Griego clásico 2: Guía para el aprendizaje del griego clásico según el método Mascialino Castello, Luis Ángelun; Bieda, Esteban Enrique; Divenosa, Marisa Graciela; Pinkler, Leandro El estudio de la estructura sintáctica del griego constituye la vía para acceder a la lógica que sustenta la lengua y se presenta al mismo tiempo como un instrumento hermenéutico que permite desmontar la estructura de los enunciados para comprender su pleno sentido. Griego Clásico 2 complementa la visión gramatical general a la que apunta la Guía 1 y reposa igualmente en principios inductivos, brinda los elementos necesarios para dominar los problemas de sintaxis superior que permiten afrontar luego la lectura directa de textos griegos, requisito indispensable para entender el legado de los pensadores que conformaron el destino cultural de los pueblos de Occidente.

Associations between semen quality and age, meteorological variables, clinical conditions, and lifestyles Verón, Gustavo Luis; Tissera, A. D.; Estofan, G. M.; Bello, R.; Beltramone, F; Vazquez, Monica Hebe Semen analysis is an indispensable tool for assessing male fertility potential since it provides relevant information on male genital tract functionality.

Natural products in food, beverages and plants; Productos Naturales en alimentos, bebidas y plantas Gallo, Blanca; Berrueta, Luis Ángel; Sasía Arriba, Andrea; Asensio Regalado, Carlos; Alonso Salces, Rosa Maria The chemical analysis of food and beverages has a huge interest in food science in order to develop deep knowledge of natural products, which can lead to an improvement of nutritional quality and manufacturing methods, as well as the detection of geographical origins, bad practices, adulterations and frauds.Polyphenols are a relevant group of natural products which are widely found in the Plant Kingdom. Due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties these compounds have attracted attention for their many benefits for human health (e.g. cardiovascular diseases, cancer...), and have also been associated with the development of biotic resistance in plants. In addition, they are a key element in explaining some food properties, such as flavour, bitterness, astringency, aroma and colour.; Los polifenoles son un grupo muy importante de productos naturales debido a su ubicuidad en el reino vegetal y su interés para explicar muchas de las propiedades de los alimentos, tales como el amargor, la astringencia, el aroma y el color, además de sus muchos efectos beneficiosos para la salud humana, debidos sobre todo a su gran potencial antioxidante.

Tratamientos superficiales con potencial aplicación en construcciones de hormigón de importancia patrimonial; Surface treatments with potential application in concrete constructions of heritage importance Correa, María Verónica; Rastelli, Silvia Elena; Lopez, Anahi; Rosato, Vilma Gabriela; Gómez de Saravia, Gabriela Florencia Las microalgas pueden formar biopelículas sobre diferente tipo de construcciones, afectándolas estéticamente al provocar su deterioro superficial. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto alguicida de diferentes tratamientos superficiales para prevenir la formación de biopelículas fototróficas. Las superficies fueron tratadas utilizando solución de base acuosa sólo con tensioactivos (papeta) y adicionada con timol al 1 % y al 2 %. El efecto alguicida se evaluó sobre papel de filtro y probetas de hormigón. Las muestras se rociaron con una suspensión de ≈4.106 algas mL-1. Posteriormente, fueron incubadas bajo condiciones controladas de fotoperíodo y temperatura (16:8 h de luz:oscuridad, 25 ºC) durante 28 días. Todos los tratamientos empleados inhibieron el crecimiento algal tanto en los ensayos de papel de filtro como en las probetas de hormigón. Los tratamientos con timol fueron los más eficientes. Estos tratamientos superficiales serían potencialmente útiles para realizar limpiezas que impidan la formación de biopelículas fototróficas sobre edificaciones históricas.; Microalgae can grow and develop biofilms on different types of buildings, being able to aesthetically affect them and cause their surface deterioration. In this work, the algicidal effect of different surface treatments was evaluated to prevent the formation of phototrophic biofilms on concrete surfaces. The surfaces were treated using aqueous-based solution only with surfactants (paper) and added with 1% and 2% thymol. The algicidal effect was evaluated on filter paper and concrete specimens, leaving in both cases a set of control samples, without treatment. The inoculum used in the tests was a community of algae, isolated from concrete constructions. The samples were sprayed with a community solution at a concentration of ≈4,106 algae mL-1. Subsequently, they were incubated under controlled photoperiod and temperature conditions (16:8 h light: dark, 25ºC) for 28 days, recording partial results of the observations weekly. All the treatments used inhibited algal growth both in filter paper tests and in concrete specimens. These surface treatments would be potentially useful for cleaning that prevents the formation of phototrophic biofilms on historical buildings.

Video recordings of Brown-headed (Molothrus ater) and Shiny (M. bonariensis) cowbirds reveal oviposition from an elevated position: Implications for host-parasite coevolution; Grabaciones de video del Tordo Cabeza Marron ( Molothrus ater) y del Tordo Renegrido (M. bonariensis) revelan una posicion elevada durante la oviposición: Implicancias para la coevolución hospedador-parásito Ellison, Kevin S.; Fiorini, Vanina Dafne; Gloag, Ros; Barrett, Spencer C.h. Molothrine cowbirds are obligate brood parasites that lay eggs within 5-10 s in the minutes before sunrise. Robust analysis of their position at laying has therefore only been made possible with the development of high-resolution and low-light video recording technologies. From video recordings, we observed the moment of oviposition clearly in 8 and 31 instances of egg laying by Brown-headed (Molothrus ater) and Shiny (M. bonariensis) cowbirds, respectively. Both species laid from an elevated position such that their eggs dropped into nests from an estimated height of 4-8 cm. We propose this elevated laying position has selected for high eggshell strength in cowbirds, because stronger eggshells would be less likely to be damaged during egg laying. Stronger eggshells might also damage other eggs when dropped into the nest, thereby further reducing nestling competition from nest mates and drive selection for cowbird eggshell strength. A role for laying position in the evolution of cowbird egg strength is not mutually exclusive of the view that thickly shelled eggs have evolved as a defense to egg rejection by hosts and/or egg puncture behavior of cowbirds.; Los tordos molotrinos son parásitos de cría obligados que ponen huevos entre 5 y 10 s en los minutos previos al amanecer. Por lo tanto, el análisis sólido de su posición en el momento de la puesta solo ha sido posible con el desarrollo de tecnologías de grabación de video de alta resolución y poca luz. A partir de las grabaciones de video, observamos claramente el momento de la oviposición en 8 y 31 instancias de puesta de huevos por parte de los tordos cabeza marrón (Molothrus ater) y Shiny (M. bonariensis), respectivamente. Ambas especies pusieron desde una posición elevada de modo que sus huevos cayeron en los nidos desde una altura estimada de 4 a 8 cm. Proponemos que esta posición de puesta elevada se haya seleccionado para una alta resistencia de la cáscara de huevo en los tordos, porque es menos probable que las cáscaras de huevo más fuertes se dañen durante la puesta de huevos. Las cáscaras de huevo más fuertes también pueden dañar otros huevos cuando se dejan caer en el nido, lo que reduce aún más la competencia entre los polluelos de los compañeros de nido y la selección de impulsos para la fuerza de la cáscara de huevo de tordo. El papel de la posición de puesta en la evolución de la fuerza de los huevos de los tordos no se excluye mutuamente de la opinión de que los huevos de cáscara gruesa han evolucionado como una defensa contra el rechazo de los huevos por parte de los huéspedes y/o el comportamiento de punción de los huevos de los tordos.

Can we produce more beef without increasing its environmental impact? Argentina as a case study Gonzalez Fischer, Carlos Maria; Bilenca, David Norberto We analyse the current and future environmental impact of beef in Argentina, comparing four environmental dimensions (GHG, ecotoxicity, erosion and biodiversity) across 21 cow-calf systems and 47 finishing systems. The cow-calf and the finishing stages contributed equally to beef production, but impacts varied between stages (70 % of soil erosion and 75 % of GHG emissions occurred during the cow-calf stage, whereas 72 % of impact on biodiversity and 99 % of pesticide ecotoxicity occurred during the finishing stage). More intensive systems showed higher ecotoxicity and impact on biodiversity, and lower emissions and erosion per kg of beef than the more extensive systems. However, the intensity of this trade-off varied regionally, being more noticeable in the central regions of the Pampas and less so in the peripheric non-pampean regions. We also projected future beef production and environmental impacts under different production scenarios and found that it might be possible to increase beef production in Argentina by 15 % without a significant increase in the environmental impact of the sector (given a reduction of the ecotoxicological impact of crop production). We also showed that this could be achieved by adopting available practices and that the sector's self-set goals are compatible with this scenario.

Los granos de maíz maduros expuestos a compuestos orgánicos volátiles fúngicos, incrementan la expresión génica y la actividad enzimática de las lipoxigenasas; The mature maize grains exposed to fungal volatile organic compounds, increase their gene expression and enzymatic activity of lipoxygenases Jacquat, Andrés Gustavo; Usseglio, Virginia Lara; Achimón, Fernanda; Bohl, Luciana Paola; Porporatto, Carina; Areco, Vanessa Andrea; Pizzolitto, Romina Paola; Zygadlo, Julio Alberto; Zunino, María Paula; Dambolena, José Sebastián Las plantas adultas son capaces de receptar compuestos orgánicos volátiles(COVs)y responder de acuerdo a la naturaleza de la molécula señal. Ciertos COV sin ducen mecanismos de defensa en las plantas, como el metabolismo de las oxilipinas derivado de la catális isinicial de lipoxigenasas(LOX). Sin embargo no hay estudios realizados en embriones. En maíz, los granos poseen un embrión en estado de quiescenciano-dormante durante su madurez fisiológica(MF), manteniendo una actividad metabólica y una expresión degénica basal. Fusarium verticillioides(Fv) es unos de los hongos fitopatógenos predominante en maíz.; The oxylipins compounds (lipoxygenase (LOX) activity derivate) play an important role in plant-defenses, like chemical defenses against microorganism infections and herbivore attacks. In plants, the defenses can be induced or priming by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by other plants, fungi and bacteria, however, little is known about its role on physiological maturity of maize grains. During grain storage, different biological interactions with other microorganisms can occur through VOCs. Fusarium verticillioides (Fv) is the predominant Fusarium species in maize grains and has been shown that their volatile compounds can affect the performance of neighboring grains. The potential acquired resistance of maize kernel exposed to VOCs could provide great agronomic benefits in order to control the maize diseases. The objective was to study, at genetic and enzymatic level, the oxylipins pathway induction in grains through VOCs. Two atmosphere-connected compartments were used. The inductors were VOCs emitted by Fv growing on maize, 1-octen-3-ol pure and 3-octanol pure. In the other compartment, mature maize grains were placed. In grains exposed to VOCs, the ZmLOX12 (NM_001112527.1) gene showed a significant increase in expression levels. Then, the basal LOX enzymatic activity of grains exposed to fungal VOCs and 1-octen-3-ol showed a significant increase, while 1-octanol exposition did not. These suggest that the mature maize embryo is able to sense small molecules from its environment, and trigger aresponse. Future studies evaluating the potential acquired resistance of mature maize kernels exposed to fungal VOC against fungi and insects should be performed.

Morphological and molecular variability of wild diploid and polyploid populations of Chrysolaena flexuosa (Sims) H. Rob.: relevance for ornamental breeding Echeverría, María Lis; Camadro, Elsa Lucila Chrysolaena flexuosa is a South American species of ornamental interest, whose variability has not been explored. The objective of this work was to perform joint analyses of morphological and molecular traits in seven accessions from its geographic distribution in Argentina: diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid, along an approximately 1400 km transect. To this end, 26 morphological traits were recorded in 10–24 plants/accession, and two combination of AFLP markers were used for molecular characterization. The data was subjected to multivariate and AMOVA analyses, and the genetic diversity among accessions was evaluated by using the Fst index. The multivariate analyses for morphological traits allowed the differentiation of groups that were in accordance with their geographical origin and, thus, their respective ploidies; with the diploids exhibiting smaller-sized organs but higher numbers of leaves and heads. In the AMOVA, differences between accessions according to geographic origin were not significant (p = 0.123), and the highest percentage of the molecular variance corresponded to intra-population variation (88.1%). The Fst index indicated moderate genetic differentiation among accessions (Fst = 0.11), as observed in other allogamous species as a consequence of inter-population gene flow. In turn, the detected variability for morphological traits of interest would allow the use of these accessions in ornamental breeding for cultivar development.

Letras al Maestro: el epistolario inédito de Ángel Guido a Ricardo Rojas Antequera, María Florencia El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar algunas claves del epistolario inédito del arquitecto, urbanista, escritor e historiador del arte Ángel Guido (Rosario, 1896-1960) a Ricardo Rojas (San Miguel de Tucumán, 1882- Buenos Aires, 1957). Esta acervo epistolar, que comprende el arco temporal de tres décadas, entre 1925 y 1955, constituye una correspondencia de carácter privado de considerable valía ya que delinea un vínculo de amistad y admiración de Guido por Rojas y paralelamente, se encuadra en la denominada correspondencia intelectual (Brezzo, 2018) puesto que ambos letrados argentinos estaban hermanados por un ideario común atravesado por la cuestión euríndica y la pregunta por lo americano. En pocas palabras, entendemos que la correspondencia privada contribuye a expresar cuestiones que no pertenecen solo al ámbito estrecho de lo íntimo, lo que muestra la connivencia de la carta y del universo intelectual de la cultura (Bouvet, 2006, p. 16). Pretendemos entonces contribuir a la visibilización de un patrimonio cultural que no ha sido estudiado y, de este modo, aportar elementos para repensar la relación entre dos letrados que intervinieron activamente en la formación del campo intelectual argentino. Para tal fin, identificamos y analizamos algunos rasgos y/o relaciones dinámicas de la matriz epistolar que operan en estas piezas y los ejes temáticos que fulguran en las mismas, atendiendo a ciertos lazos con el conjunto de la obra de A. Guido. En este sentido, atendemos al carácter peculiar del estatuto epistolar, el cual se funda en el movimiento ambivalente entre opuestos: nos referimos a los pares presencia-ausencia, oralidad-escritura, privado-público, realidad-ficción por citar solo los más significativos y también los que más consenso han suscitado en la crítica especializada (Maíz, 2018; Hintze y Zandanel, 2012; Bouvet, 2006; Cioran, 1995; Violi, 1987; Salinas, 1983). Consideramos que el entre lugar de esos pares opositivos define esa matriz. El campo teórico-crítico de los estudios literarios de la epistolaridad y de sus vinculaciones con la historia cultural contribuye a consolidar herramientas para tal fin. De este modo, explorar algunas posibilidades y límites de las relaciones entre los textos inéditos que componen la colección documental de A. Guido y sus textos teóricos, en torno a la concepción euríndica, es otro de los objetivos propuestos. Nuestra apuesta consiste en ampliar los márgenes de lo que entendemos por la obra de Ángel Guido: la correspondencia, las obras arquitectónicas, sus escritos literarios y los textos de corte más teórico forman parte de la misma constelación que abordamos.

Medida de la actividad antifouling de ésteres derivados del furfural y análogos de azufre con diferentes fenoles obtenidos a partir de derivados de biomasa Escobar Caicedo, Angélica María; Perez, Miriam Cristina; Sathicq, Angel Gabriel; García, Mónica; Paola, Analia Cristina; Romanelli, Gustavo Pablo; Blustein, Guillermo Cuando se buscan alternativas de menor impacto ambiental a las formulaciones actualmente empleadas de pinturas que contienen cobre para prevenir o controlar el asentamiento de micro y macroorganismos sobre estructuras emplazadas en distintos ambientes acuáticos, se dirige el foco de atención hacia productos naturales tanto de organismos marinos como de plantas terrestres, los cuales son fuentes ricas de compuestos bioactivos. Es así como estudios reportados previamente encontraron que muchos metabolitos secundarios generados por esponjas y otros organismos marinos, que presentan actividad antifouling, tienen en su estructura un resto de γ-hidroxibutenólida de anillos de furanos, lo que sugiere que su actividad está relacionada con este grupo [2]. De igual forma, fenoles como el timol son bien conocidos por tu actividad antimicrobiana, antimicótica y repelente, entre otras, lo que permite suponer que sea viable estudiar la actividad antifouling de compuestos que contengan este tipo de moléculas. Esto abrió una nueva línea de búsqueda de alternativas amigables con el medio ambiente y factibles de sintetizar en el laboratorio, como los derivados del furfural y análogos de azufre con diferentes fenoles.

El problema de la constitución de la carne y los Manuscritos C de Edmund Husserl: Reflexiones sobre la interpretación de Didier Franck Walton, Roberto Juan La interpretación del profesor Didier Franck sobre Husserl en relación con la carne y la constitución del tiempo se encuentra en su libro Chair et corps y en el artículo "La chair el te problème de la constitution temporelle". En primer lugar, expongo los aspectos centrales de la interpretación cuyo hilo conductor es "deshacer lo que Husserl se esfuerza por constituir". Luego analizo el modo en que estos temas son retomados por Husserl, y las principales modificaciones a las que están sujetos en los manuscritos tardíos, especialmente los manuscritos del grupo C. Por último examino una hipótesis central planteada: el origen desdoblado del tiempo.; The article considers in its first part the problems underlined by D. Franck regarding the role of the flesh in the constitution of time. It offers a presentation of his views on the constitution of bodilihood (Leiblichkeit) and corporeity (Körperlichkeit), the role of intersubjectivity, and the Husserlian characterization of the flow of time. The second part examines Husserl’s late manuscripts on the constitution of time in order to show a new way of considering these problems. The role of the flesh in constitution and its relationship with intersubjectivity and the flow of time are stressed. The third part is concerned with the “double origin” (Franck) of time. This duality is associated with Husserl’s twofold primality (Urtümlichkeit) according to which time can be referred back to the living and permanent present in which we are always placed and to a previous stage of time which emerges from a genesis in the past and is linked to flesh and intersubjectivity. It is argued that a twofold relationship of non-derivation and conditioning between consciousness and flesh (E. Ströker) can be associated with this approach.

Palynological analysis of the outer parts of camelid coprolites: implications for vegetation reconstruction Velázquez, Nadia Jimena; Burry, Lidia Susana; Mancini, Maria Virginia; Fugassa, Martín Horacio The aim of this study was to analyze pollen from the outer parts of camelid coprolites and contemporaneous sediments to evaluate the potential of coprolites for the reconstruction of the vegetation history of Patagonia during the Holocene. The pollen composition of camelid coprolites coming from archeological layers between 10,920 yrs. cal BP and 2823 yrs. cal BP found in the sites Cerro Casa de Piedra 5 and 7 (Perito Moreno National Park, Santa Cruz, Argentina) were analyzed. Coprolites were divided into outer and inner subsamples. Outer subsample pollen extraction was performed through acetolysis and determination and counting under optical microscope. Morisita-Horn index and Wilcoxon test were performed to evaluate similarities between pollen spectra of outer subsamples of coprolites and contemporaneous sediments. The dominant pollen types were: Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae), Empetrum (Ericaceae), Asteraceae subf. Asteroideae, Nassauvia (Asteraceae subf. Mutisioideae), Poaceae and Caryophyllaceae. The similarities found between outer subsamples of coprolites and contemporaneous sediments reflected the dominant pollen types of the vegetation and forest development, whereas significant differences could be attributed to coprolite pollen spectra that may be biased by season of coprolite deposition, selectivity of the diet and/or higher temporal resolution. Also, the presence of pollen types in outer subsamples of coprolites absent in sediments could give information for paleoenvironmental reconstructions by enriching information of the past flora. This study demonstrates that coprolites can be a valuable tool for paleoenvironmental reconstructions in arid and semiarid areas where depositional environments that support pollen preservation are typically rare.

Sobre la incertidumbre educativa: Continuidades, discontinuidades, interrupciones y vacíos Skliar, Carlos Bernardo Este texto pone en consideración algunas ideas y percepciones, provisorias y precarias, acerca del acontecimiento educativo durante la pandemia, a partir de la reelaboración de una serie de conversaciones virtuales en el país y en la región, que retratan en un tono de incertidumbre el antes-durante-después de las formas, espacios y tiempos escolares.

Environmental Justice Wagner, Lucrecia Soledad Environmental Justice (EJ) is a concept that connects environmental problems with social justice. It was constituted within the struggles against the unequal distribution of environmental burdens and benefits between different social groups. This concept was born in the United States of America (USA) in the 1980s to denounce the practice and policy leading to some individuals, groups, and communities receiving less environmental protection than others because of their geographic location, race, and economic status. In such cases, risk burdens are localized to specific, often marginalized groups, yet the benefits are generalized across all segments of society (Bullard 1994).The concept was developed by an emerging movement opposing environmental injustices of different kinds: The actors who are involved in this movement argue that differences of race, economics status, as well as sex, age, gender and capabilities, among others, are the cause of unequal distribution of environmental impacts. Theory and practice of environmental justice necessarily includes distributive conceptions of justice, but also embraces notions of justice based in recognition, participation and capabilities (Bauler n.d.; Schlosberg 2007). The environmental injustice term describes the disproportionate imposition of environmental risks to populations who have less financial, political, and informational resources (Acselrad et al. 2009).Critical thought and action dedicated to studying these power relationships is key to understanding the management and appropriation of natural resources and their use by different social groups. The concept is not only an analytical tool, but a call to organize and reflect about a sustainable form of human-nature relations. Thus, the environmental justice movement attacks the lack of democracy regarding the prevention of environmental contamination. It claims to extend equal social participation in decision making processes. In conclusion, environmental justice also implicates justice regarding different aspects of the environment and beyond. As Giovanna Di Chiro says, it involves the protection of the place where we "live, work and play" (1998).

Senecio spp. transboundary introduction and expansion affecting cattle in Uruguay: Clinico-pathological, epidemiological and genetic survey, and experimental intoxication with Senecio oxyphyllus García, Juan Agustín; Rosas, Juan E.; García y Santos, Carmen; Streitenberger, Nicolás; Feijoo, Matías; Dutra, Fernando The genus Senecio is distributed worldwide, being responsible of poisoning in livestock and humans. Many species of Senecio have high invasion and expansion capacity, highly competitive with agricultural and native plant species, causing ecological damage. Particularly in Uruguay, poisoning by Senecio have grown exponentially to reach epidemic proportions. Herein we describe Seneciosis as a re-emerging and expanding epidemic disease affecting cattle, by describing clinico-pathological, epidemiological and genetic variation of species involved, as well as an experimental intoxication with Senecio oxyphyllus. For this, a study was carried out on 28 cattle farms in Eastern Uruguay, with history of seneciosis from 2010 to 2016. Plants of fifty populations of Senecio were sampled, in 2015 and 2016, for identification, analysis of alkaloids and study of genetic variation. In turn, post-mortem examination was performed in cattle of natural and an experimental case to confirm the intoxication, showing microscopic characteristic lesions (hepatomegalocytosis, diffuse fibrosis and ductal reaction). Four species of Senecio were identified: S. oxyphyllus, S. madagascariensis, S. selloi and S. brasiliensis. In the genetic study, 489 molecular markers of amplified sequence-related polymorphisms (SRAP), associated with species and pasture, were used for genetic variation analysis. There was no statistically significant association between genetic variation determined by molecular markers and population (specimens of same species collected from the same farm), botanically determined species, or geographical origin. The increase of seneciosis in cattle in the last years, the presence of species not identified to the moment with implication in the poisoning outbreaks and expansion of these plants shows that the disease is in an epidemic growing active stage. In turn, the experimental poisoning with S. oxyphyllus confirms its chronic hepatotoxic effect, being an emergent species for the region, of high distribution and toxic risk. This latter turned out the main Senecio species involved. This case of expansion of harmful plant for animal production and desirable plant species, can be useful as a model of ecopathological characterization, which is likely to occur with other toxic plants in different geographical ranges globally.

Mild Homogeneous Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles through the Epoxide Route: Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Related One-Pot Composites Oestreicher, Víctor Santiago Jesús; Huck Iriart, Cristián; Soler Illia, Galo Juan de Avila Arturo; Angelome, Paula Cecilia; Jobbagy, Matias A new one-pot homogeneous methodology at room temperature to obtain Au nanoparticles (AuNP) on the basis of the epoxide route is presented. The proposed method takes advantage of the homogenous generation of OH− moieties driven by epoxide ring-opening, mediated by chloride nucleophilic attack. Once reached alkaline conditions, the reducing medium allows the quantitative formation of AuNP under well-defined kinetic control. A stabilizing agent, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), is required to maintain the AuNP stable. Meanwhile their presence dramatically affects the reduction kinetics and pathway, as demonstrated by the evolution of the UV/Vis spectra, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns, and pH value along the reaction. In the presence of PVP nanogold spheroids are obtained following a similar reduction mechanism as that observed for control experiments in the absence of PVP. However, if CTAC is employed a stable complex with AuIII is formed, leading to a different reaction pathway and resulting in ellipsoidal-like shaped AuNP. Moreover, the proposed methodology allows stabilize the growing AuNP, by coupling their formation with nonalkoxidic sol–gel reactions, leading to nanocomposite gels with embedded metallic nanoparticles. The epoxide route thus offers a versatile scenario for the one-pot preparation of new metal nanoparticles–inorganic/hybrid matrices nanocomposites with valuable optical properties.

Due process and seclusion in Argentina: from words to facts Safranoff, Ana; Tiravassi, Antonella This study examines gender differences in the criminal justice processing of defendants in Argentina. The Argentinian charter of rights guarantees a number of criminal procedure rights for individuals accused of crimes. Using the results of a 2013 survey of inmates held in Argentinian federal prisons and prisons from the Buenos Aires Prison Service, gender differences in the processing of defendants was found. Women’s treatment may be the result of paternalism or a product of a double-sanction imposed on women who violate traditional gender roles.

The debate between Janet and Freud revisited: trauma and memory (1892-1895/1913-1914) Sanfelippo, Luis César; Dagfal, Alejandro Antonio The relationship between trauma and memory disorders is not an essential one; in fact, its origins can be traced back to the 1890s, to the works of Janet and Freud. In this article, we focus on two brief but fundamental periods in the works of both of these authors (1892-1895 and 1913-1914). Against most contemporary literature on the subject, we argue that Freud’s works gave much more importance than Janet’s to the relationship between trauma, memory, and pathology. Furthermore, we reconstruct two essential parts of their debate: the discussion about the relevance of hereditary and accidental factors and the one about the function of memory within the framework of treatment. As bibliographic sources, we use theoretical and clinical works—allowing for a better appreciation of the relationship between trauma and memory in both authors’ theories and practices.

La Teoría de los Sistemas Complejos y la Teoría de los Sistemas Sociales en las controversias de la complejidad; Complex Systems Theory and Social Systems Theory in the controversies of complexity Becerra, Gaston La irrupción de la complejidad en las décadas de 1970 y 1980 motivó un cierto diagnóstico de crisis de la ciencia y el conocimiento científico. Indagar el alcance de este diagnóstico es central para comprender el sentido que adquiere la complejidad en dos programas particulares: la Teoría de los Sistemas Complejos (TSC) de Rolando García, y la Teoría de los Sistemas Sociales (TSS) de Niklas Luhmann. Para aclarar este problema planteamos un contrapunto en torno a tres problemas particulares –el alcance de las explicaciones y las predicciones científicas, la interdisciplina, y el carácter social y transformador del conocimiento –, que atendemos junto a las características metateóricas y los supuestos epistemológicos de cada programa. Concluimos abogando por una interpretación de la TSC donde se observa una posición más moderada que la de la TSS en la controversia por la complejidad.; The irruption of complexity in the 1970’s and 1980’s motivated a certain diagnosis of crisis as regards science and scientific knowledge. Clarifying the scope of this diagnosis is key to understand the meaning acquired by “complexity” in two particular programs: the Theory of Complex Systems (TSC) by Rolando García, and the Theory of Social Systems (TSS) by Niklas Luhmann. To advance on this goal, we propose a counterpoint on 3 particular problems –the scope of explanations and scientific predictions, interdisciplinarity, and the social and transforming nature of knowledge– which we address with each program’s metatheoretical characteristics and epistemological assumptions. We conclude by advocating an interpretation of TSC in which a more moderate position is observed than that in TSS in the controversy of complexity.

La Ley Argentina de Estímulo Educativo (26.565/11) y la educación en contextos de encierro: un análisis desde la perspectiva de la planificación educativa; The Argentine Law of Educational Stimulus (26.565/11) and the correctional education: an analysis from the perspective of educational planning Perez, Camila En este artículo me propongo analizar desde la categoría de planificación educativa las modificaciones que introdujo la Ley 26.565/11 en relación a la educación en contextos de encierro en Argentina. Me interesa avanzar sobre el análisis del marco normativo vigente y sus recientes modificaciones para responder los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Cuál es la definición de planificación educativa que resulta más pertinente para analizar la Ley 26.565/11? (propongo analizar la evolución de este concepto). ¿Cuáles fueron los debates previos a la sanción de la ley?, ¿Quiénes fueron los actores sociales que impulsaron esta modificación legislativa? (aquí busco destacar los múltiples procesos de planificación y participación). ¿En qué consiste la modificación? ¿Cuáles fueron los principales debates que surgieron a partir de su sanción? (aquí busco destacar los procesos de planificación e investigación: en la formulación de la Ley 26.565/11, en su ejecución y en su evaluación posterior).; In this article I propose to analyze from the category of educational planning the modifications introduced by Law 26,565 / 11 in relation to education in confinement contexts in Argentina. In this paper I intend to advance on the analysis of the current normative framework and its recent modifications to answer the following questions: What is the definition of educational planning that is more relevant to analyze Law 26.565/11? (I propose to analyze the evolution of this concept). What were the debates prior to the enactment of the law? Who were the social actors that drove this legislative amendment? (here I want to highlight the multiple processes of planning and participation). What is this modification about? What were the main debates that arose from its sanction? (here I want to highlight the planning and research processes: in the formulation of Law 26.565/11, in its execution and in its subsequent evaluation).