Fractional order Orlicz-Sobolev spaces Fernandez Bonder, Julian; Salort, Ariel Martin In this paper we define the fractional order Orlicz-Sobolev spaces, and prove its convergence to the classical Orlicz-Sobolev spaces when the fractional parameter s↑1 in the spirit of the celebrated result of Bourgain-Brezis-Mironescu. We then deduce some consequences such as Γ−convergence of the modulars and convergence of solutions for some fractional versions of the Δ g operator as the fractional parameter s↑1.

Deoxycholate-TPGS mixed nanomicelles for encapsulation of methotrexate with enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell lines Bernabeu, Ezequiel Adrian; Gonzalez, Lorena; Cagel, Carlos Maximiliano; Moretton, Marcela Analía; Chiappetta, Diego Andrés Biocompatible mixed nanomicelles consisting of sodium deoxycholate and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate have been prepared in different molar ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100) in order to improve the aqueous solubility and in vitro anti-tumor activity of methotrexate. The nanomicelles loaded with methotrexate were prepared without using any organic solvents and characterized in terms of critical micellar concentration, particle size and drug solubilization capacity of the micellar dispersion. The optimized formulation (ratio 25:75) exhibited a spherical shape and a particle size of about 8 nm. The results of the in vitro release assay showed that the micellar system presented a sustained release behaviour compared to the solution of methotrexate. Cell viability studies in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells revealed that mixed micelles achieved lower IC 50 values, in comparison to methotrexate and pralatrexate solutions. The formulated system showed a significant increase in the methotrexate cellular uptake, when compared to the free drug in both cell lines. Furthermore, hemolytic assay confirmed that methotrexate-loaded mixed micelles are compatible with red blood cells. Therefore, the mixed micelles developed in this study might be a potential nano-drug delivery system capable of overcoming in vitro resistance to methotrexate in breast cancer cells.

A mode of truth: Borges y la biografía en tres episodios Fontana, Patricio Miguel Evaristo Carriego, uno de los libros fundamentales del primer Borges, es, de un modo no ortodoxo, una biografía. Historia universal de la infamia es, también a su modo, una colección de biografías. Por su parte, Borges incluyó en El Aleph la biografía de un personaje ficcional: el sargento Cruz. En razón de esto, y de otros textos donde Borges reflexiona sobre el género biográfico o incursiona en él, me interesará rastrear en su obra cuál es su concepción del género biográfico y, en este sentido, cuál es la relación entre escritura y vida que se postula en ella.

In vitro breeding: Application of embryonic stem cells to animal production Goszczynski, Daniel E.; Cheng, Hao; Demyda-Peyrás, Sebastian; Medrano, Juan F.; Wu, Jun; Ross, Pablo J. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of preimplantation blastocysts. For decades, attempts to efficiently derive ESCs in animal livestock species have been unsuccessful, but this goal has recently been achieved in cattle. Together with the recent reconstitution of the germ cell differentiation processes from ESCs in mice, these achievements open new avenues for the development of promising technologies oriented toward improving health, animal production, and the environment. In this article, we present a strategy that will notably accelerate genetic improvement in livestock populations by reducing the generational interval, namely in vitro breeding (IVB). IVB combines genomic selection, a widely used strategy for genetically improving livestock, with ESC derivation and in vitro differentiation of germ cells from pluripotent stem cells. We also review the most recent findings in the fields on which IVB is based. Evidence suggests this strategy will be soon within reach.

Agricultura, cultura del oasis y megaminería en Mendoza: Debates y disputas; Agriculture, oasis' culture and mega-mining in Mendoza: Debates and disputes Wagner, Lucrecia Soledad Mendoza es una de las provincias argentinas donde el rechazo a la megaminería ha sido más exitoso. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la cultura mendocina del oasis como uno de los fundamentos de la oposición a esta actividad. Basándonos en fuentes documentales, producidas principalmente por el Estado provincial, y en un trabajo etnográfico que recupera testimonios de quienes se oponen a la megaminería, concluimos que el rechazo a esta actividad tiene un arraigo en ciertas características de la historia provincial, que combinadas con nuevas demandas socioambientales, han dado lugar a una de las resistencias a la megaminería más trascendentes de la Argentina.; Mendoza is one of the argentinean provinces where the rejection of the mega mining has been most successful. This work aims to investigate the oasis culture, as one of the basis of opposition to this activity. Based on documentary sources, produced mainly by the provincial government, and an ethnographic work that includes testimonies of the protagonists of mega mining rejection, we conclude that the rejection of this activity is rooted in certain provincial history characteristics, which combined with new social-environmental demands, have given rise to one of the most transcendent resistance to mega mining in Argentina.

Revocatoria de Mandato en Perú: diseño institucional y resultados de su aplicación; Recall in Perú: institutional design and results of its application Eberhardt, Maria Laura Desde fines de la década de 1980, tras la decadencia de los Estados de Bienestar y el auge de la democracia de audiencia, gran parte de las democracias occidentales ingresaron en una fase de “crisis de la representación”. Frente a dicho escenario, varios países latinoamericanos emprendieron reformas constitucionales en las que, entre otros cambios, se incorporaron mecanismos de participación ciudadana, como la revocatoria de mandato. Esta herramienta de accountability societal permite a los ciudadanos destituir a representantes electos a través del voto. Perú la incorporó en su Constitución de 1993 junto con otros instrumentos de democracia directa, aunque con alcance limitado a las autoridades de los ámbitos regional y local. Este país fue emblemático en el continente en cuanto a la frecuencia y cantidad de veces que utilizó el revocatorio, si bien no siempre con resultados deseables en términos de control ciudadano y superación de crisis de legitimidad de los gobernantes. Por el contrario, su uso indebido y en exceso ha provocado problemas de gobernabilidad a nivel local. En el presente artículo se analiza el diseño institucional de la revocatoria de mandato en Perú y sus resultados de aplicación, tanto positivos como negativos, para la calidad democrática y la estabilidad institucional.; Since the end of the 80s, after the decline of the Welfare States and the rise of the Hearing Democracy, a large part of Western democracies entered a phase of “crisis of representation”. Faced with this scenario, several Latin American countries undertook constitutional reforms in which, among other changes, citizen participation mechanisms were incorporated, such as the recall. This tool of societal accountability allows citizens to dismiss elected representatives through voting. Peru incorporated it in its Constitution of 1993 together with other instruments of direct democracy, although with limited scope to the authorities of the regional and local levels. This country was emblematic in the continent in terms of the frequency and number of times it used the recall, although not always with desirable results in terms of citizen control and overcoming legitimacy crises of the rulers. On the contrary, its undue and excessive use has caused problems of local governance. This article analyzes the institutional design of the recall in Peru and its results, both positive and negative, for the democratic quality and institutional stability.

Promoción estatal del cooperativismo de trabajo y formas socioproductivas emergentes: Contribuciones en clave emancipatoria a partir de un estudio de caso del Programa Argentina Trabaja; State promotion of worker cooperatives and emerging socioproductive forms: Contributions from an emancipatory perspective based on a case study of the Argentina Trabaja Program Kasparian, Denise Romina Desde comienzos del siglo XXI y hasta el año 2015, las cooperativas de trabajo en Argentina se expandieron en el marco de políticas públicas de fomento del cooperativismo y la economía social. A partir de un estudio de caso, el presente artículo se propone realizar una caracterización socioproductiva de una cooperativa creada por el Programa Argentina Trabaja que contribuya a una reflexión en torno a las limitaciones y potencialidades en términos emancipatorios que plantea esta vía de conformación y puesta en marcha de cooperativas que podríamos denominar ?incubada?. Para la realización del estudio de caso se triangularon una serie de técnicas de investigación: entrevistas en profundidad a trabajadores de la cooperativa, observación no participante y análisis documental. Sostenemos que la cooperativa analizada configura una forma de producción híbrida no mercantil con dominio del poder estatal, orientada a la reproducción de trabajadores excluidos del mercado laboral, que habilita ciertos grados de empoderamiento social a través de la autoapropiación privada-colectiva y los espacios de autodeterminación de los trabajadores, configurando esquemas asimilables a la cogestión. Indexada en: CONICET-CAICYT-Núcleo Básico.; Since the beginning of the 21st century and until 2015, worker cooperatives in Argentina have expanded within the framework of public policies that promote cooperativism and social economy. Based on a case study, the present article carries out a socio-productive characterization of a cooperative created by the Argentina Trabaja Program that contributes to a reflection on the limitations and potentialities in emancipatory terms of this path of conformation and start-up of cooperatives that could be called “incubated”. To carry out the case study, a series of research techniques were triangulated: in-depth interviews with workers of the cooperative, non-participant observation and documentary analysis. We argue that the analyzed cooperative constitues a nonmercantile hybrid form of production dominated by state power, aimed at the reproduction of workers excluded from the labor market, that enables degrees of social empowerment through private-collective self-appropriation and areas of self-management of workers, creating schemes similar to co-management.

Acid leaching of licoo2 from libs: thermodynamic study and reducing agent effect; Lixiviación ácida de licoo2 proveniente de libs: estudio termodinámico y del efecto de un agente reductor Pinna, Eliana Guadalupe; Martínez, A.A.; Tunez, Fernando Marcelo; Drajlin Gordón, Diego Sebastián; Rodriguez, M.H. This work shows the results of a comparative hydrometallurgical study of LiCoO2 leaching, obtained from the cathodesof spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), with HF and HF/H2O2. The operational parameters researched were H2O2 and HFconcentrations, solid-liquid ratio, stirring speed, temperature and reaction time. The experimental results indicated that the bestworking conditions, with dissolution values close to 100%, were 348 K, 330 rpm, 30 min, 8 g/L, HF 0.6 M and H2O2 0.7 M.Thermodynamic study of the dissociation of HF in aqueous solution and EH-pH diagrams for Li-H2O, Co-H2O and Li-Co-F-H2Osystems were performed. The results showed the feasibility of extracting and recovering metals contained in the sample.Keywords: LiCoO2, LIBs, reducing agent, thermodynamic

Búsquedas de vínculos eróticos y/o afectivos. Un estudio comparado entre la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y la Ciudad de México Palumbo, Mariana El artículo analiza, desde un enfoque cualitativo y de corte comparativo, por qué mujeres y varones heterosexuales adultas de clase media residentes de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y de México eligen a las aplicaciones de citas, en este caso Tinder, como el espacio de sociabilidad a partir del cual llevar a cabo encuentros eróticos y/o afectivos. Para tal fin se describen y analizan: a) cuáles son las motivaciones – facilidades propias de la aplicación y aquellas de índole erótica y/o afectiva– que lleva a sus usuarios/as a utilizar Tinder; b) el uso geolocalizado que la aplicación ofrece: dónde sus usuarios/as la usan, cuáles son sus márgenes espaciales de búsqueda y cuál es su uso en otros países si los hubiera; c) el papel de las mujeres como consumidoras de las aplicaciones virtuales de citas.; This article employs a qualitative and comparative approach towards analyzing the reasons why middle-class adult heterosexual men and women residing in Buenos Aires and Mexico choose to use dating applications -in this case Tinder- as a space of sociability for the purpose of erotic and/or affective meetings. To that end, we shall describe and analyze: a) the motivations involved -conveniences, as well as erotic and/or affective features of the application- that attract users to Tinder; b) the geolocation feature offered by Tinder: where the application is used, the spatial scope of the searches performed, and if the application is used in other countries; c) the role of women as consumers of dating applications.

Monitoring of engine oil aging by diffusion and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation Förster, Eva; Fraenza, Carla Cecilia; Küstner, Jan; Anoardo, Esteban; Nirschl, Hermann; Guthausen, Gisela Time domain, also named lowfield nuclear magnetic resonance is used to monitor oil degradation by measuring relaxation and diffusion. As quality control of oils is indispensable to optimize oil change intervals while simultaneously preventing machinery damage, the technique was applied to detect the degradation state of engine oils as time domain nuclear magnetic resonance is known as a well suited tool to measure quality control parameters for example in food industry. Correlations with commonly applied oil analytics like viscosity measurements and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry allow to interpret relaxation and diffusion data in detail and finally to deepen the understanding of oil aging processes. Additionally, the measurement temperature was varied to achieve the maximum sensitivity towards oil aging. Low field NMR is not only realized in form of table top instruments, but also in form of field cycling and single sided NMR devices. Fast field cycling as well as single-sided NMR were also explored to study oil aging and to provide valuable insight. The latter device was used to obtain information about translational diffusion and transverse relaxation of oils simultaneously.

Grab recruitment by Rab27A-Rabphilin3a triggers Rab3A activation in human sperm exocytosis Quevedo, María Florencia; Bustos, Matias Alberto; Masone, Diego Fernando; Roggero Savoini, Carlos Marcelo; Bustos, Diego Martin; Tomes, Claudia Nora Sperm must undergo the regulated exocytosis of its dense core granule (the acrosome reaction, AR) to fertilize the egg. We have previously described that Rabs3 and 27 are organized in a RabGEF cascade within the signaling pathway elicited by exocytosis stimuli in human sperm. Here, we report the role of Rabphilin3a and GRAB, that link these secretory Rabs in the RabGEF cascade. Like Rab3 and Rab27, GRAB and Rabphilin3a are present, localize to the acrosomal region and are required for calcium-triggered exocytosis in human sperm. Sequestration of either protein with specific antibodies introduced into streptolysin O-permeabilized sperm impairs the activation of Rab3 in the acrosomal region elicited by calcium, but not that of Rab27. Biochemical and functional assays indicate that Rabphilin3a behaves as a Rab27 effector during the AR and that GRAB exhibits GEF activity toward Rab3A. Recombinant, active Rab27A pulls down Rabphilin3a and GRAB from human sperm extracts. Conversely, immobilized Rabphilin3a recruits Rab27 and GRAB; the latter promotes Rab3A activation. The enzymatic activity of GRAB toward Rab3A was also suggested by in silico and an in vitro assays with purified proteins. In summary, we describe a signaling module where Rab27A-GTP interacts with Rabphilin3a, which in turn recruits a GEF activity toward Rab3A. This is the first description of the interaction of Rabphilin3a with a GEF. Because the machinery that drives exocytosis is highly conserved, it is tempting to hypothesize that the RabGEF cascade unveiled here might be part of the molecular mechanisms that drive exocytosis in other secretory systems.

Escala comportamental para nivel escolar inicial: construcción, validación y baremación de un cuestionario para docentes; Escala comportamental para nível escolar inicial: construção, validação e dados normativos de um questionário para docentes; Échelle de comportement pour le niveau initial: construction, validation et évaluation d'un questionnaire pour les enseignants; Behavioral scale for initial level: construction, validation and normative data of a questionnaire for teachers Muchiut, Álvaro Federico; Vaccaro, Paola; Zapata, Rocío Beatriz; Pietto, Marcos Luis Presentamos el proceso de construcción, validación y baremación de la primera Escala Comportamental para Nivel Inicial de la región Nordeste Argentina; conforme al objetivo de evaluar las manifestaciones conductuales de niños y niñas de educación inicial de salas de jardín de 4 y 5 desde la percepción docente. En base a información y escalas pre-existentes, se confecciona el instrumento, el cual tras someterse a revisión estadística evidenció buena consistencia interna y fiabilidad estadística. Mediante análisis factorial exploratorio se comprueba un ajuste adecuado al modelo de 3 factores, determinándose las sub-escalas de actividad lúdica y aprendizaje, comportamental/conductual, y expresiones emocionales, obteniéndose una escala de 27 ítems en total. Finalmente, se confecciona una hoja de corrección y se establecen los baremos para la población estudiada, según género y edad. La elaboración de la Escala Comportamental para Nivel Inicial constituye una contribución importante como herramienta de screening con buenas propiedades psicométricas, por lo que se cataloga como un instrumento confiable para conocer la percepción docente del comportamiento de sus alumnos y alumnas.; Este estudo visa a apresentar o processo de construção, validação e de elaboração de um sistema de pontuação da primeira Escala Comportamental para Nível Inicial da região nordeste da Argentina, para fins de avaliar as manifestações comportamentais de crianças de educação inicial de 4 e 6 ano do ensino. Com base em informações de escalas préexistentes, foi elaborado o instrumento que, após revisão estatística, apresentou adequada consistência interna e confiabilidade estatística. Por meio da análise fatorial exploratória, verificou-se um ajuste adequado ao modelo de três fatores, determinando as subescalas de atividade lúdica e aprendizagem, expressões comportamentais / comportamentais e emocionais, obtendo uma escala de 27 itens no total. Por fim, foi elaborada uma ficha de correção e estabelecidas às escalas para a população estudada por sexo e idade. A elaboração da Escala Comportamental para o Nível Inicial é uma contribuição importante como uma ferramenta de triagem com promissoras propriedades psicométricas. Por isso é classificada como um instrumento confiável para conhecer a percepção de ensino do comportamento de seus alunos. Palavras-chave: nível escolar inicial, comportamento infantil, avaliação comportamental, dados normativos.; Nous présentons le processus de construction, de validation et de mise à l'échelle de la première échelle de comportement pour le niveau initial de la région du nord-est de l'Argentine; selon l'objectif d'évaluer les manifestations comportementales des enfants de l'éducation initiale des salles de jardin de 4 et 5 de la perception de l'enseignement. L’instrument est fabriqué sur la base d’informations et d’échelles préexistantes qui, après un examen statistique, ont montré une bonne cohérence interne et une fiabilité statistique. Une analyse factorielle exploratoire permet de vérifier un ajustement adéquat du modèle à 3 facteurs, en déterminant les sous-échelles d'activités ludiques et d'apprentissage, d'expressions comportementales / comportementales et émotionnelles, en obtenant une échelle de 27 éléments au total. Enfin, une feuille de correction est établie et les échelles sont établies pour la population étudiée, en fonction du sexe et de l'âge. L'élaboration de l'échelle comportementale pour le niveau initial constitue une contribution importante en tant qu'outil de dépistage doté de bonnes propriétés psychométriques. Elle est donc classée comme un instrument fiable pour connaître la perception pédagogique du comportement de ses élèves.; We present the construction, validation and scaling process of the first Behavioral Scale for Initial Level of the Northeast region of Argentina; in accordance with the objective of evaluating the behavioral manifestations of children from rooms of 4 and 5 from the teaching perception. Based on information and pre-existing scales, the instrument is made, which after undergoing statistical review showed good internal consistency and statistical reliability. Through exploratory factor analysis, an adequate adjustment to the 3-factor model is verified, determining the sub-scales of playful activity and learning, behavioral / behavioral and emotional expressions, obtaining a scale of 27 items in total. Finally, a correction sheet is drawn up and the scales are established for the population studied, according to gender and age. The preparation of the Behavioral Scale for Initial Level is an important contribution as a screening tool with good psychometric properties, which is why it is classified as a reliable instrument to know the teaching perception of the behavior of its students. Key words: initial school level, child behavior, child assessment, normative data

Pretensiones de validez y mundo social; Validity claims and social world Damiani, Alberto Mario El propósito de este trabajo consiste en explicar la relación entre los conceptos de pretensiones de validez y de mundo social, en un marco pragmático trascendental. El trabajo comienza con una presentación reflexiva del sistema de las pretensiones de validez. Luego son formulados algunos problemas filosóficos sobre la correspondencia entre ese sistema y las referencias al mundo. La conclusión es sobre la relación entre las pretensiones de validez y el mundo social.; The aim of this paper is to explain the relation between the concepts of validity claims and social world in a transcendental pragmatic frame. The paper begins with a reflexive presentation of the systems of validity claims. After that, are formulated some philosophical problems about the correspondence between this system and the references to the world. The conclusion is about the relation between validity claims and social world.

Hamatospiculum flagellispiculosum (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) causing severe disease in a new host from Argentine Patagonia: Campephilus magellanicus (Aves: Picidae) Casalins, Laura; Ibáñez Molina, Mora; Wainer Gullo, Mariana; Brugni, Norma; Ortiz, Gala; Ojeda, Valeria Susana We describe pathological aspects of an infection caused by parasitic nematodes in skeletal muscles of a Magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus), providing the first description of any disease findings in this species. A weakened female with locomotory dysfunction was rescued near Bariloche city (Argentine Patagonia), which soon died. At the necropsy, unexpected masses of tissue were located at three joints (legs and tail). A dissection of these masses exposed numerous nematodes in the musculature surrounding the joints that were identified as Hamatospiculum flagellispiculosum (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae), a species that was not previously found in Piciformes (woodpeckers, toucans, and allies) of the Neotropical Region. In this report, we complement the original parasite description from 1952 with SEM images, and extend the species range about 2000 km southwards. Histopathological analysis (tissues sectioned 4–6 microns, stained with hematoxylin and eosin) of the affected tissues revealed parasitic myositis with muscle fibrosis. Severe muscle degeneration and necrosis, fibrous tissue replacing muscle tissue, chronic inflammation with widespread diffuse mononuclear infiltration, and parasitic content (adult roundworms, eggs, and eggs with first-stage larvae) were present in all samples. The multifocal nature of these lesions was consistent with the locomotory dysfunction exhibited by the bird. Both the immune response (mononuclear infiltration without eosinophils, which normally fight helminth colonization) and the clinical severity of this case (a lethal, multifocal macroparasite infection) are noteworthy. The expected immune response may have been suppressed through immunomodulation by the parasite, as observed for filarial parasites. Based on their demography and life history traits (i.e., long-lived picids that produce a single nestling every 1–2 years, and live in sparse populations), Magellanic Woodpeckers do not seem to be obvious hosts of an obligately killing parasite, and other (more regular) hosts should be expected to occur in the same region.

Ciudad(es) justa(s) y América Latina: aportes para un debate contemporáneo Jajamovich, Guillermo Paz Dentro del marco de las actuales estrategias económicas, la maximización de la renta viene imponiéndose como el principal motor de transformación espacial de las ciudades (Brenner, Marcuse y Mayer, 2009). Sin embargo, a contracorriente de esa tendencia, diversas ciudades, movimientos sociales, académicos y expertos pugnan por una orientación urbana y social distinta. En esa dirección, (re)emergen diversas articulaciones entre justicia y espacio que buscan promover ciudades, políticas y proyectos urbanos que sean más justos. Tal búsqueda supone una articulación entre conceptos, métodos académicos y herramientas de acción. En ese marco, este artículo retoma el concepto de just city y sus contestaciones como vía de entrada para dar cuenta de una serie de tensiones que recorren el debate urbano contemporáneo, contrapuntos entre miradas radicales y reformistas y discusiones respecto a con qué criterios y valores evaluar y proponer políticas urbanas que trasciendan el aludido mandato de la maximización de rentas en las ciudades. Asimismo, el artículo interroga las posibilidades de tal conceptualización como herramienta factible para el futuro de las ciudades en América Latina. En esa dirección, se proponen dos desplazamientos. En primer lugar, interrogar la plausibilidad de su extensión - y deslocalización - geográfica: en tanto concepto construido en y para el abordaje de políticas y proyectos de Estados Unidos y Europa, se reflexiona sobre sus potencialidades en América Latina, cuyas ciudades están signadas por desigualdades urbanas y sociales más acuciantes y capacidades estatales más acotadas a la hora de procurar territorios más justos. En segundo lugar, se propone un descentramiento de los objetos sobre los cuales ha sido aplicado: desde su foco en megaproyectos hacia su uso y aplicación a políticas urbanas más abarcativas.

Gradientes climáticos modelan la diversidad genética en especies leñosas de amplia distribución: el caso de Nothofagus pumilio en los Andes del sur; Climatic gradients model genetic diversity in widespread woody trees: the case of Nothofagus pumilio in the southern Andes Ignazi, Griselda; Mathiasen, Paula; Premoli Il'grande, Andrea Cecilia Los gradientes climáticos modelan la diversidad genética en especies leñosas de amplia distribución: este es el caso del Nothofagus ampliamente distribuido en los Andes del sur. Las especies de amplia distribución son un excelente modelo para analizar las respuestas adaptativas a distintos hábitats. Se estudió la variación genética en Nothofagus pumilio que habita bosques de montaña y altas latitudes, a lo largo de diferentes gradientes climáticos en Patagonia. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una fuerte relación entre el clima y los diferentes gradientes ambientales; y cómo éstos afectan a la variación genética de N. pumilio. Las variables bioclimáticas más influyentes están relacionadas a las precipitaciones de verano y temperaturas de invierno, siendo la tendencia general de mayor diversidad genética a mayores precipitaciones y temperaturas moderadas. Esto demuestra que la distribución espacial de la diversidad genética de esta especie no ocurre aleatoriamente, sino que los patrones de estructuración responden a modelos climáticos complejos. Comprender cómo la adaptación genética y/o los factores ambientales influyen sobre el rango de distribución de las especies resulta esencial para evaluar su supervivencia a largo plazo. Mientras que algunos genotipos pueden extinguirse localmente bajo distintos escenarios climáticos, otros podrían estar adaptados a condiciones climáticas particulares. Taxones de amplia distribución como N. pumilio han soportado cambios climáticos en el pasado, como los períodos glaciarios, a través de la adaptación y la plasticidad. Resaltamos la importancia de conservar la diversidad genética de las poblaciones, no solamente para la persistencia a largo plazo, sino también para amortiguar los impactos negativos del cambio climático global.; Climatic gradients model genetic diversity in widespread woody trees: the case of the widely distributed Nothofagus in the southern Andes. Widespread forest species are well suited to be the subject of studies combining adaptive responses to distinct habitats. We studied the genetic diversity of the wide-ranging Nothofagus pumilio that inhabits high-elevation and high-latitude forests, along different environmental gradients in Patagonia. The results of this study show a strong relationship between climate and the different environmental gradients; which in turn affect the genetic variation of N. pumilio. The most influential variables were related to summer precipitations and winter temperatures, where greater genetic diversity was associated to higher precipitations and milder temperatures. This demonstrates that the genetic diversity of this species is not randomly distributed in space, but it is structured according to complex climatic models. To understand how genetic adaptation and/or environmental aspects influence species’ distribution ranges is crucial to evaluate their potential for long term survival. While some genotypes may become locally extinct under different climatic settings, others might be locally adapted to particular climatic conditions, which may allow them to endure such changes. Widespread taxa as N. pumilio has undergone past environmental changes, such as those that occurred during glacial periods, through adaptation and plasticity. We highlight the importance of conserving genetic diversity of populations, not only to ensure the long-term persistence, but also to mitigate the negative impacts of global climate change.

The importance of trace minerals copper, manganese, selenium and zinc in bovine sperm-zona pellucida binding Anchordoquy, Juan Patricio; Anchordoquy, Juan Mateo; Lizarraga, Raúl Martín; Nikoloff, Noelia; Pascua, Ana Malen; Furnus, Cecilia Cristina Sperm-zona pellucida (ZP) binding is a necessary event for successful fertilization. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of trace minerals such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) on bovine spermatozoa binding to ZP. Sperm viability, functional membrane integrity, acrosomal status (AS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and sperm lipid peroxidation (LPO) were also evaluated. For the present study, in vitro fertilization (IVF) medium was supplemented with Cu (0.4 g/ml Cu), Mn (5 ng/ml Mn), Se (100 ng/ml Se), Zn (0.8 g/ml Zn), all minerals (Cu+Mn+Se+Zn), or tested without supplement (Control). Considerably more sperm bound to ZP when Cu, Se or Zn were added to the IVF medium, but there were no difference compared with the Control, Mn and Cu+Mn+Se+Zn groups. After 1 h of incubation, viability was increased by the addition of Cu, Mn and Se with respect to the Control but, after 2 h, viability was higher only with the addition of Mn to IVF medium. Functional membrane integrity improved in sperm treated with Cu. Acrosome integrity was higher in sperm treated with Zn after 1 h of incubation. LPO was significantly higher in sperm treated with Cu or Cu+Mn+Se+Zn. The mean TACs of sperm treated with Cu, Mn, Zn or Cu+Mn+Se+Zn were lower than in the Control. In conclusion, the results obtained in the present study determined that the presence of Cu, Se and Zn in the IVF medium increased the number of spermatozoa bound to the ZP, highlighting the importance of these minerals in the fertilization process.

Latin American ethnographic cinema: between exploration and denunciation Campo, Javier Alberto Between the decades of 1950 and 1970, a large number of ethnographic documentary films were made in Latin America. At a time when anthropological studies were being transformed and documentary filmmaking underwent a revolution because of new technologies, the films presented themselves as an original product of said cultural, scientific and cinematic changes. This article will study the most emblematic films and the filmmakers with the most extensive filmographies: Humberto Mauro (Brazil), Jorge Ruiz (Bolivia), Manuel Chambi (Peru), Sergio Bravo (Chile), Jorge Prelorán (Argentina), Margot Benacerraf (Venezuela), and Rolf Blomberg (Ecuador), among others. The aim of this article is to inquire into the filmographies and career trajectories of said directors in order to become acquainted with their vision on the popular cultures they documented spanning from the Andes to the coast and from the jungle to the countryside. This article thus intends to present this as the first appearance of a ‘common feeling’ among Latin American filmmakers.

Normal numbers with digit dependencies Christoph Aistleitne; Becher, Veronica Andrea; Olivier Carton We give metric theorems for the property of Borel normality for real numbers under the assumption of digit dependencies in their expansion in a given integer base. We quantify precisely how much digit dependence can be allowed such that, still, almost all real numbers are normal. Our theorem states that almost all real numbers are normal when at least slightly more than $log log n$ consecutive digits with indices starting at position $n$ are independent. As the main application, we consider the Toeplitz set $T_P$, which is the set of all sequences $a_1a_2 ldots $ of symbols from ${0, ldots, b-1}$ such that $a_n$ is equal to $a_{pn}$, for every $p$ in $P$ and $n=1,2,ldots$. Here~$b$ is an integer base and~$P$ is a finite set of prime numbers. We show that almost every real number whose base $b$ expansion is in~$T_P$ is normal to base~$b$. In the case when $P$ is the singleton set ${2}$ we prove that more is true: almost every real number whose base $b$ expansion is in $T_P$ is normal to all integer bases. We also consider the Toeplitz transform which maps the set of all sequences to the set $T_P$ and we characterize the normal sequences whose Toeplitz transform is normal as well.

Adding the temporal dimension to spatial patterns of payment for ecosystem services enrollment Núñez Regueiro, Mauricio Manuel; Fletcher, Robert J.; Pienaar, Elizabeth F.; Branch, Lyn Clarke; Volante, José Norberto; Rifai, Sami Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs are increasingly emphasized to address challenges of conserving forests. However, concerns remain regarding the ability of PES programs to ensure long-term conservation of threatened lands. Evaluation of large-scale PES programs, including the spatial and temporal patterns of enrollment, is scarce, especially for programs that aim to protect forest from severe threats such as expansion of industrial agriculture. Using information on PES enrollment across 252,319 km2 in the Argentine Chaco, we examined both the duration for which lands are enrolled in PES and their suitability for agriculture. Specifically, we examined whether the PES program has resulted in adverse selection not only in space but also in time. We built spatially explicit generalized linear models using information on participants’ length of contract and the potential of their land for agricultural use. We found the PES program enrolled land in areas with high agricultural potential, but enrollment of these lands occurred for shorter time periods than lands with lower levels of threat from deforestation. Consequently, adverse selection occurred over time but not in space. Our work demonstrates the importance of evaluating both temporal and spatial dimensions of adverse selection in PES for informing policy.