs I–IV, respec- tively. Such organs typify the diverse, basal, and ancient genus Orchestina Simon. Several other genera whose members resemble Orchestina in retaining two plesiomorphic features (an H-shaped, transverse eye arrangement and a heavily sclerotized, thick-walled sperm duct within the male palp) are united by having tarsal organs that are partly (in the case of Cortestina Knoflach) or fully capsulate (in the case of Sulsula Simon, Xiombarg Brignoli, and Unicorn Platnick and Brescovit). The remaining oonopids are united by the loss of the heavily sclerotized palpal sperm duct, pre- sumably reflecting a significant transformation in palpal mechanics. Within that large assemblage, a 4-4-3-3 tarsal organ receptor pattern and an H-shaped eye arrangement seem to be retained only in the New Zealand genus Kapitia Forster; the remaining genera are apparently united by a reduction in the tarsal organ pattern to 3-3-2-2 raised receptors on legs I–IV and by the acquisi- tion of a clumped eye arrangement. Three subfamilies of oonopids are recognized: Orchestininae Chamberlin and Ivie (containing only Orchestina; Ferchestina Saaristo and Marusik is placed as a junior synonym of Orchestina), Sulsulinae, new subfamily (containing Sulsula, Xiombarg, Unicorn, and Cortestina), and Oonopinae Simon (containing all the remaining genera, including those previously placed in the Gamasomorphinae). The type species of Sulsula and Kapitia, S. pauper (O. P.-Cambridge) and K. obscura Forster, are redescribed, and the female of S. pauper is described for the first time. A new sulsuline genus, Dalmasula, is established for Sulsula parvimana Simon and four new species from Namibia and South Africa.

He II lambda4686 in Eta Carinae: Collapse of the Wind-Wind Collision Region during Periastron Passage Teodoro, M.; Damineli, A.; Arias, J. I.; de Araújo, F. X.; Barba, Rodolfo Hector; Corcoran, Michael; Borges Fernandes, M.; Fernandez Lajus, Eduardo Eusebio; Fraga, L.; Gamen, Roberto Claudio; Gonzalez, Jorge Federico; Groh, J. H.; Marshall, J. L.; McGregor, P. J.; Morrell, N.; Nicholls, D. C.; Parkin, E. R.; Pereira, C. B.; Phillips, M. M.; Solivella, Gladys Rebeca; Steiner, J. E.; Stritzinger, M.; Thompson, I.; Torres, C. A. O.; Torres, M. A. P.; Zevallos Herencia, M. I. The periodic spectroscopic events in η Carinae are now well established and occur near the periastron passage of two massive stars in a very eccentric orbit. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the variations of different spectral features, such as an eclipse by the wind-wind collision (WWC) boundary, a shell ejection from the primary star or accretion of its wind onto the secondary. All of them have problems explaining all the observed phenomena. To better understand the nature of the cyclic events, we performed a dense monitoring of η Carinae with five Southern telescopes during the 2009 low-excitation event, resulting in a set of data of unprecedented quality and sampling. The intrinsic luminosity of the He II λ4686 emission line (L 310 L) just before periastron reveals the presence of a very luminous transient source of extreme UV radiation emitted in the WWC region. Clumps in the primary's wind probably explain the flare-like behavior of both the X-ray and He II λ4686 light curves. After a short-lived minimum, He II λ4686 emission rises again to a new maximum, when X-rays are still absent or very weak. We interpret this as a collapse of the WWC onto the "surface" of the secondary star, switching off the hard X-ray source and diminishing the WWC shock cone. The recovery from this state is controlled by the momentum balance between the secondary's wind and the clumps in the primary's wind.

Alternatives to free molecular halogens as chemoselective reactants: Catalysis of organic reactions with reusable complexes of halogen metal salts Rossi, Laura Isabel; Velasco, Manuel Isaac Organometallic complexes of halogen metallic salts have been used as catalysts in different organic reactions, mainly the oxidation of organic compounds. Their use has not only allowed the reduction of the amounts of catalyst (since they can be reused) but also a lower generation of by-products and wastes. The different reaction media developed through the research were analyzed by several green parameters and the best results were obtained with complexes that have cyclodextrins as organic ligands. The proposed methodology is an alternative to use of molecular halogen as oxidant or catalyst when halogens are significant chemoselective reactants.