Flash point and refractive index measurements of diesel and biodiesel, and their binary blends with n-butanol and n-pentanol Figueroa Semorile, Nicolás; Alviso, Dario; Romano, Silvia Daniela The use of n-butanol (BU) and n-pentanol (PE) as biofuels has gained much attention in recent years. As they have high oxygen content, they could be a future option to be used in Diesel engines for mixing with diesel fuel (DF), biodiesel (BD) and their blends, resulting in lower pollutant emissions. Flash point (FP) is used to regulate fuel handling and storage conditions. Refractive index (RI) has been used for the characterization of BD/DF blends and the estimation of light refraction in several combustion-related studies. Several works focusing on the use of BU and PE in blends with either DF or BD in Diesel engines have been recently carried out. However, less information is available in the literature concerning the measurements of properties such as the FP and the RI of these blends. This paper presents experimental measurements of FP and RI (from 15 to 40 ∘C) for BD and DF, and their binary blends with BU and PE in the full range of composition. The RI and FP of the studied BD and DF, as well as their blends with BU and PE, are also estimated using regression equations as a function of their composition.

Global patterns of herbicide resistance evolution in Amaranthus spp.: an analysis comparing species, cropping regions and herbicides Yanniccari, Marcos Ezequiel; Gaines, Todd; Scursoni, Julio Alejandro; De Prado, Rafael; Vila Aiub, Martin Miguel Herbicide resistance in weeds is an evolutionary process. Although there is a great global diversity of weeds, independent origins of herbicide resistance evolution have been shown to converge into similar molecular and physiological resistance mechanisms in geographically distant weed populations. Amaranthus species have shown an extraordinary ability to evolve herbicide resistance and invade new environments at a global scale, which represents an opportunity for identifying adaptive evolutionary patterns. The most frequent cases of herbicide-resistant Amaranthus species have been identified in North America, where A. hybridus, A. palmeri, A. tuberculatus and A. retroflexus comprise more than 90% of them. Meanwhile, A. retroflexus, A. hybridus and A. palmeri have been the most reported species in South America. Around 70% of the cases of herbicide-resistant Amaranthus species have been identified in global soybean and corn crops. The higher fecundity and adaptability of plants to a broad range of environments would make populations more likely to persist and be selected for herbicide resistance. Co-evolution of multiple herbicide resistance mechanisms at the plant and/or population level is evident in weed species. For Amaranthus spp., resistance cases highlight evolutionary responses to herbicide use with clear patterns of selection for multiple herbicide resistance in particular regions and spread to new areas within and between global cropping systems. Seed-mediated gene flow is an important component to the spread of herbicide resistant Amaranthus spp. populations. Reduction of the intensity of herbicide selection by combining diverse and integrated weed control practices should be a common goal in weed management programs.

Participatory Ethics in Bakhtin: Pandemic and Pansemic; Ética participativa em Bakhtin: Pandemia e pansemia Arán, Pampa; Gómez Ponce, Fernando Ariel The philosophical project that Bakhtin conceived at the beginning of the 20th century aims to find a moral philosophy that modifies the performance of man in daily life and in culture. The date 1924 on which its writing is presumed would indicate the direction that Bakhtinian thought was taking, proposing an utopian cultural transformation in a time marked by enormous political tensions, and the social construction of a real subject, whose moral responsibility historically situated would turn into a modeof participatory action. Since that historical moment, a century has passed, and today it may be opportune to confront it with our present, in a planet governed by the capitalist economy with its population living a pandemic of great proportions. Far fromestablishing a comparison with that ethic project, we will offer some notes and images that encourage reflection on a philosophy that we do not believe we can cover in its complexity.; O projeto filosófico concebido por Bakhtin no início do século XX visava fundar uma filosofia moral que modificasse a atuação do homem na vida cotidiana e na cultura. A data em que se presume que o texto foi escrito [1924?] indicaria o rumo que tomava esse pensamento e o modo como ele propunha, quase utopicamente, a transformação cultural em um momento marcado por enormes tensões políticas e a construção social de um sujeito concreto, cuja responsabilidade moral estivesse historicamente situada e se convertesse em um modo de ação participativa. Desde aquele momento histórico, um século se passou, e hoje pode ser oportuno confrontá-lo com o nosso presente, em um planeta governado pela economia capitalista e uma população sofrendo com uma pandemia de grandes proporções. Longe da pretensão de estabelecer uma comparação, oferecemos alguns apontamentos e imagens que estimulam a reflexão sobre essa filosofia ética, a qual não acreditamos poder abarcar em sua complexidade

Impact of genetic ancestry on the distribution of interferon-λ4 rs12979860 polymorphism in a global population of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Impacto de la ancestría genética en la distribución del polimorfismo de interferón-λ4 rs12979860 en una población global de Buenos Aires, Argentina Mansilla, Florencia Celeste; Avena, Sergio Alejandro; Dejean, Cristina Beatriz; Turco, Cecilia Soledad; Capozzo, Alejandra Victoria Human interferon-λ4 is a cytokine involved in early stages of antiviral responses. Strikingly, some allelic variants with diminished antiviral activity reduce the susceptibility to viral infections, thus they would have suffered a positive selection pressure throughout the evolutionary history of the genus Homo. An intronic variant within the IFNλ4 locus (rs12979860, T˃C) emerged as one of the main gene determinants of the response to HCV and other viruses. The rs12979860-C allele has a differential frequency in African, European and Native American populations, though South American data are scarce. Here we characterize for the first time the distribution of rs12979860 genotypes in a sample of the global population of Buenos Aires, Argentina, assessing its association with European, Native American and African parental components. The rs12979860 genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP in DNA samples from donors of a blood banks of Buenos Aires (n=96), whose genetic individual ancestry (European, African or Native American) had been previously determined using molecular markers. The distribution of rs12979860-CC, CT and TT was 29.17%, 50.0% and 20.83%, respectively. A significant increase in the frequency of CC among donors with a strong European contribution and a greater impact of the Native American component among donors carrying the T allele were observed. Native American and European components were associated to the rs12979860 distribution in a sample of the global population of Buenos Aires, while no differences were directly attributable to the African ancestry. Considering interferon´s key role in antiviral responses, our results may contribute to both bioanthropological and immunogenetic studies associated with infectious diseases.; El interferón-λ4 humano es una citoquina involucrada en la respuesta antiviral. Algunas variantes alélicas con menor actividad antiviral, paradójicamente, reducen la susceptibilidad a infecciones virales, por lo que habrían sufrido una presión de selección positiva en la historia evolutiva del gיnero Homo. Una variante dentro del locus de IFNλ4 (rs12979860, T˃C), con distribución diferencial en poblaciones africanas, europeas y nativas americanas, surgió como uno de los principales determinantes genéticos de la respuesta al HCV y otros virus. Aquí caracterizamos por primera vez la distribución de los genotipos de rs12979860 en una muestra de la población cosmopolita de Buenos Aires, Argentina, evaluando el impacto de su ancesrtría. Se determinaron diferentes genotipos de rs12979860 por PCR-RFLP en muestras de ADN de donantes de bancos de sangre de Buenos Aires (n=96), cuya ancestría individual había sido previamente determinada mediante diferentes marcadores moleculares. La distribución global de rs12979860-CC, CT y TT fue 29,17%; 50,0% y 20,83%, respectivamente. Se observó un aumento significativo de la frecuencia del genotipo CC entre individuos con fuerte aporte europeo y un mayor impacto del componente nativo-americano entre portadores del alelo T. Los componentes nativo-americano y europeo se asociaron a la distribución rs12979860 en una muestra poblacional global de Buenos Aires, mientras que no se vieron diferencias directamente asociadas a la ancestría africana. Considerando el papel clave del interferón en la respuesta antiviral, nuestros resultados pueden contribuir a estudios con un enfoque bioantropológico así como a estudios inmunogenéticos asociados a enfermedades infecciosas.

Hacia una eco/ontología política del desarrollo: Territorio y relacionalidad desde América Latina; Towards a political eco/ontology of development: Territory and relationality from América Latina Borrastero, Matías Alejandro En el presente artículo recupero algunos elementos claves de la deconstrucción del desarrollo con el objetivo de avanzar en una comprensión crítica de las relaciones entre sociedad y naturaleza, desde una perspectiva decolonial. En ese marco, propongo una aproximación al desarrollo en tanto dispositivo moderno/colonial, destacando algunas contribuciones sumamente fructíferas para la construcción de un enfoque interdisciplinario que integre las dimensiones eco y ontológica en la comprensión de los conflictos y resistencias socioambientales. En función de ello, me detengo en tres ejes de reflexión que considero centrales en esta indagación: primeramente, en torno de la construcción de la territorialidad estatal-moderna y la colonialidad de la naturaleza, raíces históricas que permiten comprender al largo proceso de conquista y colonización latinoamericana como condición de posibilidad para el despliegue del moderno dispositivo del desarrollo. Y, de manera posterior, en torno de la relacionalidad como elemento clave para una perspectiva que integre y complemente ecología y ontología política. El trabajo tiene por objetivo ofrecer una suerte de coordenadas epistémico-políticas para orientar un camino de indagación crítica en torno de la intersección entre naturaleza, cultura, territorio y desarrollo, en el marco de la invitación a construir cartografías críticas del(os) territorio(s). A su vez, interesa destacar los principales aportes del enfoque del posdesarrollo, en tanto marco de comprensión centrado en las resistencias, adaptaciones y subversiones al desarrollo. Como corolario de esta indagación, presento algunos elementos que, desde mi lectura, resultan hoy desafíos en la construcción de las ciencias sociales latinoamericanas. Nuevos -y no tan nuevos- interrogantes que interpelan nuestro quehacer académico y nuestro crítico cotidiano.; In this article I recover some key elements of the deconstruction of development with the objective of advancing in a critical understanding of the relations between society and nature, from a decolonial perspective. In this context, I propose an approach to development as a modern/colonial dispositive, recovering some extremely fruitful contributions for the construction of an interdisciplinary approach which integrates an eco and ontological dimensions in the understanding of socio-environmental conflicts and resistance. Based on this, I inquire on three issues that I consider central to this research: firstly, around the construction of modern-state territoriality and the coloniality of nature, historical roots that allow us to understand the long process of conquest and Latin American colonization as a condition of possibility for the deployment of the modern device of development. And, later, around relationality as a key element for a perspective that integrates a political ecology and political ontology. This work aims to offer a kind of epistemic and political key elementos to guide a critical inquiry around the intersection between nature, culture, territory and development, in the framework of an invitation to build critical cartographies of the territory(s).

Revisión de aplicaciones de técnicas de monitoreo no intrusivo de cargas en redes eléctricas inteligentes; Review of non-intrusive load monitoring techniques applications in smart grids Donato, Patricio Gabriel; Hernández, Álvaro; Funes, Marcos Alan; Carugati, Ignacio; Nieto, Rubén; Ureña, Jesús Las redes eléctricas inteligentes están transformando la relación de los usuarios con la electricidad de diferentes maneras. En este artículo se resumen algunas potenciales aplicaciones que se desarrollarán en los próximos años bajo este marco conceptual, las cuales tienen como denominador común el uso de técnicas de monitoreo no intrusivo de cargas. Estas técnicas permiten desagregar consumos a partir de mediciones puntuales en ciertos lugares de la red eléctrica, sin necesidad de monitorear dispositivos en forma individual. Algunas de estas nuevas funcionalidades tienen especial relevancia en las redes eléctricas de los países en vías de desarrollo, las cuales presentan retos complejos y necesitan una modernización, mientras que otras tienen su motivación en demandas específicas de países desarrollados. En todos los casos, el uso de técnicas de monitoreo no intrusivo de cargas abre nuevos campos de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico aplicado que van desde aspectos técnicos de las redes eléctricas hasta cuestiones de índole social.; The Smart Grids concept is transforming the relationship of customers with the electricity in different ways. This paper provides a general overview of some potential applications to be developed under this conceptual framework, which have as a common denominator the use of non-intrusive load monitoring techniques. These techniques make it possible to disaggregate consumption based on specific measurements at certain locations in the electricity grid, without implement measurement points in each device to be monitored. Some of these new functionalities are particularly relevant for electricity grids in developing countries, which present complex challenges and need modernisation, while others are motivated by specific demands in developed countries. In all cases, the use of non-intrusive load monitoring techniques opens up new fields of applied research and technological development ranging from power grids to social issues.

Resistencias en escenarios de colonización: Análisis comparado de los movimientos de mujeres Mapuche y beduinas del Néguev; Resistances in colonization scenarios: Comparative analysis of the Mapuche and Bedouin of the Negev women’s movements Silvestri, María Agostina El presente trabajo procurará presentar y desarrollar un binomio comparado entre las estrategias de lucha y resistencia de las mujeres indígenas, particularmente de las mujeres mapuche, y de las mujeres palestinas, particularmente de las beduinas del Néguev. Se atenderá a exponer las principales condiciones sociales, históricas y políticas que delinean en cada caso la participación de las mujeres en la resistencia a la colonización-ocupación y en la (re)organización comunal. Se abordarán particularmente las estrategias tendientes a la recuperación y/o visibilización de las identidades mapuche y beduina, y la lucha por la recuperación de los territorios y por la liberación nacional / libre determinación de los pueblos. A estos fines, se realizará un análisis hermenéutico de fuentes bibliográficas y audiovisuales.; This work will attempt to present and develop a comparative pairing between the strategies of struggle and resistance of indigenous women, particularly Mapuche women, and Palestinian women, particularly the Bedouin of the Nagev. The main social, historical, and political conditions that delineate in each case the participation of women in resistance to colonization-occupation and in community (re) organization will be addressed. Strategies aimed at the recovery and / or visibility of Mapuche and Bedouin identities, and the struggle for the recovery of the territories and for the national liberation / self-determination of the peoples, will be particularly addressed. For these purposes, a hermeneutical analysis of bibliographic and audiovisual sources will be carried out.

Evaluar la efectividad de la levadura de cerveza subproducto de la industria cervecera como bioestimulante en hidroponía; Evaluate the effectiveness of brewer’s yeast by-product of the brewing industry as a biostimulant in hydroponics; Avaliar a eficácia do subproduto de levedura de cerveja da indústria cervejeira como bioestimulante em hidroponia Vazquez, Maria Magdalena; Quintana, Silvina; Medici, Sandra Karina; Gende, Liesel Brenda Es conocida la capacidad de algunos microorganismos de estimular el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. Sin embargo, el uso de levaduras de la industria cervecera como agentes promotores del crecimiento de plantas (PGPM, por sus siglas en inglés) ha sido brevemente estudiado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar y analizar el uso de la levadura residual de la fabricación de cerveza artesanal en cultivos hidropónicos. Se evaluó el efecto de la adición de dicha levadura en el crecimiento y desarrollo de Arabidopsis thaliana, Eruca vesicaria y Lactuca sativa en almácigos y en sistemas hidropónicos. Se observó un aumento significativo en el largo de la raíz principal luego del tratamiento con las suspensiones de levadura en A. thaliana y E. vesicaria crecidas en almácigos (SN 4.28 ± 0.15, S05 7.30 ± 0.29; SN 39.68 ± 2.20, S05 57.37 ± 2.80, respectivamente). En sistemas hidropónicos de raíz flotante, la inoculación de levadura a la solución hidropónica incrementó un 30 % el área radicular de L. sativa en relación con el control. Se concluye que la inoculación de S. cerevisiae cepa J14 aislada del residuo de la elaboración de cerveza, sola o incorporada a la solución nutritiva de sistemas hidropónicos, podría ser una herramienta biotecnológica como bioestimulante y/o promotor del crecimiento vegetal.; The ability of some microorganisms to stimulate the growth and development of plants is known. However, the use of residual yeast from the artisanal brewing industry as plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) has been briefly studied. The aim of this work was to characterize and analyze the use of residual yeast from the brewing industry in hydroponic vegetable crops. We evaluated the effects of yeast addition on plant growth of Eruca vesicaria, Arabidopsis thaliana y Lactuca sativa with this technique. A significant increase in the principal root length was observed after the treatment with the yeast suspensions in A. thaliana and E. vesicaria grown relative to the control (SN 4.28 ± 0.15, S05 7.30 ± 0.29; SN 39.68 ± 2.20, S05 57.37 ± 2.80, respectively). In floating hydroponic systems, yeast inoculation to the hydroponic solution increased the root area of L. sativa by 30 % in relation to the control. Our results confirm that Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain J14 from the brewing industry may confer benefits in hydroponics crops with positive effects on root growth. These results validate the potential application of S. cerevisiae strain J14 in plant cultivation in hydroponic as a biotechnological tool.; A capacidade de alguns microrganismos de estimular o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas é conhecida. No entanto, o uso de levedura residual da indústria cervejeira artesanal como agente promotor de crescimento vegetal (PGPM, por sua sigla em inglês) tem sido brevemente estudado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e analisar o uso de levedura residual da indústria cervejeira em hortaliças hidropônicas. Nós avaliamos os efeitos da adição de levedura no crescimento de plantas de Eruca vesicaria, Arabidopsis thaliana e Lactuca sativa com esta técnica. Um aumento significativo no comprimento da raiz principal e no número de raízes laterais foi observado após o tratamento com as suspensões de levedura em A. thaliana e E. vesicaria cultivadas em mudas (SN 4.28 ± 0.15, S05 7.30 ± 0.29; SN 39.68 ± 2.20, S05 57.37 ± 2.80, respectivamente). Em sistemas hidropônicos de raízes flutuantes, a inoculação de leveduras à solução hidropônica aumentou a área radicular de L. sativa em 30 % em relação ao controle. Nossos resultados confirmam que a estirpe J14 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae da indústria cervejeira pode prover benefícios em cultivos hidropônicos com efeitos positivos no crescimento radicular. Esses resultados validam a potencial aplicação da cepa J14 de S. cerevisiae no cultivo de plantas em hidroponia como ferramenta biotecnológica.

Biomedical treatment and divine assistance: complementary reproductive itineraries among catholic women users of assisted reproduction technology in Argentina Olmos Alvarez, Ana Lucía; Johnson, Maria Cecilia This paper explores how Catholic women in Argentina use assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs), and particularly the way in which they resort to biomedicine and religion as complementary sources of knowledge, support and assistance during reproductive treatments. It is concerned about the role of the Catholic religion in local reproductive itineraries, seeing that Catholicism has such significant social, political and cultural influence in the country. Drawing on a qualitative and ethnographic study of Catholic spaces of worship, a maternity hospital and in-depth interviews with former users from three metropolitan areas in Argentina, we examine how reproductive itineraries involve the users’ agency in building health resources from religion, with reference to biomedicine. The data reveal that women address religion as an affective, social and therapeutic recourse intertwined with biomedical power. These findings highlight the multiple and complex forms reproduction acquires in specific social, cultural and normative contexts, and contribute to discussing the complementarity between religion and biomedicine in health experiences.

Age-related Changes in Task Switching Costs in Middle Childhood Vernucci, Santiago; García Coni Bosch, Ana Virginia; Zamora, Eliana Vanesa; Gelpi Trudo, Rosario; Andrés, María Laura; Canet Juric, Lorena Cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to rapidly and accurately switch between tasks. It is regarded as a core dimension of executive functions and has been reported to improve during childhood and into early adulthood. For its evaluation, the task-switching paradigm is widely used. Switching between tasks or response sets imposes a series of costs on performance (i.e., mixing costs, global switch costs, local switch costs). There is less evidence analyzing switching performance in children than in other age groups, and few studies have specifically analyzed switching costs only in school-age children. In the present study, we aimed to analyze age-related changes in task switching in children aged 9–12 years old. We considered year-to-year changes in performance, specifically in response time based mixing costs, global switch costs, and local switch costs. To do this, we used a task switching measure to evaluate 231 children in Argentina, aged 9–12 years (M age = 10.94, SD = 0.88) who were aggregated into four age groups (9, 10, 11, and 12 years old). Results show consistent mixing costs, global switch costs, and local switch costs at each age. However, we did not find age-related differences in the magnitude of such costs. These results suggest that both the ability to maintain and select between two tasks, and to switch from one response set to another could be considered relatively constant during this period.

Structural parameters of biofilm and bacterioplankton are better indicators of urbanization than photosynthetic functional parameters in low-order streams Gorbarán, Rocío Soledad; Vilches, Carolina; Rodríguez Castro, María Carolina; Giorgi, Adonis David Nazareno; Torremorell, Ana María The aim of this study was to assess urbanization effects on microbial communities from low-order streams. Artificial substrata were placed upstream (control) and downstream (urban) of the cities of the selected streams. Photosynthetic parameters derived from chlorophyll-a fluorescence were measured using a Pulse of Amplitude Modulated Fluorometer, and the bacterial biofilm and bacterioplankton were counted by microscopy after staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. We found higher bacterial biofilm biomass together with higher concentration of nutrients in urban reaches. The biofilm total density of bacteria was negatively correlated with the humic acid concentration, while the bacterioplankton total density was positively correlated with soluble reactive phosphorus and nitrite concentration. Autotrophic Index reflected the predominance of heterotrophs in the three streams. The concentration of chlorophyll-a, the minimum fluorescence, and the other photosynthetic parameters showed variations between the streams. These would respond to environmental factors at local scale not included in this study and may be influenced by the low development of autotrophic biomass at least in two of the streams studied. The bacterial morphotypes Small rod, Large rod, and Vibrio shaped (large) allowed the differentiation of urban reaches and would be useful as indicators of urbanization effects in both biofilm and bacterioplankton of lowland streams.

Trichoderma root colonization in maize triggers epigenetic changes in genes related to the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways that prime defenses against Colletotrichum graminicola leaf infection Agostini, Romina Belén; Ariel, Federico Damian; Rius, Sebastian Pablo; Vargas, Walter Alberto; Campos Bermudez, Valeria Alina Beneficial interactions between plant roots and Trichoderma species lead to both local and systemic enhancements of the plant immune system through a mechanism known as priming of defenses. Previously, we have reported a number of genes and proteins that are differentially regulated in distant tissues of maize plants following inoculation with Trichoderma atroviride. To further investigate the mechanisms involved in the systemic activation of plant responses, here we have further evaluated the regulatory aspects of a selected group of genes when priming is triggered in maize plants. Time-course experiments from the beginning of the interaction between T. atroviride and maize roots followed by leaf infection with Colletotrichum graminicola allowed us to identify a gene set regulated by priming in the leaf tissue. In the same experiment, phytohormone measurements revealed a decrease in jasmonic acid concentration while salicylic acid increased at 2 d and 6 d post-inoculation. In addition, chromatin structure and modification assays showed that chromatin was more open in the primed state compared with unprimed control conditions, and this allowed for quicker gene activation in response to pathogen attack. Overall, the results allowed us to gain insights on the interplay between the phytohormones and epigenetic regulatory events in the systemic and long-lasting regulation of maize plant defenses following Trichoderma inoculation.

Arte efímero y festivo en los poblados guaraní/jesuíticos: El triunfo de Mbororé y la celebración del primer centenario de la Compañía de Jesús; Ephemeral and festive art in the guarani/jesuit villages: The triumph of Mborore and the celebration of the first centenary of the Society of Jesus Page, Carlos Alberto Presentamos en este trabajo la utilización del arte efímero en un acontecimiento especial para la Compañía de Jesús como fue su primer centenario. Pero en este caso en particular, intentamos demostrar cómo los jesuitas del Paraguay vincularon esta festividad con el triunfo de los guaraníes sobre los portugueses en la famosa batalla de Mbororé. Para ello se buscó interpretar en un mismo escenario, el momento en que los guaraníes vencen a los bandeirantes e Ignacio al demonio. Para ello requirieron del desarrollo de una expresión artística de fugacidad temporal, cargada de un claro sincretismo en su representación y que como tal, solo nos ha quedado el testimonio del suceso.; In this paper we present the use of ephemeral art in a special event for the Society of Jesus such as its first centenary. But in this particular case, we try to show how the Jesuits of Paraguay linked this festivity with the triumph of the Guarani over the Portuguese in the famous battle of Mbororé. In order to do so, we tried to interpret in the same scenario the moment when the Guarani defeated the bandeirantes and Ignatius the devil. This required the development of an artistic expression of temporary transience, loaded with a clear syncretism in its representation, and as such, only the testimony of the event has remained to us.

Infecciones tempranas de Botrytis cinerea y Alternaria spp. y su relación con pudriciones de postcosecha en pera d´anjou; Early infections by Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria spp. and their relationship with postharvest rot in d’anjou pear Basso, Carla Nahir; Sosa, María Cristina; Lutz, María Cecilia Las podredumbres en postcosecha por heridas en frutos han sido ampliamente estudiadas, pero existe escasa información sobre aquellas producidas por infecciones latentes. Botrytis cinerea y Alternaria spp. producen infecciones en etapas tempranas del desarrollo de pera cv. “d’Anjou”, ocasionando importantes pérdidas en el Alto Valle de Río Negro, Argentina. Los objetivos de la investigación incluyeron la evaluación de la susceptibilidad de los órganos florales/frutos a infecciones producidas por la inoculación artificial (ILA) de B. cinerea y A. alternata, la evaluación de la ocurrencia natural de infecciones fúngicas latentes (ILN) durante el desarrollo y crecimiento del fruto, y el estudio de la relación entre infecciones latentes tempranas (por B. cinerea y A. alternata) y la incidencia de pudriciones y mohos en el cáliz y pedúnculo del fruto, y las características fisiológicas del fruto durante la conservación frigorífica. El estudio se realizó en un monte comercial de pera cv. “d’Anjou” en las temporadas 2018/19 y 2019/20. Se evaluó la ocurrencia de ILN por ambos patógenos en plena flor (PF), caída de pétalos (CP), 30 días de plena flor (DPF), 60 DPF y 120 DPF (pre-cosecha), y la susceptibilidad de los diferentes órganos desde PF a 60 DPF. La frecuencia de ILN y ILA se determinó por disección y aislamiento in vitro. Las condiciones de la fruta, incidencia de mohos y podredumbres, e ILN se estudiaron hasta 120 días de conservación y 7 días en anaquel. A pesar de la variabilidad entre temporadas, se presentaron infecciones por los hongos estudiados en PF y CP, siendo severas en cáliz y pedúnculo 60 y 120 DPF. En postcosecha, las ILN fueron altas. Sin embargo, las podredumbres calicinales por B. cinerea no superaron el 2,5% en la temporada con precipitaciones y alta HR durante la primavera. Además, hubo 0,5% de podredumbres por Alternaria en fruta y un incremento significativo del moho en pedúnculo desde los 90 días de conservación. En este momento, se observó una reducción significativa del contenido relativo de agua y la firmeza de los frutos.; Postharvest rot of fruit due to injury has been extensively studied, but there is scarce information about rot caused by latent infections. Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria spp. produce infections at early stages of fruit development of pear cv. 'd'Anjou', causing significant losses in the Alto Valle de Río Negro, Argentina. Research objectives have included evaluation of the susceptibility of floral organs/fruits to infections produced by the artificial inoculation (ALI) of B. cinerea and A. alternata, evaluation of the occurrence of natural latent fungal infections (NLI) during fruit development and growth, and study of the relationship between early latent infections by B. cinerea and Alternaria spp. on the incidence of rot and mold in the fruit calyx and stem, and the physiological characteristics of the fruit during cold storage. The study was conducted in a commercial 'd'Anjou' pear orchard during the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. The occurrence of NLI was determined at full blossom (FB), petal fall (PF), 30 days after full blossom (DFB), 60 DFB and 120 DFB (pre-harvest), while susceptibility of the different organs was evaluated from FB to 60 DFB. Frequency of NLI and ALI was determined by dissection and in vitro isolation. The postharvest physiological conditions of the fruit, incidence of NLI, and incidence of mold and rot were studied up to 120 days of cold storage and after 7 days of shelf life. Despite the variability between seasons, fungal infections occurred at FB and PF, being severe in the calix and stem at 60 and 120 DFB. NLI had a high incidence at postharvest. However, calix-end rot by B. cinerea did not exceed 2.5% in the season with precipitations and high RH during spring. In addition, Alternaria rot reached 0.5%, while stem mold increased significantly after 90 days of cold storage. At this moment, fruit significantly reduced its relative water content and firmness.

Integrating Shotgun Metagenomics, 16s Rrna Gene Metabarcoding and Culture Approaches: A Better Outlook for Functional Profiling of a Pah-Contaminated Soil Festa, Sabrina; Granada, Marina; Irazoqui, José Matías; Cuadros Orellana, Sara; Quevedo, Claudio; Coppotelli, Bibiana Marina; Morelli, Irma Susana Understanding bacterial diversity and function is critical for designing bioremediation strategies. This research aimed to assess chronically hydrocarbon contaminated soil bacterial diversity and their aromatic compound degradation (ACD) potential by integrating shotgun metagenomic, 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding and culture approaches. While soil metabarcoding showed dominance of Proteobacteria, metagenomics indicated that 99,5% of the sequences were taxonomically assigned to Streptomycetales order and that almost all genes related to ACD were assigned to the latter. To inspect other phyla contribution to ACD, a functional prediction was delved, and two culture approaches were used. PICRUSt2 revealed that ACD pathways were mostly found in Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria classes. An enrichment culture (r-EFP) was obtained with pyrene as sole carbon and energy source and a bacterial strain (S19P6), identified as a member of Mycolicibacterium genus, was isolated. Both cultures demonstrated the ability to degrade more than 90% of the supplemented pyrene after 21 days of incubation. 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding and shotgun metagenomics approaches in r-EFP indicated predominance of Proteobacteria Phylum and the presence of genes responsible for the degradation of ACD mostly assigned to the predominant phyla. Complementing different methodologies enable the recognition of the metabolic potential of soil Proteobacteria related to ACD.

The Role of Literature in Intercultural Language Education: Designing a Higher Education Language Course to Challenge Sentimental Biopower Porto, Melina; Zembylas, Michalinos In this article we discuss how the design of a higher education language course can challenge the power of sentimentality in the classroom. In particular, the paper analyses the role of literature in intercultural language education through the lens of affect theory, while focusing on minimizing sentimentality in the classroom, especially when the literary texts used confront students with trauma-related content involving human rights abuse, death and suffering, and trigger discomforting emotions in students such as sadness, anguish, fear and more. We suggest that it is important for educators and students in higher education to recognize the affective and biopolitical dimensions of literature teaching in intercultural language education. This is illustrated through the design of an English language course syllabus in an Argentinian higher education setting. The paper concludes with a discussion of the curricular and pedagogical implications for intercultural language education.

Religio e identidad romana en De legibus 2.19-22 Cairo, María Emilia In this paper religious norms enunciated in Cicero’s De legibus 2.19-22 are examined in relation to the conflict that the author had with Publius Clodius Pulcher in the previous decade. That controversy dated back to the de incest trial in which Cicero declared against the tribune regarding his irruption in the feminine rituals of the Bona Dea in 62 bc and lasted until Clodius’ death in 52 bc. The purpose of this paper is to prove that the rules of Leg. 2.19-22 are, to a large extent, Cicero’s answers to the religious aspects of that long debate. In order to achieve it, I will compare and contrast the norms in Leg. 2.19-22 with the considerations on religious matters raised in Cicero’s post reditum speeches.

El diseño utilitario: Un caso (Las Escondidas, Antofagasta de la Sierra) y nuevas perspectivas acerca de lo simple y lo complejo; El Utilitarian design: A case (Las Escondidas, Antofagasta de la Sierra) and new perspectives one the simple and the complex Sentinelli, Natalia; Escola, Patricia Susana Frente a las limitaciones de la dicotomía expeditividad/conservación para entender los conjuntos líticos de los contextos del primer milenio en Antofagasta de la Sierra (Catamarca, Argentina), la propuesta del diseño utilitario resultó un avance hacia la comprensión de la tecnología de las sociedades agropastoriles desde su especificidad. El término puso en discusión la referencia a la ausencia de elementos vinculados con la conservación para describir los productos materiales de una estrategia expeditiva. Este avance fue retomado luego en el marco de la estimación de la inversión de trabajo en la producción lítica para las sociedades formativas del NOA. En este trabajo vuelven a considerarse estos aportes, a partir del conjunto lítico tallado de la Estructura 4 (E4) del sitio Las Escondidas (Quebrada de Miriguaca, Antofagasta de la Sierra). Este sitio, ocupado a inicios del primer milenio, evidencia actividades diversas, incluyendo un contexto de producción artesanal. Dentro de la reconstrucción de algunas disposiciones del habitus tecnológico implicado en la producción, uso y descarte del conjunto instrumental de la E4, se suscitaron varias reflexiones acerca de los alcances y la aplicabilidad del concepto del diseño utilitario en relación con el esfuerzo tecnológico.; Given the limitations of the expediency/conservation dichotomy for understanding the lithic assemblages from the first millennium in Antofagasta de la Sierra (Catamarca, Argentina), the utilitarian design proposal constitutes progress toward understanding the specific technology of agropastoral societies. The term raised the issue that the lack of conservation-related elements poses for describing the material product of an expeditious strategy. The proposal subsequently supported efforts to estimate the work that the formative societies of Northwestern Argentina invested in lithic production. This research revisits its contributions, applying them to the knapped stone assemblage of Structure 4 (E4) at the Las Escondidas site (Quebrada de Miriguaca, Antofagasta de la Sierra) – a site occupied at the beginning of the first millennium, that shows different activities, including artisan production. Reconstructing some aspects of the technological behavior involved in the production, use and disposal of the instrument set at E4 gave rise to several reflections on the scope and applicability of the utilitarian design concept in relation to work investment.

Development of Antifungal Films from Nanocomplexes Based on Egg White Protein Nanogels and Phenolic Compounds Deseta, Maria Laura Griselda; Sponton, Osvaldo Ernesto; Finos, Marianela Belén; Cuffia, Facundo; Torres Nicolini, Andrés; Alvarez, Vera Alejandra; Santiago, Liliana G.; Perez, Adrián Alejandro This work is aimed to develop antifungal films from nanocomplexes based on egg white protein nanogels (EWPn) and phenolic compounds (PC), carvacrol (CAR) and thymol (THY). EWPn-PC nanocomplexes were characterized by intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, particle size (DLS), ζ potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and antifungal properties. Nanocomplexes with proper encapsulation efficiency (> 80%) and antifungal activity against A. niger were obtained. Films were obtained by a casting process (40 °C, 48 h) using glycerol as a plasticizing agent. EWPn-PC films were transparent and slightly yellow. SEM images revealed a porous, compact, and homogeneous microstructure. Tensile tests indicated less flexibility, breakability, and rigidity regarding the EWPn control film. Thermal analysis (DSC and TGA) highlighted an amorphous nature and resistance to high temperatures (~ 150 °C). Moreover, they were permeable to water vapor and able to adsorb variable water amounts. Finally, their antifungal properties were verified using a sample of preservative-free bread. EWPn-PC films were able to prevent fungal spoilage for 30 days of storage at 25 °C. Sensory analysis for bread stored with EWPn-PC films indicated acceptability above the indifference threshold (> 5).

Cueva de Los Corrales 1 (Quebrada de Los Corrales, El Infiernillo, Tucumán): un sitio multifuncional de altura en el Norte de las Sierras del Aconquija (Ca. 3000-600 años AP); Cueva de los corrales 1 (Quebrada de los Corrales, El Infiernillo, Tucumán): a high-altitude multifunctional site in the northern Sierras del Aconquija (ca. 3000-600 years bp) Oliszewski, Nurit; Martinez, Jorge Gabriel; Arreguez, Guillermo Anibal; Coronel, Alexis Alberto; Di Lullo, Eugenia; Gramajo Bühler, Carlos Matías; Molar Becchio, Rocío María; Naharro, María Eugenia; Nasif, Norma Cueva de Los Corrales 1 se ubica en la quebrada de Los Corrales (El Infiernillo, Tucumán). Es un sitio arqueológico complejo tanto en su espacialidad como en su temporalidad ya que presenta tres sectores de uso –dos en el interior (cueva propiamente dicha y morteros fijos) y uno en el exterior (alero)– en varios momentos de ocupación entre ca. 3000 y 600 años AP. Se presenta una síntesis de la información generada que incluye el examen de distintas materialidades, dataciones radiocarbónicas y análisis desde diferentes líneas de investigación, los cuales, en conjunto, han permitido establecer al menos cuatro eventos ocupacionales. Se evalúan los posibles usos que tuvo CC1 en los distintos momentos en que estuvo habitado y su rol en el devenir de las ocupaciones humanas de la Quebrada de Los Corrales y de la región del sur de cumbres Calchaquíes-norte del sistema del Aconquija en tiempos prehispánicos.; Cueva de Los Corrales 1 is located in Quebrada de Los Corrales (El Infiernillo, Tucumán). It is a complex archaeological site on account of its spatial arrangement and timeline presenting three sectors of use –two interior (cave strictly speaking and fixed mortars) and one in the outside (eaves)– occupied in several moments between ca. 3000 and 600 years BP. We submit a synthesis of the information generated that includes the examination of different materials, radiocarbon dating and various lines of research analysis which together have allowed to establish at least four occupation events. The possible uses of CC1 during the different dwelling moments is evaluated as its role in the evolution of occupations in Quebrada de Los Corrales and the southern Cumbres Calchaquíes / Northern Aconquija system region during pre-Hispanic times.