Novel LysM motifs for antigen display on lactobacilli for mucosal immunization Raya Tonetti, María Fernanda; Müller, Melisa Florencia; Sacur, Jacinto Alfredo; Kitazawa, Haruki; Villena, Julio Cesar; Vizoso Pinto, María Guadalupe We characterized two LysM domains of Limosilactobacillus fermentum, belonging to proteins Acglu (GenBank: KPH22907.1) and Pgb (GenBank: KPH22047.1) and bacterium like particles (BLP) derived from the immunomodulatory strain Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IBL027 (BLPs027) as an antigen display platform. The fluorescence protein Venus fused to the novel LysM domains could bind to the peptidoglycan shell of lactobacilli and resisted harsh conditions such as high NaCl and urea concentrations. Acglu with five LysM domains was a better anchor than Pgb baring only one domain. Six-week-old BALB/c mice were nasally immunized with the complex Venus-Acglu-BLPs027 at days 0, 14 and 28. The levels of specific serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a and the levels of total immunoglobulins (IgT) and IgA in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) were evaluated ten days after the last boosting. Venus-Acglu-BLPs027, nasally administered, significantly increased specific BAL IgT and IgA, and serum IgG levels. In addition, spleen cells of mice immunized with Venus-Acglu-BLPs027 secreted TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4 when stimulated ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner. We constructed a Gateway compatible destination vector to easily fuse the selected LysM domain to proteins of interest for antigen display to develop mucosal subunit vaccines.

Scope and limitations of a multiplex conventional PCR for the diagnosis of S. stercoralis and hookworms Fleitas, Pedro Emanuel; Vargas Flores, Paola Andrea; Caro, Reynaldo Nicolás; Almazán, María Cristina; Echazú, Adriana; Juarez, Marisa del Valle; Cajal, Silvana Pamela; Krolewiecki, Alejandro Javier; Nasser, Julio Rubén; Cimino, Rubén Oscar Objectives: Describe the diagnostic characteristics of a conventional multiplex PCR for the diagnosis of S. stercoralis, N. americanus and Ancylostomas spp. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from a cross-sectional study in Oran department, Salta province, Argentina. The stool samples were analyzed using concentration-sedimentation, Harada Mori, McMaster, and Baermann techniques. DNA was extracted from 50 mg fecal sample using the FastPrep Spin Kit for Soil. Three pairs of primers were used for the amplification of three products of 101, 330, and 577 base pairs (bp) for S. stercoralis, N. americanus and Ancylostoma spp, respectively. The sensitivity and analytical specificity of multiplex PCR were evaluated, as well as the sensitivity and diagnostic specificity, using a composite standard and Bayesian approach. Results and Conclusions: Multiplex PCR did not present cross-reaction with other intestinal parasites, and the detection limit for multiplex PCR was between 2 and 20 pg of genomic DNA. In addition it presented a diagnostic sensitivity of 97.4% for S. stercoralis and 90.3% for hookworms with a specificity of 100% and 87.6%, respectively. PCR identified a higher proportion (p <0.01) of coinfections (15.3%) than microscopic techniques (3.5%). Also, multiplex PCR showed that there was a positive association between S. stercoralis and hookworms (odds ratio = 2.12). However, this association was due to N. americanus (odds ratio= 3.22), since no association was observed between S. stercoralis and Ancylostoma spp. Neither was an association observed between the two species of hookworms.

Perfil sérico hormonal de un dispositivo intravaginal liberador de progesterona en ovejas; Evaluation of the serum hormonal profile with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device in sheep Gomez, M. V.; Soto, Andrés Telesforo; Migliorisi, Ana Lorena; Mestorino, Olga Nora; de la Sota, Rodolfo Luzbel Los dispositivos intravaginales (DIV) con 300 mg de progesterona (P4 ) pueden reutilizarse en los protocolos de sincronización en ovinos con una duración de hasta 7 días. La reutilización de DIV con menor concentración hormonal, así como estudios farmaco-cinéticos a través del análisis no compartimental de las concentraciones hormonales luego de la colocación de dispositivos de 1° o 2° uso no han sido descriptos previamente. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la utilización y reutilización de dispositivos intravaginales con una concentración inicial de 160 mg de P4 . Para ello se utilizaron 20 ovejas que conformaron cinco grupos: control (sin DIV), CIDN (DIV 300 mg P4 1° uso), CIDU (DIV 300 mg P4 2° uso), CRON (DIV 160 mg P4 1° uso) y CROU (DIV 300 mg P4 2° uso). Las valoraciones séricas hormonales se realizaron a través de radioinmunoensayo. La concentración máxima y el tiempo medio de residencia fueron similares entre CIDN Y CRON, en cambio CIDU presentó una concentración máxima y un tiempo medio de residencia mayor que CROU. Además, CROU presentó concentraciones séricas sub-luteales a partir de las 48 h de colocado y liberó un 68,5% menos de P4 que CIDU y un 72,5% menos que CRON. En base a los resultados obtenidos, la reutilización de DIV con menor concentración hormonal provocaría niveles sub-luteales que posiblemente afectarían la fertilidad.; Intravaginal devices (IVD) with 300 mg of progesterone (P4 ) can be reused in sheep synchronization protocols with a duration of up to 7 days. The reuse of IVD with lower hormonal concentration, as well as pharmaco-kinetic studies through non-compartmental analysis of hormonal concentrations after the insertion of 1st or 2nd use devices have not been described previously. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use and reuse of IVD with an initial concentration of 160 mg of P4 . For this, 20 sheep were used that made up five groups: control (without DIV), CIDN (IVD 300 mg P4 1st use), CIDU (IVD 300 mg P4 2nd use), CRON (IVD 160 mg P4 1st use), and CROU (IVD 300 mg P4 2nd use). Hormonal serum samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. The maximum concentration and the mean residence time were similar between CIDN and CRON, whereas CIDU presented a maximum concentration and a mean residence time greater than CROU. Also, CROU presented sub luteal serum concentrations 48 h after placement and released 68.5% less P4 than CIDU and 72.5% less than CRON. Based on the results obtained, the reuse of IVD with a lower hormonal concentration would cause sub luteal levels that could affect fertility

Age and petrogenesis of the beryl-bearing granitic magmatism of the Velasco Pegmatite District, Pampeana Province, NW Argentina Sardi, Fernando Guillermo; Marangone, Silvana Elizabeth; Fuenlabrada, José Manuel Two porphyritic granitoids (Huaco and Sanagasta) in the Velasco district of the Pampeana Pegmatite Province in Northwestern Argentina are recognized. They are considered the fertile granites of the beryl-bearing pegmatites and can be described as post-orogenic and peraluminous A-type granites formed in an intraplate tectonic setting during an extensive regime, whose magma source is predominantly of cortical origin and to a lesser extent, mantle-derived. The pegmatites are classified as Rare Elements of the beryl type and beryl-columbite-phosphate subtype, while the entire district shows characteristics related to the NYF (Nb-Y-F) petrogenetic family. From rocks and cogenetic minerals of an individual ‘Ismiango’ pegmatite of the Velasco district, two Rb/Sr isochrons have been constructed. They define an age of 330.3 ± 8.3 and 331.7 ± 2.3 Ma and fall in the Lower Carboniferous period, consistent with the age of the parental and host-rock, the Huaco granite. As the Ismiango pegmatite has a similar composition and structure to the other beryl mineralized pegmatites of the Velasco district, the obtained age is attributed extensively for the entire district. According to the initial 87Sr/86Sr value obtained of 0.713, the pegmatite-magmatism of the Velasco District might be mainly derived from the crust with some minor participation of mantle materials.

Ecosystem services and disservices associated with pastoral systems from Patagonia, Argentina – A review; Services écosystémiques et dis-services associés aux systèmes pastoraux de Patagonie, Argentine – Revue bibliographique Tittonell, Pablo; Hara, Sofía María; Alvarez, Valeria Esther; Aramayo, Valeria; Bruzzone, Octavio Augusto; Easdale, Marcos Horacio; Enriquez, Andrea Soledad; Laborda, Luciana; Trinco, Fabio Daniel; Villagra, Edgar Sebastián; El Mujtar, Verónica Andrea Pastoral systems worldwide secure rural livelihoods in the harshest environments on Earth. Their low productivity per area unit or head makes them the subject of much criticism with regard to their environmental impact, particularly in relation to global warming, desertification and land degradation. Such is the case of the traditional pastoral systems of Patagonia, a vast and isolated region where sedentary and mobile pastoralism coexist and contribute to shape landscapes and cultures. We argue that pastoral systems provide a wide range of ecosystem services that may compensate for their negative impact on the environment. We review the scarcely available evidence from Patagonia to identify ecosystem services and disservices associated with pastoralism, and pay special attention to the carbon balance: with C footprints between 10 to 40 kg CO2-eq.kg-1 carcass, pastoral systems in dry Patagonia are below or within the range of semi-extensive livestock systems worldwide (35-45 CO2-eq. kg-1 carcass). To inform development and policy, the assessment of trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services needs to incorporate the intertwined social and ecological dynamics of complex pastoral systems, along resource regenerative trajectories.; Les systèmes pastoraux du monde entier garantissent des moyens de subsistance aux ruraux dans les environnements les plus difficiles de la planète. Leur faible productivité par unité de surface ou par habitant suscite de nombreuses critiques quant à leur impact environnemental, notamment en relation avec le réchauffement climatique, la désertification et la dégradation des terres. C’est le cas des systèmes pastoraux traditionnels de Patagonie, une région vaste et isolée où le pastoralisme sédentaire et nomade coexistent et contribuent à façonner les paysages et les cultures. Nous soutenons que les systèmes pastoraux fournissent un large éventail de services écosystémiques qui peuvent compenser leur impact négatif sur l’environnement. Nous passons en revue les données disponibles sur la Patagonie pour identifier les services écosystémiques et les dis-services associés au pastoralisme, en accordant une attention particulière au bilan carbone : avec des empreintes carbone entre 10 et 40 kg CO2-éq/kg de viande, les systèmes pastoraux en Patagonie aride sont en dessous ou dans la gamme des systèmes d’élevage semi-extensifs dans le monde (35–45 éq-CO2/kg de viande). Pour éclairer les options de développement et les politiques, l’évaluation des compromis et des synergies entre services écosystémiques doit intégrer l’entrelacement de dynamiques sociales et écologiques, dans des systèmes pastoraux complexes, au fil de trajectoires de régénération des ressources.

Galectin-1 cooperates with yersinia outer protein (yop) P to thwart protective immunity by repressing nitric oxide production Jofre, Brenda Lucila; Eliçabe, Ricardo Javier; Silva, Juan Eduardo; Pérez Sáez, Juan Manuel; Paez, Maria Daniela; Callegari, Eduardo Alberto; Mariño, Karina Valeria; Di Genaro, María Silvia; Rabinovich, Gabriel Adrián; Davicino, Roberto Carlos Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) inserts outer proteins (Yops) into cytoplasm to infect host cells. However, in spite of considerable progress, the mechanisms implicated in this process, including the association of Yops with host proteins, remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the functional role of Galectin-1 (Gal1), an endogenous β-galactoside-binding protein, in modulating Yop interactions with host cells. Our results showed that Gal1 binds to Yops in a carbohydrate-dependent manner. Interestingly, Gal1 binding to Yops protects these virulence factors from trypsin digestion. Given that early control of Ye infection involves activation of macrophages, we evaluated the role of Gal1 and YopP in the modulation of macrophage function. Although Gal1 and YopP did not influence production of superoxide anion and/or TNF by Ye-infected macrophages, they coordinately inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. Notably, recombinant Gal1 (rGal1) did not rescue NO increase observed in Lgals1−/− macrophages infected with the YopP mutant Ye ∆yopP. Whereas NO induced apoptosis in macrophages, no significant differences in cell death were detected between Gal1deficient macrophages infected with Ye ∆yopP, and WT macrophages infected with Ye wt. Strikingly, increased NO production was found in WT macrophages treated with MAPK inhibitors and infected with Ye wt. Finally, rGal1 administration did not reverse the protective effect in Peyer Patches (PPs) of Lgals1−/− mice infected with Ye ∆yopP. Our study reveals a cooperative role of YopP and endogenous Gal1 during Ye infection.

Motivaciones, significados y riesgos en los encuentros sexuales de hombres gays de La Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires en el contexto del covid-19; Motivations, meanings and risk in gay men sexual encounters in the Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires in the context of covid-19; Motivações, significados e riscos nos encontros sexuais de homens gays na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires no contexto do covid-19 Esparza Escalante, Miguel Angel; Nuñez Noriega, Guillermo Se buscó identificar las motivaciones que llevan a los hombres gay del AMBA (Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires) a romper el Aislamiento Preventivo Social Obligatorio (APSO) con fines de encuentro sexual en el contexto de la pandemia de covid-19. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo-exploratorio, con veinte entrevistas semiestructuradas a igual número de personas. La muestra fue intencional no representativa, el contacto se estableció mediante la aplicación de GRINDR y TINDER pactando las entrevistas de manera telefónica o presencial. Se encontró que los entrevistados habían roto la cuarentena motivados principalmente por “la calentura”, la dificultad para mantener “la abstinencia sexual” y por las “ganas de tener sexo”, en el contexto de una alta valoración personal de la libertad y de familiaridad con la clandestinidad. Algunos realizan medidas de disminución del riesgo de covid-19, como el uso de cubrebocas y alcohol en gel, otros consideran que no son población en riesgo.; We aimed to identify the motivations of gay men on the AMBA to break the governmental policy of Obligatory Preventive Social Isolation (APSO) with the purpose of sexual encounter. We designed a qualitative-exploratory study, where twenty semi-structured interviews were applied to equal number of gay men. The sample was intentional and not representative, the contact was established through the application of GRINDER and TINDER arranging the interviews by telephone or in person. We found that interviewees have broken quarantine mainly motivated by “the fever”, the difficulty of keeping the “abstinence”, and the “desire to have sex”, in the context or a highly personal value of freedom and the familiarity with clandestine behavior. Some took measures to lower the risk of covid-19, by using covered mouths and alcohol-based gel, others mentioned that they are not part of a risk group.; Buscou-se identificar as motivações que levam homens gays da AMBA (Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires) a romper o Isolamento Social Preventivo Obrigatório (APSO) para fins de encontros sexuais no contexto da pandemia covid-19. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo-exploratório, com vinte entrevistas semi estruturadas com o mesmo número de pessoas. A amostra foi intencional não representativa, o contato foi estabelecido por meio dos aplicativos GRINDR e TINDER, agendando as entrevistas por telefone ou pessoalmente. Constatou-se que os entrevistados romperam a quarentena motivados principalmente pelo «tesão», pela dificuldade de manter a «abstinência sexual» e pelo «desejo de fazer sexo», no contexto de uma alta valorização pessoal da liberdade e de familiaridade com a clandestinidade. Alguns relataram medidas para reduzir o risco de COVID 19, como o uso de máscaras e álcool em gel, outros consideram que não são população de risco.

A solid solution modeling approach somehow analogous to the EoS approach for fluids: Application to equilibria involving fluid phases and solid solutions Porras Giraldo, Andrés Felipe; Rodriguez Reartes, Sabrina Belen; Zabaloy, Marcelo Santiago In the present work, a modeling approach applicable over wide ranges of temperature and pressure to the representation of the thermodynamic properties of pure components in solid state is extended to the case of solid solutions. The resulting Solid Solution (SS) modeling Approach (SSA) makes possible to avoid, for multicomponent systems, the inconsistent assumption of solid precipitation in pure state. The SSA here proposed accounts in a straightforward way for the effects of temperature, pressure and SS composition on the thermodynamic properties of the SS. Modeling results are shown for the binary systems Ar(argon)+CH4(methane) and CH4 + n-C20H42 (n-eicosane) in wide ranges of conditions. The agreement between the calculation results obtained for the particular form of the SSA tested in this work and the experimental phase equilibrium data is good for the systems studied. The results in this work indicate that the proposed SSA is able to properly capture the patterns of the phase behavior of the studied mixtures.

Políticas públicas sobre consumos problemáticos de sustancias: la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina (2007-2019); Public policies on problematic consumption of substances: the case of the Province of Santa Fe, Argentina (2007-2019) Gil, Mariano En este artículo se describen las políticas públicas para el abordaje del consumo problemático de sustancias implementadas por la Provincia de Santa Fe entre los años 2007 y 2019. Para ello hemos realizado una sistematización de la documentación oficial producida al respecto, así como entrevistas con sujetos que han trabajado en la formulación e implementación de estas políticas. A partir del análisis de esta información, elaboramos una periodización, intentando identificar continuidades y rupturas en estas políticas. Asimismo, analizamos algunos sentidos que construyen trabajadores estatales acerca de la naturaleza del consumo problemático de sustancias, entendiendo que estos sentidos entran en juego en el proceso de implementación de las políticas.; In this article we depict public policies addressed at the problematic consumption of substances implemented by the Province of Santa Fe between 2007 and 2019. A systematization is elaborated of the official documentation produced on this issue together with interviews with persons working in the formulation and implementation of these policies. From the analysis of the information thus gathered, a periodization is built, attempting at the identification of continuities and ruptures in policies. In addition we take into account the meanings state workers involved in these policies attach to them, on the hypothesis that these meanings are involved in policies implementation.

Photometry of four long-period comets Garcia, Romina Soledad; Gil Hutton, Ricardo Alfredo In this work we studied the activity of four long period comets at different heliocentric distances in order to explore their dust production and characteristics. The targets were the comets C/2011 A3 (Gibbs), C/2012 K1 (PanStarrs), C/2012 LP26 (Palomar) and C/2013 F3 (McNaught). Some of these objects have never been studied before. We analyzed images in V and R filters taken with the 2.15 ​m telescope at Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito (CASLEO), Argentina, to characterize their dust coma features and to investigate the morphology, photometry and dust production. The morphological analysis showed some differences among the sample while the Afρ values measured in a reference aperture of radius ρ ​= ​104 ​km showed a scenario of bodies that fit the profile of a long period comet. This is corroborated by the Minor Planet Center dynamical classification.

Spatial and seasonal dynamics of phosphorous and physicochemical variables in the Negro River Estuary (Argentina): a preliminary approach Perillo, Vanesa Liliana; Bohn, Vanesa Yael; Menendez, Maria Clara; Ronda, Ana Carolina; Vitale, Alejandro José; Perillo, Gerardo Miguel E.; Piccolo, Maria Cintia; Cuadrado, Diana Graciela Nutrient discharge into rivers and estuaries and the factors that control it need to be further understood to decrease the risk of harmful algae blooms on these ecosystems. Preliminary seasonal physicochemical parameters at six stations along the Negro River Estuary (Argentina) were studied during 2019 (Austral summer, winter, and spring) with high- and low-frequency data. Three of the stations were mainly estuarine-influenced and three were marine-influenced ones. The concentration of phosphate (P), river discharge, meteorological conditions, seasonality, and physicochemical variables were analyzed. Total phosphorus (TP) showed seasonal variations and was higher than previously reported for the upper watershed in all stations in the warmer months, except for the marine control one. Orthophosphate values were also high compared to previous watershed data and changed independently of TP fluctuations. Changing turbidity, water temperature, pH, and conductivity did not appear to have an essential role in phosphorus variations. An unexplained high TP spike in the late spring sample shows the need for further research in the area, while the seawater mixing with P-rich river water could be acting as a dilution agent at the mouth of the river.

El campo de la salud mental en la provincia de Santa Fe: Hacia una historización de políticas públicas, sentidos y prácticas; The mental health field in the province of Santa Fe. Towards a historization of public policies, senses and practices Guirado, Carla; Gil, Mariano El desarrollo y consolidación del campo de la salud mental en Argentina estuvo ligado a los procesos de reformas que se dieron a escala internacional vinculadas a las graves violaciones a los Derechos Humanos perpetradas en instituciones psiquiátricas. Desde mediados del siglo XX se cuestionó fuertemente el papel central del hospital psiquiátrico y la internación como única respuesta para abordar el sufrimiento subjetivo. Santa Fe fue una de las provincias pioneras en la reforma en salud mental en nuestro país, convergiendo para fines de la década de 1980 en un nuevo abordaje epistemológico, metodológico y jurídico de asistencia pública al sufrimiento psíquico que se plasmó en la Ley Provincial N° 10.772 del año 1991. En este trabajo nos proponemos, desde una perspectiva antropológica, avanzar en una sistematización del proceso de reforma en el campo de la salud mental en la provincia de Santa Fe a partir de la sanción de esta ley, identificando acontecimientos y actores clave en este proceso.; The development and consolidation of the mental health field in Argentina was linked to the processes of reforms that took place at international scale linked to serious human rights violations committed in psychiatric institutions. Since the middle of the 20th century, the central role of the psychiatric hospital and hospitalization as the only answer to address subjective suffering began to be strongly questioned. Santa Fe was one of the pioneering provinces in mental health reform in our country, converging by the late 1980s into a new epistemological, methodological and legal approach on public assistance to psychic suffering, that was materialised in the Provincial Law N° 10.772 in 1991. In this paper, from an anthropological perspective, we propose to systematize the reform process of the mental health field in the province of Santa Fe since the passing of this law, identifying the key events and actors in this process.

Vanillin enones as selective inhibitors of the cancer associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII: The out of the active site pocket for the design of selective inhibitors? Riafrecha, Leonardo Ezequiel; Le Pors, Macarena Soledad; Lavecchia, Martín José; Bua, Silvia; Supuran, Claudiu T.; Colinas, Pedro Alfonso New C-glycosides and a,b-unsaturated ketones incorporating the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl (vanillin) moiety as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms have been investigated. The inhibition profile of these compounds is presented against four human CA (hCA) isozymes, comprising hCAs I and II (cytosolic, ubiquitous enzymes) and hCAs IX and XII (tumour associated isozymes). Docking analysis of the inhibitors within the active sites of these enzymes has been performed and is discussed, showing that the observed selectivity could be explained in terms of an alternative pocket out of the CA active site where some of these compounds may bind. Several derivatives were identified as selective inhibitors of the tumour-associated hCA IX and XII. Their discovery might be a step in the strategy for finding an effective non-sulfonamide CA inhibitor useful in therapy/diagnosis of hypoxic tumours or other pathologies in which CA isoforms are involved.

Research, development and public production of pharmaceuticals in Argentina Piñeiro, Federico Jesús Under the current research and development model, the pharmaceutical industry has switched its focus towards the therapeutic areas that offer the greatest commercial benefit, which are often not aligned with public health needs. Consequently, it has ceased to be the great innovative industry that it had been during the last century.he consequences are on display. The so-called ‘me-too’ or ‘follow-on’ drugs and evergreening* practices, complicate and delay the commercialization of generics and biosimilars that compete with originator brand-name products. Thus, in recent years, only a quarter of the drugs approved by the regulatory agencies represent a real therapeutic advance.On the other hand, most of the research funding that has led to the discovery of the greatest radical innovations in the pharmaceutical field is public, that is, the innovative research is paid with taxpayers’ money. This concern was described towards the end of the 20th century after analysing the added value of the new molecular entities, and it has been corroborated recently during the development of vaccines, diagnostic methods and treatments for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.In Argentina, this model is replicated to a large extent. The commercialization of most drugs is approved through a regulatory reliance process, that is, by accepting an evaluation carried out by the regulatory agency of a country considered to have high public health surveillance.Argentinian researchers discuss the implications of the current pseudo-innovation model for a country like Argentina, as well as the public policies, focused on the Public Production of Medicines (PPM) that could promote universal access and respond to the country’s health needs, which was published in Ciencia Tecnología y Política. Several states have had PPM programmes for several decades and, in recent years, the strategy has become a matter of discussion in other countries such as the UK.Argentina has approximately 40 institutions distributed throughout the country that focus on PPM. In this context, medicines are considered a social good, leading to the adoption of a production and marketing logic that entails several benefits. These laboratories supply the public health sector with drugs and medical devices at prices ostensibly lower than those offered by private industry. In a world in crisis, such as the current one, having public production capacity allows the country not only to respond to local health problems but also to ensure the supply of medicines regardless of the global geopolitical situation. It contributes to reducing the trade deficit by limiting the import of manufactured products and results in foreign exchange savings in a country with recurring balance of payments problems. The creation, in 2014, of the Agencia Nacional de Laboratorios Públicos (ANLAP: The National Agency of Public Laboratories) aimed to improve the articulation and coordination of the public laboratories through the establishment and strengthening of a network capable of responding to the health needs of the public system.The authors concluded that leaving the last stages of research and development of new medicines and their production in the hands of the private pharmaceutical industry has allowed companies to prioritize their economic benefits and maximize profits for their shareholders. This in turn has reduced their interest in the development of new treatments to respond to public health needs. There are alternatives to this model, including the PPM.

Ten-year follow-up of the largest oral Chagas disease outbreak. Laboratory biomarkers of infection as indicators of therapeutic failure Díaz Bello, Zoraida; Alarcón de Noya, Belkisyolé; Muñoz Calderon, Arturo Alejandro; Ruiz Guevara, Raiza; Mauriello, Luciano; Colmenares, Cecilia; Moronta, Eyleen; Aponte, Milagros; Ramírez, José Luis; Noya González, Oscar Trypanosoma cruzi uses various mechanisms of infection to access humans. Since 1967, food contaminated with metacyclic trypomastigotes has triggered several outbreaks of acute infection of Chagas disease by oral transmission. Follow-up studies to assess the effectiveness of anti-parasitic treatment of oral outbreaks are rather scarce. Here, we report a 10-year laboratory follow-up using parasitological, serological, and molecular tests of 106 individuals infected in 2007 of the largest known outbreak of orally transmitted Chagas disease, which occurred in Caracas city, Venezuela. Before treatment (2007), specific IgA, IgM and IgG, were found in 71% (75/106), 90% (95/106) and 100% (106/106), respectively, in addition to 21% (9/43) parasitemia, Complement Mediated Lysis (CML) in 98% (104/106) and 79% (34/43) parasitic DNA for PCR. Blood culture detected parasitemia up to 18 months post-treatment in 6% (6/106) of the patients. In 2017, the original number of cases in the follow-up decreased by 46% and due to the country's economic situation, not all the trials could be carried out in the entire population. During follow-up, IgA and IgM disappeared promptly, with IgM persisting in 19% (20/104) of the patients three years after treatment. The anti-T. cruzi IgG remained positive 10 years later in 41% (20/49) of the individuals evaluated. CML remained positive seven years later in 79% (65/82) of the cases. PCR positive cases decreased after treatment but progressively recovered, being positive in 69% (32/46) of the individuals evaluated in 2017. The group of children (under 18 years of age) showed the highest PCR positivity with 76% (26/34) of the cases, but their parasitic load tended to diminish, while in adults the parasitic load regained their initial values. The simultaneous evaluation of serological tests and PCR of the patients allowed us to separate patients among responders and non-responders to the anti-parasitic treatment, and this information prompted us to apply a second anti-parasitic treatment in the group of non-responders. In this population not subjected to the like lihood of re-infection, adult patients were more likely to be non-responders when compared to children. These results suggest that rigorous laboratory follow-up with T. cruzi infectious biomarkers is essential to detect cases of parasite persistence.

Delayed introduction of sirolimus in paediatric intestinal transplant recipients: indications and long-term benefits Andres, Ane M.; Talayero, Paloma; Alcolea Sanchez, Alida; Sanchez Galán, Alba; Serradilla Rodríguez, Javier; Bueno Jimenez, Alba; Gonzalez Sacristan, Rocío; Stringa, Pablo Luis; Papa Gobbi, Rodrigo; Lasa Lazaro, Maria; Díaz Almirón, Mariana; Ramos Boluda, Esther; Lopez Santamaría, Manuel; Hernández Oliveros, Francisco To review our experience using sirolimus in a single centre paediatric intestinal transplantation cohort. Intestinal transplant patients with more than 3 months follow-up were divided into two groups according to their immunosuppression regimen: tacrolimus, (TAC group, n = 45 grafts) or sirolimus (SRL group, n = 38 grafts), which included those partially or completely converted from tacrolimus to sirolimus. The indications to switch were tacrolimus side effects and immunological complications. Survival and complications were retrospectively analysed comparing both groups. SRL was introduced 9 months (0 months–16.9 years) after transplant. The main cause for conversion was worsening renal function (45%), followed by haemolytic anaemia (21%) and graft-versus-host-disease (16%). Both groups showed a similar overall patient/graft survival (P = 0.76/0.08) and occurrence of rejection (24%/17%, P = 0.36). Immunological complications did not recur after conversion. Renal function significantly improved in most SRL patients. After a median follow-up of 65.17 months, 28/46 survivors were on SRL, 26 with monotherapy, with good graft function. Over one-third of our patients eventually required SRL conversion that allowed to improve their kidney function and immunological events, without entailing additional complications or survival impairment. Further trials are warranted to clarify the potential improvement of the standard tacrolimus maintenance by sirolimus conversion or addition.

Perspectives for medicinal cannabis in Argentina: Advances in clinical trials in the world and Its use for chronical pain treatments Sesto Cabral, María Eugenia; González, Exequiel Elías; Moreno, María Julieta Cannabis is used around the world for medicinal, religious and recreational purposes. In 2018, the Argentine Republic approved new legislation, adapting to the provisions of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Law No. 27,350 regulates medical and scientific research on the medicinal, therapeutic and / or palliative use of the Cannabis plant and its derivatives. At the time of this publication, 5 projects were approved for the production of plant material and scientific studies. This work aims to show the results of the latest studies published in the world, on the effectiveness of treatment with medicinal cannabis or cannabinoids, in voluntary patients with chronic pain.

Las escuelas agrícolas salesianas en el proceso de territorialización estatal de la Patagonia y la formación de su sistema educativo; Salesian Agricultural Schools in the Process of State Territorialisation of Patagonia and the Formation of its Educational System Omenetto, Silvia; Nicoletti, Maria Andrea Para reconstruir la historia de la Patagonia desde una perspectiva que pone al sistema escolar en el centro, es inevitable centrar la atención en el aporte social y educativo de las Congregaciones salesianas, Salesianos e Hijas de María Auxiliadora, que se inició a fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. En la Patagonia, de hecho, las Congregaciones asumieron un papel relevante, mostrando un monopolio misionero y educativo desde 1880, aunque en algunos espacios y en distintos momentos, existieron tensiones con los funcionarios del Estado por el conjunto de Leyes laicas sancionadas entre 1881 y 1884. En esta contribución adoptaremos una visión territorialista desarrollada en el contexto de la geografía suiza e italiana para analizar las escuelas agrícolas salesianas de la Patagonia, como resultado de la transformación material llevada a cabo por la Congregación salesiana-con foco en la escuela agrícola "San Miguel" de General Roca- en el marco de la formación del sistema educativo estatal y en el contexto de la promulgación y aplicación de la Ley nacional N° 1420 de 1884.; In order to reconstruct the history of Patagonia from a perspective that places the school system at the centre, it is inevitable to focus attention on the social and educational contribution of the Salesian Congregations, Salesians and Hijas de María Auxiliadora, which began in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In Patagonia, in fact, the Congregations assumed a relevant role, showing a missionary and educational monopoly since 1880, although in some areas and at different times, there were tensions with State officials due to the set of lay laws passed between 1881 and 1884. In this contribution we will adopt a territorialist view developed in the context of Swiss and Italian geography to analyse the Salesian agricultural schools in Patagonia, as a result of the material transformation carried out by the Salesian Congregation -focusing on the agricultural school "San Miguel" in General Roca- within the framework of the formation of the state educational system and in the context of the promulgation and application of the national Law N°1420 from 1884.

A Spectroscopic Analysis of the California-Kepler Survey Sample. II. Correlations of Stellar Metallicities with Planetary Architectures Ghezzi, Luan; Martínez, Cintia Fernanda; Wilson, Robert F.; Cunha, Katia; Smith, Verne V.; Majewski, Steven R. We present independent and self-consistent metallicities for a sample of 807 planet-hosting stars from the California-Kepler Survey from an LTE spectroscopic analysis using a selected sample of Fe i and Fe ii lines. Correlations between host-star metallicities, planet radii, and planetary architecture (orbital periods - warm or hot - and multiplicity - single or multiple) were investigated using nonparametric statistical tests. In addition to confirming previous results from the literature, e.g., that overall host-star metallicity distributions differ between hot and warm planetary systems of all types, we report on a new finding: when comparing the median metallicities of hot versus warm systems, the difference for multiple super-Earths is considerably larger when compared to that difference in single super-Earths. The metallicity cumulative distribution functions of hot single super-Earths versus warm single super-Earths indicate different parent stellar populations, while for sub-Neptunes this is not the case. The transition radius between sub-Neptunes and sub-Saturns was examined by comparing the APOGEE metallicity distribution for the Milky Way thin disk in the solar neighborhood with metallicity distributions of host stars segregated based upon the largest known planet in their system. These comparisons reveal increasingly different metallicity distributions as the radius of the largest planet in the systems increases, with the parent stellar metallicities becoming significantly different for R p > 2.7 R ⊕. The behavior of the p-values as a function of planet radius undergoes a large slope change at R p = 4.4 0.5 R ⊕, indicating the radius boundary between small and large planets.

Migraciones y producción social del hábitat (integral) en la Argentina contemporánea; Migrations and social production of (integral) habitat in contemporary Argentina Perissinotti, María Victoria En la última década, los migrantes regionales que habitan las ciudades de Argentina han protagonizado procesos de producción social del hábitat como una manera de hacer efectivo su derecho a la ciudad. Desde los estudios migratorios locales, este fenómeno fue ampliamente estudiado, haciendo de la "lucha por la vivienda" un campo consolidado. Inscribiéndose en esa trayectoria, este artículo propone explorar dichos procesos desde una mirada que traspase la literalidad a la que nos confinan nociones como "problemas habitacionales" o "acceso a la vivienda". Por el contrario, aboga por construir una mirada integral del hábitat, que dé cuenta de las múltiples dimensiones que lo componen. El estudio se basa en una investigación etnográfica centrada en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina.; In the last decade, regional migrants who inhabit the cities of Argentina have been protagonists of different processes of social production of habitat. This was a way of accomplishing their right to the city. From local migratory studies this phenomenon was widely studied, making the “struggle for housing” a consolidated field of studies. Within this trajectory, this article proposes to explore these processes from a perspective that goes beyond the literality to which notions such as “housing problems” confine us. On the contrary, it intends to imagine a comprehensive view of habitat, which accounts for the multiple dimensions that make it up. The study is based on an ethnographic research focused on the relations between migration, politics and struggles for the city in Córdoba, Argentina.