CDK4/6 inhibition suppresses p73 phosphorylation and activates DR5 to potentiate chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade Tong, Jingshan; Tan, Xiao; Song, Xiangping; Gao, Man; Risnik, Denise Mariel; Hao, Suisui; Ermine, Kaylee; Wang, Peng; Li, Hua; Huang, Yi; Yu, Jian; Zhang, Lin Targeting cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) is a successful therapeutic approach against breast and other solid tumors. Inhibition of CDK4/6 halts cell cycle progression and promotes antitumor immunity. However, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors are not fully understood. We found that CDK4/6 bind and phosphorylate the p53 family member p73 at threonine 86, which sequesters p73 in the cytoplasm. Inhibition of CDK4/6 led to dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p73, which transcriptionally activated death receptor 5 (DR5), a cytokine receptor and key component of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. p73-mediated induction of DR5 by CDK4/6 inhibitors promoted immunogenic cell death of cancer cells. Deletion of DR5 in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo abrogated the potentiating effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors on immune cytokine TRAIL, 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy, and anti–PD-1 immunotherapy. Together, these results reveal a previously unrecognized consequence of CDK4/6 inhibition, which may be critical for potentiating the killing and immunogenic effects on cancer cells.

Tannases and other fungal enzymes applicable to the transformation of tannins and their potential for the bioremediation of effluents from the leather industry Cortizo, Lorena Valeria; Lopez, Laura Maria Isabel; Saparrat, Mario Carlos Nazareno The use of fungal enzymes, such as tannases and oxidative enzymes, in the tannin bioconversion process offers great advantages over other biological and chemical technologies in terms of safety, reuse, and better control of process parameters, and is also a profitable and environmentally friendly method. Some reports have shown that different fungi can remove tannins from effluents, transforming them and/or detoxifying them, and using them, in some cases, as their only source of carbon. By means of different enzymes, these fungi trigger reactions that lead to the elimination of water-soluble tannins, which are the cause of toxicity in surface water bodies. Thus, these microorganisms are attractive to obtain enzyme cocktails applicable to the bioremediation of effluents rich in tannins such as those derived from the leather industry. This review aims to provide updated information on fungal sources of enzymes able to transform tannins, with emphasis on tannases, and to show alternatives to culture tannase-producing fungi and obtain the enzymes and their activity in immobilization matrices. The inducible nature of the fungal synthesis of tannases reveals the importance of acquiring basic knowledge about the physiology of tannase-producing fungi and the need for studies in different culture and scaling systems.

Correlation of Watch Antibiotic Consumption with a Gram-negative Bacteria Resistance: Analysis at a Country Level Boni, Silvia; Marin, Gustavo Horacio; Campaña, Laura; Marin, Lupe; Marin, G.; Risso Patron, Soledad; Gabriel, Fernanda; Corso, Alejandra; Garay, Valeria; Limeres, Manuel Introduction: Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to the antibiotics (ATB) has severe consequences for human health. The excess ATB consumption is one of the main causes of AMR. One of the World Health Organizations main objective in AMR control strategy is to limit the ATB irrational use, that is why, it proposed to classify the ATB in three groups: “Access”, “Watch”, and “Reserve”, being the latter two preserved for certain situations. The present work aims to know the level of ATB consumption and its correlation with the Gram-negative resistance in Argentina. Materials and Methods: Gram-negative bacteria resistance to “watch” the ATB groups (cephalosporins/carbapenem/fluoroquinolones) were explored for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotic consumption was expressed by the defined daily dose/1000 inhabitants for each ATB for one year period (2018). Resistance/consumption ratio was obtained by calculating the “R” for each region of the country, comparing them with the other countries. Results: E. coli resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporines was 8.68% and 16.51% in urine (U) and blood (B) samples, respectively, while to carbapenems was 0.08% (U) and 0.36% (B). Resistance of K. pneumoniae to 3 GC was 39.78% (U) and 52.45% (B) while to carbapenem was 9.03% (U) and 17.46% (B). P. aeruginosa resistance to fluoroquinolone and to carbapenems was 29.7% (U)/26.4% (B) and 17.7% (U)/19.9% (B), respectively. The resistance/consumption ratio was heterogenous within the country. Most of the populated areas patterns had similarities with the one observed in the less developed countries (mild-high resistance/mild-high consumption), while the ratio found in less densely populated areas, mimicked countries with the most rational use of ATB. Conclusion: In Argentina, Gram-negative bacteria showed overall high/mild resistance levels against the “Watch” ATB groups, with a largely variations among each region.

Tratamiento de los alimentos en el sistema de la OMC: un relevamiento de casos presentados en el sistema de solución de diferencias; Food Treatment in the WTO system: a review of cases presented in the Dispute Settlement System Belbey, Paulina; Vera, Andreina; Vidal, Elisabet Agustina; Bonet de Viola, Ana María Esta investigación busca determinar patrones que reflejen los mecanismos de concertación política respecto del comercio de alimentos en el ámbito de la OMC. Se parte de la premisa que la regulación de los mismos en dicho ámbito contribuye a su mercantilización, como así también a la concentración del poder sobre los mismos. A través de cotejo de datos sobre los casos vinculados a los alimentos presentados ante el Sistema de Solución de Diferencias de la OMC, se busca determinar patrones que reflejen los mecanismos de concertación política respecto del comercio de alimentos. Se postula como hipótesis que tales casos plasman la hegemonía de los países centrales en el comercio internacional de alimentos. De los cotejos se concluye lo siguiente: 1. la relevancia de los alimentos en el ámbito de la OMC, que plasma su proceso de mercantilización; 2. la envergadura del rol de los Estados Unidos en el Sistema de Solución de Diferencias de la OMC - tanto como reclamante como demandado -, que muestra su predominio en el comercio internacional y 3. la prominencia de ciertos alimentos vinculados al modelo alimentario hegemónico - carnes, trigo y azúcares -, que demuestra su tendencia hegemónica mundial.; This research seeks to determine patterns that reflect the mechanisms of political agreement regarding food trade within the WTO. It is based on the premise that their regulation in this area contributes to their commodification, as well as to the concentration of power over them. Through the data collation on cases related to food presented before the WTO Dispute Settlement System, it seeks to determine patterns that reflect the mechanisms of political agreement regarding food trade. It is postulated as a hypothesis that such cases reflect the hegemony of the central countries in the international food trade. From the data collation, the following is concluded: 1. the relevance of food in the context of the WTO, which reflects its process of commodification; 2. the magnitude of the role of the United States in the WTO Dispute Settlement System - both as complainant and defendant -, which shows its predominance in international trade and 3. the prominence of certain foods linked to the hegemonic food model - meat, wheat and sugar -, which demonstrates its global hegemonic tendency.

SPARC-mediated long-term retention of nab-paclitaxel in pediatric sarcomas Pascual Pasto G.; Castillo Ecija, Helena; Unceta, Nora; Aschero, Rosario; Resa Pares, Claudia; Gómez Caballero, Alberto; Vila Ubach, Monica; Muñoz Aznar, Oscar; Suñol, Mariona; Burgueño, Victor; Gomez Gonzalez, Soledad; Sosnik, Alejandro; Ibarra, Manuel; Schaiquevich, Paula Susana; de Álava, Enrique; Tirado, Oscar M.; Mora, Jaume; Carcaboso, Angel M. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein overexpressed by several cancers. Because SPARC shows high binding affinity to albumin, we reasoned that pediatric sarcoma xenografts expressing SPARC would show enhanced uptake and accumulation of nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-paclitaxel, a potent anticancer drug formulation. We first evaluated the expression of SPARC in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma, finding variable SPARC gene expression that correlated well with SPARC protein measured by immunoblotting. We revealed that the activity of the fusion gene chimera EWSR1-FLI1, the genetic driver of Ewing sarcoma, leads to lower expression of the gene SPARC in these tumors, likely due to enriched acetylation marks of the histone H3 lysine 27 at regions including the SPARC promoter and potential enhancers. Then, we used SPARC-edited Ewing sarcoma cells (A673 line) to demonstrate that SPARC knocked down (KD) cells accumulated significantly less amount of nab-paclitaxel in vitro than SPARC wild type (WT) cells. In vivo, SPARC KD and SPARC WT subcutaneous xenografts in mice achieved similar maximum intratumoral concentrations of nab-paclitaxel, though drug clearance from SPARC WT tumors was significantly slower. We confirmed such SPARC-mediated long-term intratumoral accumulation of nab-paclitaxel in Ewing sarcoma PDX with high expression of SPARC, which accumulated significantly more nab-paclitaxel than SPARC-low PDX. SPARC-high PDX responded better to nab-paclitaxel than SPARC-low tumors, although these results should be taken cautiously, given that the PDXs were established from different patients that could have specific determinants predisposing response to paclitaxel. In addition, SPARC KD Ewing sarcoma xenografts responded better to soluble docetaxel and paclitaxel than to nab-paclitaxel, while SPARC WT ones showed similar response to soluble and albumin-carried drugs. Overall, our results show that pediatric sarcomas expressing SPARC accumulate nab-paclitaxel for longer periods of time, which could have clinical implications for chemotherapy efficacy.

Tipos de hábitat: una herramienta teórica para conocer la estructura urbana de un municipio periférico del Aglomerado Gran Buenos Aires Chiara, Camila Enmarcado en los estudios de demografía urbana, el artículo tiene como objetivo conocer los distintos tipos de hábitat que componen el municipio de San Fernando al año 2010, e indagar en las especificidades sociodemográficas de cada uno de ellos. Esta propuesta analítica –que proviene de la geodemografía mexicana y fue replicada en Argentina para la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires– considera que el período de urbanización y la forma de producción del espacio habitacional de las diferentes áreas de la ciudad definen tipos de hábitat diversos y les imprimen una serie de rasgos, características y dinámicas diferenciales y diferenciadas. Para abordar el objetivo propuesto, se apela a una estrategia metodológica cuantitativa en base a fuentes de datos secundarios. Como resultado, se busca determinar e identificar qué tipos de hábitat conforman el municipio para luego indagar en las particularidades sociodemográficas de cada uno de ellos.

Más allá del paradigma monolingüe: la autotraducción literaria en lenguas indígenas en Argentina; Beyond the Monolingual Paradigm: Literary Self-Translation in Indigenous Languages in Argentina Stocco, Melisa Soledad Las literaturas indígenas contemporáneas en Abya Yala/ América Latina constituyen un proyecto estético, epistémico, político y lingüístico de creciente visibilidad. La diglosia y el plurilingüismo de estas prácticas y discursos exceden el paradigma monolingüe castellano imperante en la región. En el caso argentino, el imaginario monolingüe y monocultural construido a partir de políticas educativas y prácticas discursivas que se remontan a la consolidación del Estado en el siglo XIX, ha invisibilizado históricamente la realidad plurilingüe e intercultural del país, en consonancia con los procesos de genocidio y despojo material y simbólico a los que han sido sometidos los grupos y comunidades racializados. En este sentido, el carácter plurilingüe de las literaturas indígenas contemporáneas propende a desafiar tal imaginario, a referenciar otros universos literarios (Chacón, 2018) y a tensionar el panorama de las letras nacionales hacia lo ?posmonolingüe? (Yildiz, 2012). La autotraducción se erige, en este contexto, como práctica de gran centralidad entre los autores indígenas. Este trabajo se propone realizar un mapeo geográfico de la práctica de autotraducción literaria en lenguas indígenas en Argentina, sus motivaciones, estrategias y contextos sociolingüísticos. Se considerará especialmente la producción de los escritores Liliana Ancalao, Mario Castells, Lecko Zamora y Víctor Zárate, quienes han desplegado su bilingüismo en la escritura en español y las lenguas mapuche, guaraní, wichi y qom, respectivamente.; Contemporary indigenous literatures in Abya Yala / Latin America are part of an aesthetic, epistemic, political, and linguistic project of increasing visibility. Diglossia and multilingualism in these practices and discourses go beyond the monolingual Spanish paradigm prevailing across the region. In the case of Argentina, the monolingual and monocultural imaginary drawing from educational policies and discursive practices dating back to the consolidation of the State in the 19th century, has rendered the multilingual and intercultural reality of the country invisible throughout time, in line with genocidal processes and material and symbolic dispossession that racialized groups and communities have gone through. In this vein, multilingualism displayed by contemporary indigenous literatures tends to challenge such an imaginary, to reference other literary universes (Chacón, 2018) and to stress the landscape of national letters towards the “post-monolingual” (Yildiz, 2012). Self-translation stands, in this context, as a highly central practice among indigenous authors. This work aims to carry out a geographical mapping of the practice of literary self-translation in indigenous languages in Argentina, its motivations, strategies and sociolinguistic contexts. Special consideration will be given to the production of the writers Liliana Ancalao, Mario Castells, Lecko Zamora and Víctor Zárate, who have displayed their bilingualism in writing in Spanish and the Mapudungun, Guaraní, Wichi and Qom, respectively.

An insight into the patterns and controls of the structure of South America n Chaco woodlands Ferraina, Antonella; Baldi, Germán; Abelleyra, Diego; Grosfeld, Javier Edgardo; Verón, Santiago Ramón Logging, grazing, wood extraction, and anthropogenic fires are pervasive throughout the subtropical dry vegetation of South America leading to changes in woodlands structure and ultimately its degradation. The Chac ohaco biome encompasses the second-largest forest in South America and has a long history of intensive use. We sought to characterize the structure and heterogeneity of its woodlands across biogeographic subunits and climatic gradients, and evaluate structure controls. We quantified canopy height, cover, vertical complexity, vegetation amount above 3 m and total vegetation amount over 58 woodlands within the Argentinean Chaco by means of terrestrial laser scanner. We assessed the relationship between three groups near the maximum, average and minimum values of each structural variable and precipitation, temperature and temperature of the coldest month using quantile regressions. We found large variability in structural attributes within each biogeographical subunit, showing woodland areas with similar structure across broad gradients of climate. This suggests a considerable impact of current and past land use in shaping woodland structures across the Chaco. Overall, structural variables were positively associated with precipitation and temperature, albeit more strongly to the former, except for canopy height, which showed a strong association with mean temperature of the coldest month. We hypothesize that land-use impact on woodland structure decreases with increasing precipitation, as the lack of water may limit the recovery of vegetation structure. Our results contribute to a better understanding of variation in key structural variables of Chaco woodlands in relation to climate and land use.

Bull sperm selection by attachment to hyaluronic acid semi-interpenetrated hydrogels Liaudat, Ana Cecilia; Blois, Damián Andrés; Capella, Virginia; Morilla, Gricelda Dolinda; Rivero, Rebeca Edith; Barbero, César Alfredo; Rodriguez, Nancy; Rivarola, Claudia Rosana; Bosch, Pablo We report the development of a hydrogel-based approach to select bull spermatozoa, a crucial step for successful assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). Hyaluronic acid (HA) semi-interpenetrated N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) co-20% N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl acrylamide (HMA) hydrogels were synthetized on glass surfaces and cultured in presence of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa. A fraction of motile bull spermatozoa population strongly attached to hydrogels and was partially released by treatment with hyaluronidase. Fifty-nine (59 ± 7.24) per cent of sperm cells attached to PNIPAM-HMA-HA hydrogels and 31.16 ± 4.81% of them were released upon treatment with medium containing hyaluronidase. This attached-released sperm fraction has acceptable characteristics of progressive motility (50.0 ± 5.0%), vigour (4), high viability (58.7 ± 11.7%) and low percentage of acrosome reacted spermatozoa (23.36 ± 4.1%). Our findings indicate that PNIPAM-HMA-HA hydrogels are non-toxic and allow the selection of high-quality sperm cells for ART.

Infection with Spiroplasma kunkelii on temperate and tropical x temperate maize in Argentina and development of a tool to evaluate germplasm Barontini, Javier Miguel; Peña Malavera, Andrea Natalia; Ferrer, Mariana; Torrico Ramallo, Ada Karina; Maurino, Maria Fernanda; de la Paz Giménez Pecci, María Corn stunt disease is a disease that extends from the southern United States to Argentina and is one of the most important diseases in warm subtropical areas of the continent, periodically causing yield reductions in maize. The aims of this study were to develop a severity scale, estimate the effect of corn stunt caused by Spiroplasma kunkelii in maize hybrids, and identify attributes related to yield loss that would be useful to evaluate germplasms. Under artificial inoculation conditions with infective and non-infective insects, symptoms were grouped to develop and validate a scale and a severity index. Disease severity, moment of appearance of the characteristic symptom, pathogen concentration, and effect on yield were correlated for eight temperate and temperate x tropical commercial and precommercial hybrid maize germplasms. We developed and validated a 7-score severity scale. The characteristic symptom of S. kunkelii infection occurs earlier in the temperate germplasm than in the tropical x temperate germplasm. The performance of two of the four temperate germplasms was remarkable compared to the hybrids. Severity and pathogen concentration were correlated with each other, and both correlated with yield and with yield reduction. The moment of appearance of the characteristic disease symptom did not correlate with the other attributes. The severity index and the pathogen concentration may be useful to evaluate germplasm.

Local enhancement of hydrogen production by the hydrolysis of Mg17Al12 with Mg “model” material Al Bacha, S.; Farias, Eliana Desiree; Garrigue, Patrick; Zakhour, Mirvat; Nakhl, Michel; Bobet, Jean Louis; Zigah, Dodzi The effect of galvanic coupling on the corrosion behavior of Mg and Mg17Al12 in Mg-Al alloys was studied by Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy (SECM). The effect of galvanic coupling between Mg and Mg17Al12 was investigated using a “model” Mg+Mg17Al12 material with a controlled microstructure to evaluate the hydrogen evolution at a micrometric scale. SECM maps revealed that galvanic coupling between Mg and Mg17Al12 accelerates the corrosion rate (formation of a thicker passive layer) of both components. Mg17Al12 acts controversially to a conventional cathode in galvanic system since hydrogen production by its hydrolysis reaction was found to increase due to the electron transfer with the anode (Mg).

Antifouling Diterpenoids from the Sponge Dendrilla antarctica Prieto, Iván Maximiliano; Paola, Analia Cristina; Perez, Miriam Cristina; García, Mónica; Blustein, Guillermo; Schejter, Laura; Palermo, Jorge Alejandro Two nor-diterpenes, 9,11-dihydrogracilin A (1) and the previously unreported 9,11-dihydrogracillinone A (2), were isolated from the sponge Dendrilla antarctica. The sponge was collected by trawling at a depth of 49 m, from the research vessel Puerto Deseado, near the coast of Tierra del Fuego, farther north than the reported habitat for this species. Since these compounds were particularly abundant and the sponge was free from epibionts, both 1 and 2 were included in soluble-matrix paints and tested for antifouling activity in the ocean. The results obtained from these experiments clearly indicated a potent antifouling activity for both compounds against a variety of colonizing organisms, and established a probable role as natural antifoulants for these abundant secondary metabolites and other structurally related compounds previously isolated from Dendrilla spp.

Synthetic silica nano-organelles for regulation of cascade reactions in multi-compartmentalized systems Jiang, Shuai; Da Silva, Lucas Caire; Ivanov, Tsvetomir; Mottola, Milagro; Landfester, Katharina In eukaryotic cells, enzymes are compartmentalized into specific organelles so that different reactions and processes can be performed efficiently and with a high degree of control. In this work, we show that these features can be artificially emulated in robust synthetic organelles constructed using an enzyme co-compartmentalization strategy. We describe an in situ encapsulation approach that allows enzymes to be loaded into silica nanoreactors in well-defined compositions. The nanoreactors can be combined into integrated systems to produce a desired reaction outcome. We used the selective enzyme co-compartmentalization and nanoreactor integration to regulate competitive cascade reactions and to modulate the kinetics of sequential reactions involving multiple nanoreactors. Furthermore, we show that the nanoreactors can be efficiently loaded into giant polymer vesicles, resulting in multi-compartmentalized microreactors.

Alfabetización digital como ética preventiva: Educación metacognitiva para el contexto mediático post COVID-19; Digital literacy as preventive ethics: Metacognitive education for the post-COVID-19 media context Suárez, Ernesto Joaquín; Gonzalez Galli, Leonardo Martin Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y la infodemia que la acompañó, la alfabetización digital demostró ser un enfoque preventivo con la posibilidad de ofrecer guías a futuro para contemplar las influencias negativas de los medios digitales en el contexto post-pandemia. Ahora bien, este énfasis en las potencialidades de la alfabetización digital requiere, al mismo tiempo, una revisión de sus supuestos tradicionales, con el fin de optimizar sus características en el contexto venidero. Uno de los aspectos centrales de esta revisión se relaciona con la inclusión de la injerencia que poseen los sesgos cognitivos en la utilización de los medios digitales contemporáneos, en los cuales prolifera la desinformación y la información errónea. Un claro ejemplo de ello durante la pandemia ha sido la difusión de múltiples teorías conspirativas. Partiendo de aquí, el objetivo de este artículo será analizar el posible aporte de la metacognición, cuando es comprendida como un componente fundamental de la alfabetización digital.; During the COVID-19 pandemic and the infodemic that accompanied it, digital literacy proved to be a preventive approach with the possibility of offering future guidance to contemplate the negative influences of digital media in the postpandemic context. However, this emphasis on the potentialities of digital literacy requires, at the same time, a review of its traditional assumptions, in order to optimize its characteristics in the future context. One of the central aspects of this review is related to the inclusion of the interference that cognitive biases have in the use of contemporary digital media, in which misinformation and misinformation proliferate. A clear example of this during the pandemic has been the spread of multiple conspiracy theories. Starting from here, the objective of this article will be to analyze the possible contribution of metacognition, when it is understood as a fundamental component of digital literacy.

Factores que diferencian el consumo frecuente y esporádico de marihuana en estudiantes universitarios; Factors differentiating frequent and sporadic marijuana use in college students Pilatti, Angelina; Rivarola Montejano, Gabriela Belen; Nillus, Macarena; Fernandez, Macarena Soledad; Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos Aunque el consumo de marihuana es altamente prevalente entre universitarios de Argentina, poco se sabe respecto a los factores que permiten distinguir a los consumidores frecuentes de marihuana de quienes consumen esporádicamente. Por esta razón, en el presente trabajo se indagó sobre las posibles variaciones en los contextos de consumo, motivos de consumo, normas percibidas y estrategias conductuales de protección entre universitarios con consumo frecuente o esporádico de marihuana, y se analizó la utilidad de este conjunto de variables para distinguir entre estos los tipos de consumidores mencionados. Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 1083 estudiantes universitarios argentinos que completó una encuesta en línea sobre el consumo de sustancias. En particular, este trabajo se realizó con la submuestra que reportó consumir marihuana en los últimos 30 días (n = 158; 51.3 % mujeres). Dicha encuesta interrogaba sobre el consumo de marihuana y las consecuencias negativas asociadas, así como por motivos de consumo, normas sociales percibidas y estrategias conductuales de protección. Como resultado, los consumidores frecuentes presentaron mayor cantidad de consecuencias negativas (M = 4.92) que los consumidores esporádicos (M = 1.82; p ≤ .05), y se halló un perfil distintivo en un conjunto de variables. A nivel multivariado, los motivos de animación (or = 1.230; p ≤ .05), las estrategias conductuales de protección (or = .941; p ≤ .05), el consumo en solitario (or = 2.024; p ≤ .05) y el consumo en fiestas universitarias (or = 2.669; p ≤ .05) discriminaron significativamente entre ambas clases de consumidores. En general, los hallazgos revelaron subpoblaciones heterogéneas de consumidores de marihuana que difieren no solo en el consumo y sus consecuencias, sino también en los contextos de consumo y en un conjunto de variables relevantes. Estas subpoblaciones distintivas requieren de intervenciones diferentes y específicas.; Although marijuana use is highly prevalent among university students in Argentina, little is known about the factors that distinguish frequent marijuana users from sporadic users. For this reason, the present study investigated the possible variations in the contexts of consumption, motives for consumption, perceived norms, and protective behavioral strategies among university students with frequent or sporadic marijuana use, and analyzed the usefulness of this set of variables to distinguish between these two types of users. For this purpose, a sample of 1083 Argentine university students completed an online survey on substance use. In particular, this work was conducted with the subsample that reported using marijuana in the last 30 days (n = 158; 51.3 % female). The survey asked about marijuana use and associated negative consequences, as well as motives for use, perceived social norms, and protective behavioral strategies. As a result, frequent users had a higher number of negative consequences (M = 4.92) than sporadic users (M = 1.82; p ≤ .05), and a distinctive profile was found on a set of variables. At the multivariate level, cheerleading motives (OR = 1.230; p ≤ .05), protective behavioral strategies (OR = .941; p ≤ .05), solo use (OR = 2.024; p ≤ .05), and college party use (OR = 2.669; p ≤ .05) discriminated significantly between the two classes of users. Overall, the findings revealed heterogeneous subpopulations of marijuana users that differ not only in use and its consequences, but also in contexts of use and in a set of relevant variables. These distinct subpopulations require different and specific interventions.

Hyperbolicity of the Karcher mean Ghiglioni, Eduardo Mario; Lim, Yongdo The main concern of this paper is the Karcher mean of linearly independent triples (A,B,C) on the hyperbolic manifold of 2×2 positive definite matrices of determinant 1. We show that the Karcher mean is of the form Λ(A,B,C)=xA+y(B+C),0

De la fractura metabólica a la acumulación por desposesión: minería del litio, imperialismo ecológico y despojo hídrico en el noroeste argentino; From metabolic rift to accumulation by dispossession: lithium mining, ecological imperialism and hydric looting in the argentinean northwest; Da fratura metabólica à acumulação por expropiação: mineração de lítio, imperialismo ecológico e desapropriação de água no noroeste da argentina; De la fracture métabolique à l'accumulation par dépossession: exploitation de lithium, impérialisme écologique et gaspillage de l'eau dans le nord-ouest de l'argentine; Dalla frattura metabolica all'accumulo da deposessione: minerario di litio, imperialismo ecologico e smaltimento dell'acqua nel nordovest dell'argentina Gómez Lende, Sebastián Con epicentro en los salares del llamado “Triángulo del Litio”, el litio es una materia prima clave para el capitalismo contemporáneo. Esencial para producir las baterías recargables necesarias para reestructurar la industria automotriz hacia los vehículos eléctricos y efectuar la transición energética desde los hidrocarburos hacia las fuentes renovables, la extracción de litio en salmueras es una actividad fuertemente hidro-intensiva llevada a cabo en zonas extremadamente áridas. Valiéndose de datos oficiales, bibliografía académica e informes corporativos y periodísticos, este artículo caracteriza el boom del litio en el noroeste argentino (provincias de Jujuy y Catamarca) y estudia el consumo hídrico de la actividad y los conflictos entre empresas y comunidades locales por el uso del agua. Los resultados muestran que la explotación de este mineral opera como un mecanismo de acumulación por desposesión e imperialismo ecológico que despoja a grupos sociales (aborígenes, sobre todo) del agua básica para la subsistencia.; With its epicentre in the so-called Lithium Triangle’s salars, lithium is a key raw material for the contemporary capitalism. Essential to the production of rechargeable batteries -which are necessary for both restructuring automotive industry towards the electric vehicles and performing the energy transition from hydrocarbons to renewable sources-, the lithium extraction from brines is a highly hydro-intensive activity carried out in extremely arid regions. Using official data, scholar literature and corporate and journalistic reports, this paper characterizes the lithium boom in the Argentinean Northwest (provinces of Jujuy and Catamarca) and studies both the hydric consumption of such activity and the conflicts between mining companies and local communities regarding the access to water. The findings show that lithium mining operates as a mechanism of accumulation by dispossession and ecological imperialism that snatches social groups (aborigines, specially) from the water they need to survive.; Com seu epicentro nos salares do chamado Triângulo de Lítio, o lítio é uma matéria-prima fundamental para o capitalismo contemporâneo. Essencial para a produção de baterias recarregáveis -necessárias tanto para reestruturar a indústria automotiva rumo aos veículos elétricos quanto para realizar a transição energética de hidrocarbonetos para fontes renováveis-, a extração de lítio de salmouras é uma atividade altamente hidrointensiva realizada em regiões extremamente áridas. Utilizando dados oficiais, literatura acadêmica e relatórios corporativos e jornalísticos, este trabalho caracteriza o boom do lítio no noroeste argentino (províncias de Jujuy e Catamarca) e estuda tanto o consumo hídrico dessa atividade quanto os conflitos entre mineradoras e comunidades locais sobre o acesso à água. Os resultados mostram que a mineração de lítio funciona como um mecanismo de acumulação por expropriação e imperialismo ecológico que arranca grupos sociais (principalmente aborígenes) da água de que precisam para sobreviver.; Avec son épicentre dans les salars du soi-disant triangle du lithium, le lithium est une matière première essentielle pour le capitalisme contemporain. Indispensable à la production de batteries rechargeables -qui sont nécessaires à la fois pour restructurer l’industrie automobile vers le véhicule électrique et réaliser la transition énergétique des hydrocarbures vers les sources renouvelables-, l’extraction du lithium à partir de saumures est une activité hautement hydro-intensive exercée dans des régions extrêmement arides. À l’aide de données officielles, de la littérature scientifique et de rapports d’entreprise et journalistiques, cet article caractérise le boom du lithium dans le nord-ouest argentin (provinces de Jujuy et Catamarca) et étudie la consommation d’eau de l’activité et les conflits entre entreprises et communautés locales sur l’utilisation de l’eau. Les résultats montrent que l’extraction du lithium fonctionne comme un mécanisme d’accumulation par dépossession et impérialisme écologique qui arrache les groupes sociaux d’eau de base pour leur subsistance.; Con il suo epicentro nei salari del cosiddetto Triangolo del Litio, il litio è una materia prima fondamentale per il capitalismo contemporaneo. Essenziale per la produzione di batterie ricaricabili -che sono necessarie sia per ristrutturare l'industria automobilistica verso i veicoli elettrici sia per effettuare la transizione energetica dagli idrocarburi alle fonti rinnovabili-, l'estrazione del litio dalle salamoie è un'attività altamente idrointensiva svolta in regioni estremamente aride. Utilizzando dati ufficiali, letteratura accademica e rapporti aziendali e giornalistici, questo documento caratterizza il boom del litio nel nord-ovest argentino (province di Jujuy e Catamarca) e studia sia il consumo idrico di tale attività sia i conflitti tra le società minerarie e le comunità locali per quanto riguarda l'accesso all'acqua. I risultati mostrano che l'estrazione del litio funziona come un meccanismo di accumulo per espropriazione e imperialismo ecologico che sottrae ai gruppi sociali (gli aborigeni, specialmente) l'acqua di cui hanno bisogno per sopravvivere.

An action-concept processing advantage in a patient with a double motor cortex Miranda, Magdalena; Gonzalez Campo, Cecilia; Birba, Agustina; Neely, Alejandra; Toro Hernandez, Felipe; Faure, Evelyng; Rojas Costa, Gonzalo; Ibañez, Agustin Mariano; García, Adolfo Martín Patients with atrophy in motor brain regions exhibit selective deficits in processing action-related meanings, suggesting a link between movement conceptualization and the amount of regional tissue. Here we examine such a relation in a unique opposite model: a rare patient with a double cortex (due to subcortical band heterotopia) in primary/supplementary motor regions, and no double cortex in multimodal semantic regions. We measured behavioral performance in action- and object-concept processing as well and resting-state functional connectivity. Both dimensions involved comparisons with healthy controls. Results revealed preserved accuracy in action and object categories for the patient. However, unlike controls, the patient exhibited faster performance for action than object concepts, a difference that was uninfluenced by general cognitive abilities. Moreover, this pattern was accompanied by heightened functional connectivity between the bilateral primary motor cortices. This suggests that a functionally active double motor cortex may entail action-processing advantages. Our findings offer new constraints for models of action semantics and motor-region function at large.

Desigualdades socioespaciales de la mortalidad por COVID-19 en tres olas de propagación: un análisis intraurbano en Argentina; Socio-spatial inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in the three waves: an intraurban analysis in Argentina; Desigualdades socioespaciais da mortalidade por COVID-19 em três ondas de propagação: una análise intraurbana na Argentina Leveau, Carlos Marcelo; Soares Bastos, Leonardo Nuestro propósito fue investigar las diferencias de las desigualdades socioespaciales de la mortalidad por COVID-19 entre tres olas de propagación del virus en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina. Los datos de mortalidad por COVID-19 se obtuvieron de la base de datos de casos de COVID-19, informados por el gobierno de la CABA, desde el 7 de marzo de 2020 hasta el 30 de septiembre de 2021. Se determinaron tres olas: la primera ola, entre los meses de marzo y diciembre de 2020, la segunda ola, entre diciembre y marzo de 2021, y la tercera ola, entre marzo y septiembre de 2021. En cada ola se calcularon regresiones multivariadas para analizar la asociación entre el riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19, en dos grupos etarios (0-59 años y 60 o más años), y el porcentaje de hogares con necesidades básicas insatisfechas, como indicador del nivel de pobreza de los barrios, y la densidad poblacional. Durante la primera ola y en ambos grupos etarios, los barrios del tercil con mayores porcentajes de hogares con necesidades básicas insatisfechas tuvieron un riesgo mayor de mortalidad por COVID-19, en comparación a los barrios del tercil con menores porcentajes de hogares con necesidades básicas insatisfechas. Estas desigualdades desaparecieron durante la segunda ola en ambos grupos etarios, mientras que en la tercera ola pareció emerger un patrón geográfico similar al de la primera ola. Es posible que mayores niveles de inmunidad en barrios con niveles altos de pobreza pudieran explicar parcialmente la ausencia de desigualdades socioespaciales durante la segunda ola, mientras que la irrupción de las variantes gamma y lambda podría explicar parcialmente el retorno a las desigualdades observadas en la primera ola.; The study aimed to analyze the socio-spatial differences in COVID-19 mortality in the pandemic’s three waves in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. COVID-19 mortality data were obtained from the COVID-19 Database and reported by the Buenos Aires Autonomous Government from March 7, 2020, to September 30, 2021. Three waves were identified: the first from March to December 2020, the second from December 2020 to March 2021, and the third from March to September 2021. Multivariate regressions were calculated for each wave to analyze the association between risk of COVID-19 mortality in two age groups (0-59 years and 60 years or older) and the percentage of households with unmet basic needs as indicator of neighborhood poverty level, and population density. During the first wave and in both age groups, the neighborhood in the tertile with the highest percentages of households with unmet basic needs showed higher risk of COVID-19 mortality when compared to neighborhoods in the tertile with the lowest percentages of households with unmet basic needs. These inequalities disappeared in the second wave in both age groups, while the third wave saw a similar geographic pattern to the first wave. Higher levels of immunity in neighborhoods with high poverty levels might partially explain the absence of socio-spatial inequalities in the second wave, while the emergence of the gamma and lambda variants could partially explain the return to inequalities observed in the first wave.; A proposta era investigar as diferenças nas desigualdades socioespaciais da mortalidade por COVID-19 entre três ondas de propagação do vírus na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Os dados de mortalidade por COVID-19 foram obtidos a partir da base de dados dos casos de COVID-19 informados pelo governo da Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, do dia 7 de março de 2020, até 30 de setembro de 2021. Foram identificadas três ondas: a primeira, entre os meses de março e dezembro de 2020, a segunda, entre dezembro e março de 2021, e a terceira, entre março e setembro de 2021. Para cada uma delas, foram calculadas regressões multivariadas, visando analisar a associação entre o risco de mortalidade por COVID-19 em dois grupos etários (0-59 anos e 60 anos ou mais), e o percentual de domicílios com necessidades básicas não atendidas, como indicador do nível de pobreza dos bairros, e a densidade populacional. Durante a primeira onda e em ambos grupos etários, os bairros do tercil com maiores percentuais de domicílios com necessidades básicas não atendidas apresentaram um risco maior de mortalidade por COVID-19 na comparação com os bairros do tercil com menores taxas de domicílios com necessidades básicas não atendidas. Estas desigualdades desapareceram durante a segunda onda nos dois grupos etários, ao passo que, na terceira onda parece ter emergido um padrão geográfico similar ao da primeira onda. Maiores níveis de imunidade em bairros com altas taxas de pobreza poderiam explicar parcialmente a ausência de desigualdades socioespaciais durante a segunda onda, sendo que a irrupção das variantes gama e lambda poderia explicar parcialmente a volta para as desigualdades observadas na primeira onda.

COVID-19’s impact on international trade Coquidé, Célestin; Lages, José; Ermann, Leonardo; Shepelyansky, Dima L. We analyze how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the trade of products between countries. With this aim, using the United Nations Comtrade database, we perform a Google matrix analysis of the multiproduct World Trade Network (WTN) for the years 2018–2020, comprising the emergence of the COVID-19 as a global pandemic. The applied algorithms—PageRank, CheiRank and the reduced Google matrix—take into account the multiplicity of the WTN links, providing new insights into international trade compared to the usual import–export analysis. These complex networks analysis algorithms establish new rankings and trade balances of countries and products considering all countries on equal grounds, independent of their wealth, and every product on the basis of its relative exchanged volumes. In comparison with the pre-COVID-19 period, significant changes in these metrics occurred for the year 2020, highlighting a major rewiring of the international trade f lows induced by the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. We define a new PageRank–CheiRank product trade balance, either export or import-oriented, which is significantly perturbed by the pandemic.