Algebras with implication and fusion: a different point of view Castiglioni, José Luis; San Martín, Hernán Javier This work uses well-known results on tensor products of lattices and semilattices developed by Fraser and Grätzer et al., and the duality for bounded distributive lattices introduced by Cignoli et al., in order to develop dual categorical equivalences involving bounded distributive lattices with fusion and implication, respectively. We show that these equivalences are essentially those developed by Cabrer and Celani as part of the PhD thesis of the former.

A new Patagonian species of Cricosaurus (Crocodyliformes, Thalattosuchia): first evidence of Cricosaurus in Middle–Upper Tithonian lithographic limestone from Gondwana Herrera, Yanina; Brandoni, Zulma Nelida; Fernández, Marta Susana Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) deposits in north-western Patagonia, Argentina, have yielded rich and taxonomically diverse assemblages of marine reptiles. These assemblages are also remarkable by their quality of preservation and are represented by ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, turtles and crocodyliforms. Despite the abundant crocodyliform record, only two metriorhynchid taxa have been identified: Cricosaurus araucanensis and Dakosaurus andiniensis. Here we described a new species of Cricosaurus, which represents the second species of Cricosaurus in the Tithonian of the Neuque´n Basin, and the first metriorhynchid found in lithographic limestone from Gondwana. Furthermore, this specimen has the most complete postcranial remains of any metriorhynchid from South America. The new species is characterized by a short distance between the premaxilla and the nasal, a relatively narrow interorbital width, 23–25 mandibular teeth, bicarinated teeth with fine apicobasally aligned ridges, interalveolar spaces between the first seven teeth approximately 1.5 times longer than the anteroposterior diameter of the respective alveoli. To test the assignment of the new species to Cricosaurus, we carried out two phylogenetic analyses. In both analyses, Cricosaurus lithographicus sp. nov. is nested with other species referred to this genus. This new species has peculiar enamel ornamentation, characterized by numerous, fine apicobasally aligned ridges, when compared to other species of the genus.

Rapid and reliable identification of Staphylococcus aureus capsular serotypes by means of artificial neural network-assisted Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy Grunert, Tom; Wenning, Mareike; Barbagelata, María Sol; Fricker, Martina; Sordelli, Daniel Oscar; Buzzola, Fernanda Roxana; Ehling Schulz, Monika Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides (CP) are important virulence factors and represent putative targets for vaccine development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a high-throughput method to identify and discriminate the clinically important S. aureus capsular serotypes 5, 8, and NT (nontypeable). A comprehensive set of clinical isolates derived from different origins and control strains, representative for each serotype, were used to establish a CP typing system based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometric techniques. By combining FTIR spectroscopy with artificial neuronal network (ANN) analysis, a system was successfully established, allowing a rapid identification and discrimination of all three serotypes. The overall accuracy of the ANN-assisted FTIR spectroscopy CP typing system was 96.7% for the internal validation and 98.2% for the external validation. One isolate in the internal validation and one isolate in the external validation failed in the classification procedure, but none of the isolates was incorrectly classified. The present study demonstrates that ANN-assisted FTIR spectroscopy allows a rapid and reliable discrimination of S. aureus capsular serotypes. It is suitable for diagnostic as well as large-scale epidemiologic surveillance of S. aureus capsule expression and provides useful information with respect to chronicity of infection.

In vivo measurements to estimate culture status and neutral lipid accumulation in Nannochloropsis oculata CCALA 978: implications for biodiesel oil studies Bongiovani, Natalia Soledad; Popovich, Cecilia Angelines; Martinez, Ana Maria; Freije, Hugo; Constenla, Diana Teresita; Leonardi, Patricia Ines The development of efficient, rapid and species-specific techniques is indispensable for assessing growth and neutral lipid yield in microalga cultures for biodiesel oil production. Nannochloropsis oculata is a small microalgae with a thick cell wall. In vivo techniques to estimate cell density, chlorophyll a and neutral lipids are reported. A calibration curve of cell density versus optical density was obtained and validated at 540 nm, under different growth phases. Intracellular neutral lipid storage was evaluated with fluorometry and epifluorescent microscopy employing fluorochrome Nile Red. The addition of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide enhanced 12.5 times the fluorescence signal efficiency. In situ fluorescence measurements allowed estimating the neutral lipid content (NR-FI). Besides, no significant differences were found in the lipid neutral content between gravimetric and triolein methods. The relationship between NR-FI and chlorophyll fluorescence signals was used as a neutral lipid accumulation index, which is useful in order to establish the optimum harvesting time. Thus, these procedures may be applied for a better monitoring mode of growth and neutral lipid accumulation in N. oculata's cultures at commercial scale.

Segregación socio-espacial en la periferia del área metropolitana de Mendoza, Argentina. Las estrategias de los excluidos urbanos; Segregação sócio-espacial na periferia da Grande Mendoza, Argentina. As estratégias dos excluídos urbanos Dalla Torre, Julieta; Ghilardi, Matias Roman La lógica que impera en los territorios de las ciudades en las últimas décadas tiene sus causas en la denominada tercera mundialización, que empezó en la década de 1970 gracias a las nuevas tecnologías y a la revolución económica que intentó fusionar todas las economías en una "sola economía mundo". En este nuevo escenario el papel del Estado no se correspondía con aquel de la sociedad industrial, sino que se potenció su debilitamiento, incrementándose las políticas liberales. Estos cambios tienen consecuencias en distintos planos y se observan en la morfología urbana y en la forma en que las ciudades se extienden sobre el espacio, repercutiendo en la forma en que nos relacionamos socialmente. En este artículo se analizan los actuales procesos de segregación socio-espacial que tienen como escenario las periferias metropolitanas. Particularmente, se centra en el Área Metropolitana de Mendoza, Argentina. Se busca dar cuenta de los elementos materiales y simbólicos que muestran estos procesos, así como de las estrategias comunitarias de agentes sociales que reclaman su inclusión en la ciudad formal.; A lógica que prevalece nos territórios das cidades nas últimas décadas tem suas causas na terceira chamada globalização, que começou na década de 1970, graças às novas tecnologias e da revolução econômica que tentaram fundir todas as economias em uma economia de "single mundo". Neste novo cenário, o papel do Estado não corresponde com o da sociedade industrial, mas melhorado seu enfraquecimento, aumentando políticas liberais. Estas mudanças têm consequências em diferentes níveis e são observados na morfologia urbana e como as cidades se expandem no espaço, impactando a nossa forma de interagir socialmente. Neste trabalho, analisar os atuais processos de segregação sócio-espacial, cujo metropolitana periferias cenário. Em particular, centra-se na Área Metropolitana de Mendoza, Argentina. Ele procura explicar os elementos materiais e simbólicos que mostram esses processos, bem como as estratégias da comunidade de atores sociais que exigem a inclusão na cidade formal.

Geographical implications of seasonal reproduction in the bat star Asterina stellifera Meretta, Pablo Ezequiel; Rubilar Panasiuk, Cynthia Tamara; Cledón, Maximiliano; Ventura, C. Renato C. The reproductive cycle and environmental cues that regulate gonad production in Asterina stellifera were studied from April 2009 to April 2011 in a rocky subtidal habitat at the southernmost limit of its distribution (Mar del Plata, Argentina). The geographic variation in reproductive traits between latitudinal range limits was analyzed. The gonadal and pyloric caeca weight varied with sea star size and time in both sexes. Despite a previous study suggested absence of recruitment in a 4 years period, our data of the same period demonstrated that spawning happens from early spring to early summer. The gonad and pyloric caeca weight did not show an inverse relationship, this suggested that there is no dependence on energy transfer between the organs and that the bat star presented a good nutritional state. Seawater temperature appears to be the variable explaining gonad proliferation at the range limits of A. stellifera distribution. Furthermore, differences in sex ratio, oocyte production, oogenesis duration and capability of energy transformation into ova were found between range limits.

Thorn lesions in a modern osteological collection of guanaco (Lama guanicoe): a new paleoenviromental proxy and its implications for archaeofaunal assemblages Rafuse, Daniel Joseph; Kaufmann, Cristian Ariel; Flensborg, Gustavo Ariel This paper provides detailed analysis of thorn lesions found in lower limb elements of a modern osteological collection of guanaco (Lama guanicoe). Four types of lesions were recorded: (1) thorns visible on the bone surface, (2) bony reaction with relief, (3) small negative scars, and (4) medium negative scars. The methods used to recognize, record, and quantify these lesions are presented. As a result, 35 of the 36 individuals analyzed contained one or more types of lesions. The highest concentrations of lesions were recorded on the anterior view of the metacarpal shafts. All the age ranges were affected by lesions; however, individuals between the ages of 1-3 years were the most affected, while ages 0-1 contained the least amount of lesions. To provide examples of how thorn lesions can be identified and used as a paleoenvironmental proxy in the fossil record, two archaeological sites from different phytogeographic provinces were analyzed: Bajo de la Quinta (Monte phytogeographic province) and Calera (Pampa phytogeographic province). Results found that 25% of the elements from the Bajo de la Quinta site contained lesions, while none of the elements from the Calera site showed evidence of lesions. When detectable in the fossil record, thorn lesions can provide an indirect approximation of the paleoenviroment.

DNA nanoparticle-mediated thymulin gene therapy prevents airway remodeling in experimental allergic asthma Da Silva, Adriana L.; Martini, Sabrina V.; Abreu, Soraia C.; Samary, Cynthia dos S.; Diaz, Bruno L.; Fernezlian, Sandra; de Sa, Vanessa Karen; Capelozzi, Vera Luiza; Boylan, Nicholas J.; Goya, Rodolfo Gustavo; Suk, Jung Soo; Rocco, Patricia R.M.; Hanes, Justin; Morales, Marcelo M. Thymulin has been shown to present anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties in experimental lung diseases. We hypothesized that a biologically active thymulin analog gene, methionine serum thymus factor, delivered by highly compacted DNA nanoparticles may prevent lung inflammation and remodeling in a mouse model of allergic asthma. The DNA nanoparticles are composed of a single molecule of plasmid DNA compacted with block copolymers of poly-L-lysine and polyethylene glycol (CK30PEG), which have been found safe in a human phase I/II clinical trial. Thymulin plasmids were detected in the lungs of ovalbumin-challenged asthmatic mice up to 27 days after administration of DNA nanoparticles carrying thymulin plasmids. A single dose of DNA nanoparticles carrying thymulin plasmids prevented lung inflammation, collagen deposition and smooth muscle hypertrophy in the lungs of a murine model of ovalbumin-challenged allergic asthma, leading to improved lung mechanics. In the present model of chronic allergic asthma, highly compacted DNA nanoparticles using thymulin analog gene modulated the inflammatory and remodeling processes improving lung mechanics.

Electronic Spectra of the Protonated Indole Chromophore in the Gas Phase Aiata, Ivan; Bert, Johan; Broquier, Michel; Dedonder, Claude; Feraud, Géraldine; Grégoire, Gilles; Soorkia, Satchin; Marceca, Ernesto José; Jouvet, Christophe The electronic spectroscopy of protonated indole was investigated experimentally and theoretically. Two isomers have been observed in this experiment. The first isomer corresponds to the lowest energy isomer in the calculations, absorbing at ~350 nm and protonated on the C3 atom of the pyrrole ring. According to our calculations, the absorption of the other isomers protonated on carbon atoms is in the visible region. Indeed the second isomer observed absorbs in the blue (starting at 488 nm) and has been assigned to protonation on the C2 carbon of the pyrrole ring. Since good agreement was obtained between calculated and experimental transitions for the isomers observed, reasonable ab-initio transition energies may also be expected for the higher energy isomers protonated on carbon atoms, which should also absorb in the visible. Protonation on the nitrogen atom leads to a blue shifted transition.

Glycerol steam reforming over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts, modified with Mg(II). Effect of Mg (II) content Dieuzeide, María Laura; Jobbagy, Matias; Amadeo, Norma Elvira Ni based catalysts supported over γ-Al2O3, previously modified with increasing contents of Mg(II), were employed for the steam reforming of glycerol. The aim of the present study is to analyze the effect of the content of Mg(II), as a promoter of Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, on the textural and structural characteristics of the solid; as well as on the catalytic activity and selectivity to H2 in the steam reforming of glycerol. Fresh samples were characterized by PXRD, BET surface area, H2 chemisorption, TPR, and CO2-TPD. Used catalysts were analyzed by TPO, in order to study the effect of Mg(II) on carbon gasification. Both fresh and used samples were examined by SEM. The content of Mg(II) has both an effect on the catalytic performance and on the structural and textural characteristics of the catalysts. The incorporation of Mg(II) results in the formation of Mg1−xAl2O4−x spinel phase. The differences in catalytic properties due to the increasing content of Mg(II) have effect simultaneously on the Ni° crystallite size, on the acidic?basic character and on the interactions between NiO and support. For the catalysts promoted with Mg(II), the best activity for the steam reforming of glycerol was achieved with Ni(10)Mg(3)Al catalyst while the Ni(10)Mg(15)Al catalyst formed the lowest amount of carbon during reaction time on stream. The catalyst prepared without Mg(II) presented good activity results despite the lowest Ni dispersion. This behaviour was assigned to the presence of Ni sites more active for the steam reforming of glycerol than the ones on the catalyst promoted with Mg(II). However, this catalyst had the highest carbon deposition during reaction time on stream. High contents of Mg(II) inhibited carbon formation, this was evidenced by TPO analyses performed to used samples. Low carbon formation at high Mg(II) could be related to the higher basic character of the support as the content of Mg(II) increases.

The evolution of crystal fabric in ice sheets and its link to climate history Kennedy, Joseph H.; Pettit, Erin C.; Di Prinzio, Carlos Leonardo The evolution of preferred crystal-orientation fabrics is strongly sensitive to the initial fabric and texture. A perturbation in climate can induce variations in fabric and texture in the firn. Feedbacks between fabric evolution and ice deformation can enhance these variations through time and depth in an ice sheet. We model the evolution of fabric under vertical uniaxial-compression and pureshear regimes typical of ice divides. Using an analytic anisotropic flow law applied to an aggregate of distinct ice crystals, the model evolves the fabric and includes parameterizations of crystal growth, polygonization and migration recrystallization. Stress and temperature history drive the fabric evolution. Using this model, we explore the evolution of a subtle variation in near-surface fabric using both constant applied stress and a stress-temperature history based on data from Taylor Dome, East Antarctica. Our model suggests that a subtle variation in fabric caused by climate perturbations will be preserved through time and depth in an ice sheet. The stress history and polygonization rate primarily control the magnitude of the preserved climate signal. These results offer the possibility of extracting information about past climate directly from ice fabrics.

Interrogando al sentido común desde las relaciones de hegemonía. Aproximación antropológica a los procesos de estigmatización de trabajadores industriales Soul, Maria Julia; Vogelmann, Veronica El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar algunas reflexiones y elementos analíticos surgidos al calor de investigaciones que focalizan la dinámica de grupos de obreros argentinos empleados en las empresas SOMISA Siderar, de la rama siderúrgica y Swift de la rama frigorífica. Nos proponemos explorar la forma en que ciertos atributos de las trayectorias de vida de conjuntos de trabajadores industriales de las empresas en estudio devinieron componentes de un proceso de estigmatización que se expresa particularmente en la cotidianeidad productiva. En este sentido, la hipótesis de trabajo es que existe una articulación entre las construcciones socioideológicas que construyen los sujetos sociales en relación con procesos de producción concretos y explicaciones provenientes de los saberes académicos que analizan la dinámica política y sindical de la clase obrera argentina. Nos detendremos en particular, en las explicaciones sociológicas elaboradas por el sociólogo italo - argentino Gino Germani en torno del accionar sociopolítico de los trabajadores para establecer las articulaciones concretas en que son apropiadas por los diferentes actores fabriles. Concluiremos el artículo con algunas propuestas teórico metodológicas para el abordaje de los grupos obreros.

Manganese 3×3 and √3×√3-R30 â̂̃ structures and structural phase transition on w-GaN(0001̄) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles theory Chinchore, Abhijit V.; Wang, Kangkang; Shi, Meng; Mandru, Andrada; Liu, Yinghao; Haider, Muhammad; Smith, Arthur R.; Ferrari, Valeria Paola; Barral, María Andrea; Ordejón, Pablo Manganese deposited on the N-polar face of wurtzite gallium nitride [GaN (0001̄)] results in two unique surface reconstructions, depending on the deposition temperature. At lower temperature (less than 105 â̂̃C), it is found that a metastable 3×3 structure forms. Mild annealing of this Mn 3×3 structure leads to an irreversible phase transition to a different, much more stable √3×√3-R30â̂̃ structure which can withstand high-temperature annealing. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction data are compared with results from first-principles theoretical calculations. Theory finds a lowest-energy model for the 3×3 structure consisting of Mn trimers bonded to the Ga adlayer atoms but not with N atoms. The lowest-energy model for the more stable √3×√3-R30â̂̃ structure involves Mn atoms substituting for Ga within the Ga adlayer and thus bonding with N atoms. Tersoff-Hamman simulations of the resulting lowest-energy structural models are found to be in very good agreement with the experimental STM images.

Screening of pharmaceuticals in surface water bodies of the Pampas region of Argentina Elorriaga, Yanina; Marino, Damian Jose Gabriel; Carriquiriborde, Pedro; Ronco, Alicia Estela Pharmaceuticals have been included among emerging pollutants due to their continuous input in aquatic environments by wastewater discharges. The aim of the present study was detecting and analysing concentration levels of five commonly used pharmaceuticals in surface water bodies of the Pampas Region of Argentina. Analyses were done on the soluble fraction by Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) after Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) extraction. Results show the presence of pharmaceuticals in 10 out of 11 sampling sites, detecting higher concentrations in sites closer to wastewater discharges. Compounds more commonly found and at higher concentrations were caffeine and ibuprofen, with maximum detected levels of 13.32 and 9.66 μg/L, respectively. Highest detected concentrations of carbamazepine and atenolol were 0.63 and 0.55 μg/L, respectively. The compound less frequently detected and at lower levels of concentration was diclofenac.

Composition and structure of arbuscular-mycorrhizal communities in El Palmar National Park, Argentina Velázquez, María Silvana; Cabello, Marta Noemí; Barrera, Marcelo Daniel The arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungal (AMF) communities from the El Palmar National Park of Entre Ríos Province, Argentina, were investigated and characterized. The species of AMF present in five distinct vegetation types-gallery forest, grassland, marsh, palm forest, and scrubland-were isolated, identified and quantified over 2 y. Forty-six AMF morphotaxa were found. The composition of the AMF communities differed between the seasons, soil and vegetation types. Seasonal variations were observed in members of the Acaulosporaceae, Archaeosporaceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Gigasporaceae and Pacisporaceae. Depending on soil type, the AMF-spore communities were dominated by members of one of the two main orders of the Glomeromycota. AMF communities from grassland and palm forest, which occur on sandy soils, comprised primarily members of the Diversisporales, with a high percentage of species of Acaulospora and of Gigasporaceae. Communities from the gallery forest, marsh and scrubland, which occur on loam-clay soils, were composed of members of the Glomerales, with a high percentage of spores from species of Glomus. Thus, both AMF and plant communities would appear to be strongly and similarly influenced by edaphic conditions.

The Earth's magnetic field prior to the Cretaceous Normal Superchron: New palaeomagnetic results from the Alto Paraguay Formation Goguitchaichvili, Avto; Cervantes Solano, Miguel; Camps, Pierre; Bettucci Sanchez, Leda; Mena, Mabel; Trindade, Ricardo; Aguilar Reyes, Bertha; Morales, Juan; López Loera, Héctor We report a detailed palaeomagnetic investigation of 28 lava flows (221 standard palaeomagnetic cores) collected from the Paraguayan part of the Paraná flood basalts (the Alto Paraguay Formation). The initial aims of our study were to (i) document variability of the Earth's magnetic field during the time interval sampled, (ii) obtain a new Early Cretaceous palaeomagnetic pole (PP) for stable South America, and (iii) estimate the extrusion rate of the Paraná magma. We precisely determined the palaeofield direction for 26 sites for which the characteristic remanent magnetizations exhibit small within-site dispersion and high directional stability. No palaeodirections were determined for two sites because of a very complex and erratic behaviour of the remanence during the palaeomagnetic treatments. Nine sites display normal polarity magnetization, whereas nine others are reversely magnetized and the remaining eight sites yield intermediate palaeodirections. The mean palaeomagnetic direction of normal polarity sites give I = -41.8°, D = 4.9°, k = 112, and α95 = 4.9°, whereas reversely magnetized sites give I = 37.1°, D = 181.4°, k = 23, and α95 = 11.1°. The reversal test as defined by McFadden and McElhinny (1990; Classification of the reversal test in paleomagnetism: Geophysical Journal International, v. 103, p. 725-729) is positive, corresponding to Type B with γ = 8.7° and γ0 = 3.7°. This ensures that the palaeomagnetic treatment successfully removed the secondary natural remanent magnetization and that the sampling adequately averaged the palaeosecular variation (PSV). The mean PP position obtained from 18 sites is palaeolongitude (Plong) = 359.2° and palaeolatitude (Plat) = 86.2° S. We show by means of probability plots and formal testing procedures that a Fisher distribution with a concentration parameter K = 65 satisfactorily fits the distribution of virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs). The PP obtained in this study agrees reasonably well with coeval pole positions, in particular with those obtained from the Central Paraná Magmatic Province in Brazil, Los Adobes, and Misiones in Argentina. However, some other similar age PPs show significant departure that may be attributed to local tectonic rotations or insufficient sampling needed to overcome the PSV. This new PP differs slightly from the reference poles at 135 Ma for South America given by Besse and Courtillot (2002; Apparent and true polar wander and the geometry of the magnetic field in the last 200 million years: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, no. B11, p. 2300). The PSV parameters are in agreement with those obtained from selected data reported for the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (CNS). In contrast, VGP angular dispersion found here is lower with respect to the Jurassic and Plio-Pleistocene data. The intermediate VGPs determined in the present geographical frame show a northern hemisphere cluster of seven VGPs located east of India, whereas one other VGP is located in the vicinity of Australia.

Hacer el Estado, regular la vida: una etnografía de políticas de juventud; Make the state, regulate life: youth policies ethnography Isacovich, Paula Este artículo propone una mirada sobre las políticas de juventud que se distancia de aquellos estudios que suponen momentos de "formulación" de las políticas colocados en la esfera del Estado, y que relegan a los jóvenes a un lugar de "receptores" de dispositivos elaborados previamente. Desplazando el análisis tanto de las visiones sobre la juventud expresadas en documentos estatales, como de las preocupaciones centradas en la participación de los "destinatarios", enfocamos las acciones de agentes estatales y jóvenes, así como las relaciones que ellos entablan con los dispositivos. En base a un estudio etnográfico en un barrio del sur de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, procuramos mostrar cómo en un proceso particular el Estado y un conjunto de políticas son producidos por medio de prácticas, relaciones y regulaciones. Esta perspectiva permitirá aportar a la reflexión sobre las maneras en que se ejerce la dominación estatal sobre la juventud.; This article proposes an approach to youth policies that takes distance from that ones that account a "formulation" moment of the policies, which is in the State sphere, and relegates the young people to a place of "receptors" of previously made devices. Moving the analysis of both the visions about youth that are expressed in State documents and to the concerns that are centered in the participation of the "recipients", we focus on the State agents and young people actions, as well as the relationships that they made with the devices. Based on an ethnographic study in a neighborhood of the south of Buenos Aires city, we try to show how, in a particular process, the State and a group of policies are produced by practice, relations and regulations. This perspective will allow us to contribute to the reflection about the ways in which the State domination is exercised on young people.

Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase initiates a program independent of the transcription factors RORγt and Ahr that leads to IL-17 production by activated B cells Bermejo, Daniela Andrea; Jackson, Shaun W.; Gorosito Serran, Melisa; Acosta Rodriguez, Eva Virginia; Amezcua Vesely, Maria Carolina; Sather, Blythe D.; Singh, Akhilesh K.; Khim, Socheath; Mucci, Juan Sebastián; Liggitt, Denny; Campetella, Oscar Eduardo; Oukka, Mohamed; Gruppi, Adriana; Rawlings, David J. Here we identified B cells as a major source of rapid, innate-like production of interleukin 17 (IL-17) in vivo in response to infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. IL-17+ B cells had a plasmablast phenotype, outnumbered cells of the TH17 subset of helper T cells and were required for an optimal response to this pathogen. With both mouse and human primary B cells, we found that exposure to parasite-derived trans-sialidase in vitro was sufficient to trigger modification of the cell-surface mucin CD45, which led to signaling dependent on the kinase Btk and production of IL-17A or IL-17F via a transcriptional program independent of the transcription factors RORγt and Ahr. Our combined data suggest that the generation of IL-17+ B cells may be a previously unappreciated feature of innate immune responses required for pathogen control or IL-17-mediated autoimmunity.

Continent-wide decoupling of Y-chromosomal genetic variation from language and geography in native South Americans Roewer, Lutz; Nothnagel, Michael; Gusmão, Leonor; Gomes, Verónica; Miguel González; Corach, Daniel; Sala, Adriana Andrea; Alechine, Evguenia; Palha, Teresinha; Santos, Ney; dos Santos, Andrea Ribeiro; Geppert, Maria; Willuweit, Sascha; Zweynert, Sarah; Baeta, Miriam; Núñez, Carolina; Martínez Jarreta, Begoña; González Andrade, Fabricio; de Carvalho, Elizeu Fagundes; da Silva, Dayse Aparecida; Builes,Juan José; Turbón, Daniel; Lopez Parra, Ana Maria; Arroyo Pardo, Eduardo; Toscanini, Ulises; Borjas, Lisbeth; Barletta, Claudia; Ewart, Elizabeth; Santos, Sidney; Krawczak, Michael Numerous studies of human populations in Europe and Asia have revealed a concordance between their extant genetic structure and the prevailing regional pattern of geography and language. For native South Americans, however, such evidence has been lacking so far. Therefore, we examined the relationship between Y-chromosomal genotype on the one hand, and male geographic origin and linguistic affiliation on the other, in the largest study of South American natives to date in terms of sampled individuals and populations. A total of 1,011 individuals, representing 50 tribal populations from 81 settlements, were genotyped for up to 17 short tandem repeat (STR) markers and 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs), the latter resolving phylogenetic lineages Q and C. Virtually no structure became apparent for the extant Y-chromosomal genetic variation of South American males that could sensibly be related to their inter-tribal geographic and linguistic relationships. This continent-wide decoupling is consistent with a rapid peopling of the continent followed by long periods of isolation in small groups. Furthermore, for the first time, we identified a distinct geographical cluster of Y-SNP lineages C-M217 (C3*) in South America. Such haplotypes are virtually absent from North and Central America, but occur at high frequency in Asia. Together with the locally confined Y-STR autocorrelation observed in our study as a whole, the available data therefore suggest a late introduction of C3* into South America no more than 6,000 years ago, perhaps via coastal or trans-Pacific routes. Extensive simulations revealed that the observed lack of haplogroup C3* among extant North and Central American natives is only compatible with low levels of migration between the ancestor populations of C3* carriers and non-carriers. In summary, our data highlight the fact that a pronounced correlation between genetic and geographic/cultural structure can only be expected under very specific conditions, most of which are likely not to have been met by the ancestors of native South Americans.

El Viraje Político-cultural del Comunismo Argentino en Tiempos de Realismo Socialista y Frentes Populares Piemonte, Víctor Augusto The political-cultural doctrine of socialist realismwas approved by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and incorporated into the official policy of the Soviet government in 1934 after the completion of the First Congress of Soviet Writers. It established the methodological and aesthetic parameters which should guide all artistic production within the Soviet Union. Thereafter, any possibility of relative independence of culture and art in relation to official policy was severely questioned. This subordination position occurred at a time when the Third International began to abandon the class against class tactic in order to turn to the formation of popular fronts, thus generating significant effects in the process of building a proletarian culture. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of this relationship between cultural policy and politics itself, as evidenced by the connection between socialist realismand a political shift in the type of cultural projects carried out inside the Communist Party of Argentina (PCA) for the proletariat of their country by the middle of the 1930s. To this end, we analyze how PCA assumed that culture could be converted from being a tool of class war into a tool for democratic freedom in the struggle against reactionary authoritarianism.