How to build a puncture- A nd breakage-resistant eggshell? Mechanical and structural analyses of avian brood parasites and their hosts López, Analía V.; Bolmaro, Raul Eduardo; Avalos, Martina Cecilia; Gerschenson, Lía N.; Reboreda, Juan Carlos; Fiorini, Vanina Dafne; Tartalini, Vanina Mercedes; Risso, Pablo; Hauber, Mark E. Evolved eggshell strength is greater in several lineages of obligate avian brood parasites (birds that lay their eggs in other species' nests) than in their hosts. Greater strength is typically indirectly implied by eggshell thickness comparisons between parasites and hosts. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence that the eggshell structural organization differentially influences its mechanical properties. Using instrumental puncture tests and SEM/EBSD and XRD techniques, we studied the most relevant eggshell mechanical, textural, ultrastructural and microstructural features between several host species and their parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus spp.). These parasitic species display different egg-destructive behaviors, reducing host reproductive fitness, including the more frequently host-egg puncturing M. rufoaxillaris and M. bonariensis, and the host egg-removing M. ater. The results, analyzed using a phylogenetic comparative approach, showed interspecific patterns in the mechanical and structural features. Overall, the eggshells of the two egg-puncturing parasites (but not of M. ater) were stronger, stiffer and required greater stress to produce a fracture than the respective hosts' eggs. These features were affected by eggshell microstructure and ultrastructure, related to the increase in the intercrystalline boundary network acting in cooperation with the increase in palisade layer thickness. Both structural features generate more options and greater lengths of intercrystalline paths, increasing the energy consumed in crack or fissure propagation. The reported patterns of all these diverse eggshell features support a new set of interpretations, confirming several hypotheses regarding the impact of the two reproductive strategies (parasitic versus parental) and parasitic egg destruction behaviors (more versus less frequently puncturing).

AMPA receptors: a key piece in the puzzle of memory retrieval Pereyra, Magdalena; Medina, Jorge Horacio Retrieval constitutes a highly regulated and dynamic phase in memory processing. Its rapid temporal scales require a coordinated molecular chain of events at the synaptic level that support transient memory trace reactivation. AMPA receptors (AMPAR) drive the majority of excitatory transmission in the brain and its dynamic features match the singular fast timescales of memory retrieval. Here we provide a review on AMPAR contribution to memory retrieval regarding its dynamic movements along the synaptic compartments, its changes in receptor number and subunit composition that take place in activity dependent processes associated with retrieval. We highlight on the differential regulations exerted by AMPAR subunits in plasticity processes and its impact on memory recall.

Morphological shell characterization of Fissurellidea and Fissurella (Vetigastropoda: Fissurellidae) along the Argentinean coast, from temperate to subantarctic waters Yuvero, María Celeste; Giménez, Juliana Morphometric studies are approached through different methods, among them geometric morphometry, such as contours and landmarks. These methodologies gathered with classification methods, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA), extract information efficiently and capture inter or intraspecific grouping. Three keyhole limpet species—Fissurellidea megatrema, Fissurellidea patagonica, and Fissurella radiosa—were contrasted through morphometrics: shell shape with linear morphometrics and foramen shape through elliptic Fourier analysis, and landmarks. The broad geographic range of F. radiosa allowed additional intraspecific analysis: three sampling sites, along the Southwest Atlantic coast (42°19′S 64°19′W–54°48´S 68°19′W), comprising two subspecies (F. radiosa radiosa and F. radiosa tixierae). The aim of this study was to evaluate which measurements most contribute to the classification of the species and to determine if the subspecies reflected a geographic pattern in the classification methods (LDA and PCA). The LDA revealed two linear morphological variables to differentiate between the three species and between localities of F. radiosa. For the subspecies (F. radiosa radiosa and F. radiosa tixierae), the LDA and PCA showed a biogeographic pattern related to the distribution (Argentinean and Magellan provinces). We concluded that the morphometrics methods and both classification analysis (LDA and PCA) capture information at the species and subspecies level and the foramen is the principal variable that contributes as a taxonomic tool.

An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal in major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder De la Peña Arteaga, Víctor; Berruga Sánchez, Mercedes; Steward, Trevor; Martínez Zalacaín, Ignacio; Goldberg, Ximena; Wainsztein, Agustina Edith; Abulafia, Carolina Andrea; Cardoner, Narcís; Castro, Mariana Nair; Villarreal, Mirta Fabiana; Menchón, José M.; Guinjoan, Salvador Martín; Soriano Mas, Carles Background. One common denominator to the clinical phenotypes of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) is emotion regulation impairment. Although these two conditions have been extensively studied separately, it remains unclear whether their emotion regulation impairments are underpinned by shared or distinct neurobiological alterations.Methods. In the present study we contrasted the neural correlates of negative emotion regulation across an adult sample of BPD patients (n=19), MDD patients (n=20) and healthy controls (HCs; n=19). Emotion regulation was assessed using an established functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) cognitive reappraisal paradigm. We assessed both task-related activations and modulations of interregional connectivity (i.e., Psychophysiological Interactions, PPI). Results. When compared to HCs, patients with BPD and MDD displayed a homologous decreased activation in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) during cognitive reappraisal. Additionally, the MDD group presented decreased activations in other prefrontal areas (i.e., left dorsolateral and bilateral orbitofrontal cortices), while the BPD group was characterized by a more extended pattern of alteration in the connectivity between the vlPFC and cortices of the visual ventral stream during reappraisal. Conclusions. Decreased activation of the vlPFC underlays emotion regulation deficits in MDD and BPD, although, beyond this finding, these groups are characterized by specific neurobiological underpinnings. Alterations in patients with MDD suggest a primary deficit in the strength of prefrontal activations, while patients with BPD are better characterized by connectivity disruptions between the prefrontal cortex and temporal emotion processing regions. These findings substantiate in neurobiological terms the different profiles of emotion regulation alteration observed in these disorders.

Multiomics analyses reveal the roles of the ASR1 transcription factor in tomato fruits Dominguez, Pia Guadalupe; Conti, Gabriela; Duffy, Tomás; Insani, Ester Marina; Alseekh, Saleh; Asurmendi, Sebastian; Fernie, Alisdair R; Carrari, Fernando Oscar The transcription factor ASR1 (ABA, STRESS, RIPENING 1) plays multiple roles in plant responses to abiotic stresses as well as being involved in the regulation of central metabolism in several plant species. However, despite the high expression of ASR1 in tomato fruits, large scale analyses to uncover its function in fruits are still lacking. In order to study its function in the context of fruit ripening, we performed a multiomics analysis of ASR1-antisense transgenic tomato fruits at the transcriptome and metabolome levels. Our results indicate that ASR1 is involved in several pathways implicated in the fruit ripening process, including cell wall, amino acid, and carotenoid metabolism, as well as abiotic stress pathways. Moreover, we found that ASR1-antisense fruits are more susceptible to the infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Given that ASR1 could be regulated by fruit ripening regulators such as FRUITFULL1/FRUITFULL2 (FUL1/FUL2), NON-RIPENING (NOR), and COLORLESS NON-RIPENING (CNR), we positioned it in the regulatory cascade of red ripe tomato fruits. These data extend the known range of functions of ASR1 as an important auxiliary regulator of tomato fruit ripening.

Larval morphology of Ilybiosoma Crotch, 1873 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Agabinae): description of five Nearctic species with phylogenetic considerations Alarie, Yves; Michat, Mariano Cruz The larvae of five Nearctic species of Ilybiosoma Crotch, 1873, I. bjorkmanae (Hatch, 1939), I. lugens (LeConte, 1852), I. minnesotensis (Wallis, 1933), I. pandurus (Leech, 1942), and I. regularis (LeConte, 1852) are described for the first time including a detailed chaetotaxy analysis of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment and urogomphi. A provisional parsimony analysis based on 55 informative larval characteristics of 18 species in seven genera of the subfamily Agabinae was conducted using the program TNT. The larvae of the five Ilybiosoma species described were found to be fairly similar morphologically. Compared to the other species of Agabinae studied, larvae of Ilybiosoma stand out from most Agabini by the presence of the strongly emarginated siphon, which are reminiscent of the condition observed in Hydrotrupes Sharp, 1882 and Platynectes Régimbart, 1879.

Reappraisal of the historical myopia epidemic in native Arctic communities Rozema, Jos J.; Boulet, Charles; Cohen, Yuval; Stell, William K.; Iribarren, Luciano Rodrigo; van Rens, Ger H. M. B.; Iribarren, Rafael Purpose: This study was developed to explain the extraordinary rise in myopia prevalence beginning after 1950 in Indigenous Arctic communities considering recent findings about the risk factors for school myopia development. Myopia prevalence changed drastically from a historical low of less than 3% to more than 50% in new generations of young adults following the Second World War. At that time, this increase was attributed to concurrent alterations in the environment and way of life which occurred in an aggressive programme of de-culturalization and re-acculturation through residential school programmes that introduced mental, emotional and physical stressors. However, the predominant idea that myopia was genetic in nature won the discussion of the day, and research in the area of environmental changes was dismissed. There may have also been an association between myopia progression and the introduction of extreme mental, emotional and physical stressors at the time. Recent findings: Since 1978, animal models of myopia have demonstrated that myopiagenesis has a strong environmental component. Furthermore, multiple studies in human populations have shown since 2005 how myopia could be produced by a combination of limited exposure to the outdoors and heavy emphasis on academic subjects associated with intense reading habits. This new knowledge was applied in the present study to unravel the causes of the historical myopia epidemics in Inuit communities. Summary: After reviewing the available published data on myopia prevalence in circumpolar Inuit populations in the 20th century, the most likely causes for the Inuit myopia epidemic were the combination of increased near work (from almost none to daily reading) and the move from a mostly outdoor to a much more indoor way of life, exacerbated by fewer hours of sunshine during waking hours, the lower illuminance in the Arctic and the extreme psychophysical stress due to the conditions in the Residential Schools.

High temperature mechanical behavior of low stiffness Al2TiO5 and Al2TiO5–3Al2O3.2SiO2–ZrTiO4 composite materials Violini, María Agustina; Hernández, Maria Florencia; Gass, Sebastian Emiliano; Tomba Martinez, Analia Gladys; Rendtorff Birrer, Nicolás Maximiliano The mechanical behavior of low (and negative) thermal expansion and low stiffness Al2TiO5 materials and Al2TiO5–3Al2O3.2SiO2–ZrTiO4 composite materials was studied by diametral compression test at room temperature 400 and 800°C. The effect of both temperature and composition was analyzed. Stress–strain curves were obtained and, from them, apparent elastic modulus (Eapp) and mechanical strength (σF) were determined. Fracture mechanisms and fracture patterns were also analyzed. All materials showed a brittle behavior up to 800°C. The thermal variation of σF, that was even higher as testing temperature increased, was interpreted based on the microcracks behavior. A double linear correlation of Eapp was found with temperature (T) and zircon content ([Z]), with a fitting coefficient >.9. The particular low stiffness and the mechanical and thermal behavior of the studied materials suggest that they would be able to withstand thermal stresses.

Producción y Aplicación de Compost con Alto Contenido de Nitrógeno Proveniente de un Residuo Orgánico Queratínico; Production and Application of Compost with High Nitrogen Content Coming from an Organic Keratin Waste Galarza, Betina Claudia; Garro, María Laura; Gortari, Maria Cecilia; Hours, Roque Alberto Se aplicó la técnica del compostaje para la valorización sustentable del residuo pelo bovino junto con estiércol de conejo y restos vegetales de poda en distintas proporciones determinando los parámetros evolutivos a lo largo de los primeros 72 días. Se obtuvieron distintos compost con características aceptables para ser aplicados en especies vegetales. Se probaron en cultivos de Beta vulgaris var. cicla y se compararon con lombricompuesto y con humus analizando las diversas variables del crecimiento, observándose evidencias positivas de la acción de los composts obtenidos.; The composting technique was applied for the sustainable recovery of the bovine hair waste along with rabbit manure and pruning plant debris on different proportions. The different physicochemical parameters were evaluated throughout the first 72 days. Different composts with acceptable characteristics were obtained to be applied in plant species. They were tested in cultures of Beta vulgaris var. cicla, compared with vermicompost and humus. Through the analysis of the growth variables of the plants, positive evidences of the action of the composts were observed.

MoS 2 Effect on Nickel Electrochemical Activation: An Atomistic/Experimental Approach Loiacono, Antonella; Gomez, Melisa Julieta; Negreiros Ribeiro, Fábio; Olmos Asar, Jimena Anahí; Mariscal, Marcelo; Lacconi, Gabriela Ines; Franceschini, Esteban Andrés Hybrid Ni-MoS2 electrocatalysts are one of the most promising materials for the generation of hydrogen in an alkaline medium. This paper presents a simple and economical method for the rational synthesis of Ni-MoS2 nanocomposites, maximizing the contact area and reducing the contact resistance between MoS2 and the nickel surface. In this way, it is possible to maximize the synergistic effect between both materials, obtaining a hybrid nanomaterial with high electroactivity toward the generation of hydrogen. A conventional nickel catalyst (NWts) was compared with the one obtained by dispersing a small amount of MoS2 (0.1425 μg cm-2) over the surface denoted as NMS, and with the same type of catalyst after a 10 s electrodeposition of Ni (NMSN), to have a Ni-MoS2-Ni laminar structure. Thus, the NMSN catalyst shows a current density value of 59% higher than the observed value on the NMS catalyst and 113% higher than that found in the conventional NWts catalyst. Finally, these results were analyzed using DFT theoretical studies. DFT calculations predict a charge transfer between MoS2 and nearby Ni atoms, which becomes more important when a second Ni layer is placed on MoS2 explaining the increase in catalytic activity in the NMSN catalyst. Furthermore, the high hydrophobicity of the MoS2 plays an important role in the electrochemically active surface when comparing NMS and NMSN catalysts.

International cooperation in a non-ideal world: the example of COVAX; Cooperação internacional num mundo não ideal: o exemplo do COVAX; Cooperación internacional en un mundo no ideal: el ejemplo de COVAX Luna, Florencia; Holzer, Felicitas Sofia The world witnessed one of the fasted responses in history to a new disease in terms of drug and vaccine development. However, despite the fact that safe and effective vaccines for COVID-19 were developed at a remarkable pace, international cooperation seems to have failed regarding the global equitable allocation of vaccines. This article explores challenges to international cooperation in global health and specifically to the fair allocation of vaccines at a global scale. We will present major obstacles to cooperative efforts and an interesting answer such as the COVAX facility, a cooperative redistribution scheme that has recently been launched by WHO, CEPI and Gavi. Considering COVAX a laudable and necessary first step to improve international cooperation in health, we nevertheless argue that the facility needs to identify key areas of potential improvement.; O mundo foi testemunha de uma das respostas mais rápidas da história a uma nova doença em termos de desenvolvimento de medicamentos e vacinas. No entanto, apesar do facto de que as vacinas seguras e eficazes para COVID-19 foram desenvolvidas a um ritmo notável, a cooperação internacional parece ter falhado no que diz respeito à distribuição global equitativa de vacinas. Este artigo explora os desafios para a cooperação internacional em matéria de saúde global e, especificamente, para a distribuição justa de vacinas à escala global. Apresentaremos os principais obstáculos aos esforços cooperativos e uma resposta interessante, como o mecanismo COVAX, um esquema de redistribuição cooperativa que foi lançado recentemente pela OMS, CEPI e Gavi. Considerando o COVAX como um primeiro passo louvável e necessário para melhorar a cooperação internacional em saúde, argumentamos que o mecanismo precisa de identificar as áreas de potencial melhoria.; El mundo ha sido testigo de una de las respuestas más rápidas a una nueva enfermedad, en términos de desarrollo de drogas y vacunas. Sin embargo, pese al hecho de que se han desarrollado vacunas seguras y efectivas para el COVID-19 a un paso impresionante; la cooperación internacional en relación al acceso equitativo a las vacunas parece haber fallado. Este artículo explora los desafíos a la cooperación internacional que se plantean en relación a la salud global y, específicamente, a la distribución justa de vacunas a escala global. Presentaremos algunos obstáculos a los esfuerzos cooperativos, así como también una respuesta interesante como lo es la del mecanismo COVAX, un sistema cooperativo de redistribución que ha sido recientemente introducido por la OMS, CEPI y GAVI. Aunque consideramos a COVAX un primer paso meritorio y necesario para mejorar la cooperación internacional en salud; argumentamos que el mecanismo necesita identificar áreas de mejora.

Pregoneros de la doctrina: prácticas de identificación y sentidos de la acción entre los alumnos provincianos de la Escuela Superior Peronista (1952-1955); Heralds of the doctrine: practices of identification and meanings of action among provincial students of the Escuela Superior Peronista (1952-1955) Garzón Rogé, Mariana El artículo sigue los rastros de alumnos del interior del país que viajaron a Buenos Aires para asistir a los cursos de capacitación de la Escuela Superior Peronista. Estos activistas presentaron sus postulaciones en 1952 y, después de egresar de los cursos que se realizaron en 1953, volvieron a sus lugares de origen en donde se propusieron, entre 1954 y 1955, organizar las regionales locales. A través del análisis de sus legajos personales, se ponen en evidencia modos en los que estos activistas a ras del suelo desplegaban sus prácticas de identificación, produciendo en situación su condición de peronistas, en diálogo con críticas y pruebas a las que se consideraban sometidos. El seguimiento de los actores permite describir, asimismo, procesos de gestación desde debajo de formas legítimas e ilegítimas de actuar al interior del movimiento que a menudo han sido observadas como resultado de un disciplinamiento político cenital.; The article follows the traces of students from the interior of the country who traveled to Buenos Aires to attend the training courses of the Escuela Superior Peronista. These activists submitted their applications in 1952 and, after graduating from the courses held in 1953, returned to their places of origin where they tried to organize, between 1954 and 1955, the local regional ones. Through the analysis of their personal files, the ways in which these activists at ground level deployed their identification practices become evident. They produced in situation their condition of Peronists, in dialogue with criticisms and proofs to which they considered themselves subjected. The tracking of the actors also permits to describe processes of genesis from below of legitimate and illegitimate ways of behaving within the movement that have often been observed as the result of a zenithal political discipline.

Transformative governance for linking forest and landscape restoration to human well-being in Latin America Aguiar, Sebastián; Mastrangelo, Matias Enrique; Brancalion, Pedro H.S.; Meli, Paula Tree planting and reforestation are currently in the spotlight as strategies for solving global environmental degradation. Many ongoing large-scale initiatives have proposed restoring millions of hectares and planting a trillion trees to solve climate change and biodiversity loss. Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is one of the approaches most frequently employed to support these initiatives. Currently, many FLR initiatives are implemented in developing countries through a top-down approach, not fully anchored to the social-ecological characteristics of landscapes (e.g. land use and tenure, values of local peoples, local livelihoods), and sometimes relegating human well-being to a secondary concern. Therefore, issues of social equity and legitimacy might hamper the effectiveness of FLR initiatives and projects regarding their environmental outcomes. In this perspective article, we present four challenges to better link FLR and human well-being in Latin America: (1) the high dependence of local communities and countries’ economies on natural resources, (2) conflicts over land tenure and access, (3) divergence in perceptions and values, and (4) the fragility of public institutions and policies. After describing these interrelated challenges, we discuss how to tackle them by implementing instruments and approaches recently organized under the concept of transformative governance. Finding an equitable and legitimate balance between global interests and urgency and increasing local well-being is the main challenge of FLR in Latin America, for which transformative governance is critical.

Interpretar el sufrimiento: Walter Benjamin, Theodor W. Adorno y la cuestión de la verdad; Interpret suffering: Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno and the question of truth Moreno, María Rita Este artículo postula que la criticidad de la epistemología elaborada por Walter Benjamin y Theodor W. Adorno se fundamenta no tanto en la reformulación de una praxis filosófica contra la razón moderna, sino principalmente en la metamorfosis del concepto de verdad. En concreto, se afirma que la crítica de la razón moderna efectuada por ambos pensadores se asocia a la determinación del núcleo temporal de la verdad como negatividad y duelo. En el contexto de una crisis racional, Benjamin y Adorno abren la posibilidad de una vinculación con la objetividad en la forma de una interpretación crítica de ese núcleo temporal. Ésta, vinculada con la dialéctica de la catástrofe moderna, se ocupa de exponer los fragmentos producidos por la super-determinación subjetivista regida por la lógica de la identidad. Para justificar esto, en primer lugar, explicamos la identificación realizada por ambos filósofos entre núcleo temporal de la verdad y el concepto de verdad luctuoso-negativa; imbricación que procura condensar las consecuencias de la constitución subjetivista de la razón. Luego, señalamos la conjugación de esa definición de la verdad con la producción del sufrimiento. A continuación, determinamos en qué sentido la negatividad de la verdad abre el carácter dialéctico de la catástrofe moderna. Por último, indicamos la necesaria asociación de semejante epistemología crítica a la apocatástasis histórica.; This article postulates that the criticality of epistemology elaborated by Walter Benjamin and Theodor W. Adorno is based not so much on the reformulation of a philosophical praxis against modern reason, but mainly on the metamorphosis of the concept of truth. Specifically, it is affirmed that the critique of modern reason carried out by both thinkers is associated with the determination of the temporal nucleus of truth as negativity and mourning. In the context of a rational crisis, Benjamin and Adorno open the possibility of a relationship with objectivity in the form of a critical interpretation of that temporal nucleus. This, linked to the dialectic of modern catastrophe, deals with exposing the fragments produced by the subjectivist super-determination governed by the logic of identity. To justify this, first, we explain the identification made by both philosophers between the temporal nucleus of truth and the concept of sad-negative truth; imbrication that tries to condense the consequences of the subjectivist constitution of reason. Then, we point out the conjugation of this definition of truth with the production of suffering. Next, we determine in what sense the negativity of the truth opens up the dialectical character of the modern catastrophe. Finally, we indicate the necessary association of such a critical epistemology with the historical apocatastasis.

“Una nueva clase dirigente”. Los intendentes bonaerenses durante el Proceso de Reorganización Nacional en Argentina; “A New Ruling Class”. The mayors of Buenos Aires Province during the National Reorganization Process in Argentina Canelo, Paula Vera; Kryskowski, Juan Pablo El artículo estudia el reclutamiento de los intendentes municipales de la provincia de Buenos Aires durante la última dictadura cívico-militar argentina (1976-1983). Para ello, analiza empíricamente el perfil de los 406 intendentes que gobernaron los 125 municipios bonaerenses entre el 24 de marzo de 1976 y el 10 de diciembre de 1983, construyendo una base de datos original con fuentes variadas (el Boletín Oficial provincial, documentos reservados, prensa local y nacional, entrevistas, etc.). El trabajo muestra que i) esta elite política bonaerense tuvo características distintivas determinadas por los objetivos políticos y represivos más amplios de la dictadura; ii) durante una primera etapa predominaron los intendentes militares en los municipios considerados prioritarios desde el punto de vista represivo (densamente poblados, industriales, sede de importantes establecimientos educativos y/o dependencias militares); iii) su perfil fue similar al de otras elites políticas contemporáneas: masculino, vinculado con profesiones liberales y ocupaciones propias de los notables locales, y afiliación partidaria propia de la ?dirigencia civil compatible?; iv) atributos como la procedencia civil, las ocupaciones agropecuarias, el ejercicio del cargo en el interior provincial y la experiencia de gestión previa favorecieron la estabilidad de las carreras políticas; y v) finalmente, que a pesar de que la creación de una nueva clase dirigente fue un objetivo clave de la dictadura, sólo unos pocos intendentes bonaerenses se perpetuaron en democracia.; This article describes the recruitment process of Buenos Aires province mayors during the last military dictatorship in Argentina. The profile of the 406 mayors that ruled over 125 towns in the province between March 24 1976 and December 10 1983 is empirically analyzed. This research led to the creation of an original database, which draws from a variety of sources (“Boletin Oficial Provincial”, classified documents, local and national press, interviews). The inquiry led to the following findings: i) this political elite had distinctive features, linked to the wider political and repressive goals of the dictatorship; ii) In a first period a majority of military mayors were appointed in towns considered as a “priority” for repression(densely populated, industrial, seat of important educational institutions or military facilities); iii) the profile of most of these officials was similar to that of other contemporary elites: male, professional, engaged in occupations typical of local public figures and with party affiliations characteristic of “compatible civilian leadership”; iv) the stability of their political careers was favored by traits such as a civilian background, landownership, previous experience in provincial civil service and prior political experience; and v) although the creation of a new ruling class was among the primary goals of the dictatorship, only a few of the Buenos Aires province mayors were able to secure their political survival upon the return of democratic rule.

Global status of groundfish stocks Hilborn, Ray; Hively, Daniel J.; Baker Loke, Nicole; de Moor, Carryn L.; Kurota, Hiroyuki; Kathena, Johannes N.; Mace, Pamela M.; Minto, Cóilín; Parma, Ana María; Quiroz, Juan-Carlos; Melnychuk, Michael C. We review the status of groundfish stocks using published scientific assessments for 349 individual stocks constituting 90% of global groundfish catch. Overall, average stock abundance is increasing and is currently above the level that would produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Fishing pressure for cod-like fishes (Gadiformes) and flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) was, for several decades, on average well above levels associated with MSY, but is now at or below the level expected to produce MSY. In contrast, fishing pressure for rockfishes (Scorpaeniformes) decreased from near MSY-related levels in the mid-1990s, and since the mid-2000s has remained on average at only one third of MSY-related levels. Regions with the most depressed groundfish stocks are the Northwest Atlantic and the Pacific coast of South America, while stocks from the Northeast and Eastern Central Pacific, Northeast Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic and Southwest Pacific tend to have greatest average abundance relative to MSY-based reference points. In the most recent year available for each stock, the catch was only 61% of MSY. Equilibrium yield curves indicate that 76% of global potential groundfish yield could be achieved using current estimates of fishing pressure. 15% of this is lost by excess fishing pressure, 67% results from lower than optimal fishing pressure on healthy stocks and 18% is lost from stocks currently overfished but rebuilding. Thus, there is modest opportunity to increase catch of global groundfish fisheries by reducing overfishing on some stocks, but more by increasing harvest on others. However, there may be other reasons not to fully exploit these stocks.

El ritual a San Hugo Chávez: solidaridad, efervescencia y reafirmación revolucionaria; The ritual of San Hugo Chávez: solidarity, effervescence and revolutionary reaffirmation Hernandez Pineda, Luis Alonso El artículo describe prácticas de sacralización en torno a la figura de Hugo Chávez, específicamente los hechos que se registran cada 5 de marzo, fecha en la que se conmemora la muerte del expresidente venezolano. Estas acciones se han visibilizado en una popular barriada caraqueña llamada 23 de enero, ubicada al oeste de la capital venezolana, sector en el que un grupo de vecinos construyó una capilla consagrada a San Hugo Chávez, convertida en epicentro del culto sagrado a este líder político. Partiendo de las posiciones teóricas de Catherine Bell sobre prácticas de ritualización y de Víctor Turner acerca del sentido de communitas, se analiza etnográficamente la ceremonia que se realizó en esta capilla en marzo de 2018, en la cual los participantes niegan la muerte y prefieren hablar de la “siembra del comandante eterno y supremo”, es decir, de las raíces profundas que, desde su perspectiva, siguen consolidando a la Revolución Bolivariana. Posteriormente, afirmo, cómo esta fiesta del cinco de marzo es al mismo tiempo, religiosa y política. Desde el punto de vista del culto, se reafirma la vivencia en donde Chávez es simultáneamente una figura suprahumana que opera en el mundo de los vivos y, a su vez, una figura humana que se rememora por sus actos políticos desarrollados como Jefe de Estado.; The article describes sacralization practices in relation to the image of Hugo Chavez, specifically the events that take place annually on March 5th, to commemorate the death of the Venezuelan ex-president, specially in a low income neighborhood in Caracas called “23 de Enero” located west of the Venezuelan capital. In this area of the city the residents built a chapel consecrated to Saint Hugo Chavez, this place became the epicenter of the sacred cult to this political leader. Based on the theoretical approach of Catherine Bell about ritualization practices, and Victor Turner´s notion communitas, the ceremony that took place in this chapel in March 2018 is analyzed based on ethnographic research. In this recent event its participants deny the death of this political leader, and they refer to “the sowing of the eternal and supreme commander”, which means that according to the practitioners the deep roots continue to consolidate the Bolivarian Revolution. Later on I examine how this celebration on March 5th is, at the same time, political and religious. From the cult perspective, the belief that Chavez is a superhuman figure reaffirmed the experience that he operates in the world of the living as a human figure that is remembered for his political actions as a chief of state.

La fabricación de un modelo de sujeto en comunidades terapéuticas de fuerte impronta religiosa; The fabrication of a subject model in religious therapeutic communities Güelman, Martin En este artículo analizo el proceso de construcción de un modelo de sujeto que tiene lugar en dos comunidades terapéuticas de fuerte impronta religiosa que pertenecen a redes internacionales y cuentan con sedes en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (Argentina). En particular, busco dar cuenta del modo en que ambas instituciones aspiran a fabricar un sujeto que se ciña a un modelo. En términos metodológicos, llevé a cabo una investigación enmarcada en el enfoque biográfico con orientación cualitativa. El material empírico analizado se compone de entrevistas biográficamente orientadas que realicé a ex residentes de las dos instituciones seleccionadas; entrevistas semi-estructuradas a directivos, responsables y residentes; notas de campo registradas a partir de observaciones participantes en diversas instancias institucionales; y materiales elaborados por los propios centros.; In this paper, I analyze the process of construction of a model of subject that takes place in two therapeutic communities with a strong religious mark that belong to international networks and have headquarters in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (Argentina). In particular, I seek to analyze how both institutions intend to “build” a subject that fits a model. In methodological terms, I conducted a qualitative research framed in the biographical method. The empirical data that I analyze is composed of biographically- oriented interviews with former residents of both institutions, semi-structured interviews with managers and residents, field notes from participant observations in diverse institutional activities and publications of both centers.

Cuerpo, deseo y capitalismo: a propósito de la clase obrera va al paraíso; Body, desire and capitalism: purpose of the working class goes to paradise Sicerone, Daniel Alberto El presente artículo aborda el filme «La clase obrera va al paraíso» dirigida por el cineasta italiano Elio Petri en el año 1971. Comprenderemos su emergencia dentro del contexto posterior a mayo del 68 y el agotamiento del Estado de Bienestar, contexto ceñido por ser la antesala de la re-estructuración capitalista de mediados de los setenta. El principal objetivo que deseamos exponer versa sobre la relación intrínseca entre las movilizaciones y sus reclamos (disociación de la crítica social de la crítica artista) con el nuevo imaginario social que se constituyó a partir de las re-estructuraciones capitalistas en el ámbito de la empresa y la superación del modelo fordista en favor de una producción centrada en procesos inmateriales. Por ello, la película de Petri manifiesta cómo el capital como principal relación social pre-diseña el mundo por venir a partir de la resolución de los conflictos obreros y sus demandas.; This article deals with the film "The working class goes to paradise" directed by the Italian filmmaker Elio Petri in 1971. We will understand its emergence within the context after May 68 and the exhaustion of the Welfare State, a context limited by being the prelude to the capitalist restructuring of the mid-1970s. The main hypothesis that we wish to verify is that there is an intrinsic relationship between the mobilizations and their demands (dissociation of social criticism from artist criticism) with the new social imaginary that was constituted from capitalist restructuring in the field of company and the overcoming of the Fordist model in favor of a production focused on immaterial processes. For this reason, Petri's film shows how capital as the main social relationship pre-designs the world to come from the resolution of workers' conflicts and their demands.

Very high fascioliasis intensities in schoolchildren from nile delta governorates, egypt: The old world highest burdens found in lowlands Periago, Maria Victoria; Adela Valero, M.; Artigas, Patricio; Agramunt, Verónica H.; Bargues, M. Dolores; Curtale, Filippo; Mas-Coma, Santiago Quantitative coprological analyses of children were performed in Alexandria and Behera governorates, Egypt, to ascertain whether individual intensities in the Nile Delta lowlands reach high levels as those known in hyperendemic highland areas of Latin America. Analyses focused on subjects presenting intensities higher than 400 eggs per gram of faeces (epg), the high burden cut-off according to WHO classification. A total of 96 children were found to shed between 408 and 2304 epg, with arithmetic and geometric means of 699.5 and 629.07 epg, respectively. Intensities found are the highest hitherto recorded in Egypt, and also in the whole Old World. A total of 38 (39.6%) were males and 58 (60.4%) were females, with high intensities according to gender following a negative binomial distribution. The high burden distribution shows a peak in the 7–10 year-old children group, more precocious in females than males. Results showed high burdens in winter to be remarkably higher than those known in summer. The fascioliasis scenario in Egyptian lowlands shows similarities to highlands of Bolivia and Peru. Diagnostic methods, pathogenicity and morbidity in high burdens should be considered. The need for an appropriate quantitative assessment of heavy infected children to avoid post-treatment colic episodes is highlighted.