Chile y Reino Unido: vaivenes de una relación diplomática no siempre tan cordial (1970-1980); Chile and United Kingdom: ups and downs of a diplomatic relationship not always so cordial (1970-1980) Bayle, Paola Adriana En este trabajo se abordarán diez años de relación diplomá-tica entre el Reino Unido y Chile (1970-1980), con el fin deexplicar una serie de elementos que confluyeron en el retiro deembajadores de sendas representaciones diplomáticas a partirde la segunda mitad de los años setenta del siglo pasado. En1975, el Reino Unido llamó a consulta a su embajador enChile, ante la denuncia de tortura recibida por una ciudadanabritánica detenida en ese país. Este hecho resume un conjuntode factores, tanto internos como del ámbito de las relacionesinternacionales, que derivaron en una relación diplomática notan cordial. El trabajo realizado en archivos del Ministerio deRelaciones Exteriores de Chile y en los National Archives enLondres, nos permitió reconstruir una relación bilateral enel marco de importantes cambios políticos en ambos países.; This paper will address ten years of diplomatic relations between the UK and Chile (1970-1980) in order to explain a number of elements that came together in the withdrawal of ambassadors diplomatic paths from the second half of the year seventies of last century. In 1975, the UK temporarily recalled its ambassador to Chile to the allegations of torture received by a British citizen detained there. This summarizes a number of factors, both internal and the scope of international relations, which led to a diplomatic relationship not as cordial. Work in files Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Archives in London allowed us to reconstruct a bilateral relationship in the context of major political changes in both countries.

Targeting Malassezia species for novel synthetic and natural antidandruff agents Angiolella, Letizia; Carradori, Simone; Maccallini, Cristina; Giusiano, Gustavo Emilio; Supuran, Claudiu T. Malassezia spp. are lipophilic yeasts not only present in the normal skin microflora, but also responsible of skin-related diseases (pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic/atopic dermatitis and dandruff) as well as systemic fungal infections in humans and animals. Their treatment and eradication are mainly based on old azole drugs, which are characterized by poor compliance, unpredictable clinical efficacy, emerging resistance and several side effects. These drawbacks have prompted the research toward novel synthetic and natural derivatives/ nanomaterials targeting other pivotal enzymes/pathways such as carbonic anhydrase (MgCA) and lipases, alone or in combination, in order to improve the eradication rate of this fungus. This review accomplished an update on this important topic dealing with the latest discoveries of synthetic scaffolds and natural products for the treatment of Malassezia spp.-related diseases, thus suggesting new opportunities to design innovative and alternative anti-dandruff drugs.

Regionalization of climate over the Argentine Pampas Aliaga, Vanina Solange; Ferrelli, Federico; Piccolo, Maria Cintia The aim of this study was to classify and characterize the climate of the Pampas, a vast region in the centre of Argentina. Due to its territorial extension, a climatic zoning of the region was performed, based on the topography and the most relevant climatological parameters. Climate data from 33 stations of the National Meteorological Service were analysed considering the period 1960-2010. A cluster analysis from the hierarchical method of Ward with an interval squared Euclidean distance as a measure of dissimilarity was applied. The obtained clusters responded to the north-south temperature gradient of the Pampas, influenced by geographical features such as the Tandilia and Ventania hills in Buenos Aires Province and the Pampean hills in Córdoba. Precipitation had a northeast-southwest gradient, and the influence of the arid southwest diagonal of the Pampas was appreciated by determining a semi-arid environment. The proximity to the sea marked the average humidity values, whereas the winds of strong intensity were registered in the south and west of the region. On the other hand, the standard precipitation index was calculated to identify wet and dry cycles in each cluster. It allowed to characterize these events considering frequency, periodicity, duration and intensity, resulting in the definition of eight climatic subregions.

Changes in the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Berberis microphylla G. Forst. berries in relation to light intensity and fertilization Arena, Miriam Elisabet; Postemsky, Pablo Daniel; Curvetto, Nestor Raul The objective of this study was to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative composition of the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of B. microphylla fruit under different light intensities and levels of fertilization during two production years. Total monomeric anthocyanin concentration in high light intensity conditions was three times more than that obtained at medium light intensity, expressed for both fresh weight and dry weight terms (299.7 mg/100 g FFW and 9.5 mg/g DFW, respectively). However, in the case of total polyphenol concentration, minor increases of 30 and 11% appeared under high light intensity in comparison with medium light intensity (906.6 mg/100 g FFW and 30.7 mg/g DFW, respectively). Scavenging activity on DPPH was increased from 56.0 to 66.8% under the high light intensity treatment. This was also true for the reducing power which increased from 40 to 46.2%. Fertilizers reduced the flavonoid concentration, but increased the total polyphenol concentration at fertilization level 2. In the case of flavonoids, the maximum contents in fruits were 200.2 and 7.6 mg (+)-catechin equivalents/100 g FFW and DFW, respectively in the control treatment. The total polyphenol concentration was the highest (856.1 and 31.2 mg tannic acid equivalents/g FFW and DFW, respectively) with the level fertilization 2. The scavenging activity on DPPH was from 60.3 to 62.8% when raising the fertilization level from 0 to 2, while the reducing power varied between 40.5 and 44.3% at levels 1 and 2. The total monomeric anthocyanin concentration increased with the level of fertilization in the fruits of plants at high light intensity, whereas the trend was inversed in those under medium light intensity. Hence, these studies display the possibility for maximizing both the productivity and the antioxidant capacity of fruits by crop management.

Apomixis frequency under stress conditions in weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) Rodrigo, Juan Manuel; Zappacosta, Diego Carlos; Selva, Juan Pablo; Garbus, Ingrid; Albertini, Emidio; Echenique, Carmen Viviana To overcome environmental stress, plants develop physiological responses that are triggered by genetic or epigenetic changes, some of which involve DNA methylation. It has been proposed that apomixis, the formation of asexual seeds without meiosis, occurs through the temporal or spatial deregulation of the sexual process mediated by genetic and epigenetic factors influenced by the environment. Here, we explored whether there was a link between the occurrence of apomixis and various factors that generate stress, including drought stress, in vitro culture, and intraspecific hybridization. For this purpose, we monitored the embryo sacs of different weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula [Schrad.] Nees) genotypes after the plants were subjected to these stress conditions. Progeny tests based on molecular markers and genome methylation status were analyzed following the stress treatment. When grown in the greenhouse, the cultivar Tanganyika INTA generated less than 2% of its progeny by sexual reproduction. Plants of this cultivar subjected to different stresses showed an increase of sexual embryo sacs, demonstrating an increased expression of sexuality compared to control plants. Plants of the cv. Tanganyika USDA did not demonstrate the ability to generate sexual embryo sacs under any conditions and is therefore classified as a fully apomictic cultivar. We found that this change in the prevalence of sexuality was correlated with genetic and epigenetic changes analyzed by MSAP and AFLPs profiles. Our results demonstrate that different stress conditions can alter the expression of sexual reproduction in facultative tetraploid apomictic cultivars and when the stress stops the reproductive mode shift back to the apomixis original level. These data together with previous observations allow us to generate a hypothetical model of the regulation of apomixis in weeping lovegrass in which the genetic/s region/s that condition apomixis, is/are affected by ploidy, and is/are subjected to epigenetic control.

Evolutionary ecomorphology of the Falkland Islands wolf Dusicyon australis Meloro, Carlo; Hunter, Jonathan; Tomsett, Louise; Portela Miguez, Roberto; Prevosti, Francisco Juan; Brown, Richard P. The Falkland Islands wolf Dusicyon australis is an extinct canid that was once the only endemic terrestrial mammal to inhabit the Falkland Islands. There is still a puzzling picture of the morphological adaptations of this wolf that quickly evolved from its mainland fossil ancestor: Dusicyon avus. We employ a geometric morphometric approach to identify patterns of skull shape variation in extant canids and Dusicyon spp. The Falkland Islands wolf and its fossil ancestor show a more carnivorous feeding morphology than other South American foxes, and they cluster morphologically with jackals. This supports convergence in skull shape between Dusicyon and Old World canids, although the convergence is not as strong as that exhibited by their sister hyper- and hypocarnivorous taxa.

Physicochemical characterization of water-soluble chitosan derivatives with singlet oxygen quenching and antibacterial capabilities Vanden Braber, Noelia Luciana; Diaz Vergara, Ladislao Ivan; Moran Vieyra, Faustino Eduardo; Borsarelli, Claudio Darío; Yossen, Mariana Matilde; Vega, Jorge Ruben; Correa, Silvia Graciela; Montenegro, Mariana Angélica New water-soluble chitosan derivatives (WSCh) were obtained by Maillard reaction (MR) between glucosamine (GA) with both low and medium molecular weight chitosans (Ch). The WSCh showed larger solubility than the respective Ch, while their deacetylation degree (DD) decreased by approximately 12%. Infrared spectroscopy experiments of WSCh confirmed the formation of imine bonds after MR with intensified pyranose structure, and sugar molecules as polymer branches. However, a 6-times reduction of the molecular weight of WSCh was measured, indicating the breakdown of the polysaccharide chain during the MR. The polysaccharides quenched singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), with rate quenching constants correlating with the DD value of the samples, suggesting the important role of amino groups (−NH2) in the deactivation of 1O2. Additionally, all polysaccharides presented antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria ivanovii, as tested by their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). This way we obtained new water-soluble polysaccharides, with similar functional properties to those presented by native Ch, enhancing its potential application as carrier material for bioactive compounds.

Small Celastraceae and Polygonaceae twigs from the Upper Cenozoic (Ituzaingó Formation) of the La Plata Basin, Argentina Franco, María Jimena Two new wood types from the Late Cenozoic of the Ituzaingó Formation, La Plata Basin, Northeast Argentina add to our knowledge of South American Cenozoic plants. The materials were preserved by siliceous cellular permineralization, and they were prepared for microscopic examination by surface polishing and in thin sections. The anatomy of these new species was described. The relationship and comparison with the nearest living relatives (NLRs) are discussed. Maytenoxylon perforatum Franco gen. and sp. nov. is described as the first fossil wood referable to Celastraceae from South America. This new fossil species is related to extant Maytenus Molina. The other fossil twig, Ruprechtioxylon breae Franco sp. nov., has features of the Polygonaceae family and particularly resembles the extant specie Ruprechtia laxiflora Meisn. The occurrence of these fossil woods in south-eastern South America suggests that a relatively warm and dry to seasonally dry climate prevailed over this region of Gondwana during the Upper Cenozoic. It also provides new evidence for the hypothesis of the more wide distribution of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) during the Upper Cenozoic.

A resource for assessing information processing in the developing brain using EEG and eye tracking Langer, Nicolas; Ho, Erica J.; Alexander, Lindsay M.; Xu, Helen Y.; Jozanovic, Renee K.; Henin, Simon; Petroni, Agustín; Cohen, Samantha; Marcelle, Enitan T.; Parra, Lucas C.; Milham, Michael P.; Kelly, Simon P. We present a dataset combining electrophysiology and eye tracking intended as a resource for the investigation of information processing in the developing brain. The dataset includes high-density task-based and task-free EEG, eye tracking, and cognitive and behavioral data collected from 126 individuals (ages: 6-44). The task battery spans both the simple/complex and passive/active dimensions to cover a range of approaches prevalent in modern cognitive neuroscience. The active task paradigms facilitate principled deconstruction of core components of task performance in the developing brain, whereas the passive paradigms permit the examination of intrinsic functional network activity during varying amounts of external stimulation. Alongside these neurophysiological data, we include an abbreviated cognitive test battery and questionnaire-based measures of psychiatric functioning. We hope that this dataset will lead to the development of novel assays of neural processes fundamental to information processing, which can be used to index healthy brain development as well as detect pathologic processes.

Análisis de factores que contribuyen a la invasión de rosa mosqueta (Rosa canina y R. rubiginosa) en Mendoza Mazzolari, Ana Clara Las especies exóticas invasoras causan daños considerables a sistemas tanto naturales como manejados e incurren en grandes costos para la sociedad. En la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina, las especies de rosa mosqueta (Rosa canina y R. rubiginosa), un arbusto originario de Europa, representa una amenaza a la integridad de los ecosistemas ya que se encuentra invadiendo grandes extensiones de la precordillera. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo general analizar algunos factores que pueden contribuir a la invasión de este arbusto exótico en la provincia. En el capítulo II, se analiza el sistema reproductivo de ambas especies de rosa mosqueta. La hipótesis que se pone a prueba, utilizando diversos experimentos de polinización, es que ambas especies de estudio son capaces de producir frutos y semillas a través de autopolinización y apomixis. Sin embargo, considerando los posibles efectos de la depresión por endogamia, los frutos y semillas producidos de manera uniparental son de menor calidad y cantidad que los producidos a través de estrategias que involucran polinización cruzada. En el capítulo III se analiza la invasión en el contexto de la comunidad arbustiva nativa, a través de la comparación de los atributos funcionales entre las especies nativas y las exóticas. Se plantea la hipótesis de que las dos especies de rosa mosqueta se diferencian de las nativas en atributos funcionales que reflejan una mayor capacidad adquisitiva de los recursos disponibles y un rápido crecimiento (por ejemplo, mayor SLA, mayor altura, menor densidad de la madera). Finalmente, en el capítulo IV se analizó el hábitat potencial de la rosa mosqueta, ajustando un modelo de distribución de especies en la Reserva Natural Privada Villavicencio y proyectándolo a otras áreas protegidas de la provincia de Mendoza. Esto se realizó utilizando el software MaxEnt, en base variables topográficas y puntos de ocurrencia de las especies. Se observó que tanto R. canina como R. rubiginosa son capaces de producir frutos y semillas a través todas las estrategias aquí estudiadas, mostrando gran versatilidad en su sistema reproductivo. Si bien ambas especies produjeron menor cantidad de frutos por apomixis, los mismos fueron más pesados, sugiriendo mejor calidad. No se observaron diferencias en cuanto a cantidad y calidad de infrutescencias y frutos producidos entre tratamientos con y polinizadores, por lo que se concluyó que ambas especies de rosa mosqueta no dependen de polinizadores para una correcta reproducción. En el capítulo III, los resultados mostraron que las dos especies de rosa mosqueta se diferencian de las nativas en ciertos atributos funcionales. Ambas especies de rosa mosqueta presentaron una combinación de plantas más altas, hojas más grandes, con mayor índice de área foliar específica y más finas, lo que da cuenta de una estrategia adquisitiva. Esto les permitiría un aprovechamiento más eficiente de los recursos y superar en abundancia a las nativas en los sitios donde estos recursos, tales como la humedad del suelo, sean más abundantes. Además se observó que ambas especies de rosa mosqueta se solapan en su floración con los arbustos nativos. Este solapamiento podría resultar en una competencia por servicios de polinización. Sin embargo, podría pensarse que las especies afectadas serían las nativas, ya que se ha observado en el capítulo II que las dos especies de rosa mosqueta pueden producir frutos y semillas sin necesidad de polinizadores. En el capítulo IV, se obtuvo la idoneidad de hábitat para la rosa mosqueta en varias áreas protegidas de Mendoza, en base a variables topográficas y puntos de ocurrencia. Los resultados arrojaron que existen zonas con idoneidad alta y muy alta en todas las áreas estudiadas. El modelo mostró que la variable que más afecta la idoneidad de hábitat para la rosa mosqueta es el índice topográfico de humedad. De esta manera, los sectores más vulnerables a la invasión serían quebradas, vegas y cursos de agua, los cuales representan ambientes de gran importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad en la zona. Podría decirse entonces, que de realizarse acciones de monitoreo para evitar la expansión de estas especies, las mismas deberían enfocarse principalmente en los sectores indicados con idoneidad media, alta y muy alta, ya que son zonas que por tener una mayor concentración de humedad serian óptimas para que la rosa mosqueta, con su estrategia adquisitiva logre invadir; asimismo, la generación de propágulos sin polinización podría facilitar aún más su expansión hacia estas zonas. Se observa que esta invasión ocupa grandes sectores, genera manchones monoespecíficos que inhabilitan el uso recreativo de grandes áreas, y limitan el acceso a cursos de agua, y puede inferirse que estas especies exóticas desplazan a las especies nativas, afectando de esta manera la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, no se cuenta hasta la fecha con estudios que cuantifiquen los impactos causados. Dicho esto, y teniendo en cuenta la información generada en la presente tesis, sería de fundamental importancia comenzar con acciones tendientes al manejo de ambas especies de rosa mosqueta en el área de estudio.; Exotic invasive species can cause considerable damage to natural and managed systems, generating a great cost to society. In Mendoza province, Argentina, two species of sweet briar (Rosa canina and R. rubiginosa), native to Europe, represent a threat to the integrity of natural ecosystems, as they are invading extensive areas in the valleys of the pre Andean mountains (precordillera). The general goal of this thesis is to analyze some of the factors that can contribute to the invasion of these exotic shrubs in Mendoza. Chapter I presents an introduction to the themes of the thesis and a description of the study area and both exotic species. In chapter II, I studied the reproductive system of both Rosa species. The hypothesis I tested, using pollination experiments, was that both study species are able to produce fruits and seeds trough self-pollination and apomixis. However, considering the effects of inbreeding depression, I expected that fruits and seeds produced via uniparental strategies are produced in lower number and quality, than those produced by cross-pollination. In chapter III, I analyze the invasion in a community context, comparing functional traits between native and exotic shrubs. The hypothesis is that both Rosa species differentiate from natives in functional traits that reflect an acquisitive strategy of available resources, and a faster growth (e.g. higher SLA, lower height, lower wood density). Finally in chapter IV, I modeled the potentially suitable habitat of sweet briar in Mendoza. To this end I used MaxEnt software, combining topographic variables with occurrence data. Results showed that both Rosa species are able to produce seeds and fruits using all the reproductive strategies analyzed here, showing great versatility in their reproductive system. Both species produced less number of fruits by apomixis, but they were heavier, suggesting better quality. As there were no differences regarding number and quality of fruits produced by strategies with or without pollinators, I conclude that both Rosa species do not depend on pollinators to reproduce successfully. In chapter III, results showed that both Rosa species differed from the natives shrubs in some functional traits. Both exotic species presented a combination of higher plants, thinner leaves and higher SLA, related to an acquisitive strategy, which supports my hypothesis. This could allow them to use the resources more efficiently and to outnumber native species in sites where resources, such as soil moisture, are not limited. I observed that both Rosa species overlap their flowering period with the native shrubs, which can result in competition for pollinators. However, based on the results of chapter II, I propose that in case of competition, native species would be affected, as both rose species can reproduce without pollination. In chapter IV, I obtained the suitable habitats for sweet briar in several protected areas of Mendoza. Results showed that there are sites with high and very high habitat suitability in all the study areas. According to the model, the most important variable affecting habitat suitability is the topographic wetness index. In line with this result, the sites more vulnerable to the invasion are water courses, which represent environments of high conservation value in the area. Based on the results of this thesis, monitoring and control actions should focus mainly on sites with intermediate, high and very high habitat suitability. Also, propagule generation without pollination could facilitate further expansion of Rosa species to these sites. This invasion occupies large areas, generating monospecific thickets that preclude recreational use, and limit the access to streams and other water courses. These exotic shrubs may displace native species, affecting biodiversity. However, no studies have quantified the impacts of these exotic species. Considering the information generated in the present thesis, it is imperative to elaborate and conduct management actions for both exotic species in the study area.

Quantum friction between graphene sheets Farias, María Belén; Fosco, Cesar Daniel; Lombardo, Fernando Cesar; Mazzitelli, Francisco Diego We study the Casimir friction phenomenon in a system consisting of two flat, infinite, and parallel graphene sheets, which are coupled to the vacuum electromagnetic (EM) field. Those couplings are implemented, in the description we use, by means of specific terms in the effective action for the EM field. They incorporate the distinctive properties of graphene, as well as the relative sliding motion of the sheets. Based on this description, we evaluate two observables due to the same physical effect: the probability of vacuum decay and the frictional force. The system exhibits a threshold for frictional effects; namely, they only exist if the speed of the sliding motion is larger than the Fermi velocity of the charge carriers in graphene.

Prevención de endoftalmitis posquirúrgica en Argentina: encuesta nacional del Consejo Argentino de Oftalmología 2014; Prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis in Argentina: a national survey conducted by the Argentinian Board of Ophthalmology in 2014; Prevenção de endoftalmite pós-cirúrgica na Argentina: pesquisa nacional do Conselho Argentino de Oftalmología 2014 Crim, Nicolás; Esposito, Evangelina; Martinez, Dana; Gonzalez Castellanos, Maria Eugenia; Correa, Leandro; Brunzini, Ricardo; Grzybowski, Andrzej; Serra, Horacio Marcelo; Urrets Zavalía, Julio Alberto Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las preferencias de los cirujanos argentinos en el manejo perioperatorio de la cirugía de cataratas para la prevención de endoftalmitis posquirúrgica. Métodos: El Consejo Argentino de Oftalmología realizó por internet una encuesta a sus miembros sobre los factores de riesgo para endoftalmitis en octubre 2014. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente, considerando una diferencia estadísticamente significativa a un valor p < 0,05. Resultados: Se recibieron respuestas del 5,7% de los oftalmólogos encuestados. El 63% de las respuestas provino de cirujanos de sexo masculino de entre 30 y 50 años de edad. De ellos, el 78% realiza de 1 a 30 cirugías por mes. La medida preventiva más utilizada es iodopovidona (99%), secundada por el Steri-Drape (94%). El 99% utiliza antibiótico profilaxis tópica, mientras que 63% prefiere su uso sistémico y 27%, su uso intracamerular. El 73% de los encuestados utiliza incisión corneal; 61%, con incisión de 2,8 mm; y de 2,2 mm el 14% de los casos. La sutura de la herida corneal la realiza la minoría de los encuestados. Conclusiones: La participación de los médicos oftalmólogos en la encuesta fue relativamente baja. Los datos obtenidos son comparables a países europeos. Operar más de 30 cataratas por mes, el uso de antibióticos intracamerulares, la utilización de dosis única antibiótico sistémico, el uso de incisión de 2.8 mm, implantar la LIO con inyector, y no utilizar punto en el cierre de la herida, podrían ser factores de riesgo que predisponen a desarrollar endoftalmitis.; Objective: The purpose of this paper was to determine Argentinian surgeons’ preferences for perioperative management of cataract surgery to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis. Methods: In October 2014, the Argentinian Board of Ophthalmology conducted an online survey to be completed over the internet by its members on endophthalmitis risk factors. Data were statistically analyzed, and the difference was considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Results: Answers to the survey were received from 5.7% of surveyed ophthalmologists, of which 63% were male surgeons from 30 to 50 years of age. The survey revealed that 78% of these surgeons perform from 1 to 30 procedures a month. The most widely used preventive measure is iodopovidone (99%) administration, and the second most used involves Steri-Drape (94%). Ninety-nine percent use prophylactic topical antibiotic treatment, while 63% prefer its systemic use and, 27%, intracamerular injections. Seventy-three percent of surgeons surveyed use corneal incisions; 61% make 2.8-mm incisions; and 14%, 2.2-mm incisions. A minority of them suture the corneal wound. Conclusions: A relatively low number of ophthalmologists answered the survey. Data thus obtained are comparable to those reported in European countries. The fact of operating on 30 cataract cases per month, use of intracamerular antibiotics, use of a single dose of systemic antibiotics, performing a 2.8-mm incision, use of an injector for IOL implantation, and failing to use sutures for wound closure, might be risk factors predisposing to the development of endophthalmitis.; Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as preferências dos cirurgiãos argentinos no uso perioperatório da cirurgia de cataratas para a prevenção de endoftalmite pós-cirúrgica. Métodos: No ano 2014, o Conselho Argentino de Oftalmologia realisou uma pesquisa online entre seus membros sobre os fatores de risco para endoftalmite. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, considerando uma diferença estatísticamente significativa a um valor p < 0,05. Resultados: Foram recebidas respostas de 5,7% dos oftalmologistas inquiridos. 63% dessas respostas foram de cirurgiãos de sexo masculino, entre 30 y 50 anos de idade. Deles, 78% realisa de 1 a 30 cirurgias por mês. A medida preventiva mais utilizada é iodopovidona (99%), apoiada pelo Steri-Drape (94%). 99% utiliza antibiótico profilaxia tópica, entanto que 63% prefere seu uso sistêmico e 27%, seu uso intracamerular. 73% dos inquiridos utiliza incisão corneana; 61%, com incisão de 2,8 mm; e de 2,2 mm, 14% dos casos. A sutura da ferida corneal é realizada pela minoria dos inquiridos. Conclusões: a participação dos médicos oftalmologista na pesquisa foi relativamente baixa. Os dados obtidos são comparáveis com países europeus. Operar mais de 30 cataratas por mês, o uso de antibióticos intracamerulares, a utilização de dose única de antibiótico sistêmico, o uso de incisão de 2.8 mm, implantar a LIO com injetor e não utilizar ponto no fechamento da ferida, poderiam ser fatores de risco que predispõem ao desenvolvimento de endoftalmite.

Systemic effects of Subtilase cytotoxin produced by Escherichia coli O113:H21 Seyahian, Erika Abril; Oltra, Gisela; Ochoa, Federico Claudio; Melendi, Santiago Ezequiel; Hermes, Ricardo; Paton, James; Paton, Adrienne; Lago, Néstor R.; Castro-Parodi, Mauricio Omar; Damiano, Alicia Ermelinda; Ibarra, Cristina Adriana; Zotta, Elsa Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) is a member of the AB5 cytotoxin family and is produced by certain strains of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli. The toxin is known to be lethal to mice, but the pathological mechanisms that contribute to Uremic Hemolytic Syndrome (HUS) are poorly understood. In this study we show that intraperitoneal injection of a sublethal dose of SubAB in rats triggers a systemic response, with ascitic fluid accumulation, heart hypertrophy and damage to the liver, colon and kidney. SubAB treated rats presented microalbuminuria 20 days post inoculation. At this time we found disruption of the glomerular filtration barrier and alteration of the protein reabsorption mechanisms of the proximal tubule. In the kidney, SubAB also triggered an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (Wuyts et al., 1996). These findings indicate that apart from direct cytotoxic effects on renal tissues, SubAB causes significant damage to the other organs, with potential consequences for HUS pathogenesis. Importance Uremic Hemolytic Syndrome is an endemic disease in Argentina, with over 400 hundred new cases each year. We have previously described renal effects of Shiga Toxin and its ability to alter renal protein handling. Bearing in mind that Subtilase Cytotoxin is an emerging pathogenic factor, that it is not routinely searched for in patients with HUS, and that to the date its systemic effects have not been fully clarified we decided to study both its systemic effects, and its renal effects to assess whether SubAB could be contributing to pathology seen in children.

Marxismo, Cultura y Antropología: los aportes de Gramsci, Thompson y Williams; Marxism, culture and anthropology: Gramsci, Thompson and Williams’s contributions Liaudat, María Dolores En las últimas décadas, con el desarrollo de la hegemoní­a neoliberal, el marxismo ha ido perdiendo terreno en los ámbitos académicos. Una de las formas en que los ideólogos de los sectores dominantes han defenestrado al marxismo ha sido reproduciendo una visión vulgarizada del mismo que lo reduce a una teorí­a de la determinación económica. En este trabajo nos proponemos recuperar el pensamiento de tres referentes del marxismo (Gramsci, Thompson y Williams) que han abonado a una perspectiva crí­tica dentro del mismo haciendo énfasis en los estudios culturales. A su vez indagamos en la relación de sus pensamientos con la disciplina que tiene como objeto de estudio la cultura: la antropologí­a. A través de la revisión bibliográfica desarrollamos dos planos de análisis. Por un lado, los núcleos de debate de estos autores con el economicismo marxista, los puntos en común y las diferencias entre ellos, y sus principales aportes conceptuales en la construcción de un marxismo crí­tico. Por otro lado, desarrollamos la influencia de Gramsci en la antropologí­a, qué lecturas se han hecho de este autor en la misma, el papel que jugó el marxismo británico en esas lecturas y los aportes especí­ficos que puede realizar la antropologí­a en la construcción de un marxismo no economicista.; In recent decades, with the neoliberal hegemony development, Marxism has been losing importance in academic circles. One of the way that dominant sectors ideologues have ousted Marxism was by playing a vulgarized same vision of reducing him to an economic´s theory determination. In this paper we propose to recover the three referents of Marxism (Gramsci, Thompson and Williams) thoughts who have subscribed to a critical perspective within the same emphasis on cultural studies. Besides we inquire into the relationship between their thoughts and the discipline that aims to study culture: anthropology. Through the literature review we developed two analysis levels. On one side, the discussions points of these authors with Marxist economism, the commonalities and differences between them and their main conceptual contributions in the construction of a critical Marxism. On the other side, we develop the influence of Gramsci in anthropology, which interpretations have been made by this author?, the role played by the British Marxism in these interpretations and the specific contributions that anthropology could make to build Marxism not economicist.

Multiphase Characterization of Cu-In-Sn Alloys with 17 at.% Cu and Comparison with Calculated Phase Equilibria Tumminello, Silvana Deisy Paulina; del Negro, Nicolás Ezequiel; Carrascal, Camila Nerea; Fries, S. G.; Alonso, Paula Regina; Sommadossi, Silvana Andrea Cu-In-Sn alloys are among the suggested materials to replace Pb-Sn alloys traditionally used in joining processes by the electronic industry. Thorough thermodynamic understanding is required for the selection/design of adequate and efficient alloys for specific applications. Understanding the effects that high cost elements such as In have on microstructure and phase stability is imperative for industrial use. In this work ternary alloys were prepared by melting high purity elements (5N) for selected compositions of the 17 at.% Cu isopleth, and cooling down to reproduce process conditions. Chemical composition was determined using scanning electron microscopy equipped with electron probe microanalysis. Measurements of transition temperatures were done by heat-flux differential scanning calorimetry. We present a comprehensive comparison between our experimental results and phase diagram calculations using Liu et al. (J Electron Mater 30:1093, 2001) thermodynamic description based in the CALPHAD method, available in the literature.

Botruanthus mexicanus (Cnidaria: Ceriantharia), a new species of tube-dwelling anemone from the Gulf of Mexico Stampar, Sergio; González Muñoz, Ricardo Enrique; Morandini, André C. A second tube-dwelling anemone species of the genus Botruanthus (Cnidaria: Ceriantharia), B. mexicanus sp. nov., was observed in the Veracruz Reef System (1 m depth), Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico, and is described herein. To date, the recorded range of Botruanthus has been restricted to the Pacific Ocean. This new species is the first of this genus reported from the Atlantic Ocean. The number of tentacles,the number of mesenteries attached to the siphonoglyph, and the size of P2 mesentery permit a decisive distinction from Botruanthus benedeni. Some comments are provided, nonetheless, on the difference between Botrucnidifer andBotruanthus, the only two genera of the family Botrucnidiferidae.

A colorimetric iron sensor based on the partition of phenanthroline complexes into polymeric hydrogels: Combinatorial synthesis and high throughput screening of the hydrogel matrix Martínez, María Victoria; Rivarola, Claudia Rosana; Miras, María Cristina; Barbero, César Alberto A combinatorial library of hydrogels is produced by radical polymerization and tested for retention of iron (II) complexes, using a simple colorimetric high throughput screening (HTS). Six acrylamide monomers are used to produce a library of 21 cross-linked hydrogel matrixes. The swelling of all hydrogels is determined and related with the structure of each monomer unit present. The HTS shows that some materials are able to retain the tris(phenanthroline)iron(II) (Fe(Phen)32+) complex. The partition coefficient of Fe(H2O)62+ and Fe(Phen)32+ in all hydrogels is determined by UV–vis spectrophotometry and related with the presence of anionic (e.g. −SO3−), hydrophobic (e.g. isopropyl) and hydrophilic (e.g. −NH2 of acrylamide) groups. Hydrogels with sulfonic (−SO3−) groups show large values of partition coefficients of Fe2+ into the hydrogel (>500). Based on the data and HTS, poly(acrylamide-co-50%(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropansulfonic acid)) (PAAm-co-50%AMPS) is selected to build a colorimetric sensor. Since the phenanthroline could be released from the hydrogel, bathophenanthroline (BPhen) which is not released is used as ligand. The hydrogel is loaded with BPhen and exposed to Fe2+ in water. The visual detection of color gives a detection limit of 0.1 ppm. Little interference of different common ions is found. A special set-up is made which allows spectrophotometric measurement of the complex inside the gel. The detection limit is found to be of ca. 0.01 ppm by spectrophotometry. Using the sensor, the iron content in milk is measured directly demonstrating the use of the sensor to measure free iron in opaque liquids where solution spectrophotometry is not effective without complex sample pretreatments. The non-covalent retention of ligands and complexes inside polymeric hydrogels seems to be a suitable method for building specific ion sensors.

Cuando los derechos humanos se constituyen en política de Estado: reconfiguración identitaria y nuevos escenarios de lucha; When human rights become public policy: reconfiguration of identities and new scenarios for struggle Barros, Mercedes María; Morales, María Virginia En este artículo analizamos la etapa de lucha y movilizaciónpor los derechos humanos que tuvo lugar durante la última década (2003-2015), poniendo especial énfasis en las reconfiguraciones que se produjeron en la dimensión identitaria de los organismos y en sus relaciones con el Estado, la ciudadanía y diferentes fuerzas sociales y políticas. Asimismo, nos proponemos brindar un primer abordaje de los efectos del fin del ciclo de los gobiernos Kirchneristas y de la nueva etapa de enfrentamiento con el Estado que ha comenzado a gestarse desde el mes de diciembre de 2015.; In this article we analyze the struggle and mobilization for Human Rights in Argentina during the last decade (2003-2015), with particular emphasis on the reconfigurations around the identity dimension of the organizations and regarding the relationships of these organizations with the State, with the rest of the citizenry and with different social and political forces. We also propose to provide a first approach to the effects of the end of the Kirchnerist governments cycle and the new stage of confrontation with the State which has begun to take shape since December 2015.

Espacios, fronteras y conflictos lingüístico-culturales. Representaciones de la e(in)migración italiana en la Argentina; Spaces, borders and linguistic-cultural conflicts. Representations of Italian en(in)migration in Argentina; Spazi, confini e conflitti linguistico-culturali. Rappresentazioni dell’e (in) migrazione italiana in Argentina Bravo Herrera, Fernanda Elisa Este trabajo se propone estudiar las representaciones de los conflictos lingüísticos y culturales provocados por la inmigración/emigración italiana en la Argentina. Se estudiarán textos, literarios y no, producidos en Argentina e Italia entre el siglo XIX y el XX. Se identificarán las diferentes posiciones ideológicas y las configuraciones sociales registradas en los discursos que determinaron la configuración política del Estado-Nación y del sujeto cultural. La lectura se apoyará en la crítica dialógica de Bajtin, en la Sociocrítica montpelleriana, en los estudios culturales y en la Literatura comparada; This paper aims to study the representations of linguistic and cultural conflicts caused by Italian immigration/emigration in Argentina. We will study texts, literary and not, produced in Argentina and Italy between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It will identify the different ideological positions and social configurations recorded in the speeches that determined the political configuration of the Nation-State and the cultural subject. The reading will be based on the Bakhtin’s Dialogic criticism, the Montpellerian Sociocritics, cultural studies and Comparative Literature.; Questo lavoro si propone di studiare le rappresentazioni di conflitti linguistici e culturali causati dalla immigrazione/emigrazione italiana in Argentina. Saranno studiati testi, letterari e non, prodotti in Argentina e in Italia tra i secoli XIX e XX. Si indicheranno le diverse posizioni ideologiche e le configurazioni sociali registrate nei discorsi che hanno determinato la struttura politica dello Stato-Nazione e del soggetto culturale. La lettura sarà supportata dalla critica dialogica di Bachtin, dalla sociocritica montpelleriana, dagli studi culturali e dalla letteratura comparata.

Lazo social y globalización: Las sociedades imaginales y un abordaje metodológico para su estudio; Social bond and globalization: The imaginal societies and a methodological approach for study Dipaola, Esteban Marcos El objetivo en el artículo es establecer dimensiones metodológicas para analizar las sociedades contemporáneas, vínculos y procesos de subjetivación, en sus relaciones con imágenes. Primeramente, entiendo la noción de imagen en sentido extendido a formas de apropiación social: las modas, consumos y gustos, diseños, tecnologías de comunicación y redes, etc. constituyen propiedades imaginales que intervienen sobre producciones normativas de prácticas sociales. Para concretar ese análisis general deben establecerse criterios acordes al objeto de estudio: se asume como objeto general de las ciencias sociales las relaciones (no el actor o el sistema), asumiendo las lógicas discursivas de lo social. Finalmente, se proponen especificidades metodológicas, entendiendo la interdisciplinariedad y la transdisciplinariedad como fundamentales. El trabajo sobre lo imaginal, es decir, acerca de la indiscernibilidad entre lo social y las imágenes, implica un abordaje de superposiciones de capas, cuestionando esencialismos y binarismos.; The objective in the article is to establish methodological dimensions to analyze contemporary societies, links and processes of subjectivation, in their relations with images. First, I understand the notion of image in an extended sense to forms of social appropriation: fashions, consumption and tastes, designs, communication technologies and networks, are imaginals properties that intervene in normative productions of social practices. To achieve this general analysis, criteria must be established according to the object of study: the relations (not the actor or the system) are assumed as the general object of the social sciences, assuming the discursive logics of the social. Finally, we propose methodological specificities, understanding interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity as fundamental. The work on the imaginal, that is, on the indiscernibility between the social and the images, implies an approach of layered overlays, questioning essentialisms and binarisms.