The shift of obesity burden by socioeconomic status between 1998 and 2017 in Latin America and the Caribbean: a cross-sectional series study Jiwani, Safia S; Carrillo Larco, Rodrigo M.; Hernández Vásquez, Akram; Barrientos Gutiérrez, Tonatiuh; Basto Abreu, Ana; Gutierrez, Laura; Irazola, Vilma; Nieto Martínez, Ramfis; Nunes, Bruno P.; Parra, Diana C.; Miranda, J. Jaime Background: The burden of obesity differs by socioeconomic status. We aimed to characterise the prevalence of obesity among adult men and women in Latin America and the Caribbean by socioeconomic measures and the shifting obesity burden over time. Methods: We did a cross-sectional series analysis of obesity prevalence by socioeconomic status by use of national health surveys done between 1998 and 2017 in 13 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. We generated equiplots to display inequalities in, the primary outcome, obesity by wealth, education, and residence area. We measured obesity gaps as the difference in percentage points between the highest and lowest obesity prevalence within each socioeconomic measure, and described trends as well as changing patterns of the obesity burden over time. Findings: 479 809 adult men and women were included in the analysis. Obesity prevalence across countries has increased over time, with distinct patterns emerging by wealth and education indices. In the most recent available surveys, obesity was most prevalent among women in Mexico in 2016, and the least prevalent among women in Haiti in 2016. The largest gap between the highest and lowest obesity estimates by wealth was observed in Honduras among women (21·6 percentage point gap), and in Peru among men (22·4 percentage point gap), compared with a 3·7 percentage point gap among women in Brazil and 3·3 percentage points among men in Argentina. Urban residents consistently had a larger burden than their rural counterparts in most countries, with obesity gaps ranging from 0·1 percentage points among women in Paraguay to 15·8 percentage points among men in Peru. The trend analysis done in five countries suggests a shifting of the obesity burden across socioeconomic groups and different patterns by gender. Obesity gaps by education in Mexico have reduced over time among women, but increased among men, whereas the gap has increased among women but remains relatively constant among men in Argentina. Interpretation: The increase in obesity prevalence in the Latin American and Caribbean region has been paralleled with an unequal distribution and a shifting burden across socioeconomic groups. Anticipation of the establishment of obesity among low socioeconomic groups could provide opportunities for societal gains in primordial prevention. Funding: None.

Minería aurífera en el noroeste argentino: el caso de Timón Cruz (Santa Catalina, Jujuy, Argentina); Gold mining in northwest argentina: the case of Timón Cruz locality (Santa Catalina, Jujuy, Argentina) Angiorama, Carlos Ignacio; Giusta, Marco Nicolás; Becerra, María Florencia; Perez Pieroni, María Josefina Presentamos los primeros resultados de las investigaciones que estamos desarrollando en Timón Cruz, en la Puna de Jujuy, centrándonos en aquellas evidencias de instalación humana en el área que habrían estado vinculadas a la explotación aurífera. Las tareas realizadas hasta la fecha consistieron en prospecciones, recolecciones superficiales, registro arquitectónico general, análisis preliminar de los materiales recolectados y estudios de los registros escritos. El estudio de datos históricos permite afirmar que el devenir de esta localidad está marcado por el desarrollo minero de la región. Desde la arqueología, se pudieron registrar estructuras arquitectónicas dispersas o en conjuntos, con rasgos constructivos y elementos muebles asociados que permiten vincularlos a ocupaciones coloniales, junto con evidencias de extracción y procesamiento aurífero, que se encuentran dispersas en el paisaje o concentradas en el sitio Timón Cruz 2. Ciertas características constructivas y de los materiales asociados nos permiten pensar que este sitio habría sido ocupado en momentos coloniales tempranos, a diferencia de otros asentamientos de la región puneña posteriores al contacto hispano-indígena, con ocupaciones importantes a partir del siglo XVIII.; We present the first results of the ongoing research in Timón Cruz, in the Puna of Jujuy, focusing on the evidence of human installation in the area which would have been related to gold mining.The tasks performed to date include prospections, superficial recollections, general record of the architecture, preliminary analysis of collected material and study of written records. Historical data allow us to state that the history of this locality is marked by the mining development of the region. Archaeologically, we were able to register disperse or concentrated architecture, with constructive attributes and associated portable elements, that allow us to relate them to colonial occupations, alongside evidence of gold mining and processing, scattered in the landscape or concentrated in the settlement of Timón Cruz 2. Certain constructive characteristics and of the associated material allow us to consider them as part of an early colonial occupation, different from other post-hispanic contact settlements of the Puna region, which were occupied intensely since the 18th century.

Distribución espacial de la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud infantil en la provincia de Tucumán (Argentina); Spatial distribution of health-related quality of life in children from Tucumán (Argentina) Cordero, Maria Laura Este trabajo se propuso caracterizar la distribución espacial de la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud infantil en dos departamentos con diferente índice de bienestar de la provincia de Tucumán (Argentina). Específicamente, interesó determinar la prevalencia de niños y niñas con bajas apreciaciones de su calidad de vida relacionada a la salud y conocer sus manifestaciones territoriales, pormenorizando las diferencias urbano-rurales. Se realizó un estudio ecológico, exploratorio-descriptivo, transverso en 1647 escolares. Se administró el cuestionario internacional KIDSCREEN-52, que indaga la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud a partir de diez dimensiones; además, se desarrollaron índices espaciales. Los mapas temáticos permitieron detectar particularidades en los contextos estudiados. Se destacó que alrededor de la mitad de los niños/as evaluados/as se sintieron acosados/as y/o rechazados/as por sus pares, mientras que los sentimientos de tristeza comprometieron a uno de cada tres participantes. Los resultados de este trabajo identificaron y delimitaron zonas de actuación prioritarias, detectando problemáticas infantiles específicas que requieren especial atención. Finalmente, la cartografía resultante constituye un insumo susceptible de ser utilizado en el planeamiento territorial de la atención a la salud, mejora de la calidad de vida y reducción de las desigualdades.; The aim of this work was to characterize the spatial distribution of health-related quality of life in children from two departments with different welfare index in Tucumán (Argentina). Specifically, it was determined the prevalence of children with low appreciations of their health-related quality of life and their territorial manifestations, detailing urban-rural differences. An ecologi-cal, exploratory-descriptive, transverse study was carried out on 1647 schoolchildren. The KIDSCREEN-52 international questionnaire was applied, it explores ten dimensions of health-related quality of life, and also, spatial indexes were developed. The thematic maps allowed to detect particularities in the studied contexts. About half of the children evaluated felt harassed and /or rejected by their peers, while feelings of sadness compromised one in three participants. The results of this work identified and delimited priority ac-tion areas, detecting specific child problems that require special attention. Finally, the resulting cartography constitutes an input that can be used in the territorial planning of health care, improving the quality of life and reducing inequalities

Radicalización política y represión estatal: la juventud obrera y universitaria ante la Revolución Cubana y el Plan CONINTES. El caso de la ciudad de La Plata, Argentina (1959-1962); Political Radicalization and State Repression: Working and University Youth During the Cuban Revolution and the CONINTES Plan. The Case of La Plata, Argentina (1959-1962) Pis Diez, Nayla María; Robles, Horacio Baltazar Ubicados en los tempranos años sesenta, este artículo se propone reconstruir una parte de la historia política de la juventud argentina, en particular, de la ciudad de La Plata, a través de dos procesos: primero, el impacto de la Revolución Cubana y la radicalización de las organizaciones de izquierda y peronistas; segundo, la proliferación del anticomunismo, la extensión y transformación de las prácticas represivas gubernamentales con efecto directo sobre la vida de aquellas organizaciones. Nuestro objetivo es analizar aquellas transformaciones políticas tan típicas de los años sesenta tomando como caso la militancia joven de la ciudad, la trabajadora e identificada con el peronismo, y la estudiantil, identificada al mismo tiempo con la Reforma Universitaria y diversas organizaciones de izquierda. La “juventud” como concepto y lo “local” como escala de análisis son además, las claves metodológicas de este trabajo.; This article aims to reconstruct a part of the political history of Argentinian youth, particularly in the city of La Plata in the 1960s. This will be done through a dual approach: first, by analyzing the impact of the Cuban Revolution and the radicalization of the leftist and Peronist organizations; second, by discussing the proliferation of anti-communism and the extent and transformation of the government’s forms of repression, which had a direct effect on the organizations’ practices. Our aim is to analyze the political transformations that were typical of the sixties, focusing in particular on the city’s young activists, the workers, who were identified politically with Peronism, students advocating for University Reformism, and diverse leftist organizations. In our methodology, we use youth as a key concept and focus on the local as the scope of our analysis.

Inhibition of breast tumor growth by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) is accompanied by activation of fibroblasts Sciacca, Marianela; Belgorosky, Denise; Zambrano, Macarena; Gómez Escalante, José Ignacio; Bravo Roca, María Fernanda; Langle, Yanina Verónica; Sandes, Eduardo Omar; Eiján, Ana María; Lodillinsky, Catalina Nitric Oxide (NO) is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. It is generated by a family of NO synthases (NOS), being the inducible isoform, iNOS, responsible for higher amounts of NO. Here, we report that pharmacological inhibition of NO production by L-NAME reduces both viability and MAPK activated signalling pathways in iNOS positive human and murine cancer cell lines. In vivo, using syngeneic models, in parallel with tumor reduction induced by L-NAME, collagen deposition and α-SMA positive stromal cells are observed. This observation takes place only when tumor cells express iNOS. In vitro, L-NAME induces viability and differentiation on fibroblast. Our results reveal that NO inhibition contributes to stimulate proliferation and activation of fibroblasts in parallel with tumor reduction of iNOS positive breast cancer.

La formación de grado tras los muros: Un desafío complejo; Degree Formation Behind the Walls: A Complex Challenge Umpiérrez, Analía Alejandra Sofía; Salvadé, Romina Cecilia; Scipioni Ferreira, Luis Alfredo; Lacaria, Raquel En este artículo se presentan algunas reflexiones respecto a los desafíos que asume la educación universitaria en contexto de encierro como parte de primeros resultados del proyecto de investigación “Acceso a derechos: educación, arte y cultura en la cárcel” del que formamos parte. Se referencia aquí el recorrido del derecho a la educación superior en Argentina desde el siglo XXI hasta la actualidad, para ubicar en contexto histórico la puesta en marcha de la propuesta de trabajo que instala y sostiene la Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) en las unidades situadas en Azul y Sierra Chica. Desde este marco, se abordan algunos de los desafíos y alcances emergentes de la concreción del proyecto en marcha, asumiendo la necesidad de reflexionar sobre los sentidos que construye la educación superior tras los muros como clave de lectura, y en lo específico, en torno al desafío de construir un espacio de tutorías como ámbito de encuentro y enseñanza.; This article presents some considerations on the challenges that university education assumes in the context of confinement as part of the first results of the research project "Access to rights: education, art and culture in prison" of which we are part. Here we make reference to the course of the right to higher education in Argentina from the 21st century to the present to locate in a historical context the implementation of the work proposal that installs and sustains the National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) in the prisons located in Azul and Sierra Chica. From this framework, we focalized on some of the challenges and emerging scopes of the concretion of the project in progress, assuming the need to reflect on the senses that higher education builds behind the walls as a reading key, and specifically, around the challenge of building a tutorial space as a meeting and educational environment.

Why do adults go to adult secondary school? Donvito, Angel Eduardo; Otero, Maria Rita This paper analyzes the motivation of adult students to attend Adult Secondary Education (ASE) in Argentina. The investigation consisted of an exploration stage using the Focus Groups technique (FG) in which 29 ASE students participated, then a stage of analysis and construction of a survey based on the results of the FG, and finally, a stage of implementation and analysis of the survey, which was administered to 820 adult students nationwide. The results show that students' motivation is related to three aspects: improving job position, improving self-esteem and preparing to study a career. Furthermore, these aspects are not isolated, but are significantly associated with each other. Considering the students' motivation to attend the ASE both in the curricular conformation and at classrooms, could be a way to improve not only the teaching but also the quality of life of adults.

Eucalyptus viminalis Labill: (Myrtaceae) naturalizada en la República Argentina; Eucalyptus viminalis Labill: (Myrtaceae) naturalized in Argentina Scaramuzzino, Rosa Lourdes; Dalfonso, Carlos Oscar; Bardi, Juan Francisco; Gandini, Marcelo Luciano; Lara, Bruno Daniel Eucalyptus es un género de árboles nativos de Oceanía, con cinco especies previamente citadas como adventicias para la flora argentina. En este trabajo se informa por primera vez sobre la presencia de poblaciones espontáneas de E. viminalis en Argentina. Se recolectaron especímenes en las Sierras de Azul, Sistema de Tandilia, provincia de Buenos Aires, y sectores de llanura adyacentes. Se aporta una descripción de su morfología, hábitat, un mapa de la posición geográfica de las poblaciones estudiadas en Buenos Aires e imágenes que ilustran la ampliación de área de una población en un cerro en el Sistema de Tandilia. Adicionalmente, se presenta una clave para diferenciar las especies espontáneas de Eucalyptus que habitan en la Argentina.; Eucalyptus is a genus of trees native in Oceania, with five species previously cited as adventive for the Argentinean Flora. In this paper, spontaneous populations of E. viminalis in Argentina are reported for the first time. Specimens were collected at Sierras de Azul, Tandilia System, province of Buenos Aires, and adjacent plain sectors. A description of the morphology of the species and habitat are presented, together with a map indicating the geographical position of the studied populations in Buenos Aires, and images showing the areal expansion of a population in a hill of the Tandilia System. Complementary, an identification key for naturalized Eucalyptus species inhabiting Argentina is provided.

Escenas de lectura y escritura en las clases de Historia: Una mirada sobre las aulas del nivel secundario en la ciudad de Tandil; Reading and writing scenes in History classes: A look at the secondary level classrooms in the city of Tandil Gregorini, Vanesa Mariángeles; Cuesta, Virginia Desde el campo de la Didáctica de la Historia, este artículo busca explorar las variables que se entretejen en las prácticas de lectura y escritura en el cotidiano de las aulas de Historia en el nivel medio. Algunos de los interrogantes que guían el trabajo son los siguientes: ¿Cuáles son las prácticas de lectura y escritura que los docentes de Historia propician con la intención de que los alumnos aprendan? ¿Qué sentidos, criterios y percepciones anidan detrás de tales prácticas? Esta investigación articula los aportes de la historia de la lectura y de los estudios socioculturales, que han colocado al accionar de los sujetos como motor de cambio de las culturas escolares, y de la etnografía como enfoque privilegiado que permite acceder a las prácticas cotidianas. Constatamos, de este modo, la existencia de prácticas frecuentes que los docentes de Historia despliegan cotidianamente y cuya esencia es el desarrollo de explicaciones dialogadas. En general, son motorizadas por la realización de interrogantes que buscan estimular la lectura y escritura por parte de los alumnos. Proponer líneas de análisis sobre los sentidos y significaciones que sustentan tales prácticas es uno de los propósitos de esta presentación.; This paper tries to explore different aspects that occur in reading and writing history in secondary school. Some of the questions that guide this work are: which are the reading and writing practices that teachers performed in order to reach good aims with their students? Which are the perceptions underneath there practices? This search tries to put on surface the goals of the history of reading and the social sciences in relation with the idea that the motor of change in the scholar system are the teachers and the students. Also our methodological work is based on ethnography because it allows contemplating the everyday of the scholar rooms. This kind of work reveals that commonly the teachers tries to read the texts in class. The teachers mix different activities as reading in out loud, discussion themes and writing on the board. These practices stimulate different questions in relation with the history contents of the class. As searchers we propose some clues to analyze these activities.

La sonoridad del mal en dos relecciones de Francisco de Vitoria; The sound of evil in two reflections of Francisco de Vitoria Chimondeguy, Javier El presente artículo busca interpretar el concepto del mal en la Escuela de Salamanca en la primera mitad del siglo XVI. Relacionando el concepto del mal con el paisaje sonoro y la percepción sensorial presente en las relecciones brindadas por el teólogo burgalés en la Universidad de Salamanca.; The present article seeks to interpret the concept of evil in the School of Salamanca in the first half of the XVIth century. Making an overview of the concept of evil related to the soundscape and the sensorial perception relying on the relections taught by the theologian from Burgos in the University of Salamanca.

La Universidad en la fase Mega-ciencia: reflexiones desde la experiencia cotidiana en una Licenciatura de Antropología Social; The University in the Mega-Science Phase: Reflections From the Everyday Experience in a Social Anthropology License Tevez, Emilio José El presente trabajo constituye un primer acercamiento al análisis de las implicancias que tienen las actividades de investigación al interior del ámbito universitario en la actualidad, a partir de reflexionar sobre la experiencia como docente-investigador en una licenciatura de Antropología Social. En principio, se hace referencia a las transformaciones socio-históricas en las universidades nacionales en relación a las políticas de investigación haciendo hincapié en los cambios ocurridos a inicios de 1980. En ese contexto también dio inicio la etapa denominada mega-ciencia que, con el correr del tiempo, asumió la forma de representaciones y prácticas que son reproducidas/ legitimadas o resistidas/deslegitimadas por los investigadores/as. Para dar cuenta de esta complejidad, y en oposición a posturas deterministas a favor o en contra, se plantea la existencia de intersticios que brinden la posibilidad de resignificar las prácticas vinculadas a la producción de conocimiento en la cotidianidad del quehacer científico a pesar de los condicionantes estructurales. La visibilización de estos intersticios, y el reconocimiento histórico de experiencias alternativas, establecen un camino para reflexionar sobre el campo “académico/universitario” dando cuenta de sus características, sostenidas por los/as mismos/ as investigadores/as en su cotidianidad. El abordaje metodológico se realiza con un enfoque etnográfico puntualizando en la técnica de observación participante a partir de la cual se elaboraron registros sobre la propia experiencia del contexto de trabajo en la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la UNICEN.; This work constitutes a first approach to the analysis of the implications that research activities have within the university environment at the present time from reflecting on the experience as a teacher-researcher in a degree in Social Anthropology. In principle, a reference to socio-historical transformations in national universities in relation to research policies, emphasizing the changes that occurred in the early 1980s, is made. In that context, the stage called megascience also began, which as time passed, it assumed the form of representations and practices that are reproduced / legitimized or resisted / delegitimized by researchers. To account for this complexity, and in opposition to deterministic positions in favor or against, the existence of interstices that give the possibility of re-signifying the practices related to the production of knowledge in the daily life of the scientific work despite the conditions structural is proposed. The visibility of these interstices and the historical recognition of alternative experiences establish a path to reflect on the “academic / university” field, giving an account of their characteristics, sustained by the researchers themselves in their daily lives. An ethnographic approach was carried out; focusing on the participant observation technique, from which records were draw up based on one’s own experience of the working context in the Faculty of Social Sciences of UNICEN.

Profesionales, expertos y vanguardistas en el ejercicio de la arquitectura Rigotti, Ana Maria Se presentan y comentan los contenidos del número para el se invitó a reflexionar sobre interpretaciones divergentes en torno al saber y el hacer de la arquitectura y el urbanismo moderno. Luego de explicar el alcance y sentido que se otorgan a las tres categorías que orientaron, en principio, los debates, se hace referencia al artículo de Henry Russell Hitchcock sobre arquitectura burocrática que, en cierta manera, fue el primero en llamar la atención sobre mutaciones en la profesion moderna. Se presentan las ocho contribuciones que organizan el dossier temático y los dos ensayos que dan aportan al debate teórico sobre estas nociones.

Study of water storage variations at the Pantanal wetlands area from GRACE monthly mass grids Pereira, Ayelen; Cornero, Cecilia; Oliveira Cancoro de Matos, Ana Cristina; Pacino, Maria Cristina; Blitzkow, Denizar The continental water storage is significantly influenced by wetlands, which are highly affected by climate change and anthropogenic influences. The Pantanal, located in the Paraguay river basin, is one of the world´s largest and most important wetlands because of the environmental biodiversity that represents. The satellite gravity mission GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) provided until 2017 time-variable Earth?s gravity field models that reflected the variations due to mass transport processes -like continental water storage changes- which allowed to study environments such as wetlands, at large spatial scales. The water storage variations for the period 2002-2016, by using monthly land water mass grids of Total Water Storage (TWS) derived from GRACE solutions, were evaluated in the Pantanal area. The capability of the GRACE mission for monitoring this particular environment is analyzed, and the comparison of the water mass changes with rainfall and hydrometric heights data at different stations distributed over the Pantanal region was carried out. Additionally, the correlation between the TWS and river gauge measurements, and the phase differences for these variables, were also evaluated. Results show two distinct zones: high correlations and low phase shifts at the north, and smaller correlation values and consequently significant phase differences towards the south. This situation is mainly related to the hydrogeological domains of the area.

La Relación Rural-urbano en el Periodo Actual de Modernización de la Actividad Agropecuaria en el Sur de la Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina); Rural-urban Relationships in the Current Period of Agricultural Modernization in Southern Córdoba Province (Argentina); A Relação Rural-urbana no Atual Período de Modernização da Atividade Agrícola no Sul da Província de Córdoba (Argentina) Picciani, Ana Laura En el presente artículo se analizan las transformaciones en la relación rural- -urbano de las pequeñas ciudades y poblaciones rurales concentradas del departamento Río Cuarto (Córdoba, Argentina) al ser incorporadas a un proceso de producción agrí- cola cada vez más especializado y globalizado. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de los datos censales agropecuarios y se llevaron a cabo trabajos de campo exploratorios con el propósito de indagar sobre los cambios en el uso del suelo, en la profundización del conocimiento técnico y científico a la hora de realizar las actividades productivas, en el destino de la producción y en los elementos que requiere el proceso de producción agrícola modernizado en el sur cordobés. El objetivo principal es analizar cómo se organiza y reorganiza la economía urbana de los centros urbanos y las poblaciones rurales concentradas en respuesta a las readecuaciones del modelo productivo y qué nuevas dinámicas socioterritoriales de ellas derivan.; This article analyzes transformations of rural-urban relationships between populations of small cities and densely populated rural areas in Río Cuarto department (Córdoba, Argentina) which are caused by the development of increasingly specialized and globalized agriculture. Agricultural census data was examined and exploratory field work was carried out with the purpose of investigating changes in land use, deepening of the technical and scientific knowledge utilized in productive activities, in the destination of production and in inputs required by modern agricultural production in southern Cordoba province. The main objective is to analyze how the economy of urban centers and densely populated rural areas is organized and reorganized in response to changing production methods and to identify new socio-territorial dynamics derived from them.; Este artigo analisa as transformações na relação rural-urbana das pequenas cidades e das populações rurais concentradas do departamento de Río Cuarto (Córdoba, Argentina), à medida que são incorporadas a um processo de produção agrícola cada vez mais especializado e globalizado. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise dos dados do censo agropecuário e realizado um trabalho de campo exploratório com o objetivo de investigar as mudanças no uso da terra, no aprofundamento do conhecimento técnico e científico na realização das atividades produtivas, no destino da produção e nos elementos exigidos pelo processo de produção agrícola modernizado no sul de Córdoba. O objetivo principal é analisar como a economia urbana dos centros urbanos e das populações rurais concentradas é organizada e reorganizada em resposta aos reajustes do modelo produtivo e que novas dinâmicas sócio-territoriais derivam deles.

Giro estético y vanguardia. Acerca de la influencia del pragmatismo de John Dewey en artistas norteamericanos; Aesthetic and avant-garde twist. On the influence of John Dewey's pragmatism on American artists Campeotto, Fabio; Viale, Claudio Marcelo En la vasta producción del filósofo pragmatista John Dewey (1859-1952) la estética y la filosofía del arte ocupan un rol central a partir de la década del veinte, lo que puede denominarse su giro estético. El objetivo de este artículo, a través de un enfoque histórico-filosófico, es mostrar la influencia de este giro en el desarrollo de las artes en Estados Unidos. En la primera sección se exponen los tres ejes de la estética del pensador pragmatista que más han influido en los artistas norteamericanos luego de la publicación de Art as Experience (1934). En la segunda y tercera sección se investigan los vínculos entre las filosofías del arte y de la educación de Dewey y dos instituciones claves para el desarrollo del arte norteamericano: el Black Mountain College y el Federal Art Project. Finalmente, se muestra la centralidad del pragmatismo deweyano en las neovanguardias estadounidenses y la originalidad de su aporte en la definición del concepto de contracultura, tal como se desarrolló después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.; In the vast production of the pragmatist philosopher John Dewey (1859-1952), aesthetics and the philosophy of art occupy a central role from the 1920s, which can be called his aesthetic turn. The objective of this article, through a historical-philosophical approach, is to show the influence of this turn in the development of the arts in the United States. In the first section, the three axes of the aesthetic of the pragmatist thinker that have most influenced North American artists after the publication of Art as Experience (1934) are exposed. The second and third sections investigate the links between Dewey's philosophies of art and education and two key institutions for the development of American art: Black Mountain College and the Federal Art Project. Finally, it shows the centrality of Deweyan pragmatism in the American neo-avant-gardes and the originality of its contribution in defining the concept of counterculture, as it developed after the Second World War.

Pacto social, acordo de estabilização e desenvolvimento sustentável Rozenwurcel, Guillermo Desde que o presidente eleito, Alberto Fernández, anunciou que promoveria um acordo de preços e salários nos primeiros seis meses de seu mandato, a questão se instalou na agenda pública. No entanto, até agora o debate tem se mostrado muito pobre. De um lado estão aqueles que afirmam que está condenado ao fracasso, simplesmente porque, segundo eles, na Argentina esses acordos sempre fracassaram. Do outro, os que afirmam que, sem ele, a atual crise é insolúvel, mas não oferecem ideias concretas sobre seu conteúdo e implementação, que superem a necessidade de um acordo impreciso e temporário sobre preços e salários. O tema é sumamente relevante, mas a discussão não pode ser encerrada simplesmente com um sim ou um não. Antes de se pronunciar, é necessário refletir com base na experiência prévia, nacional e internacional, e ela existe em abundância, e nas circunstâncias concretas que enfrentamos. Do ponto de vista da teoria econômica convencional, os acordos não só não servem, mas são contraproducentes porque afetam a livre concorrência nos mercados. No entanto, se não abraçamos a teoria da concorrência perfeita e, ao contrário, nos preocupamos em entender a realidade, descobrimos facilmente que não só a concorrência é sempre (mais ou menos) imperfeita e, por isso, muitas vezes os mercados estabelecem preços “inapropriados” que impedem a alocação eficiente dos recursos, mas que o sistema de mercado, às vezes, falha quando se trata de coordenar as decisões dos atores do ponto de vista do equilíbrio geral (sistêmico). Nessas circunstâncias, o sistema de mercado não pode enfrentar, de maneira satisfatória, o desemprego, a inflação e outros desequilíbrios macroeconômicos fundamentais. Dessa perspectiva teórica, é necessário complementar a ação dos mercados com outros mecanismos de coordenação, que só podem ser proporcionados pelo Estado. Entre eles, quando as circunstâncias o exigem, as políticas de renda e o apoio institucional e normativo para estabelecer acordos sociais de naturezas diversas. A experiência histórica, tanto de nosso passado como do de muitas outras sociedades, sugere que os acordos, sejam eles políticos ou econômico-sociais, são muito difíceis, mas não impossíveis. Muitas experiências fracassadas, mas outras mais ou menos bem-sucedidas, podem ser identificadas, tanto na esfera internacional como em nosso país. O que as experiências bem-sucedidas têm em comum é que em todas elas foi possível entabular um diálogo frutífero entre atores com interesses contrapostos, definir objetivos comuns e acordar políticas para alcançá-los. Em suma, os acordos são possíveis; no entanto, para que funcionem e produzam os resultados esperados é crucial entender o contexto em que são propostos, e basear os compromissos acordados em objetivos realistas.

Can livestock coexist with Polylepis australis forests in mountains of central Argentina? Setting thresholds for a land sharing landscape Giorgis, Melisa Adriana; Cingolani, Ana María; Teich, Ingrid; Poca, María Developing a land sharing strategy requires a thorough understanding of what is the maximum productivity that can be achieved without altering key ecosystem processes. In the central Argentina highlands, Polylepis australis dominates the few remaining patches of forests and its evergreen trees are highly selected by domestic livestock. Grazing exclusion and low herbivory pressure allow P. australis forest expansion and soil conservation, while high herbivory pressure promotes forest retraction and environment degradation. However, the extent to which stocking densities should be reduced to allow forest expansion and stand maturation is still unknown. We aimed at answering this question by studying 15 stands located in paddocks with different management, from grazing enclosures to heavily stocked. In 2003 we selected 12 trees less than 2 m tall at each stand. Almost annually along 10 years, for each tree we registered survival, and if alive, we measured the height and two perpendicular diameters of the canopy. We built indicators of vertical and horizontal biomass accumulation rate along the study period and calculated an average effective stocking density (i.e., animal units per ha of non-rocky surface, AU ha−1) for each stand. We found a piece-wise relationship with two pieces between the accumulation rate of each biomass component and average stocking density. Biomass accumulation was maximum under grazing exclusion (i.e. zero stocking density). Between zero and 0.21 AU ha−1 we detected a strongly negative relationship among stocking density and biomass accumulation. Effective stocking densities lower than 0.12 and 0.06 AU ha−1 promoted a widespread vertical and horizontal biomass accumulation, respectively. Stands with stocking densities higher than 0.21 AU ha−1, had null horizontal and vertical biomass accumulation and higher tree mortality. We suggest that effective stocking densities lower than 0.12 AU ha−1 allow a land sharing strategy in central Argentina highlands, ensuring the conservation of a traditional economic activity and the restoration of Polylepis australis forests. Additionally, in areas where Polylepis australis is absent we suggest active restoration without herbivory pressure. Finally, we suggest that these management recommendations may be studied and promoted throughout the extension of Polylepis spp. forests in South America.

Nitrogen fertilization and fungicide mixtures in wheat: how do they affect the severity, yield and dynamics of nitrogen under leaf rust infections? Schierenbeck, Matías; Fleitas, María Constanza; Simón, María Rosa Nitrogen (N) fertilization and fungicides are important tools in order to achieve high yields and quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), although its use may affect the expression of foliar diseases such as leaf rust (LR) (Puccinia triticina Eriks.). An approach focused on the impact of LR and its interaction with fungicides mixtures and N fertilization rates could be useful to improve the modelling of crop N dynamics and enhance grain yield and quality in the context of the integrated management. Our study was designed to determine the additive effects of carboxamide fungicides (TSC) to a double triazole-strobilurin (TS) mixture under three N fertilization rates on the LR disease progress, healthy area duration (HAD), grain yield and N dynamics during two years. Main plots corresponded to three fungicide treatments and three N doses were the sub-plots. LR disease progress, HAD, yield, N remobilization (NREM), N post-anthesis absorption (NPA), N stored in grains (NG) and %N in grains (%Ng) were evaluated. LR severity increased at higher N rates. TSC applications produced the major decreases on LR severity and the main increases in HAD, which resulted in the higher yield increases (+2726 kg/ha). The %Ng increased with the application of fungicides when LR was controlled. LR infections generated reductions in NREM, NPA and NG, a response that could be explained by decreases in aboveground biomass and yield, coupled with reductions on N harvest index and N remobilization efficiency. Combined effect of TSC fungicides and increases in N dose showed the largest increases in NREM, NPA and NG.

Development of a novel fluorescent ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor based on the N-Terminal Leap2 region Barrile, Franco; M'Kadmi, Céline; de Francesco, Pablo Nicolás; Cabral, Agustina Soledad; Garcia Romero, Guadalupe; Mustafá, Emilio Román; Cantel, Sonia; Damian, Marjorie; Mary, Sophie; Denoyelle, Séverine; Banères, Jean Louis; Marie, Jacky; Raingo, Jesica; Fehrentz, Jean Alaín; Perello, Mario Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) was recently recognized as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), which also is a receptor for the hormone ghrelin. LEAP2 blocks ghrelin-induced activation of GHSR and inhibits GHSR constitutive activity. Since fluorescence-based imaging and pharmacological analyses to investigate the biology of GHSR require reliable probes, we developed a novel fluorescent GHSR ligand based on the N-terminal LEAP2 sequence, hereafter named F-LEAP2. In vitro, F-LEAP2 displayed binding affinity and inverse agonism to GHSR similar to LEAP2. In a heterologous expression system, F-LEAP2 labeling was specifically observed in the surface of GHSR-expressing cells, in contrast to fluorescent ghrelin labeling that was mainly observed inside the GHSR-expressing cells. In mice, centrally-injected F-LEAP2 reduced ghrelin-induced food intake, in a similar fashion to LEAP2, and specifically labeled cells in GHSR-expressing brain areas. Thus, F-LEAP2 represents a valuable tool to study the biology of GHSR in vitro and in vivo.

Growth hormone regulates neuroendocrine responses to weight loss via AgRP neurons Furigo, Isadora C.; Teixeira, Pryscila D. S.; de Souza, Gabriel O.; Couto, Gisele C. L.; Garcia Romero, Guadalupe; Perello, Mario; Frazão, Renata; Elias, Lucila L.; Metzger, Martin; List, Edward O.; Kopchick, John J.; Donato, J. Jr. Weight loss triggers important metabolic responses to conserve energy, especially via the fall in leptin levels. Consequently, weight loss becomes increasingly difficult with weight regain commonly occurring in most dieters. Here we show that central growth hormone (GH) signaling also promotes neuroendocrine adaptations during food deprivation. GH activates agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons and GH receptor (GHR) ablation in AgRP cells mitigates highly characteristic hypothalamic and metabolic adaptations induced by weight loss. Thus, the capacity of mice carrying an AgRP-specific GHR ablation to save energy during food deprivation is impaired, leading to increased fat loss. Additionally, administration of a clinically available GHR antagonist (pegvisomant) attenuates the fall of whole-body energy expenditure of food-deprived mice, similarly as seen by leptin treatment. Our findings indicate GH as a starvation signal that alerts the brain about energy deficiency, triggering key adaptive responses to conserve limited fuel stores.