La expansión urbana de la ciudad de Tandil 1991-2020 mediante el uso del Landscape Expansion Index (LEI); The urban expansion of the city of Tandil 1991-2020 through the use of the urban expansion index (LEI) Linares, Santiago; Iturrioz, Ignacio; Di Nucci, Josefina Inés Los índices del paisaje se han usado comúnmente para cuantificar las formas, magnitudes y patrones de distribución espacial. Existen diversos índices, dentro de los cuales la dinámica del crecimiento urbano es una de ellas. Cuantificar los patrones paisajísticos y analizar sus cambios es esencial para el monitoreo y la evaluación de las consecuencias ecológicas de la urbanización derivadas de los procesos de fragmentación urbana. En este trabajo, se aplica un nuevo índice de expansión urbana (LEI, Landscape Expansion Index), que permite capturar la información acontecida de los procesos espacio-temporales de formación de un patrón de expansión e identifica tres tipos de crecimiento urbano: “de relleno”, “expansión de borde” y “periférico”. Se extrajeron las superficies edificadas y se aplicó LEI sobre ellas en la ciudad de Tandil para los períodos 1991-2001, 2001-2010 y 2010-2020, constatando que el tipo de crecimiento “periférico” es el predominante en los últimos años.; Landscape indexes have been commonly used to quantify spatial distribution shapes and patterns of ground covers. Different types of indexes exist according to various application areas, being the urban growth dynamics one of them. Quantifying landscape patterns and analyzing their changes is essential to evaluate the urbanization ecological consequences of urban fragmentation and dispersion processes. In this article, it is applied a new Landscape Expansion Index (LEI), that unlike conventional indexes, allows to capture the space-temporal information of the urban expansion process through patterns. This tool identifies three types of urban growth: “infilling”, “edge expansion” and “outlying”. Built surfaces were extracted and LEI was applied on them to analyze the urban expansion dynamic in the city of Tandil in the periods of 1991-2001, 2001-2010 and 2010-2020. Verifying that the predominant urban growth type in the last years is the “outlying”.

Toda Pamela es política: Intensidades románticas, tradiciones sociosexuales y series televisivas; Every Pamela is political: Romantic intensities, socioexual traditions and television series Gómez Ponce, Fernando Ariel La exitosa serie Pam & Tommy (Hulu, 2022) promete una reivindicación feminista de Pamela Anderson: estereotipo que obsesionó al capitalismo heterosexual en los 90. Sin embargo, esa aparente mirada crítica puede cuestionarse, en tanto la narrativa no parece abandonar una idea de amor bastante tradicional. En torno a las propuestas de Eva Illouz y Fredric Jameson, la categoría de intensidades románticas colaborará con la interpretación de esa encrucijada, a la vez que arroja luz sobre nuestra idea cultural de la experiencia amorosa: afectividad que, aún incorporando las mutaciones de la posmodernidad, se aferra a los grandes mitos del amor-pasión y a sus instituciones. Esa intensidad se constatará en uno de los lugares comunes que Pamela Anderson y Tommy Lee sintetizan: la pareja rockstar, aquella que demuestra ser conservadora por su resguardo en la familia burguesa y reproductora y en los roles canónicos de la masculinidad protectora y la feminidad progenitora. El objetivo de este artículo es así corroborar cómo en nuestra cultura masiva el amor romántico todavía se mantiene como una de las utopías favoritas, si bien contradictorias, del capitalismo.; The successful series Pam & Tommy (Hulu, 2022) promises a feminist vindication of Pamela Anderson: a stereotype that obsessed heterosexual capitalism in the 90s. However, that apparent critical view can be questioned, as the narrative does not seem to abandon a traditional idea of love. Around the proposals of Eva Illouz and Fredric Jameson, the category of romantic intensities will collaborate with the interpretation of this crossroads, shedding light on our cultural idea of the love experience: affectivity that, even incorporating the mutations of postmodernity, clings to the great myths of love-passion and its institutions. That intensity will be verified in one of the common places that Pamela Anderson and Tommy Lee synthesize: the rockstar couple, which proves to be conservative due to its protection in the bourgeois and reproductive family and in the canonical roles of protective masculinity and progenitor femininity. The objective of this article is thus to corroborate how in our mass culture romantic love is still maintained as one of the favorite and contradictory utopías of capitalism.

TLR9 activation is required for cytotoxic response elicited by baculovirus capsid display Molinari, Maria Paula; Crespo, Maria Ines; Molina, Guido Nicolás; Dho, Nicolás Daniel; Marinho, Fábio A. V.; Maletto, Belkys Angélica; Leclerc, Claude; Oliveira, Sergio C.; Taboga, Oscar Alberto; Cebrián, José Ignacio; Morón, Sergio Gabriel Although the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) infects lepidopteran invertebrates as natural hosts, represents an efficient vector for vaccine development. Baculovirus surface display induces strong humoral responses against viruses and parasites. A novel strategy based on capsid display carrying foreign antigens in the AcMNPV particle further improved the immune response by eliciting CD8+ T cell activation. In this study, we analyze the intracellular mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in CD8+ T cell activation by capsid display. Our results show that baculovirus can attach to the cell surface, enter dendritic cells (DCs), transit within endocytic vesicles and escape to the cytosol for further degradation by the proteasome. We found that the availability of viral proteins, endosomal acidification, and proteasome activity are needed for efficient Major Histocompatibility Complex class-I presentation by baculovirus carrying Ovalbumin in the viral capsid. Importantly, we demonstrated with this strategy that the induction of cytotoxic T cells and IL-12 production by DCs are TLR9-dependent and STING-independent. Finally, our study shows differential intracellular processing for capsid and surface baculovirus proteins in DCs and highlights the role of different danger receptors during cytotoxic T cell priming through the capsid display delivery system, which could lead to improved baculovirus-based vaccines development.

Development of active biodegradable films based on chitosan and essential oil to prevent infestation of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Jesser, Emiliano Nicolás; Castillo, Luciana Andrea; Alonso, Yanela Natalin; Urrutia, Rodrigo Iñaki; Murray, Ana Paula; Domini, Claudia Elizabeth; Werdin Gonzalez, Jorge Omar Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is probably the most common moth pest of stored products. Its larvae are considered very effective packaging penetrators, causing serious losses. Therefore, the development of new food packaging technologies to prevent larvae infestation is crucial. In the present work, geranium and peppermint essential oils (EO) were used to elaborate chitosan (Qx) based films (Qx-EO films) at different concentrations (0% (control), 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5% w/w). The Qx-EO films were tested in repellent and penetration assays for 72 h and 15 days, respectively. In both bioassays, most effective Qx-EO films were those containing geranium and peppermint EO at 0.5% w/w. In repellent assays, Qx-geranium EO films were more effective than Qx-peppermint EO films. In penetration assays, both films reduced penetration percentage to 10% (penetration percentage for control ≈ 50%). Then, possible structural changes, thermal stability and mechanical properties of Qx films containing EOs at 0.5% w/w were analyzed. The loading efficiency of Qx-geranium EO and peppermint EO films were close to 90% and 35%, respectively. It was demonstrated that EO incorporation allows conserving mechanical properties of control films. It is important to emphasize that these films showed repellent activity and could prevent contamination with P. interpunctella larvae.

Screen use, sleep duration, daytime somnolence, and academic failure in school-aged adolescents We surveyed 1,257 12- to 18-year-old adolescents attending 52 schools in urban or suburban areas of Argentina. We recorded the daily exposure to various screen-based activities, including video- and online-gaming, social media, TV or streaming. Screen time and device type in the hour before bedtime, sleep patterns during weekdays and weekends, somnolence (Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale score), and grades in language and mathematics were also assessed.

Datos acerca del cálculo de la erosión hídrica y su relación con el avance agrícola en el partido de Benito Juárez (Buenos Aires, Argentina), para las campañas 1989/90, 2002/03 y 2014/15 Información perteneciente al desarrollo del artículo "EROSIÓN HÍDRICA Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL AVANCE DE LA AGRICULTURA EN EL SUDESTE BONAERENSE, ARGENTINA. EL CASO DEL PARTIDO DE BENITO JUÁREZ DURANTE LAS CAMPAÑAS 1989/90, 2002/03 Y 2014/15". Se adjunta la ubicación del área de estudio, figura con la superposición entre las Unidades Ecológicas (UEc) que conforman el partido y clasificaciones supervisadas de los años 1990, 2003 y 2015; y planilla de datos respecto de superficie agrícola por UEc, información de los distintos factores para el cálculo de las tasas de erosión y pérdida de suelos y cálculo de los niveles de tolerancia de los suelos a la erosión.

Isotermas de compresión DPPC en presencia y ausencia de fluralaner Isotermas de compresión (presión lateral vs. área molecular media) de monocapas de Langmuir de DPPC. (Tratamiento 1, 2 y 3)

Datos acerca de la extracción de nitrógeno y fósforo en el partido de Benito Juárez (Buenos Aires, Argentina) y su relación con el proceso de agriculturización Información perteneciente al desarrollo del artículo "EFECTOS DE LA AGRICULTURIZACIÓN SOBRE LA EXTRACCIÓN DE NUTRIENTES EN LA REGIÓN PAMPEANA ARGENTINA. EL CASO DEL N Y P EN EL PARTIDO DE BENITO JUÁREZ". Se adjunta la ubicación del área de estudio, figuras con producción y rendimientos de los principales cultivos y % de tierras fertilizadas realmente, documento con balances de N y P por Unidad Ecológica (UEc) del partido, documento con cálculo de los balances generales y planillas con información y cálculos asociados a dosis de aplicación y relación entre balances y superficie agrícola.

Arturo A. Roig: a cien años de su nacimiento Contardi, Laura Aldana; Olalla, Marcos Javier Arturo Andrés Roig nació el 16 de julio de 1922 y falleció el 30 de abril de 2012 en Mendoza (Argentina). Cursó estudios de Filosofía en la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo y egresó de la misma en 1949. Obtuvo en 1953 una beca para realizar en Francia estudios sobre filosofía antigua con el profesor Pierre-Maxime Schuhl, estancia de estudios que duró dos años. A su regreso, su labor se concentró en la profundización de los estudios platónicos, tarea que abarcaría más de diez años. Se abocó a la reconstrucción de la historia cultural de su provincia natal y a la investigación de la presencia del krausismo y del espiritualismo en el Río de la Plata. Fue docente de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras desde 1959 hasta 1975, momento en que se vio obligado, junto a su familia, a exiliarse y dejar la cátedra por la persecución política ocurrida durante el gobierno de María Estela de Perón y la gestión del ministro de Educación Oscar Ivanissevich. Entre 1973 y 1974 ocupó el cargo de secretario académico de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, gestión en la que impulsó transformaciones en la organización de los saberes en la universidad y particularmente en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, en el marco de una pedagogía participativa alentada por ideales democráticos. En su exilio residió un breve tiempo en México y luego en el Ecuador, país en el que vivió hasta su regreso a la Argentina en 1984. Durante esos años dedicó sus estudios al rescate de la historia del pensamiento social y filosófico del Ecuador, fundó y dirigió el Instituto de Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. El gobierno ecuatoriano le otorgó la condecoración al mérito cultural en 1983. Ya en Mendoza fue restituido por orden judicial en su cargo universitario, del que se jubiló en 1985, e incorporado en el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) como Investigador Principal y como Director general del Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Mendoza (CRICYT), dependiente del CONICET. Unos años después fue director fundador del Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales (INCIHUSA).

Prediabetes is more than a pre-disease: additional evidences supporting the importance of its early diagnosis and appropriate treatment Elgart, Jorge Federico; Torrieri, Rocio; Ré, Matias Alberto; Salazar, Martin; Espeche, Walter; Angelini, Julieta Maria; Martinez, Camilo; Martinez, Jorge Guillermo; Giampieri, Cecilia; Etchegoyen, Graciela Susana; Ricart, Juan Pablo Antonio; Rodriguez, María Elvira; Gagliardino, Juan Jose Aim: To identify Prediabetes (PreD) as early and serious diabetes step using clinical-biochemical characteristics in the population of the Primary Prevention Diabetes Buenos Aires (PPDBA) study. Methods: PPDBA Study evaluated benefits of adopting healthy lifestyles to prevent T2D. It recruited people 45–75 years of age with PreD (impaired fasting glycaemia [IFG], impaired glucose tolerance [IGT] or both, American Diabetes Association criteria), using an opportunistic approach. They completed a FINDRISC questionnaire, and those with a score ≥13 points were invited to participate. When they accepted, we performed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with a complete lipid profile and HbA1c while physicians completed a clinical history. We recruited 367 persons, and depending on OGTT results, the sample was divided into normals (NGT), PreD, or with diabetes (last one was excluded in our analysis). Data were statistically analyzed using parametric and nonparametric tests and logistic regression to identify parameters associated with PreD. Results: From the recruited (n = 367) 47.7% have NGT, 48.5% PreD and 3.8% unknown T2D (excluded). People with PreD were significantly older, with a higher percentage of overweight/obesity, BMI, and larger waist circumference than NGT. They also showed significantly higher fasting and 2 h post glucose load, HbA1c, and triglyceride levels. No significant differences were recorded in the blood pressure, lipid profile though both groups had abnormally high LDL-c values. They also had a larger percentage of TG/HDL-c ratios (insulin resistance indicator) (55% vs. 37.5%). Logistic regression analysis showed that PreD was significant associated with age, waist circumference, and triglyceride above target values. Conclusion: Our findings showed that clinical and biochemical parameters were significantly different between people with PreD and those with NGT. This evidence supports the concept that PreD is a serious dysfunction, which should be early diagnosed and treated properly to prevent its transition to T2D and its complications.

Corrosion protection properties of polypyrrole coatings formed onto 316 L SS from a solution containing molybdate and salicylate Ramos, Camila; González, María Belén; Brugnoni, Lorena Inés; Saidman, Silvana Beatriz The electrosynthesis of PPy films onto 316L stainless steel fromnearly neutral and alkaline solutions containing molybdate and salicylate isreported. The corrosion behaviour of the coatings constituted by hollow rectangularmicrotubes was monitored in Ringer solution using open circuit potentialmeasurements, polarization techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.The polymer formed in a solution of pH 8 was the most efficient interms of corrosion protection. The coating significantly reduced the pitting corrosionof the substrate. The results were interpreted taking into considerationthe polymer electroactivity, the galvanic interaction polypyrrole/substrate andthe nature of dopants. Silver species were effectively immobilized onto the hollowrectangular-sectioned microtubes of PPy. The modified coatings demonstratedthat they have a good bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli andthey were also able to protect the substrate against corrosion in Ringer solution.

Molecular detection and parasite load of Trypanosoma cruzi in digestive tract tissue of Chagas disease patients affected by megacolon Pinto, Lilian; Schijman, Alejandro Gabriel; Alonso Padilla, Julio; Lozano, Daniel; Cruz Torrico, Mary; Gamba, Pietro; Torrez, Margarita; Lozada, Vania; Cartagena, Karina; Sanchez, Jareth; Torrico, Faustino; Gascon, Joaquim Chagas disease, caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite in the Americas affects ∼ 7 million people, 30% with cardiac tissue damage and 10-15% with digestive disorders. In this study, we have developed a protocol to detect the presence of the parasite and estimate its load in resected dysfunctional tissue segments of chronically infected patients with digestive megacolon. We have included samples from 43 individuals, 38/5 with positive/negative serology for Chagas disease and digestive syndromes. Samples of 1.5 to 2.0 cm2 were taken from different points of the dysfunctional digestive tract in specialized centres in Cochabamba, Bolivia. T. cruzi cultures were performed by inoculation with NNN-LIT culture medium, and genomic material was obtained from the samples for multiplex qPCR with TaqMan probes targeting satellite nuclear DNA. Cultures failed to isolate T. cruzi but qPCR reached a sensitivity of 42.1% (16/38) with all three spots and in triplicate. A new quantification methodology using synthetic satellite DNA as quantitation standard revealed parasite loads ranging from 2.2 × 102 to 1.0 × 106 satellite DNA copies/μl. Positive samples from the distal end showed a higher parasite load. The results of the present study strengthen and add further evidence to previous findings in an experimental mouse model of chronic T. cruzi infection, providing a valuable tool to improve scientific knowledge on the relevance of the digestive tract in parasite persistence, and underline the need of a better understanding of host-pathogen interaction in digestive tissues, considering pathophysiology, disease immunology and response to treatment.

Between Hegel and Hawking - Kierkegaard: Contribution to Epistemology Binetti, María José; Máhrik, Tibor; Kobylarek, Aleksander; Zimny, Jan; Vladilenovna Telezhko, Irina Background: This presented study focuses on the issue of the possibilities and limits of humanrationality in the theory of knowledge from the perspective of Søren Kierkegaard. His opposition to the Hegelian rationalism of his time anticipates similar opposition to the strict naturalismof this time represented by Stephen Hawking. Kierkegaard‘s perspective of understanding thebasic categories of human existence form an intricate texture consisting of more central andmore peripheral beliefs, mutually supporting each other, while referring to such concepts in theirfundamental philosophical positions.In the study, we present Kierkegaard‘s relevant starting points and arguments with which headdresses the problem of a hyper-rationalistic approach to life, regardless of whether it is a metaphysical ambition or an existential understanding of life.Conclusion: We argue here that Kierkegaard‘s concept of existential passion, directed in thehope of an infinite future, provides not only the necessary framework for finding answers to contemporary epistemological challenges, especially in the field of the humanities, but also a goodprotection against the trap of idealism and strict naturalism.

Literaturas y derechas: Historizar los conceptos, ampliar los archivos Sverdloff, Mariano Javier Analizar a las plurales “literaturas de las derechas” supone dialogar con diversas metodologías y tipos de corpus. Esta diversidad de discursos críticos y archivos implica ir más allá de la close reading de las obras canónicas. Por tanto, al momento de pensar la articulación del clivaje derecha-izquierda con la literatura, la crítica literaria se enfrenta con una doble exigencia: por un lado, debe historizar las diversas perspectivas críticas del siglo XX y XXI sobre las “literaturas de las derechas”; por el otro, debe ampliar los archivos para incluir textos no literarios.; Analyzing differents “right-wing literatures” supposes a dialogue with various methodologies and types of corpus. This diversity of critical discourses and archives implies going beyond close reading of canonical works. Therefore, when thinking about the articulation between the right-left cleavage and literature, literary criticism is faced with a double requirement: on the one hand, to historicize the various critical perspectives of the 20th and 21st centuries on “right-wing literatures”; on the other, to expand the archives and to include non-literary texts.

Wave separation analysis-derived indexes obtained from radial and carotid tonometry in healthy pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hypertension: Comparison with pulse wave analysis-derived indexes Pereira, María M.; Torrado, Juan; Bock, Joshua; Sosa, Claudio; Diaz, Alberto Alejandro; Bia, Daniel; Zócalo, Yanina Background: Increased wave reflections assessed by pulse wave analysis (PWA) was proposed as one of the potential culprits of hypertension seen in women with pregnancy-associated hypertension (PAH). However, this statement has never been confirmed with “Wave Separation Analysis” (WSA), a more sophisticated mathematical approach that analyzes the amplitude and interaction between forward and backward aortic pressure waveform components. Objective: To characterize potential changes in pressure wave components of PAH compared to healthy non-pregnant (NP) women and women with normal pregnancies (HP) by using WSA and compared these findings with PWA-derived indexes; secondarily, to evaluate differences in WSA-derived indexes between subgroups of PAH (i.e., preeclampsia [PE] and gestational hypertension [GH]). Methods: Using radial and carotid applanation tonometry, we quantified in HP (n = 10), PAH (n = 16), and NP (n = 401): (i) PWA-derived indexes; (ii) WSA-derived indexes: forward (Pf) and backward (Pb) waveform components, backward component arrival time (PbAT), reflection magnitude (RM = Pb/Pf) and index [RIx = Pb/(Pf + Pb)]. Results: While PAH was associated with a higher Pf compared to HP and NP, Pb and PbAT were similar between the groups. Both GH and PE showed a higher Pf compared to HP, but only PE had a trend of presenting with higher Pb and lower PbAT compared to the other groups. Finally, PAH showed a trend of having lower RM and RIx compared to NP and HP, with no differences between GH and PE. Conclusion: PAH was associated with higher Pf, but not higher Pb, compared to NP and HP, although PE also demonstrated a trend of higher Pb.

Criar la sal: Relaciones de intercambio vital en la extracción tradicional de panes de sal en Salinas Grandes; Nurturing the salt: Relations of vital reciprocity in traditional salt extraction in Salinas Grandes Miranda Pérez, José María En este artículo realizo una descripción analítica del trabajo diario de los salineros de la comunidad aborigen de San Miguel de Colorados, en el Noroeste argentino. Mi intención es explorar cómo sus prácticas de extracción suponen un flujo de relaciones con un espacio vivo, que se manifiestan a través del intercambio cotidiano de energía, afectos y sustancias. Estos intercambios, tienen un doble efecto en el trabajo con la sal: evitar las enfermedades que algunos seres del entorno pueden provocar a los salineros al sentirse amenazados; e incentivar la producción del mineral a través de la transferencia de fuerza y suerte. En la zona comentada, la extracción de panes de sal, al igual que otras actividades que se desarrollan en (y con) el paisaje, se organiza según una ontología local que afirma que todas las cosas de la tierra están vivas e interrelacionadas. En resonancia con otras investigaciones de la Puna argentina y los Andes, mi objetivo es presentar un concepto etnográfico de producción que se define por la inseparabilidad de los asuntos del cosmos de las controversias de la ética y la política, así como de las necesidades económicas y materiales de los procesos vitales y afectivos del mundo.; In this article I will describe and analyze the work of the salt workers of the aboriginal community of San Miguel de Colorados, in the argentine Northwest. My intention is to explore how their extraction practices involve a constant flow of relations with a living space, manifested through the daily trade of energy, affects and substances. These exchanges have a double effect in the work with salt: to avoid the diseases that some beings of the environment can cause when they feel threatened, and to stimulate the production of the mineral through the transfer of fuerza and suerte. In the commented area, the salt extraction, like other activities that take place in (and with) the landscape, is organized according to a local ontology that affirms that all things on earth are alive and interrelated. In resonance with other researchs of the argentinian Puna and the Andes, my objective is to present an ethnographic concept of production that is defined by the inseparability of the issues of the cosmos from the controversies of ethics and politics, as well as the economic and material needs of the vital and affective processes of the world.

¿Qué es el síndrome pos-COVID-19? Definición y actualización; What is post-COVID-19 syndrome? Definition and update Gallegos de San Vicente, Miguel Omar; Martino, Pablo; Caycho Rodríguez, Tomás; Calandra, Manuel; Razumovskiy, Anastasia; Arias Gallegos, Walter L.; de Castro Peçanha, Viviane; Cervigni, Mauricio Alejandro Este trabajo aborda el origen y el desarrollo del síndrome pos-COVID-19, el cual consiste en la persistencia a través del tiempo de diferentes síntomas como consecuencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. A partir de una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica, se realiza un breve recorrido sobre el nuevo término y se precisa la definición conceptual, los síntomas característicos, las diversas implicaciones en la salud de las personas y las respuestas de atención específica que se han implementado. Se concluye con una llamada de atención a los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe para dar tratamiento y seguimiento a este problema de salud pública.; This work addresses the origin and development of post-COVID-19 syndrome, which consists of the persistence of different symptoms over time as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on a narrative review of the scientific literature, a brief analysis of the new term is made, specifying the conceptual definition, characteristic symptoms, the various implications for people’s health, and the responses to specific care measures that have been implemented. It concludes with a wake-up call to the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean in order for care and surveillance to be provided to this public health problem.

Semiclassical strong-field theory of phase delays in ω-2ω above-threshold ionization Arbo, Diego; López, Sebastián David; Burgdörfer, Joachim Phase and time delays of atomic above-threshold ionization were recently experimentally explored in an ω-2ω setting [Zipp, Optica 1, 361 (2014)2334-253610.1364/OPTICA.1.000361]. The phases of wave packets ejected from argon by a strong 2ω pulse were probed as a function of the relative phase of a weaker ω probe pulse. Numerical simulations solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) displayed a sensitive dependence of the doubly differential momentum distribution on the relative phase between the ω and 2ω fields. Moreover, a surprisingly strong variation of the extracted phase delays on the intensity of the probe pulse was found. We present a semiclassical strong-field description of the phase delays in the emission of electrons in an ω-2ω setting and apply it to atomic hydrogen. Nonperturbative effects in both the 2ω pump and the ω probe field are included. The semiclassical description allows tracing phase delays to path interferences between emission during different points in time of emission within the temporal unit cell of the two-color laser field. We find good agreement between the semiclassical saddle-point approximation, the full strong-field approximation (SFA), and previous results applicable in the perturbative limit of probe fields. We show that the RABBIT-like perturbative description of phase delays breaks down for stronger fields and higher-energy electron emission. In this regime, characterization of the ionization signal requires an entire ensemble of phase delays δi(E) with i=1,2,... the difference in photon numbers of the strong 2ω field involved in the interfering paths. Comparison between SFA and TDSE calculations reveals the influence of the Coulomb field even in this strong-field scenario.

La participación de maestros en la recopilación de tradiciones y saberes populares: La Encuesta Nacional de Folklore de Argentina, 1921 Arias, Ana Carolina Este trabajo analiza el papel de los maestros en la recopilación de información sobre tradiciones y saberes populares en el marco de la Encuesta Nacional de Folklore de 1921. Esta fue impulsada por el Consejo Nacional de Educación e implementado a través de las llamadas Escuelas Láinez. En particular, se examinan las instrucciones y los registros producidos a partir de esta Encuesta, lo que permite observar de qué forma el sistema educativo nacional constituyó un espacio para reunir información a gran escala desde las localidades más remotas del país, movilizando cantidades significativas de colaboradores distribuidos en distintas regiones. Como se intenta mostrar en este trabajo, los maestros cumplieron un papel fundamental en el acopio y organización de datos en los lugares donde trabajaban, participando en redes de intercambio y provisión de información a nivel nacional. Esto, además, permite tener en cuenta otra faceta de las actividades de los docentes, más allá del trabajo áulico.; This paper analyses the role of teachers in the collection of information on folk traditions and knowledge in the framework of the National Folklore Survey of 1921. This was promoted by the National Council of Education and implemented through the socalled Láinez Schools. In particular, the instructions and records produced from this survey are discussed. This allows us to observe how the national education system constituted a space for gathering information on a large scale and from the most remote localities of the country, mobilizing significant numbers of collaborators distributed in different regions. As this paper attempts to show, teachers played a fundamental role in collecting and organizing data in the places where they worked, participating in networks of exchange, and providing information at the national level. This also allows us to take into account another facet of teachers' activities, beyond classroom work.

Anatomy of the floral nectaries of selected species of Gardenieae (Rubiaceae) Judkevich, Marina Daniela; Salas, Roberto Manuel; González, Ana María Rubiaceae is one of the five most species-rich families of Angiosperm, its flowers are characterized by a nectariferous disc surrounding the base of the style; however, there are almost no studies on anatomy of these structures in the family. The aim of this study was to describe for the first time the anatomy of the floral nectaries in the tribe Gardenieae (Rubiaceae). Flowers from Cordiera concolor, Genipa americana, Randia calycina, Randia ferox, Randia heteromera, Randia micracantha, and Tocoyena formosa were collected, photographed, and processed using conventional techniques for observation with optical and scanning electron microscopies. In all species the nectary is differentiated histologically into epidermis, nectary and sub-nectary parenchyma, and vascular bundles. Nectar is exuded via nectarostomata. The nectaries have reproductive function, and are structural and mesenchymal during the floral stage. Whereas after corolla has fallen they are persistent nectaries, with post-floral secretion and extranuptial function. In addition, floral visitors that appeared on open flowers and after corolla fall were recorded.; Rubiaceae é uma das cinco famílias mais ricas em espécies de Angiospermas, suas flores são caracterizadas por um disco nectarífero ao redor do estilete. No entanto, quase não há estudos sobre a anatomia destas estruturas na família. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever pela primeira vez a anatomia dos nectários na tribo Gardenieae (Rubiaceae). Flores de Cordiera concolor, Genipa americana, Randia calycina, Randia ferox, Randia heteromera, Randia micracantha e Tocoyena formosa foram coletadas, fotografadas e fixadas. Os nectários foram processados utilizando técnicas convencionais de observação em microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Em todas as flores o nectário é histologicamente diferenciado em epiderme, parênquima nectarífero, parênquima subnectarífero e traços vasculares. O néctar é exsudado através de estômatos. Os nectários tem função reprodutiva e são estruturados e mesenquimais na fase floral. Após a queda da corola são nectários persistentes com secreção pós-floral e função extranupcial. Também foram registados os visitantes florais que apareceram em flores abertas e após a queda da corola.