A new chitinozoan assemblage from the Middle Devonian Los Monos Formation (sub-Andean basin, southern Bolivia) and its biozonal implications for Western Gondwana Camina, Sonia Clara; Rubinstein, Claudia Viviana; Butcher, Anthony; García, Victoria Josefina; Vergani, Gustavo; Pereira, Martín Chitinozoans recovered from one section of the Middle Devonian Los Monos Formation in the TCB X-1001-Tacobo borehole, sub-Andean basin of Bolivia, have been analysed. Eleven from the eighteen processed cutting samples yielded specimens that allowed taxonomic study. Eleven genera and thirty-five chitinozoan species were identified from the Los Monos Formation with four of them recorded for the first time in Western Gondwana. Ancyrochitina biconstricta, Ancyrochitina parisi, Angochitina galarzae and Ramochitina boliviensis are among the most relevant taxa restricted to Western Gondwana that support the affinity with this paleocontinent. One new species, Lagenochitina tacobensis sp. nov. is described, and Ramochitina candelariaensis sp. nov. (n. n.) is formally erected. The chitinozoan assemblage reinforces the late Eifelian – middle Givetian age previously proposed by organic-walled phytoplankton and miospores for this section of the TCB X-1001-Tacobo borehole. A new local chitinozoan biozonation based on the chitinozoan assemblages is proposed and a revision of the current chitinozoan biozonation for Western Gondwana and Bolivia is recommended.

Kinematic modeling of neotectonic thrusts at the Andean orogenic front (southern Precordillera, Argentina) Richard, Andrés David; Costa, Carlos H.; Giambiagi, Laura Beatriz; Suriano, Julieta The south-central Andes located between 32◦-33◦ S are considered to be a transitional zone between the flatlyingand the normal subduction zones of the Nazca Plate. The active mountain-building processes are mainlyconcentrated between the Andean eastern foothills and the adjacent broken foreland, as highlighted by crustalseismicity, historic destructive earthquakes, and Quaternary-active contractional structures. Between 32◦ 10′ and32◦ 40′ S, the Andean orogenic front is exposed at the Las Pe˜nas-Las Higueras range, where east- and westvergingthrusts interact, resulting in an antithetic linkage transfer zone. We built kinematically-balancedstructural sections through the integration of surface and subsurface data (2D seismic lines) to achieve a 3Dcharacterization of the Quaternary-active thrusts and to estimate shortening rates of ~1.8–3.4 mm/a during thelast ~8.5 Ma, thus extending the spatial and temporal penetration achieved by surface geology data. Our resultsindicate that the main east-verging thrusts detach at a depth of ~10 km within Paleozoic basement rocks. Thisoutcome implies larger potential rupture areas than if rooted at Neogene layers. West-verging thrusts presentdetachment levels at ~5 km, also linked to Paleozoic basement rocks. The analysis of 2D seismic lines has alsocontributed to the recognition of blind thrusts without a morphologic signature, which could be regarded asrelevant seismogenic structures.

Dark energy based on exotic statistics Hoyuelos, Miguel Luis; Sisterna, P. Dark energy is an elusive concept, which has been introduced two decades ago in order to make the acceleration of the universe a comprehensible phenomenon. However, the nature of this energy is far from being understood, both from a fundamental as well as an observational way. In this work we study cosmological consequences of the existence of particles (which we called “ewkons” in a previous work) which are quasi distinguishable, obey unorthodox statistics, and have an equation of state similar to many existent dark energy candidates (including negative relation between pressure and energy density). We find an effective scalar field description of this ewkon fluid, and obtain cosmological solutions for the dark energy dominated epoch. This can be considered as a one-parameter class of dark energy models.

Photoproperties of favipiravir and its 6-substituted analogues: fluorescence controlled through halogen substitution and tautomerism Fuentes, Germán; Romero Cordero, Ivan Exehomio; Moller, Matías N.; Couto, Marcos; Romero, Angel H. Herein, we have showed the photophysical properties of favipiravir and its 6-substituted analogues. Also, we interpreted the origin of fluorescence of favipiravir and its 6-substituted analogues as a function of tautomerism modulation in ground and excited states. Favipiravir, the 6-fluorine derivative, showed the best photophysical profile, exhibiting a dominant emission wavelength of 430 nm, a high quantum yield (Q.Y.) of 1.0 and a long-lived state (10 ns). Its analogues also showed a maximum emission at 430 nm, but their Q.Y. values were 5-fold lower than that found for favipiravir, decreasing as a function of 6-substitution as follows: F > Cl > Br > I > H. Pyrazines bearing the least electronegative 6-substituent (X = Br, I, H) showed an extra lifetime, which was shorter (0.2–0.3 ns) and less abundant (>15%) than the main lifetime (10 ns, 85%). Further 2D excitation–emission matrix and solvent studies supported that these 3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamides present two emissive states. The first of them (λem = 430 nm), which was the most abundant, most fluorescent and long-lived state, was characterized as “locally excited” (LE). Its fluorescence was favored with an increase of the hydrogendonor nature of the solvent and for pyrazines having a high enolic characteristic. Thus, the high LEfluorescence of these types of pyrazines depends on the keto-tautomerization of the ground state using a protic solvent and its feasible enol-tautomerization upon excitation. Finally, the second excited state (λem = 536 nm) was suggested as an excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT), and it was observed only, although discretely, for pyrazines bearing the least electronegative 6-substituent.

Thrombus discrimination with electron density: Potential implications for non-contrast computed tomography imaging Rodriguez Granillo, Gaston Alfredo; Cirio, Juan; Morales, Celina; Safady, Jorge; Fontana, Lucia; Fernandez, Martin; Diluca, Pablo; Lylyk, Pedro The potential clinical usefulness of electron density (ED) imaging, that can be directly estimated using dual-layer spectral computed tomography (CT), has been poorly investigated. We explored whether ED imaging might improve thrombus identification compared to conventional imaging in vitro. We evaluated mechanical thrombectomy material obtained from patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated in a tertiary level stroke center and immediately fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and stored in polystyrene test tubes. The test tubes were immersed in a bucket of water for evaluation by spectral CT, along with scattered control tubes. All images were obtained using a dual-layer detector CT scanner. Each tube was assessed using multiparametric side-by-side view of conventional CT (120 kVp), low monoenergetic imaging (40 keV), and ED images. Fifty-eight polystyrene tubes were analyzed, comprising 52 tubes with thrombectomy material of at least 1 mm2 size obtained from 52 AIS patients, and six control tubes filled with formalin. ED imaging identified accurately the presence of material in all tubes, whereas 2 (3%) of the tubes containing thrombus were not identified by conventional CT, leading to a very good agreement between observers for the presence of material using conventional CT and ED imaging (kappa =0.84, P<0.001). Using ED imaging, thrombus material showed a mean density of 108.8±2.9 percent ED relative to water (%EDW), water had a mean density of 100.0±0.3 %EDW, and formalin a mean density of 103.5±1.2 %EDW. Compared to conventional imaging and 40 keV monoenergetic, ED imaging had a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio (conventional 10.4±7.0, vs. 40 keV 11.5±8.4, vs. ED 490.0±304.5, P<0.001) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) (conventional 4.3±4.3, vs. 40 keV 5.7±11.2, vs. ED 37.8±29.1, P<0.001). In this in-vitro study, we demonstrated improved visualization of thrombus with ED imaging compared to conventional imaging and low monoenergetic imaging, with a significant increase in CNR.

Limits on quantum measurement engines Perna, Guillermo Ezequiel; Calzetta, Esteban Adolfo A quantum measurement involves energy exchanges between the system to be measured and the measuring apparatus. Some of them involve energy losses, for example because energy is dissipated into the environment or is spent in recording the measurement outcome. Moreover, these processes take time. For this reason, these exchanges must be taken into account in the analysis of a quantum measurement engine, and set limits to its efficiency and power. We propose a quantum engine based on a spin 1/2 particle in a magnetic field and study its limitations due to the quantum nature of the evolution. The coupling with the electromagnetic vacuum is taken into account and plays the role of a measurement apparatus. We fully study its dynamics, work, power, and efficiency.

Epidermal club cells in the cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi): presence, distribution, and relationship to antipredator behavior Goodall, Jazmín; Rincón Camacho, Laura; Pozzi, Andrea Gabriela Epidermal club cells (ECCs) are present in many species of teleost fish. In an attempt to justify their presence in the epidermis of fish, they have been associated with numerous functions. One proposed function is communication with conspecifics during a predation event, as these cells may passively release substances upon rupture, which may occur during predation. We identified the presence and distribution of ECCs in the body skin of adult cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956) and analyzed the animal?s behavioral response to conspecific skin extract in a laboratory setting. The identification and distribution of ECCs in the epidermis of the animals were confirmed by conventional histology and immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrated that: ECCs are present in the skin of the entire body; a high density is observed in the dorsal side from head to tail, in the insertion of the fins and in the epidermis covering them; and ventral distribution is less extensive and more dispersed than dorsal distribution. Treatment of P. axelrodi specimens with skin preparations of conspecifics resulted in behavioral changes in the animals: they showed erratic swimming movements, they showed avoidance of the area of stimulus application and they decreased the time spent moving. Overall, these results allow us to conclude that P. axelrodi possesses ECCs throughout the body, with a greater presence in areas of high exposure to predation events (dorsal area and fins). Animals exposed to conspecific skin extract showed a significant increase in behaviors described as anti-predatory in other species. This supports the hypothesis that ECCs may be the origin of chemical alarm cues that are passively released when skin damage occurs, alerting the rest of the group to the risk of predation.

The MVA vector expressing the F protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus is immunogenic in systemic and mucosal immunization routes; El vector viral MVA que expresa la proteína F del virus respiratorio sincicial bovino es inmunogénico al administrarse por vía sistémica y por mucosas Ferella, Alejandra; Mozgovoj, Marina Valeria; Garanzini, Débora Patricia; Dus Santos, María José; Calamante, Gabriela; del Medico Zajac, Maria Paula Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) affects both beef and dairy cattle, reaching morbidity and mortality rates of 60-80% and 20%, respectively. The aim of this study was to obtain a recombinant MVA expressing the BRSV F protein (MVA-F) as a vaccine against BRSV and to evaluate the immune response induced by MVA-F after systemic immunization in homologous and heterologous vaccination (MVA-F alone or combined with a subunit vaccine), and after intranasal immunization of mice. MVA-F administered by intraperitoneal route in a homologous scheme elicited levels of neutralizing antibodies similar to those obtained with inactivated BRSV as well as better levels of IFN-γ secretion. In addition, nasal administration of MVA-F elicited local and systemic immunity with a Th1 profile. This study suggests that MVA-F is a good candidate for further evaluations combining intranasal and intramuscular routes, in order to induce local and systemic immune responses, to improve the vaccine efficacy against BRSV infection.; El virus respiratorio sincicial bovino (BRSV) afecta al ganado bovino de cría y lechero, con niveles de morbilidad del 60-80% y de mortalidad del 20%. El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener virus MVA recombinantes que expresen la proteína F de BRSV (MVA-F) como candidato vacunal contra BRSV y evaluar la respuesta inmune inducida por dicho virus luego de administrarse por vía sistémica, tanto en esquemas de vacunación homóloga como heteróloga (MVA-F solo o combinado con una vacuna a subunidad proteica), y luego de su inoculación intranasal en ratones. La administración de MVA-F por vía intraperitoneal en un esquema homólogo indujo niveles de anticuerpos neutralizantes similares a los obtenidos con una vacuna inactivada de BRSV, así como niveles superiores de secreción de IFN-γ. Además, la inoculación intranasal de MVA-F indujo inmunidad local y sistémica, con un perfil de respuesta de tipo Th1. Este estudio sugiere que MVA-F es un buen candidato para continuar su evaluación combinando las vías nasal e intramuscular para de este modo inducir respuesta local y sistémica y así mejorar la eficacia contra la infección por BRSV.

Investigating Fishing Vessel Hydrodynamics by Using EFD and CFD Tools, with Focus on Total Ship Resistance and Its Components Oyuela, Sebastian; Ojeda, Héctor Rubén Díaz; Arribas, Francisco Pérez; Otero, Alejandro Daniel; Sosa, Roberto The aim of this work is to gain a better understanding of the hydrodynamics of a typical Argentinian fishing vessel in calm water. It is focused on the evaluation of total ship resistance and its components for different draughts. The 1978 ITTC Power Prediction method is used to predict total ship resistance from experiments carried out at the University of Buenos Aires towing tank. To conduct a more detailed evaluation of the flow around this hull, numerical studies at model scale are carried out with the open-source code OpenFOAM V10 and validated against experimental results. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method together with Volume of Fluid (VOF) are used for the numerical procedure. The validated CFD model not only can provide more detailed information about the ship’s hydrodynamics than the EFD results but also allows for the exploration of the improvement in ship power prediction by using combined CFD-EFD methodologies. This work numerically calculates the form factor by using a double-body configuration and discusses the possibility of combining EFD results with this CFD form factor in order to improve total force prediction for this kind of ships.

Abastecimiento de obsidiana en Los Andes: Aplicación de un modelo de distancia anisotrópica en el Área de Laguna del Diamante (S34ª); Obsidian supply in The Andes: Aplication of an anistropic distance model in The Laguna del diamante Area (S 34ª) Yebra, Lucía Gabriela; Cortegoso, Valeria; Castro, Silvina Celeste; Lucero, Gustavo Se prueba un modelo de distancia anisotrópica elaborado en SIG para evaluar costos de desplazamiento en ambientes con topografías abruptas en función de la pendiente y tiempo recorrido(Lucero et al., 2021). Se aplican rangos propuestos (locales, no locales y extrarregionales)para evaluar costos de aprovisionamiento y cambios en el acceso a las fuentes de obsidiana:Arroyo Paramillos y Laguna del Diamante. Se evalúa la distribución de artefactos con análisisgeoquímicos asignados a estas fuentes considerando la disponibilidad anual/estacional de sitiosa partir de un análisis SIG de cobertura nívea. El decrecimiento de obsidianas sigue tendenciasesperables de acuerdo con el fall-off de las fuentes, aunque es asimétrico a uno y otro lado delos Andes. Tendencias espaciales no esperables pueden explicarse por la localización de emplazamientos en umbrales variables de estacionalidad y acceso en función de cambios ambientales pero también sociales vinculados a la territorialización del espacio.; An anisotropic GIS distance model based on slope and travel time is tested to evaluate travel costs in environments with steep topographies (Lucero et al. 2021). The proposed ranges (local, non-local and extra-regional) are applied to evaluate supply costs and changes in access to obsidian sources: Arroyo Paramillos and Laguna del Diamante. The distribution of artifacts with geochemical analyzes assigned to these sources is evaluated; annual/seasonal availability of the sites from a snow cover analysis with GIS has also been considered. The decrease in obsidian follows the expected trends according to the decrease in sources, although it is asymmetric on both slopes of the Andes. Unexpected spatial trends can be explained by the location of sites at variable thresholds of seasonality and access depending on environmental changes, but also by social changes associated with the territorializing of space.

Conjugated linoleic acid‐enriched yoghurts development through homogenization: Study of fatty acids, volatile compounds profiles and physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties Vélez, María Ayelén; Wolf, Irma Veronica; Zeiter, Agustin Leo; Caballero Reinhardt, María Soledad; Spotti, María Julia; Cuffia, Facundo; Perotti, Maria Cristina Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is recognised for its health benefits: anticancer, antiinflamatory and antiatherogenic effects have been reported. CLA enriched yoghurts were developed through homogenization at two levels (H1 and H2 with 40 and 80 mg CLA/100 g of yoghurt, respectively) with a view to creating functional foods. CLA modified the volatile profile in a positive way: higher levels of diacetyl and ethyl butanoate and lower values of 2-hexanone and 2-heptanone, ethanol and certain acids were recorded. Yoghurts presented similar microstructure, but H1 showed higher consistency and lower pseudoplastic behaviour; meanwhile H2 presented less syneresis. All products had high acceptability.

Semblanza de victoria ocampo Kratje, Julia Victoria Ocampo (1890-1979) es bien conocida en su rol de fundadora de la revista Sur (1931-1970) y de la editorial Sur (1933-1985), un proyecto cultural de alto impacto en América Latina que funcionó como enlace entre la intelectualidad argentina, americana y europea. Pero fue, además, una activa feminista, escritora, traductora y cronista; entusiasta “escribidora” de cartas –solía decir– y viajera. Ejerció una extraordinaria labor de gestión, difusión, mecenazgo y promoción cultural. Más allá de su vasta obra (diez volúmenes de Testimonios y seis de su Autobiografía, y entre 1924 y 1969 publicó unos quince libros de ensayos y crónicas), entre sus hazañas se cuenta haber sido la única mujer civil sudamericana en asistir a los juicios de Núremberg, haberle dado asilo a intelectuales y artistas que huían de los fascismos europeos, o en una nota quizá más snob se puede mencionar que gracias a ella Gisèle Freund le sacó a Virginia Woolf una de sus fotos más distintivas. También fue la primera mujer miembro de la Academia Argentina de Letras. Ese año, en 1977, mientras la revista Somos se mofaba de su figura, entre las múltiples cartas de mujeres que la homenajearon, la Federación Argentina de Mujeres Universitarias le escribía al presidente de la Academia: “Lo auspicioso de la decisión no está en haber elegido a una mujer para ocupar un asiento en esa honorable corporación; está sí en haber elegido a una señora escritora de largo y merecido prestigio, que ha dado claro y valiente testimonio de su amor por la libertad, de apasionado ejercicio de una vocación y de ininterrumpida dedicación al estímulo y a la difusión del pensamiento”.

Depredación de Liolaemus multimaculatus (Squamata; Liolaemidae) por Bothrops ammodytoides (Squamata: Viperidae) en dunas costeras de Pehuen-Co, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tettamanti, Germán; Domínguez, Ana María; Vera, David Gustavo; Di Pietro, Diego Omar; Velasco, Melina Alicia; Kacoliris, Federico Pablo Primer registro de depredación de Liolaemus multimaculatus por Bothrops ammodytoides. Este registro representa el segundo evento de depredación documentado para L. multimaculatus y contribuye al conocimiento de la historia natural de L. multimaculatus y de B. ammodytoides.; We present the first record of predation of Liolaemus multimaculatus by Bothrops ammodytoides. This record represents the second predation event documented for L. multimaculatus, and contributes to the knowledge of the natural history of L. multimaculatus and B. ammodytoides.

Subjective Media Quality Recovery From Noisy Raw Opinion Scores: A Non-Parametric Perspective Altieri, Andrés Oscar; Tiotsop, Lohic Fotio; Valenzise, Giuseppe This paper focuses on the challenge of accurately estimating the subjective quality of multimedia content from noisy opinion scores gathered from end-users. State-of-the-art methods rely on parametric statistical models to capture the subject´s scoring behavior and recover quality estimates. However, these approaches have limitations, as they often require restrictive assumptions to achieve numerical stability during parameter estimation, leading to a lack of robustness when the modeling hypotheses do not fit the data. To overcome these limitations, we propose a paradigm shift towards non-parametric statistical methods. Specifically, we introduce a threefold contribution: i) in contrast to the prevailing approach in subjective quality recovery assuming a parametric score distribution, we propose a non parametric approach that guarantees greater accuracy by measuring reliability per subject and per stimulus, overcoming the limits of existing approaches that measure only per subject reliability; ii) we propose ESQR, a non-parametric algorithm for subjective quality recovery, demonstrating experimentally that it has higher robustness to noise compared to numerous state-of-the-art algorithms, thanks to the weaker assumptions made on data compared to parametric approaches; iii) the proposed approach is theoretically grounded, i.e., we define a non-parametric statistic and prove mathematically that it provides a measure of score reliability. The code to run ESQR and reproduce the results in this paper is made freely available at: http://media.polito.it/ESQR.

Effects of the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Alvarez Quintero, Guido S.; Lima, Analia Ethel; Roig, Paulina; Meyer, Maria; de Nicola, Alejandro Federico; de Kloet, Ron; Garay, Laura Ines There is growing evidence indicating that mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression influences a wide variety of functions in metabolic and immune response. The present study explored if antagonism of the MR reduces neuroinflammation in the spinal cord of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Eplerenone (EPLE) (100 mg/kg dissolved in 30% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) daily from EAE induction (day 0) until sacrificed on day 17 post-induction. The MR blocker (a) significantly decreased the inflammatory parameters TLR4, MYD88, IL-1β, and iNOS mRNAs; (b) attenuated HMGB1, NLRP3, TGF-β mRNAs, microglia, and aquaporin4 immunoreaction without modifying GFAP. Serum IL-1β was also decreased in the EAE+EPLE group. Moreover, EPLE treatment prevented demyelination and improved clinical signs of EAE mice. Interestingly, MR was decreased and GR remained unchanged in EAE mice while EPLE treatment restored MR expression, suggesting that a dysbalanced MR/GR was associated with the development of neuroinflammation. Our results indicated that MR blockage with EPLE attenuated inflammation-related spinal cord pathology in the EAE mouse model of Multiple Sclerosis, supporting a novel therapeutic approach for immune-related diseases.

Biodiversity-production feedback effects lead to intensification traps in agricultural landscapes Burian, Alfred; Kremen, Claire; Wu, James Shyan Tau; Beckmann, Michael; Bulling, Mark; Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro; Krisztin, Tamás; Mehrabi, Zia; Ramankutty, Navin; Seppelt, Ralf Intensive agriculture with high reliance on pesticides and fertilizers constitutes a major strategy for ‘feeding the world’. However, such conventional intensification is linked to diminishing returns and can result in ‘intensification traps’ – production declines triggered by the negative feedback of biodiversity loss at high input levels. We developed a novel framework that integrates biodiversity in crop-yield assessments to evaluate risk and magnitude of intensification traps. Simulations grounded in literature reviews demonstrated that intensification traps emerge in most agricultural landscapes (73%), but rarely in major calorie production systems. Small reductions in maximal production by just 5–10% could be frequently transmitted into substantial biodiversity gains, resulting in small-loss large-gain trade-offs prevailing in landscapes with and without intensification traps. However, systematic sensitivity analyses revealed a strong context-dependence complicating the identification of optimal management practices at the field level. Hence, management safety margins need to be considered to prevent the double loss of biodiversity and food security linked to intensification traps.

Homicidios en ciudades del sur de Sudamérica: Desigualdades educativas y fluctuaciones económicas; Homicides in southern South American cities: Educational inequalities and economic fluctuations; Homicídios em cidades do sul da América do Sul: Desigualdades educacionais e flutuações econômicas Leveau, Carlos Marcelo Se sabe poco sobre cómo las fluctuaciones económicas afectan las desigualdades educativas en homicidios en países latinoamericanos. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron (a) analizar las variaciones temporales de las desigualdades relativas educacionales de la mortalidad por homicidio, y (b) comparar estas desigualdades entre años de crecimiento económico y años de recesión en ciudades del sur sudamericano durante el período 2000-2019. Se utilizaron datos de siete áreas urbanas, en tres países del Cono Sur Sudamericano: Mendoza y Rosario (Argentina); Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro y São Paulo (Brasil); y Santiago (Chile). Se estimaron modelos de Poisson, utilizando como variables explicativas la edad, sexo, año, ciudad de residencia, año de expansión o recesión económica y nivel educativo. Encontramos diferencias marcadas en la evolución temporal de las tasas de homicidio entre las siete ciudades, aunque siempre las poblaciones de nivel educativo bajo fueron las más vulnerables. Las cuatro ciudades de Brasil, analizadas en conjunto, tuvieron desigualdades educativas relativas de homicidios mayores en años de recesión económica, con respecto a años de crecimiento económico. Por un lado, el uso de la fuerza indiscriminado por parte del Estado enfocado hacia grupos criminales parece haber llevado a una creciente desigualdad social de la mortalidad por homicidio. Por el otro, en un contexto de fragmentación criminal y crisis económica se podrían agravar estas desigualdades a través de mayores disputas territoriales entre grupos criminales.; Information on how economic fluctuations affect educational inequalities in homicides in Latin America is scarce. This study aimed to: (a) analyze the temporal variations of educational inequalities related to homicide mortality and (b) compare these inequalities between years of economic growth and recession in southern South America cities from 2000 to 2019. Data from seven urban areas in three countries in the Southern Cone of South America were used: Mendoza and Rosario (Argentina); Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo (Brazil); and Santiago (Chile). Poisson models were estimated by using age, sex, city of residence, year of economic growth or recession, and schooling level as explanatory variables. Results showed significant differences in the temporal evolution of homicide rates in the seven cities, although populations with a low schooling level always showed the most vulnerability. The four Brazilian cities, analyzed together, showed greater educational inequalities related to homicides in years of economic recession when compared to those of economic growth. On the one hand, the indiscriminate use of force by the State against criminal groups seems to increase social inequality in homicide mortality. On the other hand, criminal fragmentation and economic crisis can exacerbate these inequalities by increasing territorial disputes between criminal groups.; São escassas as informações sobre como as flutuações econômicas afetam as desigualdades educacionais em homicídios na América Latina. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (a) analisar as variações temporais das desigualdades educacionais relacionadas à mortalidade por homicídio, e (b) comparar essas desigualdades entre os anos de crescimento econômico e os anos de recessão nas cidades do sul da América do Sul no período de 2000 a 2019. Foram utilizados dados de sete áreas urbanas, em três países do Cone Sul da América do Sul: Mendoza e Rosário (Argentina); Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo (Brasil); e Santiago (Chile). Os modelos de Poisson foram estimados utilizando como variáveis explicativas a idade, sexo, ano, cidade de residência, ano de expansão ou recessão econômica e nível de escolaridade. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas na evolução temporal das taxas de homicídio entre as sete cidades, apesar de que as populações com baixo nível de escolaridade sempre foram as mais vulneráveis. As quatro cidades brasileiras, analisadas em conjunto, apresentaram maiores desigualdades educacionais relacionadas a homicídios em anos de recessão econômica em relação aos anos de crescimento econômico. Por um lado, o uso indiscriminado da força pelo Estado contra grupos criminosos parece ter levado ao aumento da desigualdade social na mortalidade por homicídio. Por outro lado, em um contexto de fragmentação criminal e crise econômica, essas desigualdades podem ser exacerbadas pelo aumento das disputas territoriais entre grupos criminosos.

¿Cómo evaluar las contribuciones de la investigación científica? Medir y jerarquizar la movilización del conocimiento en las trayectorias de postulantes a Ingreso a Carrera (CIC) en CONICET; How to evaluate the contributions of scientific research? Measuring and hierarchizing knowledge mobilization in the trajectories of applicants to Scientific Researcher Career (cic) at conicet; Como avaliar as contribuições da pesquisa científica? Medir e priorizar a mobilização do conhecimento nas trajetórias dos candidatos ao ingresso na Carreira de Pesquisador Científico (CIC) do CONICET Alonso, Mauro; Naidorf, Clara Judith En este trabajo nos enfocamos en la evaluación científica y analizamos las formas efectivas y las posibles de jerarquizar la movilización del conocimiento. Entonces, nos preguntamos: ¿cómo se miden las actividades de transferencia y/o movilización de conocimiento? y ¿qué peso tienen estas actividades sobre el total del quehacer investigativo legítimo a la hora de la evaluación? Tomando como base empírica un corpus de grillas de evaluación del Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) de Argentina del año 2020 con el que fueron evaluados los candidatos a ingreso a la Carrera de Investigador Científico (CIC) de cuatro comisiones de evaluación –Física, Biología, Ciencias Sociales y Desarrollo Tecnológico y Social–, el objetivo es mostrar comparativamente el peso relativo que cada comisión le asigna a las diferentes dimensiones con las que se evalúa la trayectoria científico-tecnológica de un postulante, haciendo énfasis en las formas que adopta la evaluación de la movilización del conocimiento. El trabajo muestra que el problema de la medición se presenta en dos niveles y problematiza sus implicancias: primero, el bajo peso relativo de este tipo de actividades en la evaluación global de una trayectoria y, en segundo lugar, la dificultad para poder definir qué se entiende o se reconoce como legítimo a la hora de evaluar la movilización del conocimiento.; In this paper we focus on scientific evaluation and analyze the effective and possible ways of hierarchizing knowledge mobilization. Then, we ask ourselves: How are knowledge transfer and/or mobilization activities measured, and what weight do these activities have over the total of legitimate research work at the time of evaluation? Taking as an empirical basis a corpus of evaluation grids of the Scientific and Technical Research Council (conicet) of Argentina from the year 2020 with which candidates for admission to the Scientific Researcher Career (cic) of four evaluation commissions were assessed: Physics, Biology, Social Sciences and Technological and Social Development, the objective is to show in a comparative way the relative weight that each commission assigns to the different dimensions with which the scientific-technological trajectory of an applicant is evaluated, emphasizing the forms adopted by the evaluation of knowledge mobilization. The article shows that the problem of measurement occurs at two levels and problematizes its implications: firstly, the low relative weight of this type of activities in the overall evaluation of a career and, secondly, the difficulty in defining what is understood or recognized as legitimate when evaluating the mobilization of knowledge.; Neste trabalho focamos na avaliação científica e analisamos as formas eficazes e possíveis de priorizar a mobilização do conhecimento. Então nos perguntamos: como são medidas as atividades de transferência e/ou mobilização de conhecimento? E que peso têm estas atividades no total do trabalho investigativo legítimo no momento da avaliação? Tomando como base empírica um corpus de grades de avaliação do Conselho de Pesquisa Científica e Técnica (conicet) da Argentina do ano 2020 com as quais foram avaliados os candidatos ao ingresso na Carreira de Pesquisador Científico (cic) de quatro comissões de avaliação –Física. Biologia, Ciências Sociais e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico e Social–, o objetivo é mostrar comparativamente o peso relativo que cada comissão atribui às diferentes dimensões com que é avaliada a trajetória científico-tecnológica de um candidato, enfatizando as formas que adota na avaliação do conhecimento mobilização. O trabalho mostra que o problema da medição ocorre a dois níveis e problematiza as suas implicações: primeiro, o peso relativo baixo deste tipo de atividades na avaliação global de uma trajetória e, segundo, a dificuldade em definir o que é entendido ou reconhecido como legítimo. ao avaliar a mobilização do conhecimento.

Bullying en adolescentes argentinos: Recomendaciones para su evaluación e intervención Resett, Santiago Alejandro El bullying es una agresión intencional reiterada y con un desbalance de poder físico y/o mental entre quien lo sufre y quien lo realiza. Esta conducta es un importante factor de riesgo para la salud mental de los adolescentes a nivel psicológico, social y físico. A nivel de la Argentina, como de otras naciones de la América Latina, todavía es mucho lo que falta investigar, mayormente a nivel de intervenciones científicas para su prevención. El presente estudio llevó a cabo una revisión de lo investigado en la temática a nivel teórico, como en los instrumentos científicos para su evaluación. También se aportan aspectos a considerar a la hora de evaluar esta problemática. Por otra parte, se delinean recomendaciones para su prevención en nuestro contexto. Cómo conclusión se puntualiza cómo deberían seguir los futuros estudios del tema en nuestro país, en donde los estudios son escasos y necesarios.

Unravelling the genetic mechanisms and paleoenvironmental controls of early Cretaceous Oyster Mass occurrences (OMOs), Neuquén Basin, west-central Argentina Toscano, Agustina Gabriela; Lazo, Dario Gustavo; Schwarz, Ernesto Lower Valanginian oyster mass occurrences (OMOs) from the Neuqu en Basin of Argentina are analyzed using a multidisciplinary approach, including the description of their sedimentological signature and stratigraphic contacts, assessment of taphonomical attributes, and paleontological and paleoecologicalcharacteristics. These OMOs present a wide distribution in the study area, with lateral continuity for at least 2.5 km and up to 12 m thick. They occur within a single stratigraphic interval, constrained in terms of sequence stratigraphy and biostratigraphy. Three stacked tabular OMOs separated by mudstone levels were recorded in all the studied localities. The associated lithofacies point to a mainly outer ramp paleoenvironment, below storm wave base and occasionally disturbed by exceptional, distal storm flows.Internally, the OMOs share a common vertical trend characterized, from base to top, by a gradual increase in oyster abundance and a transition from mainly reclining, disarticulated oysters to articulated, cementing oysters conforming build-ups. Hence, a mainly biogenic origin is proposed, with autobiostromes grading vertically to bioherms. This vertical trend was interpreted in terms of development stages, namely, colonization, expansion, climax and extinction, which were in turn related to specifi paleoenvironmental controls. Particularly, the OMOs establishment and development were associated to low sedimentation rates, salinity fluctuations and high nutrient input as a result of high primary productivity.At a larger scale, the overall paleoenvironmental conditions and subtropical geographical position of the basin were detrimental for most reef builders typical of the Cretaceous period (e.g., corals, sponges, rudists), and could have favored oyster proliferation and OMOs development instead.