Energy Consumption in LoRa IoT: Benefits of Adding Relays to Dense Networks Schmidt, Jorge Friedrich; Schilcher, Udo; Borkotoky, Siddhatrha; Schmidt, Christian Andrés We propose to reduce and balance the energy consumption across nodes in a LoRa network, by allocating only short spreading factors to them. Relays using longer spreading factors forward the transmissions that cannot reach the gateway directly. We find that although relays increasethe network interference and in turn reduce the probability of successful transmissions, they lower one order of magnitude the consumption at the nodes with minimal impact on the overall network consumption for moderately to highly dense deployments. Furthermore, the consumption spread between nodes close and far from the gateway is effectively reduced, making the battery lifetime of the nodes more uniform.

Locus of enunciation: insights for intercultural language teaching Porto, Melina; Byram, Michael Recent articles on the problems of ‘locus of enunciation’ have focused on research and publication as well as on theoretical development of the concept. It is an issue in teaching and learning too, and this is the focus of this article which argues that to reject teaching approaches in ‘the South’ because they come from ‘the North’ is, first, counter to the principles of academic freedom upheld as much in the South as the North, second, prevents learners from having access to important knowledge and third, ignores the ways in which learners in ‘the South’ can ‘re-enunciate’ what they have learned from ‘the North’. Our argument has its origins in our own experience of censorship in the name of ‘locus of enunciation’. As language teachers, we demonstrate that internationalist and pluralist ways of thinking can and should lead to cultural, intellectual humility and that this is a better basis for making judgements than a preference for ‘our’ locus of enunciation over ‘theirs’. We illustrate our argument with the pedagogic project that gave rise to the use of ‘locus of enunciation’ as the basis for rejection of our teaching, to show how the project can be read ‘otherwise’.

Noroeste argentino Longhi, Hugo Fernando; Paolasso, Pablo Cristian Las seis provincias que integran el Noroeste Argentino (NOA) comprenden una superficie de 560.000 Km2. Allí vivían en el año 2010 alrededor de cinco millones de personas, lo cual representaba el 12% de la población argentina. La naturaleza ha ocupado un rol esencial en su relación con la ocupación humana en dicho territorio, ya sea a partir de una expresión restrictiva, definida por la existencia de sectores con grandes obstáculos para el desarrollo de la vida humana; relativa, asociada con su significado cambiante según los cambios en las prácticas materiales y/o regresiva, vinculada con los efectos de la explotación indiscriminada.Desde el punto de vista natural no existe un criterio que unifique a ese conjunto. Lo es, indudablemente, su posición, pero más allá de eso, en su geografía podemos encontrar desde los picos más altos del continente americano hasta la vasta planicie chaqueña, cuya pendiente es prácticamente nula; desde la sequía casi extrema en la altiplanicie puneña hasta la selva nublada de las Yungas en los contrafuertes tucumanos donde en ocasiones precipitan más de 2000 mm al año. Un verdadero espacio de contrastes.Tampoco podría decirse que exista una homogeneidad cultural que le otorgue un sello característico a esta porción del país, pues allí también es la diversidad lo que prima: a la llegada de los españoles había una variedad de pueblos originarios que iban desde los agricultores sedentarios en el borde noroccidental, vasallos ya entonces del imperio Inca, hasta los pueblos cazadores-recolectores de la planicie chaqueña. La colonización española primero y los procesos migratorios después, generaron una diversidad notoria. A diferencia de lo que sucedió en otras regiones de la Argentina allí los pueblos originarios no fueron diezmados y el sincretismo devenido de la mezcla de los rasgos propios de lo que denominamos cultura occidental con los de las culturas originarias han resultado en una gran diversidad y complejidad cultural.Sí puede afirmarse, no obstante, que el Noroeste de Argentina es hoy una región periférica y se asocia en el imaginario popular con condiciones de pobreza, baja calidad de vida y desigualdades extremas. Es así que la calidad de vida es analiza en la región en términos de procesos y variaciones entre 2001 y 2010.

En busca del mineral... Historia y arqueología de la minería en las tierras altas de Jujuy y Salta Becerra, María Florencia; Angiorama, Carlos Ignacio; Giusta, Marco Nicolás; Perez Pieroni, María Josefina Este libro tiene como objetivo comunicar a un público amplio el conocimiento generado por investigaciones arqueológicas e históricas en torno a las antiguas prácticas de minería y de metalurgia extractiva de las tierras altas de Jujuy y Salta, principalmente durante lo que denominamos el período prehispánico tardío y la colonia, es decir, aproximadamente desde el año 1200 de nuestra era hasta la declaración de la independencia argentina en 1816. A lo largo de estas páginas nos referiremos fundamentalmente a lo que conocemos sobre la extracción y primer procesamiento de los minerales de cobre, plata y oro.

Recursos líticos y movilidad en el sur de Mendoza: un abordaje biogeográfico desde la tecnología de puntas de proyectil Salgán, María Laura; Franchetti, Fernando Ricardo; Pompei, María de la Paz El objetivo de este capítulo es analizar la influencia de la base regional de recursos líticos en la selección y uso de materias primas para la manufactura de puntas de proyectil. Este capítulo propone integrar la información de la tecnología lítica, en particular de las puntas de proyectil, y la base regional de rocas aptas para la talla de herramientas, en relación a las unidades biogeográficas propuestas para el sur de Mendoza. Esta información estaba disponible de modo fragmentario y organizada en espacios o ambientes particulares. En este capítulo se realiza una primera aproximación al estudio de las puntas de proyectil de sitios del sur de Mendoza correspondientes al Holoceno tardío. Partimos de caracterizar la base regional de recursos líticos y del análisis de conjuntos arqueológicos con registros de PDP de las tres unidades biogeográficas identificadas: Altoandina, Patagonia y Monte. Luego, analizamos si existen diferencias en la materia prima utilizada para la manufactura de PDP y en las características tecno-morfológicas de estos instrumentos. Indagamos si hubo una selección particular de la obsidiana para la confección de PDP, sobre todo en la segunda mitad del Holoceno tardío, y realizamos una primera aproximación a las estrategias de caza representadas. Las tendencias indican que en las unidades Altoandina y Patagonia se seleccionaron las materias primas de disponibilidad local, de muy buena y excelente calidad para la talla; y de modo excepcional rocas no locales. Por su parte en Monte, donde las rocas de excelente calidad son escasas, se utilizaron las locales de buena calidad y en segundo término las rocas de excelente calidad de origen alóctono. Asimismo se encontraron variaciones tecno-morfológicas en la manufactura de PDP, que pueden responder a diferencias en las estrategias de caza implementadas en las distintas unidades.

Caravan Trails in the Highlands of Northwestern Argentina Martel, Alvaro Rodrigo In this chapter, I present evidence of prehispanic paths in a sector of the highlands, or puna, of northwestern Argentina. The information documented here has allowed for the identification of trails corresponding to llama caravans as well as associated sites, between puna settlements like Antofagasta de la Sierra (Catamarca) and the fertile nearby valleys in the current provinces of Salta and Catamarca. The temporal segment considered here comprises the Formative and Late periods of the local archaeological sequence, between approximately the fourth and sixteenth centuries AD. This allowed examination of the continuity of social interactions between the groups inhabiting these different ecological zones as, while not exclusively, pastoralism was predominant in the puna while agriculture dominated life in the valleys. The research falls within the theoretical-methodological proposals of Internodal Archaeology, an approach that states that the information obtained in internodal spaces, where travel as social practice occurs, constitutes itself as a necessary complement for the information available in the nodes, where settlements are located and where journeys start or end. Internodal archaeology allows approximation of a scarcely considered dimension in interaction studies, one that involves actors, practices and relational contexts enabling or hindering the circulation of goods within such interactions.

Invertebrate Modification of Bone Backwell, Lucinda Ruth; Huchet, Jean Bernard; du Guesclin Harrison, James; D'errico, Francesco The interval between death and forensic analysis is a period in which several dynamic processes are at work, the understanding and recognition of which form the primary concern of taphonomists. Essential to interpreting forensic cases is a sound understanding of the decomposition process, and a familiarity with bone modification criteria used to identify different agents. A good deal of actualistic research has been conducted in the past 40 years on the effects of large mammals, birds, and abrasion on bone. However, relatively little attention has been paid to invertebrates as agents of bone modification, which is surprising given that insects are used by forensic scientists to reconstruct length of body exposure and a subsequent sequence of events (e.g., Anderson 2001, 2010; Byrd and Castner 2001; Byrd and Tomberlin 2001; Vanin and Huchet 2017). In the current state of knowledge, five insect Orders are reported agents of bone modification: Coleoptera (beetles), Lepidoptera (moths), Blattodea (termites), Diptera (fly larvae), and Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps). We summarize the damage reported for each, and add cockroaches to the Blattodea, and hide and tenebrionid beetles to the Coleoptera. We expand the list to include invertebrates in the Orders: Orthoptera (crickets), Spirostreptida (millipedes), Glomerida (pill millipedes), Isopoda (woodlice), and Gastropoda (snails).

Low energy depositions using smart electronic readout on Skipper-CCD for lightweight Dark Matter experiment Giardino, Lucas; Fernández Moroni, Guillermo; Chierchie, Fernando; Tiffenberg, Javier Sebastian Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) sensors have been at the forefront of high precision and resolution imaging ever since their development. Scientific CCDs and the Skipper-CCD pushed the boundaries for sensing very weak ionizing particles, as they allow to detect without error the charge signal (even a single electron-hole pair) collected on every pixel of the detector. To obtain such precision these sensors have a slow readout time, and this has the effect of producing images with multiple particles crossing the active detection region, hindering the posterior analysis. Recently, a new electronic controller was created, the Low Threshold Acquisition or LTA. The LTA allows to perform Skipper-precision readout on selected regions of the detector. This work presents the first physics experiment utilizing the LTA ever conducted, where the spatial distribution of single electron events is studied and compared against a computational model of photon production by Cherenkov radiation, finding a close agreement between both distributions.

Uso de consorcios de actinobacterias como estrategia para biorremediar sistemas impactados con atrazina Bazán, Lucas Ariel; Fuentes, María Soledad; Benimeli, Claudia Susana La industria azucarera es uno de los pilares de la economía en Tucumán; por lo que, la obtención de buenos rindes en cultivos de caña de azúcar es fundamental. Para lograrlo, se usan herbicidas como atrazina (ATZ), capaz de generar beneficios productivos, pero también contaminación debido a su persistencia. Lo expuesto denota la importancia de desarrollar estrategias de biorremediación adecuadas, para lo cual, el uso de consorcios de actinobacterias, metabólicamente versátiles, resulta atractivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad de cuatro consorcios definidos de actinobacterias para remover ATZ en sistemas líquidos contaminados. Para ello, se inocularon 2 g L-1 de cada consorcio (C1, C2, C3, C4) en medio mínimo contaminado con 25 o 50 mg L-1 de ATZ y se incubaron durante 168 h a 30 °C, con agitación. Al final del ensayo se realizaron determinaciones de crecimiento microbiano (peso seco) y concentración de ATZ residual (GC-ECD). El crecimiento de los consorcios en las condiciones evaluadas presentó el siguiente orden: C4 > C2 > C1 = C3 en controles bióticos sin contaminar, C1 > C2 > C4 > C3 y C1 > C4 > C3 > C2 en sistemas con 25 y 50 mg L-1 de ATZ, respectivamente. Los mayores valores de remoción se detectaron en sistemas inoculados con C1 y C3, para ambas concentraciones de ATZ evaluadas, con porcentajes de remoción de 56,0 % y 56,7%, y 74,0 % y 71,6 %, para C1 y C3 en presencia de 25 mg L-1 y 50 mg L-1 del herbicida, respectivamente. Considerando la eficiencia del consorcio C1, constituido por Streptomyces sp. A2, A5, A11 y M7, para crecer y remover ATZ a parir del medio de cultivo, se propone su uso como una herramienta prometedora para biorremediar sistemas regionales impactados con este herbicida de uso local.

Use of Aspergillus biomass obtained from sugarcane vinasse as a cheap feed ingredient for raniculture Pérez Iglesias, Juan Manuel; del Gobbo, Luciana Melisa; Jorquera, Agustina; Cortez, Agostina; Colin, Veronica Leticia Aquaculture of vertebrates faces several challenges, including the unavailability of good quality and affordable fish feeds. Therefore, this practice seeks a shift towards less expensive protein sources, such as the biomass of some species of fungi, instead of conventional sources such as fishmeal and soybeans. Vinasse is relevant worldwide due to its polluting potential; therefore, improving the management of this distillery effluent is of great importance. Hence, recycling of vinasse for the manufacture of value-added fungal biomass could reduce production costs of aquatic vertebrate’s culture feed and environmental impact of distillery effluents. Previously, our working group demonstrated that biomass of fungus Aspergillus sp. V1 produced from sugarcane vinasse present a nutritional composition within the standards recommended for use in aquafeed formulations. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of fungus biomass as a cheap feed ingredient for aquatic vertebrate farming. For that, the creole frog tadpoles (Leptodactylus luctator) was used as a local model for raniculture. The Aspergillus biomass cultivated on sugarcane vinasse for 96 h was harvested, was lyophilized and macerated to a powder. For feed test, a chronic study (10 days) with different administrations of the lyophilized fungus (0%, 50% and 100%) compared to a commercial food (Shulet Carassius) was carried out. As variables, parameters related to tadpoles’ growth (body condition index, K) and enzymes related to oxidative stress (catalase and TBARS) were evaluated. Under the current assay conditions, feed test revealed a high survival (100%) in the fish fed with the lyophilized fungus compared to fishes feeding with commercial food (60%). Also, the statistical analyzes showed similarity between all the treatments in K index and catalase. However, the statistical analyzes revealed significant increases in the lipidic oxidation (TBARS) related to physiological stress in tadpoles where commercial food was administered (value: 38.694) compared to those fed with lyophilized fungus (value: 7.028). This study demonstrated that biomass of Aspergillus sp. V1 cultivated in vinasse is a suitable alternative an inexpensive raniculture feed ingredient.

Caracterización tecnológica de agregados porosos elaborados con lutitas Martinefsky, Cecilia Lucía; Mocciaro, Anabella; Tironi, Alejandra; Edgardo Fabian Irassar El hormigón es el material de construcción más utilizado, y dado el contexto de la crisis climática y el agotamiento de recursos, existe un creciente interés en la búsqueda de alternativas nuevas, accesibles y bajas en carbono para sus principales componentes: cemento y agregados [1]. Particularmente en la región de Olavarría (Provincia de Buenos Aires), la disponibilidad decaliza necesaria para la producción de cemento se encuentra en estratos cada vez más inferiores, generándose un gran stock de lutitas como residuo durante el destape de las canteras. Debido a la composición predominante de cuarzo y minerales arcillosos (illita y clorita), las lutitas son un material potencialmente viable para la elaboración de agregados porosos [2]. La gran cantidad de poros llenos de aire le aportan liviandad, aislamiento térmico y acústico al hormigón [3], a la vez que se genera una alternativa con valor agregado para las lutitas.El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar las principales propiedades físicas y mecánicas de agregados obtenidos a partir de dos lutitas de Olavarría (L1 y L2).Se concluye que las lutitas de Olavarría pueden ser utilizadas para la elaboración de agregados porosos livianos con tratamiento térmico a 1200 °C. El tipo de tratamiento térmico realizado modifica la porosidad del agregado: cuanto mayor es la porosidad alcanzada, menor es la densidad, pero a su vez disminuye la resistencia a compresión. Para seleccionar el tratamiento adecuado se debe considerar qué propiedad es la determinante de acuerdo a la aplicación tecnológica que tendrá el agregado.

Do people care about the origin of wildlife? the role of socialstereotypes on public preference for exotic animals Díaz, Rocío Alejandra; Sevillano, Verónica; Cassini, Marcelo Hernan People’s attitudes to animals are becoming increasingly important for the success of invasive species management. We asked college students from Argentina to fill a questionnaire that included a question about their favorite free-living animal. A total of 159 responses were obtained. Native species were significantly less preferred than non-native species. We tested if these preferences were associated with animal stereotypes. The stereotype hypothesis predicts that animals from the contemptible stereotype (invertebrate, rodents, and reptiles) should be the least preferred taxa, and animals from the protective stereotype (pets, horses, and primates) should be the most preferred taxa; animals from the subordination (lagomorphs and birds) and threatening–awe stereotype (large carnivores) should show intermediate preferences. The first prediction was supported. However, students showed significant preference for non-native taxa included in the threatening–awe stereotype. We proposed that people prefer large carnivores (stereotypically strong, intelligent, and beautiful animals) when they are exotic, because they did not represent a risk.

Extending resolution within a single imaging frame Torres García, Esley; Pinto Cámara, Raúl; Linares, Alejandro; Martínez, Damián; Abonza, Víctor; Brito Alarcón, Eduardo; Calcines Cruz, Carlos; Valdés Galindo, Gustavo; Torres, David; Jabloñski, Martina; Torres Martínez, Héctor H.; Martínez, José L.; Hernández, Haydee O.; Ocelotl Oviedo, José P.; Garcés, Yasel; Barchi, Marco; D'Antuono, Rocco; Bošković, Ana; Dubrovsky, Joseph G.; Darszon, Alberto; Buffone, Mariano Gabriel; Morales, Roberto Rodríguez; Rendon Mancha, Juan Manuel; Wood, Christopher D.; Hernández García, Armando; Krapf, Diego; Crevenna, Álvaro H.; Guerrero, Adán The resolution of fluorescence microscopy images is limited by the physical properties of light. In the last decade, numerous super-resolution microscopy (SRM) approaches have been proposed to deal with such hindrance. Here we present Mean-Shift Super Resolution (MSSR), a new SRM algorithm based on the Mean Shift theory, which extends spatial resolution of single fluorescence images beyond the diffraction limit of light. MSSR works on low and high fluorophore densities, is not limited by the architecture of the optical setup and is applicable to single images as well as temporal series. The theoretical limit of spatial resolution, based on optimized real-world imaging conditions and analysis of temporal image stacks, has been measured to be 40 nm. Furthermore, MSSR has denoising capabilities that outperform other SRM approaches. Along with its wide accessibility, MSSR is a powerful, flexible, and generic tool for multidimensional and live cell imaging applications.

Lung tumor cells with different Tn antigen expression present distinctive immunomodulatory properties da Costa, Valeria; Mariño, Karina Valeria; Rodríguez Zraquia, Santiago A.; Festari, María Florencia; Lores, Pablo; Costa, Monique; Landeira, Mercedes; Rabinovich, Gabriel Adrián; Vliet, Sandra J. van; Freire, Teresa Lung cancer is the first leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Aberrant glycosylation in lung tumors leads to the expression of tumor-associated carbohydrate structures, such as the Tn antigen, consisting of N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) linked to a serine or threonine residue in proteins (α-GalNAc-O-Ser/Thr). The Tn antigen can be recognized by the Macrophage Galactose/GalNAc lectin (MGL), which mediates various immune regulatory and tolerogenic functions, mainly by reprogramming the maturation of function of dendritic cells (DCs). In this work, we generated two different Tn-expressing variants from the Lewis-type lung murine cancer cell line LL/2, which showed different alterations in the O-glycosylation pathways that influenced the interaction with mouse MGL2 and the immunomodulatory properties of DCs. Thus, the identification of the biological programs triggered by Tn+ cancer cells might contribute to an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms elicited by MGL-dependent immune regulatory circuits.

Male attitudes towards infertility: results from a global questionnaire De Jonge, Christopher J.; Gellatly, Steven A.; Vazquez, Monica Hebe; Barratt, Christopher L.R.; Rautakallio Hokkanen, Satu In general, men are less likely to seek health care than women. Infertility is a global disease that afflicts approximately 15% of reproductive age couples and the male contributes to 40% of the diagnosable cause. Remarkably, no large or multi-national population data exist regarding men's perceptions about their infertility. The purpose of this study was to advance our knowledge about the infertile male's social experience regarding: (1) how they feel about their infertility, (2) what motivated them to seek health care, (3) how likely are they to talk with others about their infertility, (4) their awareness of male infertility support groups, and (5) what their primary source for information is regarding male infertility? Based on the results from this study, these simple questions now have clearer definition.

Long-term patterns of franciscana strandings throughout its distribution Cremer, Marta; Prado, Jonatas Henrique; Chupil, Henrique; Kolesnikovas, Cristiane; Tavares, Mauricio; del Rio do Valle, Rodrigo; Denuncio, Pablo Ezequiel; Rosenthal, Alan Federico; Rodriguez Heredia, Sergio Andres; Zapata, Maria Fernanda; Ott, Paulo Henrique; Barbosa, Carla Beatriz; de Castilho, Pedro Volkmer; Domit, Camila; Estima, Sergio; Colosio, Adriana Castaldo; Maranho, Andrea; Fallabrino, Alejandro; Vélez Rubio, Gabriela Manuela; Laporta, Paula; Validivia, Meca; Jimenez, Sebastián; Barreto, André Silva The franciscana dolphin is the most endangered cetacean species in theSouthwestern Atlantic Ocean (Secchi et al., 2001; Crespo, 2002). Its distributionextends from Espírito Santo State, Brazil (18°S), to the province ofChubut, Argentina (42°S) (Bastida et al., 2007). The incidental capture infishing nets is considered the main threat, putting at risk the survival of itspopulations (Secchi et al. 1997; Kinas, 2002; Secchi et al., 2003). For this reason,the species is listed as “Vulnerable” on a global scale (Zerbini et al., 2017).

Las mujeres en la arqueología Lauricella, Mirella Sofia; Ortiz, María Gabriela Breve esbozo de la participación de las mujeres en el ámbito científico y en la Arqueología. Se hace énfasis en la valoración de la perspectiva de género en los discursos que se construyen en torno al pasado desde esta disciplina, como así también en la práctica arqueológica misma y su reproducción a lo largo del tiempo.

Carbonylation induced by antibiotic and pesticide residues on casein increases its IgE binding and allergenicity Marrugo Padilla, Albeiro; Rizzo, Gaston Pascual; Smaldini, Paola Lorena; Vaccaro, Julián; Méndez Cuadro, Darío; Rodríguez Cavallo, Erika; Docena, Guillermo H. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of carbonylation induced by tetracyclines, β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and pyrethroids in caseins of bovine origin on their immunoreactivity and allergenicity. Using a spectrophotometric method, ELISA, dot-blot, and an IgE-mediated milk allergy mouse model, we confirmed that antibiotics and pesticides at their maximum residue limit, promoted the in vitro carbonylation of caseins (among 5.0 ± 0.01 and 67.5 ± 0.70 nmol of carbonyl/mg of protein); furthermore, carbonylations greater than 19 nmol significantly increase the in vitro IgE immunoreactivity of caseins (average OD among 0.63–1.50) regarding the negative control (average OD: 0.56). On the other hand, sensitized mice exposed to oxidized caseins showed increased clinical scores (2–5), positive skin tests, and footpad swelling (0.28–0.59 mm) compared to the negative control (1–2; negative skin tests; 0.1 mm, respectively), denoting increased allergenicity. These results suggest that casein carbonylation increases their IgE immunoreactivity and allergenicity, a fact that could be explained by the resistance to the digestion promoted by carbonylation and by conformational changes in the random coil casein structure, which can expose cryptic epitopes or neoepitopes.

The multicausal twilight of South American native mammalian predators (Metatheria, Sparassodonta) Tarquini, Sergio Daniel; Ladeveze, Sandrine; Prevosti, Francisco Juan Sparassodonts were the apex mammalian predators of South America throughout most of the Cenozoic, diversifying into a wide array of niches including fox-like and even saber-toothed forms. Their extinction is still controversial, with different authors suggesting competition with other predators (placental carnivorans, terror birds, and carnivorous opossums), extinction of prey, and climate change as causal explanations. Here, we analyse these hypotheses using a novel approach implicating Bayesian analyses. We find that speciation and extinction rates of sparassodonts can be correlated with (i) intrinsic biotic factors such as changes in body mass and diversity of sparassodonts, (ii) extrinsic biotic factors such as potential prey diversity, and iii) extrinsic abiotic factors like the atmospheric CO2, sea level, temperature, and uplift of the Andes. Thus, sparassodonts are a good example of a multilevel mixed model of evolution, where various factors drove the evolutionary history of this clade in a pluralistic way. There is no evidence for competition between Sparassodonta and others predators, and the effect of competition in the face of extinctions of fossil species should be tested and not assumed. Furthermore, we propose a novel approach for evaluating the fossil record when performing macroevolutionary analyses.

Anchored phylogenomics and a revised classification of the planidial larva clade of jewel wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) Zhang, Junxia; Heraty, John Michael; Darling, Christopher; Kresslein, Robert L.; Baker, Austin J.; Torrens, Javier; Rasplus, Jean-Yves; Lemmon, Alan; Moriarty Lemmon, Emily Planidia are free-living, mobile first-instar larvae that are notable in their ability to transition across different larval stages of their host, and for completing their development on the host prepupa as ectoparasitoids, effectively acting as larval-pupal external koinobionts. Chalcidoid taxa with a planidium form a monophyletic group, the planidial larva clade (PLC). We conducted a phylogenomic study of the PLC using anchored hybrid enrichment data. Phylogenetic analyses support the backbone relationship of PLC as: (Eutrichosomatinae, ((Philomidinae, Chrysolampinae), (Perilampinae, Eucharitidae))). Although excluded from the main analyses, the genus Jambiya, based on only 11 loci recovered, was placed as the sister of Chrysolampinae + Philomidinae or Perilampinae + Eucharitidae. Our results demonstrate that Perilampidae (Philomidinae, Chrysolampinae and Perilampinae) are paraphyletic. Divergence dating based on four node calibrations based on fossils suggests that the PLC arose approximately 111 Ma and the evolution of ant parasitism at least 64 Ma. Host associations, direct versus indirect hyperparasitism, ability to attack a host within a cocoon, soft versus hard planidial forms and mobility of the planidium were explored using a likelihood-based ancestral state reconstruction method. A revised higher-level classification of the PLC is proposed, with Eutrichosomatinae elevated to Eutrichosomatidae (stat. rev.), Chrysolampinae and Philomidinae placed in Chrysolampidae (stat. rev.), Perilampidae (stat. rev.) restricted to what was referred to as Perilampinae, and Eucharitidae maintained with four subfamilies, with Akapalinae (unknown biology) as sister group to the core Eucharitidae, all of which are ant parasitoids. Jambiya is treated as an incertae sedis taxon within the planidial clade.