Educación para la sustentabilidad: escuelas agropecuarias de alternancia y organizaciones sociales del área periurbana sur del Gran Buenos Aires Cieza, Ramón Isidro; Flores, Claudia Cecilia; Tamagno, Lía Nora; Bonicatto, María Margarita; Gargoloff, Natalia Agustina; Blandi, María Luz; Lermanó, María J. El potencial de la agricultura urbana y periurbana (AUP) es cada vez más reconocido en las ciudades de América Latina y el Caribe. Esto se debe a que en las periferias urbanas se producen grandes cantidades de alimentos.

Thoracic aorta cardiac-cycle related dynamic changes assessed with a 256-slice CT scanner Carrascosa, Patricia; Capuñay, Carlos; Deviggiano, Alejandro; Rodriguez Granillo, Gaston Alfredo; Sagarduy, María Inés; Cortines, Patricio; Carrascosa, Jorge; Parodi, Juan C. Objective: The aim of our study was to demonstrate whether the dynamic changes previously documented at the ascending and abdominal aorta are replicated at the thoracic aorta. Methods and results: A consecutive series of thirty patients referred to our institution to undergo CT angiography of the thoracic aorta (CTA) constituted the study population. Patients with diffuse aortic atherosclerosis were excluded from the analysis. All studies were acquired with a 256-MDCT scanner and ECG-gating was performed in all cases. Two orthogonal imaging planes (maximal and minimal diameters) were obtained at three different levels of the descending thoracic aorta, using the distance from the left subclavian artery as proximal landmark: 10, 40, and 80 mm distance. The mean age was 58.9±15.7 years and 16 (53%) patients were male. Descending aorta measurements at 10, 40, and 80 mm distance from the left subclavian artery were all significantly larger within the systolic window (P<0.01 for all comparisons). Measurements of the maximal diameter were systematically larger than the minimal diameters among all aortic positions including ungated, systolic, and diastolic measurements (P<0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions: The main finding of our pilot investigation was that the thoracic descending aorta undergoes significant conformational changes during the cardiac cycle, irrespective from the distance from the left subclavian artery.

Paclitaxel-loaded PCL–TPGS nanoparticles: In vitro and in vivo performance compared with Abraxane® Bernabeu, Ezequiel Adrian; Helguera, Gustavo Fernando; Legaspi, María Julia; Gonzalez, Lorena; Höcht, Christian; Taira, Carlos Alberto; Chiappetta, Diego Andrés The purpose of this work was to develop Cremophor® EL-free nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with Paclitaxel (PTX) in order to improve the drug i.v. pharmacokinetic profile and to evaluate its activity against commercially available formulations such as Taxol® and Abraxane®. PTX-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone)?alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (PCL-TPGS) NPs were prepared using three different techniques: i) by nanoprecipitation (NPr-method), ii) by emulsion-solvent evaporation homogenized with an Ultra-Turrax® (UTmethod)and iii) by emulsion-solvent evaporation homogenized with an ultrasonicator (US-method). The NPs prepared by US-method showed the smallest size and the highest drug content. The NPs exhibited a slow and continuous release of PTX. The in vitro anti-tumoral activity was assessed using two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) with the WTS assay. Cytotoxicity studies with both cell lines showed that PTX-loaded PCL-TPGS NPs exhibited better anti-cancer activity compared to PTX solution and the commercial formulation Abraxane® at different concentrations. Importantly, in the case of triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, the IC50 value for PTXloaded PCL-TPGS NPs was 7.8 times lower than Abraxane®. Finally, in vivo studies demonstrated that PTX-loaded PCL-TPGS NPs exhibited longer systemic circulation time and slower plasma elimination rate than Taxol® and Abraxane®. Therefore, the novel NPs investigated might be an alternative nanotechnological platform for PTX delivery system in cancer chemotherapy.

Behavioral and toxicological responses of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to 10 monoterpene alcohols Moretti, Ariadna Noelia; Zerba, Eduardo Nicolás; Alzogaray, Raúl Adolfo The effect on locomotor activity, the repellency, and the knock-down produced by 10 monoterpene alcohols were evaluated on first-instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans, vectors of Chagas disease. A video tracking technique was used to evaluate locomotor activity and repellency by exposure to papers impregnated with monoterpenes. Eugenol on R. prolixus and (S)-cis-verbenol on T. infestans did not modify the locomotor activity. The remaining monoterpenes produced hyperactivity on both species, although the concentration required was at least a 1,000 times higher than that of deltamethrin (positive control). Carvacrol, eugenol, and geraniol resulted as repellent as N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (positive control) for both species. A similar result was observed for almost every monoterpene on T. infestans. Knock-down effect was evaluated by exposing the nymphs in closed recipients. The order of increasing toxicity on R. prolixus was (KT50 values in min): geraniol (213.7) < α-terpineol (164.5) < linalool (124.2) < carvacrol (111.6) < eugenol (89.8) < thymol (78.9), and on T. infestans: α-terpineol (289.8) < eugenol (221.3) < carvacrol (164.2) < linalool (154.9) < thymol (96.7). All monoterpenes were less toxic than the positive control, dichlorvos (3.6 min for R. prolixus and 3.9 min for T. infestans). After 7 h of exposure, (-)-carveol, citronellol, and menthol (on both species) and geraniol (on T. infestans) produced <50% of knock-down. After these results, it is worthwhile to explore more deeply the potential of these compounds as tools for controlling Chagas disease vectors.

La conformación de cultos locales en perspectiva comparada: la devoción al Cristo de Cabra en Andalucía y el culto al Cristo de Renca en el obispado de Córdoba del Tucumán, siglos XVII a XIX; The establishment of local worships in a comparative perspective: the cult of the Christ of Cabra in Andalucia and the cult of the Christ of Renca in the Diocese of Cordoba of Tucuman, XVII to XIX centuries Mazzoni, María Laura El artículo se enmarca dentro de los estudios sobre prácticas de religiosidad e identidades regionales. Se aborda el surgimiento de dos devociones locales, una en el Reino de Granada y otra en el Obispado de Córdoba del Tucumán del Virreinato del Perú, entre los siglos XVII y XIX. Se trata, por un lado, del culto del Cristo de Cabra o Cabrilla que se desarrolló en la zona oriental de Andalucía al calor de la consolidación de las cañadas de ganado caprino. Y por otro lado, de la advocación del Cristo de Renca en la región cuyana de la Diócesis de Córdoba, que se desarrollo a la vera de una ruta mercantil. La perspectiva comparada nos permite trazar puntos de encuentros entre procesos similares dentro de la Monarquía católica enmarcados, además, en espacios de “conquista” o “reconquista” recientes, donde la trama político-eclesiástica estaba recién consolidándose en el mismo momento que se originan estas devociones.

Typing clinical and animal environment Aspergillus fumigatus gliotoxin producer strains isolated from Brazil by PCR-RFLP markers Soleiro, C. A.; Pena, Gabriela Alejandra; Cavaglieri, Lilia Reneé; Coelho, I.; Keller, L. M.; Dalcero, Ana Maria; Rosa, Carlos Alberto da Rocha Aspergillus fumigatus, a well-known human and animal pathogen causing aspergillosis, has been historically identified by morphological and microscopic features. However, recent studies have shown that species identification on the basis of morphology alone is problematic. The aim of this work was to confirm the taxonomic state at specie level of a set of clinical (human and animal) and animal environment A. fumigatus strains identified by morphological criteria applying a PCR-RFLP assay by an in silico and in situ analysis with three restriction enzymes. The A. fumigatus gliotoxin-producing ability was also determined. Previous to the in situ PCR-RFLP analysis, an in silico assay with BccI, MspI and Sau3AI restriction enzymes was carried out. After that, these enzymes were used for in situ assay. All A. fumigatus strains isolated from corn silage, human aspergillosis and bovine mastitis and high per cent of the strains isolated from cereals, animal feedstuff and sorghum silage were able to produce high gliotoxin levels. Also, all these strains identified by morphological criteria as A. fumigatus, regardless of its isolation source, had band patterns according to A. fumigatus sensu stricto by PCRRFLP markers.

Agonistic Interactions in Raptors of the Pampas Region Baladron Felix, Alejandro Victor; Pretelli, Matías Guillermo In this study, we evaluated the interspecific agonistic responses of raptors and nonraptors, elicited by the presence of five raptor species (Circus cinereus, C. buffoni, Rupornis magnirostris, Elanus leucurus, and Geranoaetus melanoleucus) in the Pampas region of Argentina. We registered 62 agonistic interaction events, most of them involving two raptor species (58%). During these events we registered 122 attacks, 10 persecutions, and three cases of kleptoparasitism. Milvago chimango was the most important aggressor species among raptors, and Vanellus chilensis among non-raptor birds. Attacks in groups were more frequently performed by non-raptors (61.5% of the events involved two or more aggressor individuals) than by raptors (68.5% of the events involved only one aggressor). This study represents a primary approach to one scarcely explored aspect of raptor behavior in southern South America

EBV primary infection in childhood and its relation to B-cell lymphoma development: a mini-review from a developing region Chabay, Paola Andrea; Preciado, María Victoria In most underdeveloped countries, the initial contact with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) usually happens in the first decade of life and results in an asymptomatic infection, whereas in developed areas, primary infection in adolescence or adulthood is accompanied by infectious mononucleosis in 50% cases. Although it is generally a harmless passenger, in some individuals, it is associated with B-cell lymphoma. In Argentina, EBV primary infection shows the classical pattern observed in developing populations, given that nearly 70% of patients are seropositive by the age of 2 years. However, EBV association with pediatric Hodgkin and Burkitt lymphoma resembles that observed in developed regions. Concerning diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, our series demonstrated higher EBV association than other adult ones from either developed or underdeveloped countries. Interestingly, the early EBV primary infection observed, characteristic of an underdeveloped population, together with the statistically significant EBV association with patients ≤10 years old demonstrated in all types of lymphoma studied, suggest a relationship between low age of EBV seroconversion and B-cell lymphoma development risk.

Un enfoque sistémico de la democracia deliberativa; A sistemyc approach of deliberative democracy Olivares, Nicolàs Emanuel En el marco del debate teórico acerca de cuál es la concepción normativa más adecuada del modelo democrático deliberativo se han elaborado distintas propuestas rivales (1). Más recientemente, Jane Mansbridge y John Parkinson en su obra Deliberative Systems han explicitado una nueva e interesante perspectiva, a la que denominan sistémica. La misma, tiene por fin evaluar la legitimidad democrática de las decisiones políticas, para lo cual propone adoptar un enfoque de gran escala que tome en cuenta la interdependencia existente entre los distintos componentes del sistema democrático deliberativo (2). Este artículo tendrá por objetivos: 1) Reconstruir los presupuestos conceptuales y normativos del enfoque sistémico; 2) Explicitar las distintas interpretaciones o versiones que el mismo puede asumir; 3) Ensayar argumentos en defensa de una de dichas versiones. Todo ello a los fines de destacar el valioso aporte teórico que ha significado el novel en- foque deliberativo sistémico para la teoría democrática-deliberativa.; Under the theoretical debate about what is the most appropriate normative conception of the deliberative democratic model various rival proposals have been developed. More recently, Jane Mansbridge and John Parkinson in his work Deliberative Systems have explicit an interesting new perspective, which they called systemic. This new turn aims to assess the democratic legitimacy of political decisions, for which it proposes to adopt a large-scale approach that takes into account the interdependence between the different components of deliberative democratic system. This article will aim to: 1) Rebuild the conceptual and normative systemic approach; 2) Explain the different interpretations or versions that it can assume; 3) Rehearse ar- guments in defense of one of those versions. All this guided by the aim of highlighting the valuable theoretical contribution that the novel systemic deliberative approach has meant for the deliberative democratic theory.

Detección y genotipificación de Poliomavirus BK en muestras cloacales de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina Sosa, Julieta; Ferreyra, Leonardo; Giordano, Miguel; Barril, Patricia Angelica; Masachessi, Gisela; Isa, Maria Beatriz; Martinez, Laura Cecilia; Biganzoli, Patricia; Nates, Silvia Viviana; Pavan, Jorge El virus BK (VBK) es un poliomavirus que es excretado en la orina por muchos individuos de la población humana y fue sugerido en otras partes del mundo como potencial marcador de contaminación con desechos humanos en muestras de aguas residuales. En este trabajo analizamos la prevalencia del VBK y sus genotipos en muestras de cloacas de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. A lo largo de 2 años y medio se recolectaron 60 muestras cloacales en las cuales se detectó la presencia del virus por PCR. El 87% de las muestras resultaron positivas para VBK. De las muestras positivas, 19 fueron secuenciadas y genotipificadas, obteniendo trece genotipo I/b-1, cuatro genotipo I/a, uno genotipo II y el restante resultó genotipo IV. Se concluye que el VBK es altamente prevalente en muestras provenientes de las cloacas de la ciudad de Córdoba y el genotipo predominante es el I/b-1.

Setting research priorities for preconception care in low- and middle-income countries: aiming to reduce maternal and child mortality and morbidity Dean, Sohni; Rudan, Igor; Althabe, Fernando; Webb Girard, Aimee; Howson, Christopher; Langer, Ana; Lawn, Joy; Reeve, Mary Elizabeth; Teela, Katherine C.; Toledano, Mireille; Venkjatraman, Chandra Mouli; Belizan, Jose; Car, Josip; Chan, Kit Yee; Chatterjee, Subidita; Chitekwe, Stanley; Doherty, Tanya; Donnay, France; Ezzati, Majid; Humayun, Khadija; Jack, Brian; Lassi, Zohra S.; Martorelli, Reynaldo; Poortman, Ysbrand; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Preconception care means providing care before pregnancy is established. Women and couples of reproductive age are generally unaware of the effects that their own health conditions and health-related behaviors may have on the fetus during pregnancy. Although antenatal care is set in the maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) continuum [1], it neglects the most critical time of embryonic development, which often occurs before a woman even knows she is pregnant [2]. The evidence increasingly points to earlier care before pregnancy to improve women´s health, and better pregnancy outcomes for the mother and newborn.

Characterization of the atmospheric depth profile using the ground-level temperature: The case of Malargüe, Argentina Moreno, Juan Cruz; Sciutto, Sergio Juan We present a study of the atmospheric depth profile and the dependence with its characteristic parameters. We introduce a new model, named GAMMA, based on a parameterization that allows us to obtain the atmospheric depth profile specifying only one simple physical parameter, namely the temperature at ground. The GAMMA model consists of a multilayer representation of the atmosphere that can be adjusted conveniently via constrained fits that are built to ensure interlayer continuity for both atmospheric depth and density profiles. Our analysis uses experimental data collected at Malargüe, Argentina by meteorological radiosondes. The GAMMA model can reproduce the averaged atmospheric depth profiles in all the cases available for analysis with good accuracy. The relative differences between model predictions and averaged data are always less than approximately 0.7%.

Seasonal variation in genetic population structure of sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) in the Lower Uruguay River Rueda, Eva Carolina; Carriquiriborde, Pedro; Monzón, Alexander; Somoza, Gustavo Manuel; Ortí, Guillermo Prochilodus lineatus is a highly migratory fish species that sustains the most important commercial fishery of Parana-Paraguay basin. Migratory patterns are poorly known and only few population genetic studies are avaliable for this species in the Upper Parana. To assess genetic population structure, we genotyped a sample of 93 individuals from the Lower Uruguay River close to Gualeguaychu city (Entre Rıos, Argentina) at three different times, July 2008 (Winter), September 2008 (Spring) and May 2009 (Fall). All individuals were genotyped for 12microsatellite loci previously found to be informative to assess populations of P. lineatus. Our results show seasonal variation of the genetic sub-structuring at this locality that may be related to the presence of different migratory stocks throughout the year. The Fall sample includes an additional genetic cluster of individuals not detected in Winter and Spring, suggesting that this species should be considered a mixed stock fishery.

Integrated ecotoxicological assessment of bottom sediments from the Paraná basin, Argentina Peluso, María Leticia; Abelando, Mariana; Apartin, Carina Diana; Almada, Pablo; Ronco, Alicia Estela Paraná River, the six largest in the world, is receptor of pollution loads from tributaries traversing urban and industrialized areas, and extensive agriculture, particularly in its middle and low stretch along the Argentinean sector, where most of the productive activities of the country develop. Within the frame of monitoring surveys, the quality of bottom sediments from distal positions of twenty tributaries and three of the main course was evaluated. The assessment covered testing lethal and sublethal effects with the Hyalella curvispina based toxicity test, a benthic macrofauna survey and physicochemical variables of sediment matrix composition. A multivariate statistical analysis approach permitted integrating the obtained data from the different survey lines of evidence, explaining potential causes of the measured biological effects. The main perturbations detected were associated to tributaries in the middle sector of the basin, where anoxic conditions with high sulfide contents prevail mostly related to organic matter inputs of diverse combined activities, where sediments induce high lethality, and a consequent strong reduction of the benthic community population and diversity. The integrated survey approach proved being a robust tool in the assessment of causative—adverse effects relationships.

Thermotropic mesomorphism of mixed-valent diruthenium aliphatic carboxylates with axial anion bearing two aliphatic chains Bottazzi, Tamara Paula; Cecchi, Florencia; Zelcer, Andrés; Benoit, Heinrich; Donnio, Bertrand; Guillon, Daniel; Cukiernik, Fabio Daniel A homologous series of binuclear mixed-valent diruthenium tetracarboxylates, Ru2(O2C(CH2)n-2CH3)DHDP, (DHDP=di(hexadecyl)phosphate axial anion, n=10,12,14,16 and 18), have been synthesized and characterized, and liquid crystallines properties of these compounds were examined. All the compounds exhibit a room-temperature crystallines lamellar phase and a high temperature (above 140º) Col_h mesophase. Another, probably semi-crustallines lamellar intermediate phase has also been found for all the studied compounds but for the n=18 derivative. Comparison with related mesogenic homologous series where the equatorial ligands are alsolinear carboxylates, but the axial anion bear just one aliphatic chain (carboxylates, octylslfonate, and dodecylsulfate), shows that the presence of a second aliphatic chain in the axial anion both lowers the transition temperatures and modifies the nature of the intermediate lamellar phase. Structural models at the molecular level are suggested for the crystallines lamellar en the Col_h phases.

Andean cat in northern Patagonia: linking conservation and research Palacios, Rocio

Postcranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Mussaurus patagonicus (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) Otero, Alejandro; Pol, Diego The transition from basal sauropodomorphs to sauropods is one of the most dramatic evolutionary transformations in the history of dinosaurs. Constituent taxa of this transition were recorded mainly in South Africa and South America, and to a lesser extent in North America. We describe here the postcranial anatomy of four specimens of basal sauropodomorphs from the Late Triassic of Patagonia, Argentina, and identify them as adult individuals of Mussaurus patagonicus. The material is composed of one subadult and three adult specimens and was originally identified as Plateosaurus. The completeness of the material provides more complete knowledge of this taxon and allows us to introduce aspects of basal sauropodomorph anatomy that were poorly understood until now, such as the configuration and arrangement of the distal carpal elements. The phylogenetic relationships of Mussaurus patagonicus are tested through a cladistic analysis of basal sauropodomorphs based on the anatomy of these specimens rather than on the post-hatchling and juvenile specimens previously known for this taxon. Mussaurus is recovered as a non-sauropod anchisaurian, being the sister group of Aardonyx plus more derived sauropodomorphs and is depicted outside the ‘quadrupedal clade,’ given the presence of plesiomorphic features such as a humerus/femur ratio <0.8, a curved femoral shaft in lateral view, and a nearly circular femoral midshaft cross-section. Mussaurus patagonicus adds new and valuable information that helps to clarify the core of the basal sauropodomorph-sauropod transition.

Future changes in drought characteristics over southern South America projected by a CMIP5 multi-model ensemble Penalba, Olga Clorinda; Rivera, Juan Antonio The impact of climate change on drought main characteristics was assessed over Southern South America. This was done through the precipitation outputs from a multi-model ensemble of 15 climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The Standardized Precipitation Index was used as a drought indicator, given its temporal flexibility and simplicity. Changes in drought characteristics were identified by the difference for early (2011-2040) and late (2071-2100) 21st century values with respect to the 1979-2008 baseline. In order to evaluate the multi-model outputs, model biases were identified through a comparison with the drought characteristics from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre database for the baseline period. Future climate projections under moderate and high-emission scenarios showed that the occurrence of short-term and long-term droughts will be more frequent in the 21st century, with shorter durations and greater severities over much of the study area. These changes in drought characteristics are independent on the scenario considered, since no significant differences were observed on drought changes. The future changes scenario might be even more dramatic, taking into account that in most of the region the multi-model ensemble tends to produce less number of droughts, with higher duration and lower severity. Therefore, drought contingency plans should take these results into account in order to alleviate future water shortages that can have significant economic losses in the agricultural and water resources sectors of Southern South America.

Constructivismo y sociología: siete tesis de Bruno Latour; Constructivism and sociology: seven theses of Bruno Latour de Grande, Pablo Ernesto Bruno Latour postula que la sociología contemporánea se dedica en buena medida a explicar cómo ciertas configuraciones sociales (tales que las jerarquías de poder o las desigualdades estructurales) afectan el funcionamiento de otros ámbitos en sus contenidos no sociales (tales que el derecho, la religión o el arte). Como consecuencia de esto, la misma habría abandonado su misión primaria de explicar lo social por sí mismo, además de estar produciendo explicaciones repetitivas y poco interesantes. El presente artículo reúne elementos teóricos de diferentes obras de Bruno Latour en función de elaborar siete tesis sobre su crítica radical a la sociología contemporánea. La propuesta principal de Latour es reformular la investigación social, abriendo la ‘caja negra' en la que lo social ha venido a convertirse. Finalmente se realizan algunas consideraciones sobre usos y limitaciones de las posiciones de Bruno Latour.; Bruno Latour argues that contemporary sociology is largely devoted to explain how certain social configurations (such as power hierarchies or structural inequalities) affect other non-social activities (such as law, religion or arts). As a result, sociology would have had abandoned its primary mission to explain the social itself, and it would be producing repetitive and uninteresting explanations. This paper puts together theoretical elements from different works of Bruno Latour in order to state seven theses on his radical critique to contemporary sociology. The main goal of Latour's proposal is reformulating social research, opening the black box in which the Social would have become. Finally, the article concludes summarizing usages and limitations of the perspective of Bruno Latour.

Fabricación de estándares de calibración para microsondas nucleares; Calibration standars of nuclear microprobes Arena, S.; Faya, T.; Lell, J.; Vega, N.; Davidson, Jorge; Nesprias, Francisco Jose Gabriel; Debray, M. El Micro-haz de iones Pesados (MiP) del laboratorio Tandar constituye un instrumento de características únicas en el país, pues puede proveer haces de iones pesados de dimensiones micrométricas acelerados hasta decenas de MeV de energía. La búsqueda de tamaños de haz más pequeños ha creado la necesidad de contar con estándares de calibración de elevada calidad de resolución. En el presente trabajo se desarrollaron los primeros prototipos para calibrar la focalización del haz: estructuras metálicas de cobre o niquel en forma de grilla con orificios cuadrados. Se emplearon dos métodos de fabricación. En el primero se utilizaron técnicas de fotolitografía convencional sobre un sustrato de silicio con foto-resina, mientras que en el segundo se utilizó el MiP para micro-mecanizar sustratos de Niobato de Litio (LiNbO3). En ambos casos se finalizó el proceso de fabricación del patrón con electrodeposición de cobre o níquel sobre la matriz desarrollada. Mediante la técnica fotolitográfica se fabricaron grillas de níquel que varían entre 130 y 180 mesh**. Mediante micro-mecanizado con el MiP se fabricaron grillas de cobre de entre 500 y 2000 mesh sobre sustratos de LiNbO3.; The Micro-heavy ion beam (MiP) at Tandar’s Lab is a unique instrument in the country, as it can provide heavy ion beams at micrometer-scale accelerated to tens of MeV energy. The quest for smaller beam sizes has created the need for calibration standards of high resolution quality. In this paper we developed the first prototypes to calibrate the beam focusing: metal structures of copper or nickel shaped grid with square holes. We used two methods of manufacture. Were used in the first conventional photolithography techniques on a silicon substrate with photoresin while the second was used for micromachining with MiP substrates of lithium niobate (LiNbO3). In both cases the process for the manufacture was finished with electro-deposition of copper or nickel on the matrix developed. By photolithographic technique nickel grids were manufactured varying between 130 and 180 mesh. By MiP micromachining copper grids were produced between 500 and 2000 mesh on LiNbO3 substrates.