Nutritional status and dietary habits of the population of the Calchaqui Valleys of Tucumán, Argentina Bassett, Maria Natalia; Romaguera, Dora; Samman, Norma Cristina Objective: To assess the nutritional status and dietary habits of the adult population of the Calchaqui Valleys of Tucuman. Methods: A cross-sectional nutritional survey that included one 24-h recall, a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements was conducted in a representative sample of 113 adult participants. Pregnant and lactating women were excluded. Overweight and obesity were assessed according to body mass index, and the percentage of individuals with cardiovascular risk according to waist circumference and waist-to-hip circumference ratio was determined. Dietary habits were described according to the mean nutrient and food intakes of men and women. Results: Means ± standard deviations for total energy intake of men and women were 1856 ± 859 and 1589 ± 799 kcal/d, respectively. The average body mass indices of men and women were 26.8 and 26.7 kg/m 2, respectively. Thirty-seven percent of the population was overweight and 22.8% was obese, whereas 1.8% of the population was undernourished. Central adiposity was high (mean waist circumferences 99.8 and 87.3 cm in men and women, respectively). Conclusions: Despite the low average energy intake, the population under study showed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity and a high risk of cardiovascular disease according to the central adiposity values. These findings could be explained by the introduction of new high-energy foods and a sedentary lifestyle or the possibility that the biological characteristics of these individuals make them more predisposed to a rapid increase in adiposity.

Characterization of natural zeolite membranes for H2/CO2 separations by single gas permeation Hosseinzadeh Hejazi, S.A.; Avila, Adolfo María; Kuznicki, T.M.; Weizhu, A.; Kuznicki, S.M. Natural zeolite membranes can be used as a model for the development of robust molecular sieve membranes with superior separation characteristics. We describe the characterization of natural clinoptilolite membranes made from dense mineral deposits by single gas H2 and CO2 permeation. Permeability values as a function of temperature and pressure were analyzed on the basis of mass transport fundamentals of gas permeation through zeolite and nonzeolite pathways. H2 and CO2 fluxes through the membranes were fitted with a model based on a combination of zeolitic, Knudsen, and viscous transports so that the selective and nonselective flux fractions could be quantified. An increase in feed pressure increased the total permeance especially at low temperatures. The membranes were also characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDX analysis.

Sub-THz and Hα activity during the preflare and main phases of a Goes class M2 event Kaufmann, Pierre; Marcon, Rogério; Castro, C. Guillermo Giménez de; White, Stephen M.; Raulin, Jean Pierre; Correia, Emilia; Fernandes, Luis Olavo; Souza, Rodney V. de; Godoy, Rodolfo Alfredo; Marun, Adolfo Hector; Pereyra, Pablo Florencio Radio and optical observations of the evolution of flare-associated phenomena have shown an initial and rapid burst at 0.4 THz only followed subsequently by a localized chromospheric heating producing an Hα brightening with later heating of the whole active region. A major instability occurred several minutes later producing one impulsive burst at microwaves only, associated with an M2.0 GOES X-ray flare that exhibited the main Hα brightening at the same site as the first flash.The possible association between long-enduring time profiles at soft X-rays, microwaves, Hα, and sub-THz wavelengths is discussed. In the decay phase, the Hα movie shows a disrupting magnetic arch structure ejecting dark, presumably chromospheric, material upward. The time sequence of events suggests genuine interdependent and possibly non-thermal instabilities triggering phenomena, with concurrent active region plasma heating and material ejection.

Similarity in parasite community structure may be used to trace latitudinal migrations of Odontesthes smitti along Argentinean coasts Carballo, María Cecilia; Cremonte, Florencia; Navone, Graciela Teresa; Timi, Juan Tomas The aims of this study were to determine the existence of migratory movements and to identify ecological stocks of the silverside Odontesthes smitti along its distribution in the Southern Atlantic Ocean, using metazoan parasites as biological tags. Samples were obtained from San José Gulf (SJ) (42° 25′ S; 64° 07′ W) and Nuevo Gulf (NG) (42° 47′ S; 65° 02′ W) in north Patagonia during winter and summer and in waters of Mar del Plata (MDP) (38° 03′ S; 57° 32′ W), Bonaerense region, during winter. Fifteen parasite species were collected. Multivariate statistical procedures on parasite community data showed strong effect of host size on the structure of parasite assemblages. Taking into account the variations among samples due to host size, the differential structure of parasite communities between SJ and NG suggests that fish inhabiting these localities could belong to different ecological stocks. Fish from MDP and SJ caught in summer showed similar composition in their parasite assemblages, which is congruent with a migratory cycle that implies that fish caught in MDP during winter inhabit SJ during summer. Further evidence of the Patagonian origin of MDP O. smitti is the presence of the digenean Proctotrema bartolii in fish from both regions. Proctotrema bartolii is acquired by O. smitti only in the Magellanic province, where its intermediate host, Darina solenoides, is distributed. The analyses suggest that O. smitti inhabiting north Patagonian gulfs could belong to different ecological stocks and that O. smitti caught in MDP could have come from SJ.

In vivo effect of three fractions of Larrea divaricata Cav. (jarilla) on the innate immune system: macrophage response against Candida albicans Martino, Renzo Fabricio; Davicino, Roberto Carlos; Mattar, María Aída; Casali, Yolanda A.; Correa, Silvia Graciela; Micalizzi, Blas Larrea divaricata Cav. (jarilla) is a plant with well-documented applications in folk medicine in Argentina. In this study, we aimed to evaluate functional parameters of peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice injected with three fractions (F1, F2 and F3) of L. divaricata. The response of macrophages against Candida albicans was evaluated. Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, apoptosis was evaluated using Giemsa, acridine orange/ethidium bromide and ladder assay, oxidative burst was assayed using nitroblue tetrazolium test and nitrite production using Griess assay. Cell stimulation and their ability to kill C. albicans in vitro were measured. The number and cell viability were similar to controls. However, we found that F1 induces pre-activation of macrophages, and this pre-activation is enhanced by C. albicans. The effects exerted by F1 make it more important than F2 and F3 for the treatment of disseminated candidiasis in patients with immunodeficiency diseases such as AIDS and chronic granulomatous disease, among others.

"Me fui detrás de los obreros cantando": poesía, historia y revolución en Todos bailan de Raúl González Tuñón; "I went behind the workers singing": poetry, history and revolution in Todos bailan by Raúl González Tuñón Alle, María Fernanda En 1935 Raúl González Tuñón publica Todos bailan, un poemario a partir del cual se puede leer un cambio en la imagen de escritor que el autor construye en sus textos. Si bien muchos de los aspectos de esta imagen ya estaban contenidos en sus libros de la década anterior, su afiliación al Partido Comunista en 1934 y el rol de intelectual que asume, interviniendo desde diversos periódicos y revistas en los acontecimientos políticos de su tiempo, involucran un nuevo modo de pensar la poesía en relación con los imperativos revolucionarios y una imagen de escritor ligada a una moral de la escritura.; In 1935, Raúl González Tuñón published Todos bailan, a collection of poems that accounts for a new writer's image, which the author built up in his texts. Although many aspects of such an image were already present in his previous books, his affiliation to the Communist Party in 1934 and the role of intellectual he assumed when expressing his opinion about current political affairs in diverse newspapers and magazines, expose a new thinking of poetry in accordance with revolutionary essentials and a new writer's image related to a moral conception of writing.

1,n-Diamines. Part 4: synthesis of 1-aryl-2-alkyl-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1,3-diazocines Díaz, Jimena Estela; Gruber, Nadia; Orelli, Liliana Raquel In this Letter we present the synthesis of hitherto unreported 1-aryl-2-alkyl-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1,3-diazocines 1. Cyclic amidines 1 were synthesized by PPSE promoted ring closure of N-acyl-N0-arylpentamethylenediamines 2. The cyclodehydration reaction was performed under microwave irradiation in solvent-free conditions. Precursors 2 were prepared by selective functionalization of N-arylcadaverines 3.

An Antibody-based Multifaceted Approach Targeting the Human Transferrin Receptor for the Treatment of B-cell Malignancies Daniels, Tracy R.; Ortiz Sanchez, Elizabeth; Luria Pérez, Rosendo; Quintero, Rafaela; Helguera, Gustavo Fernando; Bonavida, Benjamin; Martinez Maza, Otoniel; Penichet, Manuel L. We previously developed an antibody-avidin fusion protein (ch128.1Av) targeting the human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1, also known as CD71), which demonstrates direct in vitro cytotoxicity against malignant hematopoietic cells. This cytotoxicity is attributed to its ability to decrease the level of TfR1 leading to lethal iron deprivation. We now report that ch128.1Av shows the ability to bind the Fc γ receptors and the complement component C1q, suggesting that it is capable of eliciting Fcmediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. In addition, in 2 disseminated multiple myeloma xenograft mouse models, we show that a single dose of ch128.1Av results in significant antitumor activity, including long-term survival. It is interesting to note that the parental antibody without avidin (ch128.1) also shows remarkable in vivo anticancer activity despite its limited in vitro cytotoxicity. Finally, we demonstrate that ch128.1Av is not toxic to pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cells using the long-term cell-initiating culture assay suggesting that these important progenitors would be preserved in different therapeutic approaches, including the in vitro purging of cancer cells for autologous transplantation and in vivo passive immunotherapy. Our results suggest that ch128.1Av and ch128.1 may be effective in the therapy of human multiple myeloma and potentially other hematopoietic malignancies.

Aumento de los depósitos de hierro y su relación con la enfermedad cardiovascular; Increased iron store and its relationship with cardiovascular disease Meroño, Tomás; Sorroche, Patricia; Brites, Fernando Daniel En los últimos años, se ha avanzado considerablemente en el control de varios de los denominados factores de riesgo aterogénico tradicionales, a pesar de lo cual la incidencia de la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) continúa siendo elevada. Entre las diversas condiciones asociadas a ECV, podría ubicarse también a la sobrecarga de hierro. Su estudio ha cobrado relevancia desde que se planteó la ?hipótesis del hierro?, la cual postula que bajos niveles de hierro ejercerían un efecto protector del sistema cardiovascular. No obstante, hasta el presente, los resultados de los estudios diseñados para probar esta hipótesis han sido controversiales. Por otro lado, se lograron numerosos avances en el conocimiento del metabolismo del hierro a partir del descubrimiento de la hormona reguladora hepcidina. Los estudios sobre las funciones fisiológicas de esta hormona permitieron elaborar nuevas hipótesis que explican los resultados de los estudios clínicos anteriormente concebidos como contradictorios. El objetivo de la presente actualización es exponer, a razón de los últimos avances sobre la regulación del metabolismo del hierro y su vinculación con la inflamación, el estado actual del conocimiento sobre el posible rol del exceso de hierro como factor de riesgo de ECV.; In the last years, great advance has been achieved in the control of several of the classic atherogenic risk factors; nonetheless, the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) still remains high. Among the disorders which are associated with CVD, increased iron stores have been described as one of them. Its study gained relevance since the “iron hypothesis”, which postulates that low iron levels exert a protective effect on cardiovascular system, was elaborated. In spite of the numerous studies carried out to test this hypothesis, the results have been controversial. On the other hand, much knowledge regarding iron metabolism has been gained since the description of the regulatory hormone, hepcidin. The studies on hepcidin physiologic functions allowed the elaboration of new hypothesis that could explain the results formerly conceived as inconsistent. The aim of the present review is to describe, in light of the newest advances in iron metabolism regulation and its association with inflammation, the current state of knowledge regarding the possible role of iron overload as a risk factor of CVD.

Lethal iron deprivation induced by non-neutralizing antibodies targeting transferrin receptor 1 in malignant B cells Rodríguez, José A.; Luria Pérez, Rosendo; López Valdés, Héctor E.; Casero, David; Daniels, Tracy R.; Patel, Shabnum; Avila, David; Leuchter, Richard; So, Sokuntheavy; Ortiz Sánchez, Elizabeth; Bonavida, Benjamin; Martínez Maza, Otoniel; Charles, Andrew C.; Pellegrini, Matteo; Helguera, Gustavo Fernando; Penichet, Manuel L. A number of antibodies have been developed that induce lethal iron deprivation (LID) by targeting the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1/CD71) and either neutralizing transferrin (Tf) binding, blocking internalization of the receptor and/or inducing its degradation. We have developed recombinant antibodies targeting human TfR1 (ch128.1 and ch128.1Av), which induce receptor degradation and are cytotoxic to certain malignant B-cells. We now show that internalization of TfR1 bound to these antibodies can lead to its sequestration and degradation, as well as reduced Tf uptake, and the induction of a transcriptional response consistent with iron deprivation, which is mediated in part by downstream targets of p53. Cells resistant to these antibodies do not sequester and degrade TfR1 after internalization of the antibody/receptor complex, and accordingly maintain their ability to internalize Tf. These findings are expected to facilitate the rational design and clinical use of therapeutic agents targeting iron import via TfR1 in hematopoietic malignancies.

Evaluation of the acute dermal exposure of the ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira L. in rats Bras, Cristina Liliana; Gumilar, Fernanda Andrea; Gandini, Norberto Ariel; Minetti, Silvia Alejandra; Ferrero, Adriana Alicia Ethnopharmacological relevance: Schinus molle var. areira L. (Anacardiaceae) is employed in herbal medicine for many conditions, including respiratory, urinary and menstrual disorders, and as a digestive stimulant, diuretic, astringent and antidepressant. It is also known for its topical use as wound healer, antiseptic, for skin disorders and as repellent and insecticide. In the present work, the acute dermal exposure to ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira was studied in rats. Materials and methods: A single dose of 2000 mg/kg of body weight of ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves was applied on the shaved skin of male and female rats. After 24 h of exposure, the patch was removed and any sign of irritation was recorded. Behavioral and functional parameters in a functional observational battery and motor activity in an open field were assessed after the exposure to the extracts. Then, after 14 days of observation, animals were retested. Finally, histopathological studies were conducted on several organs. Results: Slight signs of erythema and edema were observed in the skin site of exposure, but they disappeared after 48 h. The exposure to the hexanic extract produced an increase in parameters of activity, rearing and arousal assessed in the functional observational battery, which reversed after 14 days. On the other hand, the ethanolic extract caused an increase in locomotor activity, reflected in a higher number of rearings performed in the open field in the evaluation carried out on Day 14. No histopathological alterations were detected in the analyzed organs. Conclusions: The results show that the acute dermal exposure of the ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira only causes a slight and reversible skin irritation, and a mild stimulatory effect in rats. All these indicate that the topical use of these extracts would be safe.

Expression differential of microsomal and cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases in Fasciola hepatica resistant at triclabendazole Scarcella, Silvana Andrea; Lamenza, Pamela; Virkel, Guillermo Leon; Solana, Hugo Daniel In the present work, we evaluate in vitro the cytosolic and microsomal activity of glutathione-S-transferases in adults of Fasciola hepatica susceptible (Cullompton Strain) and resistant (Sligo Strain) to triclabendazole. The triclabendazole resistant (Sligo) fluke expressed significant major metabolic activity of glutathione-S-transferases compared to that measured in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions obtained from susceptible flukes (Cullompton Strain). The results associated with previous data where the Sligo Strain overexpress Flavin Monooxigenase confirm a multienzymatic response involving more than one metabolic pathway.

Fatty acid profiles of varietal virgin olive oils (Olea europaea L.) from mature orchards in warm arid valleys of Northwestern Argentina (La Rioja); Perfiles de ácidos grasos de aceites de oliva virgen (Olea europaea L.) de huertos en plena producción en los valles cálidos áridos del noroeste de Argentina (La Rioja) Rondanini, Deborah Paola; Castro, Diego Nicolas; Searles, Peter Stoughton; Rousseaux, Maria Cecilia The olive industry in Northwestern Argentina has experienced substantial growth during the past two decades to produce virgin olive oil for export. To assess the fatty acid profiles of the main varietal olive oils, 563 oil samples from 17 varieties cultivated in the province of La Rioja were analyzed from 2005-2008. Olive varieties were ranked according to oleic acid content as low (<55%; Arbequina, Arauco), intermediate (55-65%; Barnea, Frantoio) or high (>65%; Manzanilla, Empeltre, Leccino, Coratina, Changlot, Picual). Using data from this study and the literature, the fatty acid composition of Spanish (Arbequina, Picual) and Italian (Coratina, Frantoio) varieties indicated consistently lower oleic acid contents when grown in NW Argentina versus the Mediterranean. For Arbequina, the oleic content decreased with increasing temperature during oil accumulation (-2% per °C). The classification of varieties should be useful in the selection of virgin olive oils for corrective blending and for choosing varieties for new orchards in order to meet IOOC requirements. The differences in fatty acid composition between NW Argentina and the Mediterranean Basin are most likely to be related to a genotype produced by environmental interaction, and the negative effect of the high seasonal mean temperature during oil accumulation will need further research.; La industria oleícola del noroeste de Argentina creció sustancialmente durante las últimas dos décadas para producir aceite de oliva virgen exportable. Para evaluar el perfil de ácidos grasos de los principales aceites varietales, se analizaron 563 muestras de aceite de 17 variedades en la provincia de La Rioja durante 2005-2008. Las variedades se clasificaron de acuerdo a su contenido de ácido oleico en bajo (55%; Arbequina, Arauco), medio (55-65%; Barnea, Frantoio), o alto (65%; Manzanilla, Empeltre, Leccino, Coratina, Changlot, Picual). Utilizando datos de este trabajo y de la literatura, los aceites de variedades de origen español (Arbequina y Picual) e italiano (Coratina y Frantoio) mostraron consistentemente menor contenido de ácido oleico cuando crecieron en el noroeste de Argentina versus el Mediterráneo. Para Arbequina, el contenido de oleico disminuyó con la temperatura durante la síntesis y acumulación lipídica (22 % por °C). La clasificación varietal por acido oleico debe ser útil para seleccionar aceites para mezclas correctivas y variedades para futuras plantaciones que cumplan con la normativa del COI. Diferencias en los perfiles de ácidos grasos entre el noroeste de Argentina y el Mediterráneo indican una interacción genotipo x ambiente, y el efecto negativo de la alta temperatura media estacional durante la síntesis de lípidos requerirá mayor investigación.

Medios masivos de comunicación y calidad de vida; Mass media and quality of life Fair, Hernán El texto que sigue aborda la relación existente entre los medios y la sociedad. Analiza el poder político y económico de estas empresas, y su habilidad de construir la agenda, de modo tal que contribuyen a reforzar el status quo de las ideas preexistentes acerca de determinado tema sociocultural y político, afectando la Calidad de vida de los ciudadanos.; The following text approaches the relationship established between media and society. It analyzes the politic and economic power of these enterprises, and their ability to buil the agenda, so they contribute to streghten the preexistent ideas about sociocultural and political issues, affecting the citizens’ Quality of life.

El poder: continuidades y rupturas. Una aproximación a la teoría de Norbert Elias para las sociedades “nuevas” Blacha, Luis Ernesto La perspectiva figuracional de Norbert Elias concibe la relación individuo-sociedad como un proceso que es constituido y reconstituido dentro de un contexto mediado por relaciones de poder. Los procesos de psico y sociogénesis permiten vislumbrar esta interrelación a la vez que resaltan continuidades y rupturas en las “formas de hacer” lo social. El poder que media los vínculos entre los individuos y la red de interacciones que constituye lo social, puede ser conceptualizado como una potencialidad que no tiene por qué ser necesariamente ejercida. Se propone una relectura de la obra de Norbert Elias a la luz del enfoque tridimensional de Steven Lukes que permitirá comprender la realidad social de las sociedades del Nuevo Mundo desde una perspectiva de poder en donde se resalten continuidades y rupturas en el entramado social. El presente artículo supone una redefinición de la tensión planteada por Vilfredo Pareto, a principios del siglo XX, entre el “instinto por las combinaciones” y la “persistencia de los conglomerados”. La continuidad de esta preocupación analítica por la interdependencia entre lo “nuevo” y lo “ya establecido” tiene una importancia destacada en la sociología contemporánea.

El cuerpo penitenciario Mouzo, Karina Gabriela El presente artículo es producto de nuestra tesis de doctorado en la que, a partir del pensamiento de Michel Foucault, indaga-mos acerca de los modos de objetivación y de subjetivación de los funcionarios de las prisiones del Servicio Penitenciario Federal –en adelante SPF– en la Argentina actual. Es decir, reflexionamos acerca de los procesos mediante los cuales los penitenciarios se asumen y se reconocen como tales. Allí nos interesamos por el modo en que desde el “discurso penitenciario” se reclama un cuerpo que debe portar ciertos atributos, que debe so-portar distintas presiones, que debe obedecer órdenes y enfrentarse al peligro.

Guerra aérea, modernismo y artes visuales: contra el Guernica Fernandez, Jose El desarrollo de la guerra contemporánea y las tensiones estéticas del modernismo poseen algunos vínculos que pueden iluminar ambas realidades. Este artículo pretende señalar algunos de esos vínculos a partir del caso concreto de una de las obras políticas más importantes del siglo XX, el Guernica de Picasso. Un análisis de los bombardeos aéreos respaldado en las teorías de Carl Schmitt se combina aquí con una caracterización de la obra de arte moderna como sometida a un campo de fuerzas a la vez estético y político, tal como lo plantea Adorno en su Teoría estética. Esta combinación de perspectivas permite clarificar mejor las distintas reacciones que ha suscitado el cuadro a lo largo del tiempo, y aquí se atiende en particular a un excepcional libelo del artista Antonio Saura escrito en ocasión del regreso del Guernica a Madrid. Las antiguas relaciones de la guerra con el arte pueden ser reconsideradas atendiendo a las transformaciones radicales de la tecnología y a las revoluciones de las vanguardias.; Contemporary war and the aesthetic tensions of Modernism have some common traits that might illuminate each other’s reality. This article tries to point out some of those characteristics by analyzing a concrete case, Picasso’s Guernica, considered one of the most important examples of political art of the XXth. Century. A political analysis of air bombing based on the theories of Carl Schmitt is combined here with the consideration the Modern work of art as being situated in a field of forces, as Adorno stated in his Aesthetic Theory. This combination of perspectives allows a better clarification of Guernica’s difficult reception along the time. This article pays particular attention to an odd writing by the Spanish artist Antonio Saura, where he recorded his reactions when Guernica arrived in Madrid. The old relationship between war an art could be thought again considering the radical transformations of technology and the revolutions of the artistic avant-garde.

La edad de la inocencia: Visiones islámica y cristiana hispano-medieval sobre la infancia Arroñada, Silvia Nora En este trabajo nos dedicamos a estudiar, a través de la lectura de distintas fuentes escritas, la visión que sobre la niñez tenían los grupos cristianos y musulmanes de la Península Ibérica durante la Edad Media. Consideraremos aspectos de la vida infantil como el nacimiento, las figuras que influyen en los primeros momentos de sus vidas, la crianza, la educación, la salud y la muerte, y veremos los puntos en común y de enriquecimiento mutuo entre las dos culturas. Rescataremos también las diferencias que se plantean en determinados temas de acuerdo al punto de vista religioso y cultural de cada grupo en particular.

A fluorescent reporter protein containing AtRMR1 domains is targeted to the storage and central vacuoles in Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco leaf cells Scabone, Camila Maria; Frigerio, Lorenzo; Petruccelli, Silvana To develop a new strategy to target recombinant proteins to the vacuolar storage system in transgenic plants, the ability of the transmembrane and cytosolic domains of Arabidopsis receptor homology-transmembrane-RING H2-1 (AtRMR1) was evaluated. A secreted version of RFP (secRFP) and a fusion of it to the transmembrane and cytosolic domains of AtRMR1 (RFP-TMCT) were produced and studied both in transient and stable expression assays. Transient expression in leaves of Nicotiana tabacum showed that secRFP is secreted to the apoplast while its fusion to TMCT of AtRMR1 is sufficient to prevent secretion of the reporter. In tobacco leaves, RFP-TMCT reporter showed an endoplasmic reticulum pattern in early expression stages while in late expression stages, it was found in the vacuolar lumen. For the first time, the role of TM and CT domains of AtRMR1 in stable expression in Arabidopsis thaliana is presented; the fusion of TMCT to secRFP is sufficient to sort RFP to the lumen of the central vacuoles in leaves and roots and to the lumen of PSV in cotyledons of mature embryos. In addition, biochemical studies performed in extract from transgenic plants showed that RFP-TMCT is an integral membrane protein. Full-length RFP-TMCT was also found in the vacuolar lumen, suggesting internalization into destination vacuole. Not colocalization of RFP-TMCT with tonoplast and plasma membrane markers were observed. This membrane vacuolar determinant sorting signal could be used for future application in molecular pharming as an alternative means to sort proteins of interest to vacuoles.

1,n-Diamines. Part 3: Microwave-assisted synthesis of N-acyl-N′-arylhexahydropyrimidines and hexahydro-1,3-diazepines Bisceglia, Juan Angel; Díaz, Jimena Estela; Torres, Romina Alejandra; Orelli, Liliana Raquel In this Letter we present a method for the synthesis of N-acyl-N´-arylhexahydropyrimidines 1, by ring closure of N-acyl-N´-aryl-1,3-propanediamines 3 with formaldehyde. Cyclodehydrations were performed in aqueous medium under microwave irradiation, and led to high yields of the desired compounds in remarkably short reaction times. The method also allowed for the synthesis of hitherto unreported N-acyl-N´-arylhexahydro-1,3-diazepines 2. The acyclic tetramethylenic precursors 4 were synthesized by selective functionalization of N-arylputrescines.